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Kersting, Lee, Robert N. Marley i Mark J. Mellon. "Tournament Horizon: A Marathon or a Sprint? It Depends Upon the Level of Heterogeneity in Ability Among Employees". Journal of Management Accounting Research 31, nr 2 (1.04.2018): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar-52115.
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ABSTRACT When choosing to implement a tournament to improve employee performance, managers may choose between two horizons: a single tournament (grand tournament) or a series of consecutive shorter tournaments (repeated tournament). This study extends prior research by investigating whether the level of heterogeneity in ability among employees competing in a tournament affects their tournament performance. Heterogeneity in ability refers to the degree of task ability variation within a tournament group. We examine tournament groups where the task ability of tournament participants is homogeneous (similar) or heterogeneous (varied). We find when employees' ability is heterogeneous, repeated tournaments yield greater employee performance than in grand tournaments. However, when employees' ability is homogeneous, we find no difference in employee performance between repeated tournaments and grand tournaments. Our results extend the management accounting literature by documenting that the effect of tournament horizon on employee performance depends upon the degree of heterogeneity in ability among employees.
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Li, Zejun, Chengyuan Wang, Qiong Wang i Biao Luo. "A review on risk-taking in tournaments". Journal of Modelling in Management 14, nr 2 (10.05.2019): 559–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jm2-09-2018-0145.
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Purpose This paper aims to summarize antecedents and consequences of risk-taking in tournaments and show the development of tournament optimization considering risk-taking. Moreover, further expansion expectations related to antecedents and consequences of risk-taking in tournaments and tournament optimization considering risk-taking are discussed. Design/methodology/approach A comprehensive bibliographic retrieval and further literature review and systematics re-organization are used to build the framework with respect to risk-taking in tournaments. Then, qualitative analysis is used to present conclusions of existing research. Findings By summarizing various antecedents, different consequences and tournament optimizations with regard to risk-taking in tournaments of existing research, the authors present a series of research opportunities regarding risk-taking in tournaments that can propel the advancement of tournament theory. Originality/value The studies on risk-taking in tournament have been recently received wide attention and are growing vigorously. Based on the summary and re-organization, the framework of literature studying risk-taking in tournaments is built. This literature review also helps researchers learn the advance of risk-taking in tournament and provides fruitful direction for future research on this topic.
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Choi, Jongwoon (Willie), Andrew H. Newman i Ivo D. Tafkov. "A Marathon, a Series of Sprints, or Both? Tournament Horizon and Dynamic Task Complexity in Multi-Period Settings". Accounting Review 91, nr 5 (1.12.2015): 1391–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-51358.
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ABSTRACT When using a tournament in multi-period settings, firms have discretion in selecting the tournament horizon. For example, firms can use a single tournament (a grand tournament) or a sequence of multiple tournaments, each with a shorter horizon than a grand tournament (a repeated tournament). Firms have also begun to use a combination of both in which a repeated tournament is embedded within a grand tournament (a hybrid tournament). Using an experiment, we investigate whether the effect of tournament horizon on performance depends on the dynamic complexity of the task, which reflects the potential for effort in one period to influence the link between effort and performance in future periods. When dynamic task complexity is low, we find that performance is greatest in the hybrid tournament, followed by the repeated and then the grand tournament. In contrast, when dynamic task complexity is high, we find that performance is greatest in the repeated tournament, followed by the grand and hybrid tournaments, with similar performance in the latter two tournaments. More generally, the results of our experiment suggest that the effect of tournament horizon on performance depends on dynamic task complexity. These results can help firms make better decisions when designing their tournaments by reinforcing the need to align the tournament horizon with the task.
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Berger, Leslie, Kenneth J. Klassen, Theresa Libby i Alan Webb. "Complacency and Giving Up Across Repeated Tournaments: Evidence from the Field". Journal of Management Accounting Research 25, nr 1 (1.02.2013): 143–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar-50435.
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ABSTRACT Tournament incentive schemes involve individuals competing against each other for a single or limited number of rewards (e.g., promotion, bonus, pay raise). Although research shows tournament schemes can have positive effects on performance, there is also evidence of dysfunctional intra-tournament behavior by top performers (complacency) and weak performers (giving up). However, few studies have examined behavior in organizational settings, not uncommon in practice, where tournaments are conducted on a repeated basis. We predict that complacency and giving up will generalize to settings where individuals repeatedly compete in successive short-duration tournaments. We test our predictions using archival data from a reservation center of a major hotel chain that employs repeated four-week tournaments where performance does not carryover from one competition to the next. Results show top performers quickly become complacent in response to success in early tournaments. The lowest-performing losers in early tournaments eventually appear to give up, but additional analysis indicates they only do so after unsuccessfully changing task strategy. Our results contribute to a better understanding of individual behavior in settings where individuals repeatedly compete against largely the same group of employees. Our evidence also suggests that tournaments are less effective at sustaining the motivation of the most capable performers and other approaches may be necessary.
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Fisher, David C., i Jennifer Ryan. "Tournament games and positive tournaments". Journal of Graph Theory 19, nr 2 (marzec 1995): 217–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgt.3190190208.
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Wapner, Leonard M. "An unexpected characteristic of tournament predictive power". Mathematical Gazette 105, nr 563 (21.06.2021): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mag.2021.47.
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A tournament is a series of games (matches) among competitors for an overall prize. Beyond sporting events, tournament structure can relate to elections, applicants competing for an employment position, etc. Tournament structure also exists within certain species of birds and mammals where dominance relations develop, forming a tournament-like pecking structure [1]. The format of the tournament depends on the tournament’s objective giving consideration to time, financial, geographical, and other constraints. The two most common formats where players compete pairwise are the single elimination (knockout, sudden death) tournament and the round robin tournament. Our discussion includes both. A third popular format is that of a contest, where all players perform simultaneously only once. Examples of this type include most golf tournaments as well as track and field athletic events. A detailed analysis of contests as they relate to topics discussed here is given in [2].
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Naikoo, T. A. "On scores in tournaments". Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Informatica 10, nr 2 (1.12.2018): 257–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ausi-2018-0013.
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Abstract A tournament is an orientation of a complete simple graph. The score of a vertex in a tournament is the outdegree of the vertex. In this paper, we obtain various results on the scores in tournaments.
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Banks, George C., Christopher E. Whelpley, Eean R. Crawford, Ernest H. O’Boyle i Sven Kepes. "Getting along to get ahead: The role of social context in tournament promotion and reward systems". PLOS ONE 16, nr 9 (20.09.2021): e0257389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257389.
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Tournament theory posits that some organizations are modeled after sports tournaments whereby individuals are incentivized to compete and win against other members of the organization. A persistent criticism of tournament theory is that rank-order success of employees is entirely dependent on non-interacting or at least non-cooperating entities. To address what part, if any, cooperation plays in competitive tournaments, this study examines the role of social networks in tournament-style promotion and reward systems. Specifically, we seek to identify the importance of social relationships, such as group dissimilarity, initial tie formation, and tie strength in predicting tournament success. Bringing two largely independent research streams together (one focused on cooperation and one framed around competition), we examine how individuals’ performance interacts with their social relationships—their social networks—to influence their chances of winning a tournament. Using the Survivor television series, we analyze the behaviors of 535 interacting contestants across 30 tournaments. In general, the findings help to illustrate how performance and social networks predict tournament advancement. Interestingly, we find that group dissimilarity based on gender, race, and age, largely does not play a role in advancement in the tournaments. Further, the strength of ties fails to mediate between variables such as group dissimilarity and initial tie formation. We conclude by discussing future directions for theoretical and practical exploration of tournament-style promotion systems. Recommendations include continuing to explore and test the role of social dynamics in compensation and promotion systems.
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Glökler, Thomas, Kerstin Pull i Manfred Stadler. "Do Output-Dependent Prizes Alleviate the Sabotage Problem in Tournaments?" Games 13, nr 5 (30.09.2022): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g13050065.
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We investigate whether tournament prizes that depend on joint output (“variable prize tournaments”) can alleviate the sabotage problem which is otherwise inherent in tournament structures. In a game-theoretical model with three contestants, we compare fixed-prize tournaments with tournaments where prizes depend on contestants’ joint output. Our analysis suggests that the incentives to sabotage in a fixed-prize tournament may be counteracted in a variable-prize tournament such that contestants no longer sabotage, but help one another. We empirically test the implications of our model with the help of a classroom experiment where we compare participants’ choices in a fixed-prize treatment () with those of a variable-prize treatment () in a between-subjects design. Given our parametrization, we expect efforts to be identical in both treatments, and we expect sabotage in the treatment and no sabotage in the treatment. In accordance with the model, we find that participants in the fixed-prize tournament sabotage one another, whereas participants in the variable-prize tournament help one another. At the same time, participants’ effort levels do not vary between the two treatments.
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Sakti, Rachmad Pujo, i Gancar Candra Premananto. "The Effect of Attitude Towards Watching MPL ID Tournaments in Cinema, Subjective Norms, Perceived Behavioral Control, E-WOM, and Involvement on Intention Watching MPL ID Tournaments in Cinema". Southeast Asian Business Review 1, nr 1 (23.08.2023): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/sabr.v1i1.47209.
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This research examined the effect of attitudes towards watching MPL ID tournaments in cinemas, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, involvement, and E-WOM on intentions to watch MPL ID tournaments in cinemas. This research used a quantitative approach using multiple linear regression analysis testing techniques. The research data were obtained from questionnaires distributed online via Google Forms to respondents with predetermined criteria. These criteria include being at least 18 years old, being a gamer, and having never watched an MPL ID tournament in a cinema. The total number of respondents obtained was 136 respondents. This study uses a 5-point Likert scale. The study results show that attitudes toward watching MPL ID tournaments in cinemas, subjective norms, involvement, and E-WOM affect intentions to watch MPL ID tournaments in cinemas. However, perceived behavioral control does not positively affect the intention to watch the MPL ID tournament in cinemas.
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Boussaïri, Abderrahim, Soufiane Lakhlifi i Imane Talbaoui. "simplicity index of tournaments". Contributions to Discrete Mathematics 17, nr 2 (29.12.2022): 172–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.55016/ojs/cdm.v17i2.72680.
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An $n$-tournament $T$ with vertex set $V$ is simple if there is no subset $M$ of $V$ such that $2\leq \left \vert M\right \vert \leq n-1$ and for every $x\in V\setminus M$, either $M\rightarrow x$ or $x\rightarrow M$. The simplicity index of an $n$-tournament $T$ is the minimum number $s(T)$ of arcs whose reversal yields a nonsimple tournament. Müller and Pelant (1974) proved that $s(T)\leq(n-1)/2$, and that equality holds if and only if $T$ is doubly regular. As doubly regular tournaments exist only if $n\equiv 3\pmod{4}$, $s(T)<(n-1)/2$ for $n\not\equiv3\pmod{4}$. In this paper, we study the class of $n$-tournaments with maximal simplicity index for $n\not\equiv3\pmod{4}$.
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Latka, Brenda J. "Finitely constrained classes of homogeneous directed graphs". Journal of Symbolic Logic 59, nr 1 (marzec 1994): 124–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2275255.
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AbstractGiven a finite relational language L is there an algorithm that, given two finite sets and of structures in the language, determines how many homogeneous L structures there are omitting every structure in and embedding every structure in ?For directed graphs this question reduces to: Is there an algorithm that, given a finite set of tournaments Γ, determines whether Γ, the class of finite tournaments omitting every tournament in Γ. is well-quasi-order?First, we give a nonconstructive proof of the existence of an algorithm for the case in which Γ consists of one tournament. Then we determine explicitly the set of tournaments each of which does not have an antichain omitting it. Two antichains are exhibited and a summary is given of two structure theorems which allow the application of Kruskal's Tree Theorem. Detailed proofs of these structure theorems will be given elsewhere.The case in which Γ consists of two tournaments is also discussed.
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Birrento-Aguiar, Ricardo André, Jorge Arede, Nuno Leite, Francisco Javier García-Angulo, José Pino-Ortega i Enrique Ortega-Toro. "Influence of Two Different Competition Models on Physical Performance in Under-13 Basketball Players: Analysis Considering Maturity Time". Applied Sciences 13, nr 22 (8.11.2023): 12125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132212125.
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The rules of team sport have been influenced by professional competitions without considering all the factors that differentiate children and adolescents from adults. The aim of this study was to analyse the performance of kinematic variables in two different types of tournaments and the influence of somatic maturation on performance in young basketball players. Thirty-seven under-13 male basketball players (age = 12.91 ± 0.57 years) were selected by four southeast Spanish teams to participate in two different tournaments. On the first day, the tournament was played according to the rules of the Spanish Basketball Federation (FEB) for under-14 players, and on the second day, the tournament was played according to modified rules (Modified Tournament). In this tournament, the height of the basket was lowered to 2.90 m; the three-point line was a rectangle that was 4 m from the basket.The following kinematic variables were analysed: Acceleration (n), Deceleration (n), Maximum Acceleration Speed (km/h), Maximum Deceleration Speed (km/h), Acceleration Meters Covered (m), Deceleration Meters Covered (m), Number of Sprints (n), Sprint Meters Covered (m), Maximum Sprint Speed, and Player Load (n). The results showed no significant differences in player performance between the tournaments. However, significant differences in performance (p < 0.05) were found in players at different stages of maturation. Early maturity players showed the best performance in the kinematic variables in both tournaments; because of this, there should be a modification of the rules and organisation of competitions by bio-banding. It can be concluded that there were no significant differences in the kinematic variables between the two tournaments. However, when comparing maturation timing, there tends to be a group effect.
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Obmiński, Zbigniew, Jan Supiński, Łukasz Rydzik, Wojciech J. Cynarski, Mariusz Ozimek, Zbigniew Borysiuk, Wiesław Błach i Tadeusz Ambroży. "Stress Responses to One-Day Athletic Tournament in Sport Coaches: A Pilot Study". Biology 11, nr 6 (27.05.2022): 828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11060828.
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Background: Watching athletic tournaments induces emotional and physiological responses in sports fans and coaches. The aim of the study was to investigate hormonal and cardiovascular responses in judo coaches observing the fights of their athletes during one-day, high-level tournaments. Material and methods: We studied the biological responses of a group of seventeen judo club coaches between the ages of 39 and 57 years to a one-day judo tournament attended by the adult male and/or female athletes that they coached. At the time of the tournaments and also in neutral conditions, the coaches’ capillary blood and saliva samples were collected concurrently two times a day, both at 7:30 a.m. and after completion of the tournament (at about 8:00 p.m.). Cardiovascular parameters were also determined at the same times of day. Sleep quality (SQ) was assessed on a 6-point scale both on the night preceding the tournament and in neutral conditions. Cortisol (C) and testosterone (T) levels were determined from serum and saliva samples. The results for both days at different times of day were compared. Results: Statistical calculations showed higher concentrations of cortisol and a greater reduction of testosterone levels in serum and saliva at the end of the day during the tournament compared with those on a neutral day. Morning and evening cardiovascular indices were higher during the tournament. Conclusion: The study showed that during one-day tournaments, judo coaches were exposed to stress that induced intermittent hormonal changes in blood and saliva and activated the autonomic nervous system.
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Murphy, Alistair P., Rob Duffield, Aaron Kellett i Machar Reid. "A Comparison of the Perceptual and Technical Demands of Tennis Training, Simulated Match Play, and Competitive Tournaments". International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 11, nr 1 (styczeń 2016): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0464.
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Purpose:High-performance tennis environments aim to prepare athletes for competitive demands through simulated-match scenarios and drills. With a dearth of direct comparisons between training and tournament demands, the current investigation compared the perceptual and technical characteristics of training drills, simulated match play, and tournament matches.Methods:Data were collected from 18 high-performance junior tennis players (gender: 10 male, 8 female; age 16 ± 1.1 y) during 6 ± 2 drill-based training sessions, 5 ± 2 simulated match-play sessions, and 5 ± 3 tournament matches from each participant. Tournament matches were further distinguished by win or loss and against seeded or nonseeded opponents. Notational analysis of stroke and error rates, winners, and serves, along with rating of perceived physical exertion (RPE) and mental exertion was measured postsession.Results:Repeated-measures analyses of variance and effect-size analysis revealed that training sessions were significantly shorter in duration than tournament matches (P < .05, d = 1.18). RPEs during training and simulated matchplay sessions were lower than in tournaments (P > .05; d = 1.26, d = 1.05, respectively). Mental exertion in training was lower than in both simulated match play and tournaments (P > .05; d = 1.10, d = 0.86, respectively). Stroke rates during tournaments exceeded those observed in training (P < .05, d = 3.41) and simulated-match-play (P < .05, d = 1.22) sessions. Furthermore, the serve was used more during tournaments than simulated match play (P < .05, d = 4.28), while errors and winners were similar independent of setting (P > .05, d < 0.80).Conclusions:Training in the form of drills or simulated match play appeared to inadequately replicate tournament demands in this cohort of players. Coaches should be mindful of match demands to best prescribe sessions of relevant duration, as well as internal (RPE) and technical (stroke rate) load, to aid tournament preparation.
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Ludden, Ian G., Arash Khatibi, Douglas M. King i Sheldon H. Jacobson. "Models for generating NCAA men’s basketball tournament bracket pools". Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports 16, nr 1 (26.03.2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jqas-2019-0022.
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AbstractEach year, the NCAA Division I Men’s Basketball Tournament attracts popular attention, including bracket challenges where fans seek to pick the winners of the tournament’s games. However, the quantity and unpredictable nature of games suggest a single bracket will likely select some winning teams incorrectly even if created with insightful and sophisticated methods. Hence, rather than focusing on creating a single bracket to perform well, a challenge participant may wish to create a pool of brackets that likely contains at least one high-scoring bracket. This paper proposes a power model to estimate tournament outcome probabilities based on past tournament data. Bracket pools are generated for the 2013–2019 tournaments using six generators, five using the power model and one using the Bradley-Terry model. The generated brackets are assessed by the ESPN scoring system and compared to those produced by a traditional pick favorite approach as well as the highest scoring brackets in the ESPN Tournament Challenge for each year.
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Gafur, Harnawi, Cheris Laloan i Dolly Watania. "PENINGKATAN HASIL BELAJAR MATERI PERUBAHAN SOSIAL BUDAYA MENGGUNAKAN PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE TEAMS GAMES TOURNAMENTS SISWA KELAS IX SMPN 7 SATAP PULUBALA". Literacy: Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi 4, nr 2s (28.09.2023): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.53682/jpeunima.v4i2s.8143.
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ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini berjudul: “Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Materi Perubahan Sosial Budaya Menggunakan Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Teams Games Tournaments Siswa Kelas IX SMPN 7 Satap Pulubala”.
Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Materi Perubahan Sosial Budaya Menggunakan Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Teams Games Tournaments (TGT) Siswa Kelas IX SMPN 7 Satap Pulubala.
Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah Penelitian Tindakan (action Research) yang terdiri dari 2 (dua) siklus, dan setiap siklus terdiri dari: Perencanaan, Pelaksanaan, Pengamatan, dan refleksi.
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tindakan bahwa Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Teams Games Tournaments (TGT) dapat Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Materi Perubahan Sosial Budaya Siswa Kelas IX SMPN 7 Satap Pulubala.
Selanjutnya peneliti merekomendasikan: (1) Bagi Guru yang mendapatkan kesulitan yang sama dapat menerapkan Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Teams Games Tournaments (TGT) untuk meningkatkan Hasil Belajar. (2) Agar mendapatkan hasil yang maksimal maka diharapkan guru lebih membuat Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Teams Games Tournaments (TGT) yang lebih menarik dan bervariasi.
Kata kunci: Hasil Belajar, Pembelajaran Tipe Teams Games Tournament
ABSTRACT
This research is entitled: "Improving Learning Outcomes on Socio-Cultural Change Material Using Cooperative Learning Type Teams Games Tournaments for Class IX Students of SMPN 7 Satap Pulubala".
The aim of this research is to improve learning outcomes on social and cultural change material using cooperative learning in the Teams Games Tournaments (TGT) type for Class IX students at SMPN 7 Satap Pulubala.
The method used in this research is Action Research which consists of 2 (two) cycles, and each cycle consists of: Planning, Implementation, Observation and reflection.
Based on the results of action research, Cooperative Learning in the Teams Games Tournaments (TGT) type can improve learning outcomes on social and cultural change material for Class IX students at SMPN 7 Satap Pulubala.
Furthermore, the researcher recommends: (1) Teachers who experience the same difficulties can apply Team Games Tournaments (TGT) Cooperative Learning to improve learning outcomes. (2) In order to get maximum results, teachers are expected to make Cooperative Learning in the Teams Games Tournaments (TGT) type more interesting and varied.
Keywords: Learning Outcomes, Teams Games Tournament Type Learning
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Dagaev, Dmitry, i Konstantin Sonin. "Winning by Losing". Journal of Sports Economics 19, nr 8 (16.05.2017): 1122–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002517704022.
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In sport tournaments, the rules are presumably structured in a way that any participant cannot benefit by losing instead of winning. We show that tournament systems, consisting of multiple round-robin and knockout tournaments with noncumulative prizes, which are ubiquitous around the world, are generically incentive incompatible. We use our model to discuss potential remedies and applications.
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Zimmerman, Dale, i Hong Beng Lim. "The middle-seed anomaly: why does it occur in some sports tournaments but not others?" Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports 17, nr 3 (7.05.2021): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jqas-2020-0065.
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Abstract Previously published statistical analyses of NCAA Division I Men’s Tournament (“March Madness”) game outcomes have revealed that the relationship between tournament seed and the time-aggregated number of third-round (“Sweet 16”) appearances for the middle half of the seeds exhibits a statistically and practically significant departure from monotonicity. In particular, the 8- and 9-seeds combined appear less often than any one of seeds 10–12. In this article, we show that a similar “middle-seed anomaly” also occurs in the NCAA Division I Women’s Tournament but does not occur in two other major sports tournaments that are similar in structure to March Madness. We offer explanations for the presence of a middle-seed anomaly in the NCAA basketball tournaments, and its absence in the others, that are based on the combined effects of the functional form of the relationship between team strength and seed specific to each tournament, the degree of parity among teams, and certain elements of tournament structure. Although these explanations account for the existence of middle-seed anomalies in the NCAA basketball tournaments, their larger-than-expected magnitudes, which arise mainly from the overperformance of seeds 10–12 in the second round, remain enigmatic.
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Maynard, George A., Timothy B. Mihuc, Rachel E. Schultz, V. Alex Sotola, Alejandro J. Reyes, Mark H. Malchoff i Danielle E. Garneau. "Use of external Indicators to Evaluate Stress of Largemouth (Micropterus salmoides) and Smallmouth (M. dolomieu) Bass at Tournaments". Open Fish Science Journal 6, nr 1 (13.11.2013): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874401x01306010078.
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The popularity of catch and release tournaments targeting largemouth (Micropterus salmoides) and smallmouth (M. dolomieu) bass has continued to increase over the past few decades. In 2008, Lake Champlain hosted 95 tournaments, including several large-scale events hosted in Plattsburgh, NY. As in any catch-and-release fishery, released fish exhibit varying amounts and types of stress, potentially generating sub-lethal population-level impacts. Due to the large volume of fish that move through catch and release tournaments, blood chemistry analysis is generally outside of the temporal and financial constraints of tournament organizers. External indicators of stress can be used to determine stress levels in large numbers of fish. We adapted some of these indicators (e.g., wounding, response to stimuli) from research in marine and commercial fisheries to assess fish stress following weigh-in at Plattsburgh-based catch and release tournaments. Additionally, we collected data including fish measurements, lake temperature, fish capture locations, and information on tournament handling practices to determine which external factors influenced fish stress levels. Generalized linear models showed increased likelihood of elevated stress levels as a positive function of ambient lake temperature, fish size, and livewell transport distance. Comparison of results with existing research on bass stress are consistent with our models, indicating that external signs of stress can be used to evaluate black bass stress levels at catch-and-release tournaments.
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Bădică, Amelia, Costin Bădică, Ion Buligiu, Liviu Ion Ciora i Doina Logofătu. "Dynamic Programming Algorithms for Computing Optimal Knockout Tournaments". Mathematics 9, nr 19 (4.10.2021): 2480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9192480.
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We study competitions structured as hierarchically shaped single-elimination tournaments. We define optimal tournaments by maximizing attractiveness such that the topmost players will have the chance to meet in higher stages of the tournament. We propose a dynamic programming algorithm for computing optimal tournaments and we provide its sound complexity analysis. Based on the idea of the dynamic programming approach, we also develop more efficient deterministic and stochastic sub-optimal algorithms. We present experimental results obtained with the Python implementation of all the proposed algorithms regarding the optimality of solutions and the efficiency of the running time.
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Paredes, Marlio. "Forman-Ricci curvature of tournaments". Revista Facultad de Ciencias Básicas 17, nr 2 (30.06.2023): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18359/rfcb.5852.
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tournaments are a type of directed graph which have been used to study the geometry of classical flag manifolds. We became interested in this type of graphs because the combinatorial properties of tournaments can be used to study geometric properties of the flag manifolds. [21]introduced the Forman-Ricci curvature for directed and undirected hypergraphs and obtained the curvature for graphs as a particular case. In this work we present the basic ideas about the Forman- Ricci curvature for directed graphs, characterize the parabolic tournaments in terms of Forman-Ricci curvature and calculate the Forman-Ricci curvature for any tournament.
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Esen, Ozcan, Kazimierz Rozwadowski, Ladislav Cepicka, Tomasz Gabrys i Raci Karayigit. "Practical Nutrition Strategies to Support Basketball Performance during International Short-Term Tournaments: A Narrative Review". Nutrients 14, nr 22 (20.11.2022): 4909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14224909.
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A short-term (e.g., 6 days) basketball tournament is a shorter version of international tournaments, and qualification in it enables participation in international tournaments such as the Olympics and World championships or preparation before major tournaments. Time for recovery between matches is shorter compared with major tournaments, resulting in an accentuated load on players, which can be repeated up to four times within the 6-day competition period. Therefore, nutritional strategies need to focus on faster and adequate recovery after each match as well as optimum fuelling and hydration before and during matches. Travelling can also create additional challenges when preparing and/or applying those nutritional strategies. There are some particular evidence-based sport foods and ergogenic aids that can improve intermittent activity and/or the execution of motor skills, which may facilitate basketball players’ recovery and performance. The present review provides practical nutritional strategies to support short-term basketball tournaments based on players’ physiological needs and current sport nutrition guidelines.
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Stamm, Raini, Meelis Stamm i Mark Kristjan Pitk. "Analysis of serves of the Estonian national volleyball team in the final tournament of the European Championship 2021 and comparison with the final tournament of the European Championship 2019". Papers on Anthropology 32, nr 2 (31.12.2023): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/poa.2023.32.2.03.
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The aim of this study was to compare the tactics and proficiency of the Estonian men team’s games in the finals of the European Championships in 2019 and 2021. A total of ten games were analysed (five games of the 2019 tournament and five games of the 2021 tournament). The data were collected by video analysis and were entered into the Excel program where further analysis was performed. Additional statistical data processing was performed using the chi-squared test. A difference was revealed between the tournaments in using serve types. While in the in the tournament of 2021, more jump power serves were used compared to the tournament of 2019, in 2019 more jump float serves were used compared to the tournament of 2021. In terms of jump power serves, the team was more proficient in the tournament of 2021 and in jump float serves in the tournament of 2019. Although the use of rapidly falling power serves was the lowest in both tournaments, the results of the study showed that the use of rapidly falling power serves proved successful in both tournaments in terms of aces. In the tournament of 2019, the highest number of serves were delivered from zone 9 and in the tournament of 2021 from zone 6. In 2021, the use of different zones was more varied than in 2019 when most serves were played from zone 9. In the 2021 tournament, the percentage of both jump power serves and jump float serves towards the middle zones was higher than in the tournament of 2019. The percentage of positive jump float serves delivered towards both middle and back zones was higher in the tournament of 2019 than in the tournament of 2021. The jump power serves performed in 2021 were more proficient than in the tournament of 2019. The percentage of points gained after positive serves was higher in the tournament of 2021 than in the tournament of 2019. In both tournaments, most serves were directed towards the players. Although the percentage of serves directed between the players and towards the outlines was low in both years, the study found that the serves directed to these parts of the court were more difficult for the opponents to receive than the serves directed towards the players.
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Davies, Tim, i Adrian Stoian. "Measuring The Sorting and Incentive Effects of Tournament Prizes". American Economist 59, nr 2 (listopad 2014): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/056943451405900206.
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Prizes and ability influence both choices of tournaments and effort exerted during a tournament. The number of participants close in ability to an individual also impacts his effort. These are two of the novelties of our model with which we quantify the sorting and incentive effects of tournament prizes using unique data of road running race results. We show that the sorting and incentive effects are inter-related and that the impact of prizes is heterogeneous across runners in the same race. The study sheds light on the nature of other economically significant tournaments where data is less available.
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Chard, Chris, Daniel Wigfield i Luke Potwarka. "Innovating Youth Tournament Schedules to Minimize School Absenteeism". Sports Innovation Journal 1 (5.03.2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/23385.
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Participation in sport has been lauded for the myriad benefits provided to youth who engage. Similarly, attendance in school has been identified as a salient contributor to academic success. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to explore the extent to which participation in youth representative (“rep”) hockey in Ontario contributes to avoidable absences from traditional school contexts. Specifically, empirical data from 104 youth rep hockey tournaments, ranging from AE-AAA competitive levels, and the Tyke (7-year-olds) to Midget (17-year-olds) age ranks, were utilized to meet the study’s first purpose. The second purpose was to present an alternative and innovative way youth sport tournaments could be scheduled to minimize school absenteeism. The results of the current investigation show there is merit to the proposed shift in tournament scheduling. Specifically, more than 42,000 avoidable school absences, from the 104 tournaments sampled, could be mitigated with a simple adjustment to tournament schedules.
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DAMEN, MARIO. "The town as a stage? Urban space and tournaments in late medieval Brussels". Urban History 43, nr 1 (10.02.2015): 47–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926814000790.
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ABSTRACT:This article discusses the material and spatial features of the tournaments on the Grote Markt, the central market square in Brussels, in the fifteenth and first half of the sixteenth century. It investigates how the tournament acquired meaning in the urban space where it was organized, and how the chivalric event in its turn altered that urban space. These Brussels tournaments, for which both archival, iconographical and narrative sources are available, show us the dynamics of an inherently courtly festival within an urban setting. Recent historiography has stressed that these tournaments, just like other urban festivals, for example joyous entries, demonstrate the submission of the town to the ruler. Indeed, the prince and his household used the public space of the Grote Markt and the facilities of the town hall to organize tournaments and festivities. However, they could not do this on their own. They needed the town government for the organization and logistics of the tournament and for its hospitality. Moreover, the town managed to put its own stamp on the architecture, both permanent and ephemeral, emphasizing the responsibilities that the duke had towards his town, as well as the long tradition of subservience and loyalty of the town to the duke.
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Mixon, Franklin G., i Luis R. Gómez-Mejia. "The Competitive Struggle to Win Tournaments: The Allies’ Race to Capture Adolf Hitler’s Eagle’s Nest". American Business Review 23, nr 1 (maj 2020): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37625/abr.23.1.3-17.
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Tournament theory posits that there are situations where winning matters a lot and, as a result, agent rewards are not proportional to performance. According to tournament theorists, the large pay differentials that exist between organizational levels are intended to motivate agents to exert greater effort in an attempt to win the prize. Although a large corpus of literature on tournaments has emerged over time, little is known about the social dynamics involved in tournaments. This article addresses this gap through a historical narrative concerning how Allied forces in World War II competed to capture Adolf Hitler’s famed Bavarian reception house, known to the world as the Eagle’s Nest.
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Zhang, Wentao. "Lessons and Insights from the Wimbledon Championships for China’s Professional Tennis Tournaments". Transactions on Social Science, Education and Humanities Research 8 (14.06.2024): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.62051/x89pc554.
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As tennis continues to grow, China's professional tournaments are emerging yet face numerous challenges. This paper employs documentary research and logical analysis to examine Wimbledon's operational strategies, offering insights for domestic tournament organization. Findings highlight Wimbledon's success in fostering a strong tournament culture and heritage, maintaining a balance between non-commercial values and global strategies, and leveraging new technologies for enhanced analytics and service expansion. For China's professional tournaments, it is recommended to develop a distinct brand culture, integrate local characteristics and combine traditional values and commercials, optimize revenue structures, and utilize smart technologies for upgrades and comprehensive system improvements, thus enhancing their international competitiveness.
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Lantz, Björn. "Bankroll management in large poker tournaments". Journal of Gambling Business and Economics 9, nr 3 (6.01.2016): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jgbe.v9i3.1074.
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This study focuses on bankroll management, defined as the process of determining the right fraction of the bankroll one should put at risk in a particular advantageous situation, examined in a poker tournament context. The aim of the study is to conduct a theoretical analysis of bankroll management based on the Kelly criterion in a typical large poker tournament, using the actual World Series of Poker Main Event payout table as an example of such tournaments. A main conclusion of this paper is that a long-term profitable poker player’s expected return on investment in tournaments (i.e., the level of advantage) does not provide sufficient information to obtain an optimal bankroll management policy for the player. The level of advantage is obviously an important factor, but the player’s strategic approach to the game, that is, if the player primarily tries to avoid finishing the tournament without a payout or if the player primarily tries to finish in the very top of the ranking, is also very important to consider.
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Karpov, A. "Generalized Knockout Tournament Seedings". International Journal of Computer Science in Sport 17, nr 2 (1.12.2018): 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijcss-2018-0006.
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Abstract Generalized knockout tournament seedings for an arbitrary number of participants in one match are designed. Several properties of knockout tournament seedings are investigated. Enumeration results for knockout tournament seedings with different properties are obtained. Several new generalized knockout tournaments seedings are proposed and justified by a set of properties.
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Hash, Phillip M. "Tournaments of the Michigan State Band Association: 1877–1884". Journal of Historical Research in Music Education 40, nr 1 (20.04.2017): 34–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536600617706362.
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This study examined the history of band tournaments governed by the Michigan State Band Association (MSBA), beginning with the first competition in 1877 and ending with the disbandment of the Association and tournaments in 1884. The research focused specifically on the (a) organization, rules, and procedures of the tournaments; (b) details surrounding the individual competitions held throughout the state; and (c) influence of the tournaments on local culture, participating ensembles, and future band activities in Michigan. The first Michigan State Band Tournament met in Port Huron in June 1877. Festivities included parades, massed performances, and competitions for prizes consisting of silver cups, cash, and new instruments. To ensure equal opportunity among the ensembles, bands were divided into classifications based at first on size and instrumentation and then on ability. Officials added a solo cornet contest in 1878 and expanded this event to other instruments the following year. In 1879, bandmasters met at Lansing to organize the MSBA to standardize rules, select the location of the annual competition, and ensure fairness among participants. The Association and tournaments ended six years later, probably because of the failure of the competitions to generate a profit for the sponsors.
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Foster, Emani, i Jennifer A. Bunn. "Comparison of External Load across Multi-Day Tournaments in Female Youth Volleyball Athletes". Youth 4, nr 3 (26.07.2024): 1152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/youth4030071.
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Several youth volleyball tournaments are played across multiple consecutive days with athletes averaging 3–4 matches/day. This study evaluated the differences in workload of female youth volleyball athletes across days and by position during multi-day tournaments. Athletes (n = 22, 16.4 ± 0.4 years) wore an accelerometer during 12 two- and three-day tournaments. Workload was measured via kinetic energy (KE, J/lb), total jumps (TJ), high jumps (HJ, >51 cm), average jump height (cm), and percentage of high stress movements (%) via VERT accelerometers. Data were analyzed across days and by position as an average per day and analyzed via repeated measures analyses of variance. Across days, workload averages ranged 484.8–558.0 J/lb for KE, 27.3–31.2 TJ/match, 37.5–37.9 cm/jump, 5.2–6.5 HJ/match, and 20.1–20.7% high stress movements/match, with no difference (p = 0.300). Setters (49.2 ± 24.3 jumps) jumped more than liberos (13.0 ± 6.8 TJ, p = 0.005), and middles (45.8 ± 4.1 cm) jumped higher than all other positions (setters: 28.8 ± 3.6 cm, outside hitters: 41.3 ± 4.2 cm, and liberos: 27.0 ± 4.1 cm, p = 0.000–0.044). Athletes appeared to perform and recover sufficiently between days of play such that their external load was not affected. The level of competition tends to become more evenly matched as the tournament progresses, thus there may have been less physical demand early in the tournaments due to unequal competition levels compared to the final day of the tournament.
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N, Lazim, Zulkifli ' i Rima '. "PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE TEAM GAMES TOURNAMENT (TGT) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR IPS SISWA KELAS IVC SEKOLAH DASAR NEGERI 108 PEKANBARU". Primary: Jurnal Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar 3, nr 1 (4.07.2014): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33578/jpfkip.v3i1.2112.
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The problem on this research was that the low score of students’ learning on social science study. There werestill a lot of students that did not understand basic concepts and tended to memorize examples. It was showed by58,07% from 31 students achieving minimum criteria completeness (KKM) from students’ test score in IVCclass of SDN 108 Pekanbaru for Koperasi subject. The students’ average score was 62,4, and the KKM stated byschool was 68. Based on this problem it was needed to do an action research using cooperative learning modelsTeams Games Tournaments (TGT) type. This research aims to know whether the implementation of cooperativelearning models Teams Games Tournaments (TGT) type can improve students’ social science learningoutcomes at IVC class of SDN 108 Pekanbaru in 2013/2014 with 31students. This research was done in twocycles. First cycle consists of three meetings with one daily test and first tournament, and cycle II consists ofthree meetings with one daily test and second tournament. Instruments to collect data in this research areteacher’s observation sheets, students’ observation sheet, and tests. By implementing using cooperative learningmodels Teams Games Tournaments (TGT) type can improve students’ mathematics learning outcomes.Percentage of completeness in basic score was 54,8% (62,40 in average), and it changed into 77,4% (75,6 inaverage) in cycle I and 87,1% (81,1 in average) in cycle II. Percentage of teacher’ activity in cycle I was 81,9%and 92,3% in cycle II. Then percentage of students’ activity in cycle I was 75,4% and 92,2% in cycle II. Fromthose data it proves that the implementation of cooperative learning models Teams Games Tournaments (TGT)type can improve students’ learning outcomes at IVC class of SDN 108 Pekanbaru.Key Words : cooperative teaching and learning model, Teams Games Tournaments (TGT),learning outcomes
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Lahiri, Somdeb. "Stable sets of weak tournaments". Yugoslav Journal of Operations Research 14, nr 1 (2004): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/yjor0401033l.
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In this paper we obtain conditions on weak tournaments, which guarantee that every non-empty subset of alternatives admits a stable set. We also show that there exists a unique stable set for each non-empty subset of alternatives which coincides with its set of best elements, if and only if, the weak tournament is quasi-transitive. A somewhat weaker version of this result, which is also established in this paper, is that there exists a unique stable set for each non-empty subset of alternatives (: which may or may not coincide with its set of best elements), if and only if the weak tournament is acyclic.
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Schielack, Vincent P. "Tournaments and Geometric Sequences". Mathematics Teacher 86, nr 2 (luty 1993): 127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.86.2.0127.
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Many of our students are interested in sporting events or other games involving more than two teams or contestants in a single elimination- tournament format, in which one loss results in elimination. Their interest affords us an opportunity to introduce and promote the topic of geo- metric sequences, on which the Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics (NCTM 1989) calls for an increased emphasis within the discrete mathematics standard for grades 9-12. Besides having many other important applications, geometric sequences relate quite naturally to tournaments. This article shows that through the consideration of certain types of single-elimination tournaments, geometric sequences can be summed without resorting to the standard method involving telescoping sums. In the following discussion we take the convention that a team can consist of a single individual
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Ito, Noboru. "Even tournaments and Hadamard tournaments". Discrete Mathematics 151, nr 1-3 (maj 1996): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-365x(94)00088-z.
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Deodhar, Swanand J. "Interplay between Constraints and Rewards in Innovation Tournaments: Implications for Participation". International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems 29, nr 01n02 (28.02.2020): 2040004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218843020400043.
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In this study, we examine how the monetary rewards and competitive constraints that organizers of innovation tournaments incorporate are associated with participation. These two aspects of innovation tournaments are crucial because they represent critical design decisions that the organizers must make beforehand. We show that the reward amount is negatively associated with participation, while the presence of competitive constraints, which “make the competitive landscape less asymmetric”, is positively associated with participation. Furthermore, the study shows that competitive constraints moderate the negative association between reward amount and participation. These findings provide insights into contestant motivation as well as the interdependencies between tournament design choices.
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Smith, Alastair, i Bruce Bueno de Mesquita. "Motivating political support with group-based rewards". Journal of Theoretical Politics 31, nr 2 (26.02.2019): 156–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0951629819833179.
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To compete in political contests, politicians need their supporters to contribute resources. We investigate how politicians can best allocate group-based prizes on a contingent basis to incentivize individual members of a group to exert effort on their behalf. We contrast contingent contracts with tournament style contests (Lazear and Rosen (Rank-order tournaments as optimum labor contracts. J Political Econ 1981; 89(5): 841–864)) and characterize when tournaments that create intergroup contests for prizes elicit more contributions than contingent contracts. By tying the allocation of prizes to the observed level of effort made by each group, politicians ameliorate the collective action problem that is created by the fact that each individual’s effort has only a minimal impact on the overall political contest. We examine the relative performance and stability of intergroup tournaments as a function of the number of groups and asymmetric group size.
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Fleming, Thomas, i Joel Foisy. "Intrinsic linking and knotting in tournaments". Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications 28, nr 12 (październik 2019): 1950076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218216519500767.
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A directed graph [Formula: see text] is intrinsically linked if every embedding of that graph contains a nonsplit link [Formula: see text], where each component of [Formula: see text] is a consistently oriented cycle in [Formula: see text]. A tournament is a directed graph where each pair of vertices is connected by exactly one directed edge. We consider intrinsic linking and knotting in tournaments, and study the minimum number of vertices required for a tournament to have various intrinsic linking or knotting properties. We produce the following bounds: intrinsically linked ([Formula: see text]), intrinsically knotted ([Formula: see text]), intrinsically 3-linked ([Formula: see text]), intrinsically 4-linked ([Formula: see text]), intrinsically 5-linked ([Formula: see text]), intrinsically [Formula: see text]-linked ([Formula: see text]), intrinsically linked with knotted components ([Formula: see text]), and the disjoint linking property ([Formula: see text]). We also introduce the consistency gap, which measures the difference in the order of a graph required for intrinsic [Formula: see text]-linking in tournaments versus undirected graphs. We conjecture the consistency gap to be nondecreasing in [Formula: see text], and provide an upper bound at each [Formula: see text].
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Jayanthi, Neeru A., Jeff O’Boyle i Ramon A. Durazo-Arvizu. "Risk Factors for Medical Withdrawals in United States Tennis Association Junior National Tennis Tournaments: A Descriptive Epidemiologic Study". Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 1, nr 3 (maj 2009): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738109334274.
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Background: There have been no large-scale epidemiologic studies designed to determine the risk factors related to medical withdrawal in United States Tennis Association junior national tennis tournaments. Hypothesis: Risk of medical withdrawal will increase on the basis of cumulative match volume within a tournament. Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional analysis was performed of data collected for every match of all 4 United States Tennis Association supernational tournaments (spring, summer, fall, winter) for the boys and girls divisions and for all age divisions (12, 14, 16, 18) during a single year (2005). Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine relative risk of all risk factors. Additional analysis was performed to determine the threshold (ie, match number) at which a player would substantially increase his or her risk of medical withdrawal. Results: A total of 28 336 match exposures were analyzed, with an even distribution with respect to sex and age. The total medical withdrawal rate was 15.6 per 1000 match exposures. Every factor of interest was highly significant in predicting a higher rate of medical withdrawal per 1000 match exposures. The medical withdrawal rate was significantly higher in the fifth match or greater (26.3/1000) versus the first 4 matches (12.7/1000; P < .0001), even when analyzing main draw and singles matches. Conclusion: In United States Tennis Association national junior tennis tournaments, there is a significant increase in risk of medical withdrawals directly related to older age divisions, boys, singles matches, and main draw matches. Specifically, there is a significant increase in medical withdrawal rate beyond the fourth match in the tournament regardless of whether it is a main draw, consolation, or singles match. Clinical Relevance: Recommendations can be made to exercise caution in tournaments that involve boys, older age divisions, and singles. In addition, there may be sufficient evidence to suggest intervention within a tournament when players play beyond their fourth match.
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Thomas Courtier, Devlyn, i John DeLooper. "Hosting a Super Smash Bros. Tournament at the Hudson County Community College Library". Library Hi Tech News 34, nr 1 (6.03.2017): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lhtn-10-2016-0048.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe how the Hudson County Community College Library hosted a Super Smash Bros. for Wii U Tournament as part of its Fall 2015 and Spring 2016 programming, and discuss what it learned from hosting the event. Design/methodology/approach This paper details how a community college library planned, hosted and learned from its experience running a Super Smash Bros. for the Wii U Tournament. It will also describe how the library continued to use this experience to plan additional video game-based programming. Findings The Super Smash Bros. for the Wii U Tournament was generally well received by student attendees. However, student feedback revealed a preference for less-competitive “friendly” events instead of tournaments. Students also requested the option of having several games available instead of one. Originality/value Thus far, there has been little research on academic or community college libraries organizing video game-based programming and activities event. There have also been few studies about whether gaming events work better in libraries as tournaments or “free play” activities.
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Tadzhieva, M. A., D. B. Eshmamatova i R. N. Ganikhodzhaev. "Volterra-type Quadratic Stochastic Operators with a Homogeneous Tournament". Contemporary Mathematics. Fundamental Directions 67, nr 4 (15.12.2021): 783–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2413-3639-2021-67-4-783-794.
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As is known [1], each quadratic stochastic operator of Volterra type acting on a finitedimensional simplex defines a certain tournament, the properties of which make it possible to study the asymptotic behavior of the trajectories of this Volterra operator. In this paper, we introduce the concept of a homogeneous tournament and study the dynamic properties of Volterra operators corresponding to homogeneous tournaments in the simplex S4.
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Masukume, Gwinyai, Victor Grech i Margaret Ryan. "Sporting tournaments and changed birth rates 9 months later: a systematic review". PeerJ 12 (27.02.2024): e16993. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16993.
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Introduction Major sporting tournaments may be associated with increased birth rates 9 months afterwards, possibly due to celebratory sex. The influence of major sporting tournaments on birth patterns remains to be fully explored. Methods Studies that examined the relationship between such events and altered birth metrics (number of births and/or birth sex ratio (male/total live births)) 9(±1) months later were sought in PubMed and Scopus and reported via standard guidelines. Database searches were conducted up to 7 November 2022. Results Five events led to increased birth metrics 9(±1) months later and these included the Super Bowl, the 2009 UEFA Champions League, the 2010 FIFA World Cup, the 2016 UEFA Euros and the 2019 Rugby World Cup. Several la Liga soccer matches also had effects. With a few exceptions, major American football, Association football (soccer) and Rugby apex tournaments in Africa, North America, Asia and Europe were associated with increases in the number of babies born and/or in the birth sex ratio 9(±1) months following notable team wins and/or hosting the tournament. Furthermore, unexpected losses by teams from a premier soccer league were associated with a decline in births 9 months on. Conclusions This systematic review establishes that major sporting tournaments have a notable impact on birth patterns, influencing both birth rates and sex ratios. Emotional intensification during these events likely triggers hormonal shifts, driving changes in sexual activity and subsequently shaping birth rates, often positively, about 9 months later. The context is crucial, especially when a region/country hosts a major single-sport tournament or participates for the first time, as population excitement is likely to be at its peak. These findings hold significance for healthcare planning and highlight the role of societal events in shaping demographic trends. PROSPERO registration CRD42022382971.
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BARBOUR, A. D., ANANT P. GODBOLE i JINGHUA QIAN. "Imperfections in Random Tournaments". Combinatorics, Probability and Computing 6, nr 1 (marzec 1997): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963548396002829.
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A tournament T on a set V of n players is an orientation of the edges of the complete graph Kn on V; T will be called a random tournament if the directions of these edges are determined by a sequence {Yj[ratio ]j = 1, …, (n2)} of independent coin flips. If (y, x) is an edge in a (random) tournament, we say that y beats x. A set A ⊂ V, |A| = k, is said to be beaten if there exists a player y ∉ A such that y beats x for each x ∈ A. If such a y does not exist, we say that A is unbeaten. A (random) tournament on V is said to have property Sk if each k-element subset of V is beaten. In this paper, we use the Stein–Chen method to show that the probability distribution of the number W0 of unbeaten k-subsets of V can be well-approximated by that of a Poisson random variable with the same mean; an improved condition for the existence of tournaments with property Sk is derived as a corollary. A multivariate version of this result is proved next: with Wj representing the number of k-subsets that are beaten by precisely j external vertices, j = 0, 1, …, b, it is shown that the joint distribution of (W0, W1, …, Wb) can be approximated by a multidimensional Poisson vector with independent components, provided that b is not too large.
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Cardinaels, Eddy, Clara Xiaoling Chen i Huaxiang Yin. "Leveling the Playing Field: The Selection and Motivation Effects of Tournament Prize Spread Information". Accounting Review 93, nr 4 (1.10.2017): 127–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-51955.
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ABSTRACT Many companies administer wage policies based on tournaments or have different salaries attached to various promotion-based ranks within the company. Employees, however, do not always receive information about pay-level differences at higher ranks prior to joining the company. While some companies openly disclose prize spread information across these ranks, others keep such information secret. In this paper, we experimentally investigate whether the availability of tournament prize spread information enhances employee effort through both a selection effect and a motivation effect. We predict and find that when employees can select into tournaments of varying prize spreads (which proxies for an environment where prize spread information is available), high-ability employees are more likely than low-ability employees to select into the tournament with a larger prize spread. Thus, the availability of prize spread information produces a separation of employees based on ability. We also find that employees exert more effort when they can select into a tournament than when they are randomly assigned to one (which proxies for an environment where prize spread information is absent). We show that this result is driven by greater homogeneity in the ability of tournament contestants when the availability of tournament prize spread information provides self-selection opportunity. JEL Classifications: C91; D83; M40. Data Availability: Experimental data are available from the authors on request.
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Phillips, Kathryn E., i Will G. Hopkins. "Factors Affecting Cyclists’ Chances of Success in Match-Sprint Tournaments". International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, nr 4 (1.04.2019): 472–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0346.
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Purpose: To further the understanding of elite athlete performance in complex race environments by examining the changes in cyclists’ performance between solo time trials and head-to-head racing in match-sprint tournaments. Methods: Analyses were derived from official results of cyclists in 61 elite international sprint tournaments (2000–2016), incorporating the results of 2060 male and 1969 female head-to-head match races. Linear mixed modeling of log-transformed qualification and finish ranks was used to determine estimates of performance predictability as intraclass correlation coefficients. Correlations between qualifying performance and final tournament rank were also calculated. Chances of winning head-to-head races were estimated adjusting for the difference in the cyclists’ qualifying times. All effects were evaluated using magnitude-based inference. Results: Minor differences in predictability between qualification time trial and final tournament rank were suggestive of more competitiveness among men in the overall tournament. Performance in the qualification time trial was strongly correlated with, but not fully indicative of, performance in the overall tournament. Correspondingly, being the faster qualifier had a large positive effect on the chances of winning a head-to-head race, but small substantial differences between riders remained after adjustment for time-trial differentials. Conclusions: The present study provides further insight into how real-world competition data can be used to investigate elite athlete performance in sports where athletes must directly interact with their opponents. For elite match-sprint cyclists, qualifying time-trial performance largely determines success in the overall tournament, but there is evidence of a consistent match-race ability that modifies the chances of winning head-to-head races.
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Brill, Markus, Ulrike Schmidt-Kraepelin i Warut Suksompong. "Margin of Victory in Tournaments: Structural and Experimental Results". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, nr 6 (18.05.2021): 5228–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i6.16660.
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Tournament solutions are standard tools for identifying winners based on pairwise comparisons between competing alternatives. The recently studied notion of margin of victory (MoV) offers a general method for refining the winner set of any given tournament solution, thereby increasing the discriminative power of the solution. In this paper, we reveal a number of structural insights on the MoV by investigating fundamental properties such as monotonicity and consistency with respect to the covering relation. Furthermore, we provide experimental evidence on the extent to which the MoV notion refines winner sets in tournaments generated according to various stochastic models.
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Csató, László. "Some Impossibilities of Ranking in Generalized Tournaments". International Game Theory Review 21, nr 01 (marzec 2019): 1940002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198919400024.
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In a generalized tournament, players may have an arbitrary number of matches against each other and the outcome of the games is measured on a cardinal scale with lower and upper bounds. An axiomatic approach is applied to the problem of ranking the competitors. Self-consistency (SC) requires assigning the same rank for players with equivalent results, while a player showing an obviously better performance than another should be ranked strictly higher. According to order preservation (OP), if two players have the same pairwise ranking in two tournaments where the same players have played the same number of matches, then their pairwise ranking is not allowed to change in the aggregated tournament. We reveal that these two properties cannot be satisfied simultaneously on this universal domain.
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Waldman, Michael. "Classic promotion tournaments versus market-based tournaments". International Journal of Industrial Organization 31, nr 3 (maj 2013): 198–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2012.02.003.
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