Rozprawy doktorskie: „Tourism economy”

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Lau, Woon-chung Arthur. "Economic effects of international tourism industry on Hong Kong economy /". [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1987. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12335733.

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Lau, Woon-chung Arthur, i 劉桓強. "Economic effects of international tourism industry on Hong Kong economy". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1987. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31263835.

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Ramluggun-Essoo, Priya Narvada. "Economic valuation of the coastal zone in a small island economy". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247128.

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Leones, Julie. "Strategies for Monitoring Tourism in Your Community's Economy". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146760.

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Herbert, Angela R. "Tourism in the economy of Barbados : some policy issues". Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245997.

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Lam, Wai-ping. "Festival impacts on the tourist economy in Hong Kong". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31572741.

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Wong, Man-ling, i 王敏齡. "The effects of the mainlanders "golden weeks" on Hong Kong's tourism economy". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B27027387.

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Taylor, Faye. "Post disaster tourism development of Phi Phi Island : political economy and interpretations of sustainability". Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/280053.

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This research takes an interdisciplinary approach and includes aspects of applied geography, applied management, political economy, development studies, sociology and anthropology, in line with the tradition of progressive tourism studies. It seeks to resolve academic concern about the limited insight within existing bodies of knowledge into how sustainability and sustainable tourism development are conceptualised at a grassroots level by inhabitants and other stakeholders of tourism destinations (Redclift, 1987; Liu, 2003; Swarbrooke, 1999; Mowforth and Munt, 1998; Maida, 2007) and furthermore how these conceptualisations are shaped through expressions of political economy in a post-crisis context. The research aimed to evaluate how political economy and interpretations of sustainability affected post-disaster tourism redevelopment using the case study of Phi Phi Island in Thailand, which was devastated by the tsunami of December 2004. An interpretive philosophy informed the research design, in which primary data was gathered using an inductive mixed methodology. Methods included online research, comprising the design and operation of a tailored website to overcome geographical and access limitations; and offline methods such as visual techniques to monitor change and confirm opinions offered by participants of the research; in-depth face-to-face interviews with hand-picked stakeholders of Phi Phi's development; open-ended questionnaires with tourists; and extended answer Thai script questionnaires in order to overcome language barriers and present the 'Thai voice'. The primary data was gathered from April 2006-December 2011 including a period working at [information removed for anonymity purposes] University in Phuket (June-December 2006). Twenty-five themes emerged from the data, the most significant being the social impacts of tourism, environmental impacts of tourism, power relationships and future desires. It was found that the factor with the greatest influence over Phi Phi's development is the desire to develop the economy through tourism, and the philosophy underpinning the development is largely economic. The tsunami did not cause any significant reassessment of the tourism development trajectory, but served to uncover a range of conflicts and unlawful activity, resulting from powerful stakeholders pursuing their own interests and desired outcomes, in order to suit their own needs rather than those of the community as a whole. In terms of how sustainability is conceptualised by different stakeholder groups, it was found that the meanings attributed to sustainability in this context differ greatly to meanings elaborated within western ideological debates. Stakeholders' conceptualisations of sustainability were mapped against key debates within literature. How meanings differed between stakeholder groups was also examined and a definition for sustainable tourism development on Phi Phi was compiled encompassing a broad range of interests. The thesis provides a rare opportunity to see which political, economic and cultural factors shape the planning of tourism development and whether actual practice mirrors the principles of sustainability. For islanders, present needs are yet to be met and education was recommended to increase islanders' understanding of impacts and sustainability, as well as their skills and knowledge base to enable them to compete intellectually with the ruling elite and reduce dependence upon landowners and the mainland. Numerous authors have highlighted a relative lack of academic attention directly addressing the influence of political economy on achieving sustainability in post-disaster reconstruction (Klein, 2008; Hystad and Keller, 2008; Olsen, 2000; Bommer, 1985; Beirman, 2003; Faulkner, 2001; Glaesser, 2003; Ritchie, 2004). This work therefore extends existing academic debates and studies in a number of areas. In existing academic debates concerning the political economy of post-disaster reconstruction there is a trend towards 'disaster capitalism' (Klein, 2005: 3) or 'smash and grab capitalism' (Harvey, 2007: 32) and 'attempts to accumulate by dispossession' (Saltman, 2007a: 57). However, this did not occur on Phi Phi. Despite claims of a 'clean slate' being offered by the tsunami in developmental terms (Pleumarom, 2004; UNDP, 2005; Dodds, 2011; Ko, 2005; Nwankwo and Richardson, 1994; Argenti, 1976; Rice, 2005; Altman, 2005; Brix, 2007; Ghobarah et al., 2006; Dodds et al., 2010), this research provides evidence and explanation of why this did not and would never exist on Phi Phi, a finding that may be applied to other destinations in a post-disaster context. In response to Blaikie et al.'s (2004) concerns that vulnerability is often reconstructed following a disaster and may create the conditions for a future disaster, this work has extended discussions of disaster vulnerability through an adapted application of Turner et al.'s (2003) Vulnerability Framework. This meets Calgaro and Lloyd's (2008) recommendation that further longitudinal research is required in other tsunami-affected locations. This research refines their work to identify a detailed framework of vulnerability factors intertwined with factors of political economy, presenting a post-disaster situation that remains highly vulnerable and non-conducive to sustainability. This is in response to Hystad and Keller's (2008) recognition that there is a lack of long-term studies, which not only show how disaster has shifted the nature of the destination and tourism product, but also identify successful strategic processes and actions in disaster response. The strategic response has been analysed through an adapted Strategic Disaster Management Framework (Ritchie, 2004) to identify the shortcomings of the disaster response to comprehend how such a disaster has influenced tourism development and planning on the island, showing that this was a mirror opposite to how a disaster should be handled according to the literature (Ritchie, 2004; Adger et al., 2005; Miller et al., 2006; Olsen, 2000; Coppola, 2007; Faulkner, 2001; Baldini et al., 2012). The researcher draws on the notion of 'strategic drift' (Johnson, 1998: 179) and 'boiled frog syndrome' (Richardson, Nwankwo and Richardson, 1994: 10) to explain how host attitudes to tourism may increase vulnerability. Both these contributions can assist in identifying destination vulnerability and limitations in disaster response and recovery. Unlike the work of Dodds (2010) and Dodds et al. (2011), the aim was not to assess the practice and attainment of sustainability on Phi Phi; rather, it was to elaborate interpretations and conceptualisations of sustainability. An examination of development philosophy established how specific factors of political economy and relationships of a hegemonic nature influence the development trajectory of both Phi Phi and Thailand. Despite governmental rhetoric influenced by a strong 'sufficiency economy' hegemony led by King Bhumibol Adulyadej, the observations of dependency theorists provide a better fit for the experiences on Phi Phi and present significant challenges for the pursuit of sustainability. The thesis posits that an effective response to the disaster and pursuit of sustainability are undermined by the political economy of the destination.

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Carlisle-Gaye, Sheena. "A political economy of small scale business development in Gambian tourism". Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.444496.

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Bennett, Jonathan William Peter. "The regulation of tourism business activity in the transitional Vietnamese economy". Thesis, University of Hull, 2005. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:5636.

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This thesis examines the extent to which regulation theory provides an appropriate theoretical framework for analysing the development of capitalist economic relations and activities in transitional economies. The investigation uses secondary sources and information gained from interviews conducted with tourism business owners and managers in three Vietnamese cities: Hanoi, Hue and Ho Chi Minh City. I find that through its recognition of firstly, the path dependent nature of regulatory processes and secondly, national and local scales as key sites in the regulation of global economic processes, regulation theory can be utilised in analysing the development of capitalist economic relations and activities in transitional economies. Nevertheless, the findings in this thesis also challenge and offer new perspectives on a number of the key concepts contained within regulation theory. Firstly, my findings illustrate how political imperatives play a much more significant role in the regulation of economic activity than acknowledged in regulation theory. In Vietnam, as a way of maintaining the state as the leading institution in the Vietnamese socioeconomy, the central Vietnamese state has historically ceded a significant degree of regulatory control over economic space to the local state. As a consequence, the local state has traditionally constituted the key institution regulating economic activity in local space. In the transitional Vietnamese economy, I illustrate that political imperatives are continuing to inform the practices of the central state in regulating nascent capitalist economic processes. I find that this is chiefly being articulated through the informal regulatory practices and capacity of the central state as it seeks to mediate capitalist economic relations between supra and sub-national actors and institutions. This runs counter to assertions within regulation theory where the regulatory power of the central state is chiefly derived from its capacity to enact a formal framework of regulatory forms to guide global economic processes throughout national space. Secondly, I highlight the importance of the social regulation of economic activity and how in Vietnam the cultivation of social ties with local state officials has historically constituted an important institutional mechanism regulating economic activity in local spaces. In the transitional Vietnamese economy, I find that among private tourism business owners interviewed in Hanoi, Hue and Ho Chi Minh City, the cultivation of social ties with local state officials has continued to play an important role in the establishment and running of their businesses. Out of these findings, I adapt the conceptual framework provided in regulation theory and build a more appropriate analytical framework that can be utilised in examining how regulatory processes and relations are evolving in regulating capitalist economic activity in transitional economies.

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Thieme, Juliane. "The political economy of backpacker tourism consumption and production in Colombia". Thesis, University of Kent, 2018. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/66614/.

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Backpacker tourism has been an increasing phenomenon since the 1960s (Cohen 1973; Hampton 2013), and many Less Developed Countries (LDCs) are now favourite destinations for backpackers. This backpacker tourism development raises questions about the effects it has on the host communities as well as on the backpackers themselves However, the impact of backpacker tourism development on the power relations between the actors of this development, i.e. the backpackers, the host communities with their businesses, and the governmental actors, have been little explored. This thesis examines the relationship between backpacker tourism development and the power relations between the backpackers, the host communities with their businesses, and the governmental actors in Colombia. Adopting a broad Political Economy (PE) approach, the thesis investigates the backpacker tourism development in two rural communities, one a long-standing backpacker tourism destination, the other one a more recent development. The study includes the three main actors of tourism development: the backpackers as tourism consumers, the businesses catering to them as tourism producers, and the governmental actors influencing backpacker tourism development. It analyses the actors' social, cultural and political embeddedness within their respective communities. The thesis explores how these three main actors of backpacker tourism development interact with each other, how they are interlinked in the two researched communities on the three types of embeddedness mentioned above, and how they affect and are affected by backpacker tourism development. The thesis key contribution is the theoretical framework. It investigates the interaction between consumption and production, as advocated by (Ateljevic 2000), while also anchoring the three actors in the social, cultural and political structures they act within. It combines two existing frameworks into a new, holistic one: The first one is a framework by Ferguson (2011), focussing on small-scale actors in rural communities, and also on the consumption patterns of consumers from LDCs, in this case on Latin American backpackers travelling within Latin America (Colombia). The second component of the framework is Mosedale's (2011) theoretical framework that examines the embeddedness of the actors of tourism development on three different types: their structural embeddedness into social structures and networks, their cultural embeddedness, and their political embeddedness on a local, regional and national level. The thesis' new framework therefore provides one answer to the call for more theorisation, both in tourism studies (see Bianchi 2009; Hannam 2002; Tribe 2006) and in PE (see Britton 1982). It further focusses on small-scale actors, in this case backpacker tourism Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) instead of Transnational Enterprises (TNCs) as often investigated in tourism and PE studies (e.g. Britton 1982; Freitag 1994). The research aim was addressed in an ethnographic field study, consisting of mainly interviews (n=53) with backpackers, backpacker tourism business owners, and policy makers in two different fieldwork locations in Colombia. Additional data was collected through participant observation, policy document analysis, and other supporting methods such as mapping exercises and the analysis of online and offline travel materials. The findings show that backpacker tourism development often reinforced unequal power relations that were prevalent within the communities and on a global scale. For example, on the production side, this includes issues such as the access to knowledge of the backpacker market by local business owners, resulting in foreign business owners with travel experience having more knowledge power over the locals competing in the same market. On the consumption side, many backpackers from developed countries possessed more financial power to travel for prolonged periods of time in comparison to their Latin American counterparts, who travelled for less time or had to work while travelling. Furthermore, the local government's involvement in tourism development seemed to be vital for a more successful execution of backpacker tourism within the communities, with a lack of involvement leading to a power vacuum in one community that was filled by shadow industries. The theoretical contribution of the thesis include that it brings in different voices by including different actors of tourism development from different national and social backgrounds. The inclusiveness of all actors and the structures they work within into one framework allows for a more accurate analysis of the processes of tourism development and its implicit power relations that help to shape backpacker tourism development. It also gives a better indication of why these processes happen the way they do, and how the actors work within the given social, cultural and political structures. The new framework and the analysis could then lead to a more thorough and integrated analysis, considering all actors and their influence upon tourism development and on each other. The analysis of the findings also propose some practical implications for tourism businesses and policy makers, such as an upscale shift in the backpacker tourism market, artesano backpackers bridging the gap between tourism producers and consumers, and the need for the local and regional government to invest in the education of their citizens to enable them to successfully participate in the (backpacker) tourism business.

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García, Betorz Sara. "How might the collaborative economy influence sustainability of tourism in Barcelona?" Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-147854.

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The aim of this project is to analyze how the Collaborative Economy (CE) might influence sustainability of tourism in Barcelona.

Since The Olympic Games in 1992, Barcelona has become a leader in many aspects, but especially in the tourism sector. Nowadays the city is a highly popular tourist destination and the tourism industry has made a significant contribution to the economics of Barcelona with the creation of income, taxes, hard currency and jobs (Sirakaya, Jamal, & Choi, 2001). Despite the high success achieved by “model Barcelona” it is important to take into account some challenges faced by the city in terms of tourism, creating a need for alternative and more environmentally and host-friendly practices in development, planning, and policies (Saarinen, J. 2006). One example of this is CE, which, since 2011, has started to have an impact on the Catalan capital, and all indicators show that the peer to peer (P2P) sites are one of the technology trends that are already radically transforming tourism (Sunyer, 2014). Collaborative consumption was named one of TIME Magazine's 10 ideas that will change the world. All we do, create and produce has an impact on the environment (tourism generates an impact as well as the CE) and measuring the impact of our actions helps us to know where to improve and develop better strategies. The questions now are: what is the real impact that these new systems have on the city? Do they contribute to the path of sustainable tourism? To answer these questions and form a point of departure for this study, I interviewed different stakeholders: twelve experts from CE and tourism in Barcelona and 49 students from UAB University under the Tourism Grade. Interviews made to experts were based on face to face meetings carried out in two parts; firstly semi-structured questions and secondly a survey based on an evaluation of a previously selected tourism system indicator. The survey consisted of the evaluation of the European Tourism Indicators System – ETIS for Sustainable Destinations, where the interviewees had to evaluate the influence of CE through the validation of the 27 core indicators (deciding whether the indicator would increase, decrease or remain equal with the influence of the CE). The interviews conducted with the forty-nine students were made online and based on the survey evaluation of ETIS (like with the experts). The results show that CE could generate a better distribution of income around the city and could support the process of descentralization of tourism activity in the city center. Furthermore, it could strengthen social relations between locals and visitors, and thereby improve the negative perception that mass tourism generates in some specific points like Ciutat Vella. According to the stakeholders interviewed, the influence of CE in Barcelona could ensure a higher rate of satisfaction among tourists and increase the number of strategic plans of the city in terms of sustainability. On the other hand, it is noteworthy to consider the negative effects that CE could generate; the more distribution the city has, the more social friction is generated and so more specific managing plans are needed. Furthermore, interviewees considered that the occupancy rate in commercial accommodation and direct tourism employment would decrease, which means less income from the “traditional” tourist enterprises. The results also illustrate a lack of understanding of the CE and sustainable tourism concepts. Although experts were familiar to both concepts, researchers and tourism managers had a better understanding of sustainability in tourism while promoters of the CE were the stakeholders with more knowledge about the Collaborative movement. There is still a need of more comprehension of both terms. There are three elements to consider for discussions which concern respondents with such a variety of opinions depending on their background; 1) the understanding of the two concepts (CE and sustainable tourism) of the case from the all stakeholders involved. If there is a lack of comprehension of both it is just impossible to apply them; 2) the regulation process of the CE which nowadays has split the opinion of the population and 3) the carrying capacity that the city can support. They are the key elements to discuss in the collaborative economy wave. Nonetheless, one must consider what CE means, what its main principles are and why it exists and connect all these with the necessities related with tourism, which presents a considerable challenge in certain parts of the world. Only when an appropriate comprehension of the “core” and “essence” of both concepts is achieved will we be able to connect them, understand their strengths and weaknesses and aim for genuine sustainable development.

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Slocum, Susan L. "The impact of tourism on the economy of Nevada a tourism satellite account and computable general equilibrium model /". abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2006. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1433417.

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Snow, Richard. "Ecology, Economy and Ecotourism: Sustaining People and the Environment". TopSCHOLAR®, 1996. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/819.

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Tourism is the world's largest industry. The fastest growing segment of the travel and tourist trade is ecotourism. The concept of sustainable development insists that humans cooperate with nature in the search for an ecological economy which can support present and future populations. Ecotourism attempts to attain this elusive goal by preserving ecosystems while generating revenue for local communities. In this study, the researcher examines the positive and negative effects of ecotourism on people, culture, and landscape. An analysis of tourism data seems to suggest that developing countries, which are popular ecotour destinations, are benefitting economically and ecologically from properly planned ecotourism.

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Suryawardani, I. Gusti Ayu Oka. "Tourism leakage of accommodation in Bali". Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010071/document.

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Le tourisme est le fer de lance de l'économie balinaise. Mais, les fruits de cette économie du tourisme ne bénéficient pas à toutes les classes de la société balinaise. Cela est dû, entre autres, au manque à gagner lorsque cette industrie importe par exemple des produits ou des services pour répondre aux besoins des touristes (alimentation pour la restauration par exemple). Le calcul du manque à gagner pour l'économie balinaise n’a jamais été fait auparavant. Pour cela, cette recherche est nécessaire. Les objectifs de la recherche étaient : de calculer le manque à gagner pour l'économie balinaise dans le secteur du logement pour les touristes en micro-économie (niveau industriel) ; d'estimer le manque à gagner pour le tourisme balinais dans le secteur de l'hébergement touristique en macroéconomie (au niveau provincial) ; d'évaluer l'impact de la subvention gouvernementale et la réduction des importations dans l' industrie du tourisme, les opportunités d'emploi et la distribution des revenus ; d'évaluer la perception et le choix des touristes internationaux face aux offres de produits importés et locaux, et aussi d'évaluer l'opinion des touristes sur le constat : est-ce que les dépenses des touristes pendant leur voyage à Bali bénéficient à la société balinaise ? ; et d'évaluer les opinions des gestionnaires des hôtels sur l'utilisation des produits importés et des produit locaux pour la consommation des touristes ; de créer une stratégie afin de minimiser le manque à gagner dans le secteur du tourisme pour l'économie balinaise. La recherche est basée sur les approches quantitatives et qualitatives. Les données primaires ont été recueillies par la méthode du sondage sur quatre destinations touristiques, à savoir : Kuta, Nusa Dua, Sanur et Ubud, auprès d'un échantillon de 79 hôtels selon la méthode de probabilité proportionnelle à la taille qui est divisée en trois échantillons en grappes : hôtels classés 1, 2 et 3 étoiles ; hôtels classés 4 & 5 étoiles et hôtels privés (non-chain) ou appartenant à une chaine hôtelière (chain) ; hôtels non-classés. Nombre de répondants 600 touristes internationaux qui étaient en vacances à ce moment-là. Le calcul du manque à gagner dans l'analyse micro a été mené selon la méthode d'Unluonen et. al. (2011), tandis que l'analyse macro a été faite selon la méthode de Thorbecke (1988) en utilisant l'approche de la matrice de comptabilité sociale (MCS) de la province de Bali de l'année 2010. La perception et le choix des touristes internationaux vis-à-vis des produits importés et locaux ont été analysé selon le logiciel JMP tandis que les stratégies de la minimisation du manque à gagner dans l'économie touristique balinaise ont été créées selon la méthode de l'ISM (interpretive Structural Modelling). [...] Les touristes internationaux choisissent de façon significative les produits locaux et ils sont prêts à dépenser leur argent au bénéfice des populations locales. Les gestionnaires des hôtels sont prêts à utiliser les produits locaux tant que l’offre est suffisante pour remplacer les produits importés. Les stratégies pour minimiser le manque à gagner pour le tourisme à Bali : optimiser les potentiels des produits locaux ; développer l'agriculture et l' élevage, réduire les produits importés pour la consommation des touristes, augmenter l'exportation des produits locaux, augmenter la qualité des produits locaux ainsi que la qualité des ressources humaines locales, renforcer la société locale, inciter le gouvernement à mettre en œuvre une politique de minimisation du manque à gagner dans l'économie touristique, limiter les investissements étrangers dans le secteur du logement touristique, stabiliser les fluctuations des taux de change, augmenter le rôle du Ministère des affaires étrangères, du ministère de l'industrie, du Ministère du commerce ainsi que le rôle du Ministère du tourisme et de l'économie créative afin de réduire ledit manque à gagner
Tourism has become the leading economic sector in Bali Province of Indonesia. However, the economic impacts of tourism have not been convinced to be full y beneficial for Balinese community. One of the reasons is tourism leakage that occurs when the industry imports both products and services to support tourism industry in Bali. So far, the amount of tourism leakage in Bali has not been calculated yet. Therefore, there is a need to ascertain the current amount of leakage in Bali tourism. The objectives of the study are: (i) to calculate the amount of tourism leakage from accommodation sector in Bali at micro (industrial) level; (ii) to calculate the amount of tourism leakage from accommodation sector in Bali at macro (regional) level; (iii) to evaluate the impacts of government subsidies and import reduction by accommodation sector on tourism leakage, job opportunity and income distribution; (iv) to evaluate the perception and preference of foreign tourists on imported and local products as well as the willingness of foreign tourists to spend their money to benefit of Balinese people; (v) to evaluate the points of view of hotel managers related to imported and local products as well as their willingness in reducing the use of imported product and (vi) to develop strategies in minimizing tourism leakage in accommodation in Bali. Research was designed through quantitative and qualitative approaches. Data was collected by using survey method at four main tourist destinations in Bali, namely: Kuta, Nusa Dua, Sanur and Ubud. There were 79 hotels selected based upon probability proportional to size sampling method which consists of three clusters namely 1,2,3 Star-rated, 4&5 Star-rated either chain and non-chain and Non Star-rated hotels. The number of respondents was 600 foreign tourists were selected as respondents. Calculation of tourism leakage on micro analysis was undertaken by using a method developed by Unluonen, et. al. (2011), meanwhile, on macro analysis was carried out by using a method proposed by Thorbecke ( 1988) which was based on the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) of Bali 2010. Perception and preference of foreign tourists on imported and local products were analyzed by using JMP program, meanwhile, Interpretative Structural Modelling (ISM) was undertaken to develop strategies. The results show that based on the micro analysis, the highest tourism leakage of accommodation sector in Bali is at 4&5 Star-rated chain hotels (51.0 %), followed by 4&5 Star-rated non-chain hotels (22.7 %), 1,2&3 Star-rated hotels (12.0 %), Non-star rated hotels (8.8 %), and with the average leakage of 18.8 %. Based on macro analysis, tourism leakage of accommodation sector in Bali are as follow: (i) Leakage of Non Star-rated hotels is 2.0 %; (ii) Leakage of 1,2&3 Star-rated hotels is 15.7 %; (iii) Leakage of 4&5 Star-rated non-chain hotels is 7.1 %, (iv) Leakage of 4&5 Star-rated chain hotels is 55.3%; and (v) Average leakage of all types of accommodation is 19.5%. Foreign tourists significantly look for local products and are willing to spend their money for Balinese people. Hotel managers are willing to use local product as long as local products are available to substitute the imported products. Strategies for minimization tourism leakage are optimizing the potential of local products, develop agriculture and livestock; reduce the use of imported products for tourists, improve quality of local products and human resources, empower community, urge government to develop and implement supporting policies in minimizing tourism leakage, establish policy on restriction of foreign investment on accommodation in Bali, improve the role of Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Trade and Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy. 7 Ps of marketing mix on service: product, price, place, promotion, people, process and physical evidence need to be implemented in order to support sustainable tourism in Bali

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Kulusjärvi, O. (Outi). "Towards a poststructural political economy of tourism:a critical sustainability perspective on destination development in the Finnish North". Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2019. http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi-fe2019110136224.

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Abstract Tourism has developed into an important field of economy in the northern sparsely populated areas of Finland. State bodies of different spatial scales continuously put efforts to foster tourism growth and tourism is viewed as a prosperous economic path for the future. The prevailing tourism development is resort-oriented, which has transformed rural geographies in the North. Critical tourism geography research highlights that such market-driven tourism development has negative social and environmental consequences. Thus, tourism change needs to be examined from a broader perspective than economic benefits alone. It is required that tourism economy serves people and not vice versa. To increase sustainability in destination localities, collective economic agency in destinations is encouraged in tourism research and development. To date, tourism research has tended to draw on multiple, often contradicting, theoretical perspectives in an attempt to clarify how collective agency in tourism destinations should be best organized in order to foster social justice and ecological sustainability. The aim of this thesis is to understand how sustainability can be facilitated through local economic relations in resort-oriented destination development contexts. Sustainability discussions in tourism research are advanced by drawing on economic geography and its critical takes. The thesis consists of three studies that each examine sustainability in tourism destinations from a different viewpoint. The thesis first examines how (un)sustainability currently manifests in local economic relations and then discusses what changes are required to move towards more sustainable tourism futures. Ethnographically oriented case studies and a contemporary variant of the grounded theory method enables approaching tourism economies from the perspective of everyday tourism realities. The empirical part of the research is conducted in the Ruka and Ylläs destinations in the Finnish North. Insights were gathered by semi-structured in-depth interviews with local tourism actors in 2012 and 2015. The study introduces a poststructural political economy approach to sustainability transformations in tourism destinations. The less growth-focused economic thinking that exists in destinations is brought to light. Tourism actors’ motives and aims can differ drastically from the rationales of growth-focused tourism destination development that dominate in networked tourism governance. Many of the tourism actors desire conservation of natural and cultural environment in destinations. This creates conflict between the coexisting tourism paths. In the thesis, it is argued that economic difference in tourism should not be conceptualized merely as a source of diversification of tourism supply and thus as beneficial for destination growth; it should be recognized as political agency in tourism economy. Tourism networking is already now often value-driven, and this needs to be encouraged. That is, transformative agency for tourism change can be gained and new tourism paths created also through incremental changes ‘from below’, not only via policy actions. To contribute to the critical (economic) geography research on social and economic change, this thesis highlights that it is central to understand not only what new economic futures look like but also how to work towards them in everyday politics. Although the alternative and critical voices are valuable as they accurately state a socially just view of how things ought to be, these voices may not be the best way to bring about a change. This is because power hierarchies are not easily recognized in everyday tourism work. Each actor interprets the social from their subjective point of view. Even actors with the most power can have personal experiences of powerlessness. Thus, to foster change, it is necessary to facilitate the transformation of the existing conflictual inter-group relations. Dialogical everyday politics could work as a means to foster understanding of different groups’ tourism realities and their mutual influence. Conflict could be regarded not solely as an innate feature of capitalist economic relations but also as moments where mutual understanding can be facilitated. This is a way to establish local economic relations that enable community building. Destination sustainability touches not only firm-level practices but the mode of economic organization in tourism destinations. The thesis highlights that to advance social justice and environmental sustainability in destinations, destination development and planning should account for the possibility for a less growth-focused destination development path. As alternative tourism paths do not, as a rule, depend on new, large-scale tourism construction, they would likewise not foster growth in international tourist numbers and air travel. This unconventional view on economic path creation is to be encouraged as it is better in line with climate change mitigation needs and critical sustainability theorizing
Original papers The original publications are not included in the electronic version of the dissertation. Kulusjärvi, O. (2016). Resort-oriented tourism development and local tourism networks – a case study from Northern Finland. Fennia 194: 1, 3–17. https://fennia.journal.fi/article/view/41450 http://jultika.oulu.fi/Record/nbnfi-fe2019103136035 Kulusjärvi, O. (2017). Sustainable Destination Development in Northern Peripheries: A Focus on Alternative Tourism Paths. Journal of Rural and Community Development 12:2/3, 41–58. https://journals.brandonu.ca/jrcd/article/view/1466 http://jultika.oulu.fi/Record/nbnfi-fe2018051524148 Kulusjärvi, O. (accepted). Towards just production of tourism space via dialogical everyday politics in destination communities. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space

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Hulk, Helga. "Tourism and the impact thereof on the economy of the Western Cape". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49713.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Tourism is seen and promoted as the economic cure in the developing world. However, in recent years it has been realised that tourism is not an easy or quick solution to economic growth. Business and government have identified tourism as one of the country's critical job providers. In 1989 Smith (1989: 15) identified the following challenges confronting the tourism industry: • A lack of credible measures and objective analysis. • Diversity of the industry. • Complexities created by geographical characteristic of the industry. • The lack of industry organisation. • The need to anticipate future developments. Can the Tourism Industry stimulate the economy and be a solution to unemployment? As the Western Cape is seen as the tourism leader in South Africa, this study will determine whether the industry will lead to an economically stronger Western Cape and ultimately be a helpful and healthy source of income to South Africa. The writer will start this study with world tendencies and the realities of tourism and then move onto tourism in South Africa, including both international and domestic tourism. An important factor for economic growth is the tourism potential in the Western Cape, which will be examined. It is clear from all the data and literature that the tourism industry hold potential for growth in South Africa. Wesgro (2001) has identified the Western Cape as the strongest tourism region. The Western Cape can offer unusual and alternative experience to tourists as facilities are in place for eco-tourism with excursions such as shark diving. The Western Cape is furthermore ensuring that more business tourists can be accommodated with the building of the Conference Centre in Cape Town. Government has realised the potential of the tourism industry and as such has increased the budget allocation drastically. This means that marketing can be done more aggressively ensuring that both the domestic and international tourist markets grows. On the negative side is the effect that crime and political instability has on the tourism industry. It is interesting to note that despite crime, tourism arrivals are still increasing. A vital challenge for the tourism industry is to develop and promote our cultural assets and experiences. Repositioning the role of the previously disadvantage within the tourism infrastructure is an issue that needs to be addressed. We need to re-evaluate, re-package and re-interpret our distinct resources. The Western Cape's growth potential lies in its natural beauty and favourable weather, the wide variety of internationally renowned natural tourist attraction, and a well established infrastructure, all available at a relatively low cost to foreigners.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Toerisme word gesien en adverteer as die ekonomiese oplossing in die ontwikkelende wêreld. Dit is egter die afgelope jare besef dat toerisme nie 'n maklike of vinnige oplossing vir ekonomiese groei is nie. Die besigheidswêreld en die regering het toerisme geïdentifiseer as een van die land se kritiese werkvoorsieners. Smith (1989: 15) het in 1989 die volgende uitdagings wat die toerisme industrie konfronteer, geïdentifiseer: • 'n Tekort aan geloofwaardige maatstawwe en objektiewe ontleding. • Die uiteenlopendheid van die industrie. • Ingewikkeldhede geskep deur die geografiese eienskappe van die industrie. • 'n Tekort aan industrie organisasie. • 'n Behoefte om toekomstige ontwikkelings te voorspel. Kan die toerisme industrie die ekonomie stimuleer en die oplossing vir werkloosheid wees? Aangesien die Wes-Kaap gesien word as die toerisme leier in Suid Afrika sal hierdie studie poog om te bepaal of die industrie sal lei tot 'n ekonomies sterk Wes-Kaap en uiteindelik 'n gesonde bron van inkomste vir Suid Afrika. Die skrywer sal die studie begin met wêreldneigings en die realiteite van toerisme en dan oorgaan tot toerisme in Suid Afrika, insluitend beide internasionale en binnelandse toerisme. 'n Belangrike faktor vir ekonomiese groei wat bestudeer sal word is die toerisme potensiaal in die Wes-Kaap. Dit blyk duidelik uit data en literatuur wat bestudeer is dat die toerisme industrie groot potensiaal vir Suid Afrika inhou. Wesgro (2001) het die Wes-Kaap as die sterkste toerisme streek geïdentifiseer. Die Wes-Kaap kan buitengewone en alternatiewe ervarings aan toeriste bied aangesien fasiliteite reeds bestaan vir eko-toerisme met ekskursies soos haai-duik. Die Wes-Kaap is verder besig om te verseker dat besigheidstoeriste geakkommodeer kan word met die aanbou van die nuwe konferensie sentrum in Kaapstad. Die regering het ook die potensiaal van die toerisme industrie besef en het as sulks die begroting aanwysing drasties verhoog. Dit het tot gevolg dat bemarking meer aggressief kan plaasvind en verseker sodoende dat beide die binnelandse en internasionale toerisme markte groei. Aan die negatiewe kant is die effek wat geweld en politieke onstabiliteit op die toerisme industrie het. Dit is egter interessant om daarop te let dat toerisme aankomste nog steeds groei ten spyte van misdaad. 'n Belangrike uitdaging vir die toerisme industrie is om ons kulturele bates en ervarings te ontwikkel en bevorder. 'n Saak wat aandag moet geniet is die herposisionering van vorige agtergeblewende mense binne die toerisme infrastruktuur. Ons sal ons hulpbronne moet herevalueer, herverpak en herinterpreteer. Die Wes-Kaapse groeipotensiaal is geleë in sy natuurlike skoonheid en gunstige weer, die wye verskeidenheid van internasionaal erkende natuurlike toeriste attraksies en 'n goed gevestigde infrastruktuur wat alles beskikbaar is teen 'n relatiewe lae prys vir buitelanders.

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McGinley, Susan. "Agricultural Tourism in Cochise County: Survey Results Show Promise for Local Economy". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622375.

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Monteiro, Eliene Maria Miranda. "The participation of the tourism economy in the inner product Gross CearÃ". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=11025.

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nÃo hÃ
The paper makes an empirical analysis of the activities of tourism in CearÃ. The objective was to scale the activities of this segment in the region from about occupations and labor income available to official microdata obtained along the IPECE, IBGE and Ministry of Tourism for the years 1995 to 2012. The results were analyzed from the following data: national and international tourism demand, tourism revenue direct income generated and employment generated by the sector. It was found that the domestic demand is most responsible for generating tourist revenue in the state and within the tourism sector employing most sectors are housing and feeding. Finally, it was found that the evolution of tourist activity takes place along with the evolution of the GDP of the State of CearÃ and the tourism sector contributes to a dispersion of regional income, since tourism is concentrated not only in the capital but also in several municipalities in the state.
O trabalho faz uma anÃlise empÃrica das atividades do turismo no CearÃ. O objetivo foi dimensionar as atividades deste segmento na regiÃo a partir de informaÃÃes sobre ocupaÃÃes e renda do trabalho disponÃveis nos dados oficiais obtidos juntamente ao IPECE, IBGE e MinistÃrio do Turismo relativo aos anos de 1995 a 2011. Os resultados foram analisados a partir dos seguintes dados: demanda turÃstica nacional e internacional, receita turÃstica, renda gerada e empregos gerados pelo setor. Verificou-se que a demanda nacional Ã a maior responsÃvel pela geraÃÃo de receita turÃstica no Estado e que dentro do segmento turÃstico os setores que mais empregam sÃo o de alojamento e alimentaÃÃo. Por fim, ficou constatado que a evoluÃÃo da atividade turÃstica ocorre juntamente com a evoluÃÃo do PIB do Estado do CearÃ e que o segmento turÃstico contribui para uma dispersÃo da renda regional, uma vez que o turismo nÃo estÃ concentrado somente na capital, mas tambÃm em diversos municÃpios do interior do Estado.

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Rutherford, Ann Sommer. "India health impact of medical tourism facilities on state health and economy /". [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2009.

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Lam, Wai-ping, i 林慧萍. "Festival impacts on the tourist economy in Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31572741.

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Sestic, Dajana. "Experience based tourism; a case of south of Öland". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för organisation och entreprenörskap (OE), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-52132.

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Experience economy is about different industries which try to create experiences and activities for their customers. Previous researchers have been putting experience economy together with sports, electronic sports and destination development for example. Experience economy can be connected to different destinations and industries. This qualitative study connects experience economy to South of Öland, based on their current situation. The aim of this study is to explore the potentials of experience-based tourism in south of Öland as a way to develop the attractiveness of the region. This stud is examining the stakeholders of Mörbylånga, a municipality in South of Öland and their target groups in order to see how the south of Öland can develop the region as an attractive destination by using their resources effectively. In order to give Mörbylånga a recommendation of how they can improve their destination attractiveness and also to provide a theoretical contribution with a conceptual model based on tourism experiences

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Zhou, Ting. "Dynamic multivariate analysis of a small open economy: The case of Hawai'i". Thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1273.

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The main objective of the dissertation is to apply recent advances in modern econometric analysis, namely cointegrating Vector Autoregression (VAR) and Bayesian VAR (BVAR) to a small open regional economy like Hawaii. This is accomplished in three related yet independent essays demonstrating how regional modeling and forecasting can benefit from these latest developments. The first essay concentrates on the cointegrating VAR analysis, applying it to Hawaii's premier industry-tourism. Recent research in the literature on identified cointegrating VARs emphasizes the need to rely on economic theory to impose weak exogeneity assumptions, guide the search for long-run just (over) identifying restrictions and shrink the model to the most parsimonious representation. While cointegration analysis has gradually appeared in the empirical tourism literature, the focus has been exclusively on the demand side with no use of the latest identification techniques. A complete Hawaii tourism model is developed, exploiting Hall, Henry, and Greenslade's (2002) theory-directed sequential reduction methodology. Both demand and supply factors are emphasized in identifying long-run cointegrating relationships. The second essay applies the BVAR methodology to another key sector in regional modeling-construction. This essay represents the first application of priors on linear combinations of parameters-namely, sums of coefficients and dummy initial observation priors - in a BVAR construction forecasting model. I find that including these priors does not necessarily improve forecast accuracy at medium to long horizons, especially when the series are integrated and there is more than one cointegrating relationship. The third essay extends the second essay to deal with the entire regional economy. All regional models must deal with the inavailability of expenditure data at the state and local levels. This problem typically leads researchers to use either a single highly restricted VAR, or BVAR, or a model of pseudo theory driven equations. In contrast, my third essay makes use of BVAR blocks to model proxies for the expenditure categories in a traditional macro structure. Compared with existing regional BVAR models, the current setup is more complete in accounting for both the intra-action of sectors within the region and the inter-action of the region with external drivers.

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Freemole, Dylan Hogan. "Leisure and Labor in New Orleans' "Number One Factory": Work, Culture, and the Political Economy of Tourism". ScholarWorks@UNO, 2019. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/honors_theses/136.

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As the symbolic and functional heart of the New Orleans tourism industry, the French Quarter has been described as the city's "number one factory". Using this evocative image as a starting point, this paper explores workaday life within this factory. I argue that the political economy of tourism brings together the world of work and the world of leisure in such a way that neither can be meaningfully understood apart from each other. To get at this point, I examine the commodity which at the heart of the tourist economy, which, I contend, is the touristic experience. Drawing on data gleaned from interviews, participant observation, and analysis of tourist discourse, I show that the production of this commodity – immaterial as it may appear – is in fact quite labor intensive. Furthermore, as tourism has become the driving sector of the New Orleans economy, the social and economic arrangements that the industry entails have extended out from the factory, integrating a broader swath of the city's geography into its structure than is generally supposed.

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Collins, John F. "Efforts To Promote Tourism As A Catalyst For Urban Redevelopment In Florida: Insights From The Anthropology Of Tourism And An Annotated Bibliography". [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000543.

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Якименко, Е. С. "Удосконалення державного регулювання туризму". Thesis, Чернігів, 2021. http://ir.stu.cn.ua/123456789/24845.

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Якименко, Е. С. Удосконалення державного регулювання туризму : випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 242 «Туризм» / Е. С. Якименко ; керівник роботи І. В. Безуглий ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра туризму . – Чернігів, 2021. – 97 с.
Метою дослідження є аналіз туристичного ринку України та його державні класифікації країн територій та районів Для досягнення поставленої мети в роботі вирішені наступні завдання: 1. Розкрити теоретично-методичні засади понятійно-категоріальної складової сутності туризму. 2. Дослідити організаційно-концептуальні аспекти формування туристичної сфери в умовах сталого розвитку. 3. Проаналізувати концептуально-теоретичні засади інноваційності туристичної сфери. 4. Провести моніторинг глобального ринку туризму. 5. Надати державну класифікацію країн, територій та районів в туризмі. 6. Провести діагностику результатів діяльності тур-агенств. 7 Розробити шляхи ефективного розвитку туризму. 8. Розкрити напрямки розширення класифікації країн, територій та районів в туризмі. 9. Надати концептуальні засади формування стратегічної моделі сталого розвитку туристичної сфери в контексті євроінтеграційних процесів.

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Budiakova, Olena. "Management of personnel in the tourism and hotel and restaurant business of the hospitality industry". Thesis, Луцький національний технічний університет, 2021. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/19412.

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The importance and role of tourism in our time for the development of the economy of states, meeting the needs of the individual, the mutual enrichment of social ties between countries cannot be overestimated. A feature of the current stage of development of domestic tourism is the focus on expanding inbound tourism and the domestic market of tourist services.

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jaiteh, Mariama. "Seeking Friends With Benefits In A Tourism-Based Sexual Economy: Interrogating The Gambian Sexscape". FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3681.

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This dissertation engages with the driving motivations behind the actions of all those involved in The Gambia’s tourism-based sexual economy: the Gambian and other West African male and female sex workers, the Global North (habitually European) male and female tourists, the Gambian and expatriate Lebanese bar and restaurant owners, the Gambian state, and the semesters (members of the Gambian diaspora on vacation in The Gambia). It presents thick ethnographic accounts of interactions with Gambians and tourists, as they form temporary couples or friendships for the duration of tourists’ vacations, and sometimes for longer. This ethnography-rich dissertation pays careful attention to Gambian voices, which have been somewhat marginalized in the limited literature on sex tourism in The Gambia. It theorizes the existence of a Gambian sexscape, within which socio-sexual scripts are performed. The socio-sexual scripts that make the Gambian tourism-based sexual economy are re-located within Gambian society’s larger sexscape, which allows for a better consideration of the wider socio-economic, cultural, and political processes that have led to the formation of contemporary Gambian society. The dissertation briefly outlines The Gambia’s political and economic history, which explains the ongoing economic dependency and the importance of emigration for contemporary Gambian youth who want to escape the abject poverty in which too many live. It proposes a descriptive analysis of the Gambian sexscape and its socio-sexual scripts. Greater precision is given to the socio-sexual scripts that make the tourism-based sexual economy: chanters and white Global North female tourists; Gambian female sex workers and white Global North male tourists; Gambian men who have sex with Gambian men/semesters, and/or with white Global North male tourists. Finally, I adopt a socio-ecological approach to sexual health and examine the tourism-based sexual economy’ s impact on the country’s sexual health.

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29

Lindström, Emma, i Elisabeth Rothoff. "Trouble in paradise? : An ethnographic study of the relationship between tourists and local residents in a developing country". Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-28283.

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Tourism is today the world’s largest industry and an important economic development tool in many developing countries. However tourism sometimes causes social complications, often due to social- and economic gaps that lead to tensions between tourists and local residents. At small island destinations spatial confinement and isolation contribute to the risk of these tensions to occur, which may then ruin the destination’s image. This study examines the relationship between tourists and local residents at the small island Koh Tao, which is a popular tourist destination in Thailand. The aim is to identify possible tensions and to examine why these tensions may occur. The research material is collected through an ethnographic study, including participant observations and informal interviews. The result of the study shows an overall positive relationship between the tourists and local residents, where the tourism industry’s economic contribution to the host community is an important factor fortheir positive attitude towards tourism. A few social- and economic gaps are identified, however these do not seem to be the cause of any notable tensions. Yet, sometimes tensions do occur and are then most often related to cultural- and linguistic misunderstandings. The essay discusses how these misunderstandings could be prevented through increased knowledge and also proposes an illustrating model. Finally, suggestions for future research regarding the usage of tourism as a development tool are proposed.
Minor Field Studies

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30

Ahmad, Abadelzeen. "Transitional response model for post-crisis tourism : a case study of Libya". Thesis, University of Derby, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10545/622815.

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The thesis provides an integrated approach to tourism development within a destination (in this case Libya) that is currently suffering from lack of both short and long term investment due to an extremely uncertain political and social environment. The influences are both internal and external and could be classed as a ‘perfect storm’ affecting the country. The thesis identifies the stages of development, and those responsible for development by using an adapted butler model. It then suggests potential interventions at stages within the development, and ways in which the industry can respond quickly to the ever-changing environment of both investment and capacity building. The responses are based within the concept E-Marketing; a broad term but a modern approach to marketing that can respond quickly to changing environmental conditions. The thesis asserts that with these new methodologies the uncertainty element within a destination can be somewhat negated by the ability of the tourism industry to respond quickly both to market and de-market a destination. The suggestion is that for the foreseeable future tourism development in Libya will always be in a transitional period. The why for the thesis is because tourism has the potential to generate sizeable revenues within the Middle East and Africa, but has always suffered from significant underinvestment and varying levels of development. Libya has tourism development potential, and the thesis outlines the large number of tourist areas and unique attractions. To understand the current position of Libya in touristic terms an exploratory, qualitative, cross-sectional research strategy was adopted based on interviews with Libya stakeholders, Muslims consumers and country case analysis. The theoretical framework draws on contemporary marketing and e-Marketing theory intersecting development theory and destination management theory to investigate the role of e-Marketing. The key findings indicate that e-marketing represents a diverse toolbox that can be brought to bear in a highly integrated and focused approach that in itself becomes a source of competitive advantage. A technology-enabled e-marketing driven tourism framework provides Libya with the capacity to de-market its tourism programme, combined with the ability to reposition geographically and respond to crises caused by civil unrest. e - ii - Marketing systems provide significant potential to establish highly resilient and available infrastructures and the creation of a virtual space for planning management and tourism marketing. Critically, this thesis suggests tourism development is not wholly constrained by fragmented and transitional context. E-Marketing can counter physical and geographical constraints to facilitate diverse forms of information, communication, knowledge transfer and collaboration that enable creative forms of financing and resourcing and product development. The interconnectedness of e-Marketing processes and systems and the links between diverse actors, and institutions reflects in essence an ecosystem that is significant in allowing countries in transition to develop in highly dynamic and responsive approach. There is thus the substantial potential for the model proposed to progressively mobilise collective action, market knowledge and engagement that is critical for transitional economies.

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Zima, Kamil. "Event Tourism Economical and tourstic impacts on regional economy : A study of Polish regions preparations for UEFA EURO 2012". Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för ekonomi och företagande, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-11803.

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The aim of the study was to examine what the economic and touristic impacts of the sports event - UEFA EURO 2012 - will have on Polish regions. The essay was limited to some specific regions in Poland. Those regions were Gniewino, Malbork, Kalisz, Legionowo, Pommerian Province, Cracow, Olsztyn and Zamosc. The Football Championships that will be held in 2012 are dependent of the big amount of football fans that will came and spend their money in Polish regions. Thanks to the increased consumption this creates demand for local services and products. The generator of spending is the tourism multiplier that is the main link to the touristic expenditure.The multiplier is a catalyst of the region that creates jobs, growing yield, promotion of the region and improvement of its infrastructure and leisure facilities. This is considered as an advantage from an economical and touristic point of view. The economical and tourstic benefits are different for every mentioned region in the study because of their location and link to the UEFA EURO 2012. This study shows only how the different eight regions prepare for the UEFA EURO 2012 and what they think that the negative and positive economical and touristic impacts will gain them. The study gives only a short brief of the football event of what can happen.

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Pires, Natalia de Medeiros. "Economy of the island of eco-tourism: the role of shark-diving and shark harvesting". Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2015. http://repositorio.ufrn.br/handle/123456789/20503.

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Beyond its importance in maintaining ecosystems, sharks provide services that play important socioeconomic roles. The rise in their exploitation as a tourism resource in recent years has highlighted economic potential of non-destructive uses of sharks and the extent of economic losses associated to declines in their population. In this work, we present estimates for use value of sharks in Fernando de Noronha Island - the only ecotouristic site offering shark diving experience in the Atlantic coast of South America. Through the Travel Cost Method we estimate the total touristic use value aggregated to Noronha Island by the travel cost was up to USD 312 million annually, of which USD 91.1 million are transferred to the local economy. Interviewing people from five different economic sectors, we show shark-diving contribute with USD 2.5 million per year to Noronha?s economy, representing 19% of the island?s GDP. Shark-diving provides USD 128.5 thousand of income to employed islanders, USD 72.6 thousand to government in taxes and USD 5.3 thousand to fishers due to the increase in fish consumption demanded by shark divers. We discover, though, that fishers who actually are still involved in shark fishing earn more by catching sharks than selling other fish for consumption by shark divers. We conclude, however, that the non-consumptive use of sharks is most likely to benefit large number of people by generating and money flow if compared to the shark fishing, providing economic arguments to promote the conservation of these species.

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Mokhov, A. "Tourism impact on ecology of the region and its population". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31650.

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Giltsov E.N. and Kazakov V.N. in its research «Economy of social sphere and sphere of services» that is devoted to modern development of services’ sphere, declare that nowadays in developed countries, sphere of services consists to 63% of gross domestic product (GDP). For example, employment of services sphere in USA has come through the 50% in the year of 1955, in the Great Britain in the year of 1960, in France in 1970, in Japan – in 1975, in Germany and Italy in 1980, in Russia – in 1995. That index in some developing countries is still lower than 50% and shows unique growth of potential for those countries. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31650

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Taylor, E. "Culture, tourism and sustainability : an ethnographic study of rural community development in Jamaica". Thesis, Coventry University, 2016. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/60a9aaa7-b934-4e5d-83e2-558355971e8d/1.

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This novel ethnographic study investigates the role of culture and tourism in the sustainable development of rural communities in Jamaica. It focuses on two distinctive Jamaican groups, the Charles Town Maroon and the Seaford Town German descendants. The objectives of the study are to examine the meanings culture holds for local people in relation to identity, sense of place and community development; assess the extent to which they capitalise on their intangible and tangible culture in pursuit of sustainable rural community tourism and make recommendations for local people and policymakers. The basis for the research is the economic and social crisis facing rural communities in Jamaica due to the demise of their traditional agriculture base. This has been precipitated by international trade liberalisation rules, which removed the preferential access of Jamaican produce to European Union countries. With small-scale Jamaican sugar and banana farmers unable to compete with major producers from the United States of America and South America, rural communities have been left devastated. For many, farming is now an unreliable source of income. More than half of local farmers are in serious economic and social difficulties and 80 per cent of the 1.1 million people living below the poverty line in Jamaica, live in the countryside. With few alternative livelihood strategies, many rural inhabitants are attempting to exploit their culture resources by way of rural community tourism. This coincides with research, which shows an increasing desire by tourists to capture diverse and ordinary social experiences in destinations such as Jamaica. They want authentic contact with host communities away from resorts. However, with tourism on the island predicated on the sand, sun and sea all-inclusive resort model and poor rural infrastructure, local people face tough challenges to exploit their culture resources. The study is conducted in the real world setting of rural Jamaica and is underpinned by an integrated conceptual framework developed from ideas taken from different literatures and preliminary fieldwork. The framework is applied to the findings of the study to analyse the different development paths taken by Charles Town and Seaford Town. It argues that Ray’s (1998) culture economy approach helps to capture this, but the complex and contested nature of ideas relating to development, identity, sense of place, community and culture commoditisation mean it does not do so holistically. However, a more comprehensive picture of the development paths of the two communities emerges by integrating notions of the culture economy with ideas relating to cultural connectedness and plurality of commoditisation. The concepts reflect a sense of ‘rootedness’ in place (vertical linkages) and same-level locally bounded relationships (horizontal linkages). Plurality of commoditisation refers to the differentiated and diversified tactics being deployed by locals to meet tourists’ demands for actual interactions and co-creative experiences with them. The research approach consists of a constructivist paradigm, relativist ontology, subjectivist epistemology, ethnographic methodology and qualitative methods. The focus is, therefore, not only on who, why, what, when, and how, but also on meanings, human action, identity, sense of place, interactions, emotions and behaviour. Thick detailed descriptions are used to capture the articulations of local people and the circumstances in which they occur. The study finds that the role of culture and tourism in the sustainable development of rural communities in Jamaica marks the transition from a primarily agriculture mode of production to one that places greater emphasis on the use of local culture resources. However, while it is clear that communities such as Charles Town and Seaford Town are rich in culture resources, the extent to which they capitalise on them are somewhat limited. The reasons are socio-economic, historical and deep-seated. Adopting the modified culture economy approach, proposed in this study, could increase understanding of the challenges faced by locals and offer a way forward. This is because the framework is holistic in that it considers the socio-economic, cultural and emotional dimensions of rural communities.

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35

Luca, Claudia Atena. "Memorable experiences in rural tourism : Study of Rural areas from Cluj Napoca County, Romania". Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Turismvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-28876.

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With the shift nowadays towards an experience economy, the increased attention placed on memorable experiences and how to stage them can be viewed as a major trend which can act as a source of information regarding the stories that people share about themselves and their self-perceptions, as well as helping businesses make a step towards their guests. In this vein, rural tourism is highly consumed by people searching for these unique and memorable experiences, but the knowledge on tourists’ experiences in a rural setting are very limited. Therefore, this paper seeks to examine what memorable experiences tourists encounter in the rural setting, and more importantly, why were they memorable. In order to answer these questions, the researcher undertook a qualitative approach and in depth semi structured interviews were conducted with people who travelled in the Cluj Napoca County from Romania. The findings revealed an amalgam of experiences that people encounter in the rural setting, combined with various reasons why the experiences were considered memorable in the eyes of respondents. The main findings show how the optimal memorable tourism experience is usually comprised of several factors involving multiple experiential dimensions, and an important influence is represented by social interactions alongside positive emotions.

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Fairley, Sheranne, i n/a. "Sport Fan Tourism: Understanding Those Who Travel To Follow Sport Teams". Griffith University. Griffith Business School, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070716.153940.

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Sport events and attractions which encourage both participants and spectators are seen as significant contributors to the tourism economy (Delpy, 1998; Glyptis, 1991; Standeven & DeKnop, 1999). Further, Gratton and Taylor (2000) note that sport related travel accounts for 7% of total expenditure on sport. To date, the main focus of event sport tourism research has been on the economic impact of large-scale sport events (Burgan & Mules, 1992; Crompton, 1995; Mules & Faulkner, 1996; Walo, Bull, & Breen, 1996). However, Higham (1999) posits that smaller scale events such as regular season games may be of greater benefit to the host community as these events are hosted within existing infrastructure and therefore limit the need for public expenditure. However, fans who travel to regular season competition are a market segment that has been largely ignored by both sport and tourism marketers. Sport marketers have focused on home game attendance, media viewership and product purchases, while tourism marketers have focused on leveraging the destination. Anecdotal evidence suggests that fans who travel organise a substantial proportion of their discretionary time and income around this activity. Recent research by Gibson, Willming and Holdnak (2002, 2003) has begun to understand the behaviours of sport fans who travel to home games. This study seeks to understand the behaviours and experiences of those who travel to attend away games. In particular the study asks: What motivates fans to travel to follow professional sport teams, what experiences fans have and seek during the travel, and what place does travelling to follow a sport team have in the overall consumption behaviour of sport fans. This study examined the motives and experiences of six fan groups travelling interstate to follow their Australian Football League (AFL) team in the 2001 season. As the behaviours and experiences of those who travel to follow sport teams have not previously been explored, exploratory analysis using an iterative process of constant comparison between data colleted from the research setting and the existent literature. Using this method the researcher was able to describe the social world under investigation without preconceived hypotheses. The researcher travelled interstate with each fan group, and collected data via participant observation and interviews with key informants. Data were coded using standard protocols for analysis of qualitative data (Spradley, 1980). The researcher read through the transcripts and field notes and coded all phrases and opinions from the manuscript. Data were analysed through the process of data reduction, selective sampling of the literature, and selected sampling of the data (Stern, 1980). From the initial codes, data reduction identified core variables and emergent themes. Through this grounded theory methodology, a conceptual model was developed which illustrates the motives and experiences of those who travel to follow professional sport teams. Three distinct types of groups were identified, each garnering a distinctive sport tourism experience. The groups identified were: supporter groups, long-term travel groups, and temporary travel groups. While travel to follow the team is the stated rationale for all three groups, the game experience for each is substantially different, four major themes emerged which distinguished the groups and the experiences that they had. These were: (1) group structure, (2) trip characteristics, (3) socialisation, and (4) game experience and reaction to game outcome. Each type of group was found to have a distinct group structure, communication pattern, but differed in terms of the objects to which they identified. Findings suggest that sport fans do not necessarily identify with the team or related object, but can identify with a smaller social group, which has a shared interest in the team. These elements of group structure and point of identification were found to have a reciprocal relationship with various travel elements that were utilised by each group including the mode of transport, temporal elements, choice of destination, and activities at the destination. In particular, the travel elements were chosen so that each group type could best express and experience that which is core to each group. Further analysis suggested that the experience of each of the groups was influenced by the continual development of the group both before and during the travel experience. For the supporter groups and long-term travel groups, rituals, symbols, and folklore played a key role in the experience. These elements of performance were used to continually shape and interpret the travel experience. One would expect that the game would have elevated importance, as it is the activity that legitimates each group. However, the on-field game did not have prime importance. Instead the different points of identification of each group were used as a basis through which the game was experienced. Key implications for sport and tourism marketing suggest that the sport tourism experience is more than an experience of place or an experience of watching the sport. Identification with a small social group is sufficient to generate travel to follow a team. By providing a setting which immerses participants in a particular identity for a prolonged period of time, the act of travelling itself can create a social climate that encourages participants to undertake the trip week after week, and form deep connection to the team. Implications for practice and future research directions are also discussed.

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37

Fairley, Sheranne. "Sport Fan Tourism: Understanding Those Who Travel To Follow Sport Teams". Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366608.

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Sport events and attractions which encourage both participants and spectators are seen as significant contributors to the tourism economy (Delpy, 1998; Glyptis, 1991; Standeven & DeKnop, 1999). Further, Gratton and Taylor (2000) note that sport related travel accounts for 7% of total expenditure on sport. To date, the main focus of event sport tourism research has been on the economic impact of large-scale sport events (Burgan & Mules, 1992; Crompton, 1995; Mules & Faulkner, 1996; Walo, Bull, & Breen, 1996). However, Higham (1999) posits that smaller scale events such as regular season games may be of greater benefit to the host community as these events are hosted within existing infrastructure and therefore limit the need for public expenditure. However, fans who travel to regular season competition are a market segment that has been largely ignored by both sport and tourism marketers. Sport marketers have focused on home game attendance, media viewership and product purchases, while tourism marketers have focused on leveraging the destination. Anecdotal evidence suggests that fans who travel organise a substantial proportion of their discretionary time and income around this activity. Recent research by Gibson, Willming and Holdnak (2002, 2003) has begun to understand the behaviours of sport fans who travel to home games. This study seeks to understand the behaviours and experiences of those who travel to attend away games. In particular the study asks: What motivates fans to travel to follow professional sport teams, what experiences fans have and seek during the travel, and what place does travelling to follow a sport team have in the overall consumption behaviour of sport fans. This study examined the motives and experiences of six fan groups travelling interstate to follow their Australian Football League (AFL) team in the 2001 season. As the behaviours and experiences of those who travel to follow sport teams have not previously been explored, exploratory analysis using an iterative process of constant comparison between data colleted from the research setting and the existent literature. Using this method the researcher was able to describe the social world under investigation without preconceived hypotheses. The researcher travelled interstate with each fan group, and collected data via participant observation and interviews with key informants. Data were coded using standard protocols for analysis of qualitative data (Spradley, 1980). The researcher read through the transcripts and field notes and coded all phrases and opinions from the manuscript. Data were analysed through the process of data reduction, selective sampling of the literature, and selected sampling of the data (Stern, 1980). From the initial codes, data reduction identified core variables and emergent themes. Through this grounded theory methodology, a conceptual model was developed which illustrates the motives and experiences of those who travel to follow professional sport teams. Three distinct types of groups were identified, each garnering a distinctive sport tourism experience. The groups identified were: supporter groups, long-term travel groups, and temporary travel groups. While travel to follow the team is the stated rationale for all three groups, the game experience for each is substantially different, four major themes emerged which distinguished the groups and the experiences that they had. These were: (1) group structure, (2) trip characteristics, (3) socialisation, and (4) game experience and reaction to game outcome. Each type of group was found to have a distinct group structure, communication pattern, but differed in terms of the objects to which they identified. Findings suggest that sport fans do not necessarily identify with the team or related object, but can identify with a smaller social group, which has a shared interest in the team. These elements of group structure and point of identification were found to have a reciprocal relationship with various travel elements that were utilised by each group including the mode of transport, temporal elements, choice of destination, and activities at the destination. In particular, the travel elements were chosen so that each group type could best express and experience that which is core to each group. Further analysis suggested that the experience of each of the groups was influenced by the continual development of the group both before and during the travel experience. For the supporter groups and long-term travel groups, rituals, symbols, and folklore played a key role in the experience. These elements of performance were used to continually shape and interpret the travel experience. One would expect that the game would have elevated importance, as it is the activity that legitimates each group. However, the on-field game did not have prime importance. Instead the different points of identification of each group were used as a basis through which the game was experienced. Key implications for sport and tourism marketing suggest that the sport tourism experience is more than an experience of place or an experience of watching the sport. Identification with a small social group is sufficient to generate travel to follow a team. By providing a setting which immerses participants in a particular identity for a prolonged period of time, the act of travelling itself can create a social climate that encourages participants to undertake the trip week after week, and form deep connection to the team. Implications for practice and future research directions are also discussed.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
Full Text

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Piri, Taner. "Evaluation Of Effects Of Thermal Tourism On Local Economy:the Case Of Termal District Of Yalova". Thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614843/index.pdf.

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Tourism and local economic development are closely linked. Tourism can have a constructive effect on local economy and may help balance some of the inequalities between different parts of a country. Thus, in many regions in the world, the tourism sector is accepted as one of the greatest sources of economic growth and job creation. In line with economic contribution of the sector, tourism policy has become an instrument for territorial development and for enhancing an area&rsquo
s opportunities. It appears that tourism in Turkey, which is a tourism country, developed rapidly especially after the 1980s and gained important competitive advantage in international tourism market by using her mass tourism (sea, sand, sun) potential well. In addition to mass tourism, Turkey also has a significant potential for alternative tourism in different regions. Although Turkey takes important tourism share in the world, in terms of tourism revenues and arrivals, it is not sufficient considering the potential. It is obvious that alternative tourism potential is not fully explored due to some obstacle faced in the tourism sector. Insufficient commercialization of natural resources such as geothermal, lack of adequate infrastructure for diversification and geographical expansion, lack of effective promotion and marketing activities are some of these obstacles. Particularly, having rich geothermal resources, thermal tourism has come to the fore as a type of alternative tourism in Turkey. Thermal tourism is a significant tourism type, which helps to improve people&rsquo
s health condition by providing a complementary therapy and also allows many recreational activities for the visitors. The aim of this thesis is to point out the crucial position of geothermal resources in the context of thermal tourism for their contribution to local economic development. In this context, the first chapter introduces the main aim and the research questions of the thesis and second chapter mentions the importance of tourism for local economic development. The third chapter explains importance of thermal tourism, which is given priority in the diversification of alternative tourism policy in Turkey, is discussed. Within this context, the thermal tourism policies determined by the 2023 Turkey Tourism Strategy and Thermal Tourism Master Plan are investigated as the main local economic development tool of regions, which are all rich in geothermal resources. In the fourth chapter, the direct and indirect economic effects of tourism considering the multiplier effect of tourist spending. The methodology selected for the case study, is mentioned in the fifth chapter. Finally, as a case study Termal District of Yalova will be analyzed in terms of employment data as well as investments in these regions in detail in order to understand the economic importance of thermal tourism at local and regional levels in the context of Thermal Tourism Master Plan.

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39

Ferguson, Lucy. "Production, Consumption and Reproduction in Global Political Economy : The Case of Tourism Development in Central America". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.508861.

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40

Matecki, Sandra. "Circular Economy in the Informal Tourism Sector : An Exploratory Study on Gotlands Peer-To-Peer Accommodations". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och industriell teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-416663.

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This exploratory study aimed to investigate how private tourist accommodation owners on Gotland perceive, value and act upon sustainability. The overall aim of the research was to examine their actions in the context of circular economy, to see if they share municipalities visions of becoming a sustainable society. A qualitative method, with semi-structured interviews and a online content research based on their accommodation offers was conducted. Challenges and value conflicts of owners were identified. This research concludes that awareness of entrepreneurial practices, knowledge and collaboration are needed to overcome challenges that these owners encounter and help foster sustainable development. This study offers ideas for future research.

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41

Fowkes, John D. "An evaluation of the contribution of ecotourism to the economy of the Republic of Botswana in 1984". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14301.

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Bibliography: leaves 110-115.
In 1984, Botswana was an independent country at an early stage of development. It had a limited capital infrastructure, poor agricultural resources, a growing population and low formal sector employment. The country had been politically stable and had made a noteworthy transition from the poor economic position at independence in 1966 to the economic strength prevailing in the country at that time. The positive economic outlook was however, due mainly to a single product, diamonds. Background to the study: The Government of the Republic of Botswana had identified the development of a tourist industry as a means of stimulating and diversifying economic growth. In the absence of other attractions, tourism based upon wildlife - ecotourism - was seen as the area most amenable to such development. Government statistical and financial data does not identify tourism as a discrete activity. Analysis based upon this data suggests that the contribution of tourism to the economy of the country was negligible. It was believed this analysis is erroneous. The hypothesis underlying this study is that tourism was already making a significant contribution to the economy of Botswana in 1984 but that this contribution was not reflected because of the statistical and accounting data collection systems in use in that country. The research showed that the Central Statistics Office of the Government of Botswana produced regular statistical bulletins on tourism in Botswana.

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El, Barazi Khawla. "Cultural Heritage Management And The Impact Of Tourism: The Case Of Tripoli". Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12610525/index.pdf.

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Recently tourism sector has been gaining more importance as an essential part of the local economic development due to the global economic reformation, and many cities have achieved tourism based on local economic development. The concept of CHM has increasingly become an important subtitle for tourism sector with planning perspectives as a significant planning tool. The concept consists of combining the cultural, social, economic, and touristic sectors for an enhanced wider plan. This thesis aims to investigate CHM on the case of Tripoli which has witnessed CHM development at its old city centre. It tries to analyze the local impact on Tripoli city and introduce a newly rehabilitated historical city centre for better tourism activities and an improved local development. Using Tripoli study case as a research method, this research focuses on Abou Ali district in Tripoli city. This district, in particular, has examined local tourism and economic development based on a CHM project prepared at the city level base to improve its local economy depending on cultural management related to its tourism activities. The local government, assisted by national and international supports, has introduced CHM to help the old neglected historical city centre re-emerge into the local economy which is the focal point this thesis aims to study.

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43

Gregušová, Vendula. "Postavení Chorvatska na trhu mezinárodního cestovního ruchu". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-4179.

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This thesis deals with travel and tourism in Croatia, describes its current position on the international market with regard to the historical context. A big part of the thesis is also focused on tourist attractions Croatia has to offer both cultural, natural and social as well as hospitality facilities. It also discusses the impact of travel and tourism on croatian economy and mutual relations and tourism between Croatia and the Czech Republic. Finally SWOT analysis of Croatia as a tourist destination is presented.

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44

Carrillo, Zavala Pedro Antonio, i Barış Süslü. "Discovering the Effects of Sharing Economy for Tourism and Hospitality Industry in the Stockholm and Uppsala Region". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Industriell teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-403584.

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The aim of this research is to investigate the current situation of how the growing demand on Peer-to-Peer services (P2P) like Airbnb is affecting the conventional establishments and businesses in the tourism and hospitality (TH) sector in the Stockholm and Uppsala Region. In other words, understanding the effects of the sharing economy (SE) and picturing its place inside (or in the opposite of) the TH industry. By using semi-structured interviews with small to medium size hotel/hostel experts, Airbnb hosts and tourism industry representatives we make an exploratory study and analyze the current situation of the relationship between Airbnb and conventional establishments operating in TH industry. We analyze corporate and marketing strategies and business models being used by incumbents of the industry. Our findings show that the relationship between Airbnb as an accommodation platform in the Stockholm and Uppsala market is not considered as a threat by other actors of TH sector by any means and that there are different factors that could be considered in order to understand this feeling around the Stockholm and Uppsala Region. Some of the discussed factors within the study are the development and growing characteristics of the market together with the regulations currently applied to the P2P platforms within the county. The results also give new study possibilities for researchers that are willing to discover how the Swedish TH industry develops in the next decade in relation to a dynamic customer base in the Stockholm and Uppsala region and in Sweden.

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Cloquet, Isabelle. "Tourism Development and the Question of 'Stasis': A Case Study of Internal Leisure Travel in Gabon". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/217978.

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The thesis looks into the under-researched phenomenon of ‘stasis’ that can be observed in many emerging tourist destinations in the world. Stasis—defined here as non-growth—has been essentially addressed in the tourism literature from the perspective of operational constraints. However, in this thesis it is argued that such an approach neglects to consider these constraints as outcomes of deeply sedimented and chronically reproduced structural properties. In other words, the study attempts to gain an understanding of why operational constraints fail to receive response in destinations experiencing stasis. With its focus on stasis rather than on change, the study adopts an innovative approach to tourism development, intending in this way to add to destination development theories.Accordingly, the examination of the research problem is integrated into the general reflection on the development of tourist areas, composing the theoretical background of the study. Moreover, two important methodological decisions are made with the aim to better grasp the dynamics of tourism development within stasis. A first decision is to dissociate the quantitative aspects of destination development from the qualitative ones, introducing two distinctive constructs named destination growth and destination shaping. A second decision is to address the research question from a strategic relational approach to structure and agency. The use of a structure-agency approach is decisive in appraising the extent to which structural constraints affect tourism stakeholders’ actions. The phenomenon is explored empirically from a critical theory perspective and a qualitative approach based on a single case study. The case under scrutiny is Gabon, a politically stable destination with acknowledged tourism assets and a tourism strategy adopted in the past decade. Gabon is examined essentially for its function as internal leisure travel destination. The analysis thus includes both domestic and international tourism, but limits itself to leisure travel. The study results indicate that, in the case of Gabon, structural properties and their rigidity explained a great deal of operational constraints and their continuity over time. However, and while structural properties adversely affect destination development, including growth, tourism initiatives are still able to emerge. These tourism initiatives are varied in that they are undertaken by different types of actors, they have different goals and take different forms. Yet, very few of these tourism stakeholders are in a position to modify the country’s structural properties due to a high centrality of social control. In such context, destination growth is primarily determined by the vested interest of a small circle of agents with social power. In conclusion, a country’s structural properties need to be regarded as spatialized and temporalized tendencies having a selective effect on actors but cannot fully explain action, hence destination development. In turn, action is intended—and strategic—but results do not necessarily match initial intentions. This implies that tourism development cannot be apprehended through the sole actions of tourism stakeholders, but need a combined analysis of the interrelationships between structure and agency.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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46

Einarsson, Hanna. "Meet the locals : Ett bidrag till ökad hållbarhet?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för geografi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-161037.

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People all over the world have always been sharing things and experiences but due to rapid technological development, new digital platforms emerged which led to a new way of sharing and the phenomenon sharing economy started to be a common concept. The purpose of this study is to explore how Turistrådet Västsveriges newly launched platform Meet the locals could contribute to increased social and economic sustainability. Using existing theories such as sense of place, types of tourists and the host-tourist relationship this was done through multiple interviews together with locals in the project Meet the locals - a platform where you are given opportunities to ‘explore the Swedish lifestyle from a local perspective’. The data collected from the interviews were transcribed and analyzed using the thematic analysis which aimed to find connections with the chosen themes based on the theories. These themes were; place attachment, the meeting between host and tourist and sustainability. The results in this study establish that sustainability is important for the locals interviewed. However, it is unclear how Meet the locals really are contributing to social and economic sustainability since sustainability is still a complex subject and the project itself is still growing.

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47

Oberholzer, Susan. "The socio-economic impact of the Tsitsikamma National Park / S. Oberholzer". Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4284.

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The primary objective of this study was to determine the socio-economic impact of the Tsitsikamma National Park. Secondly, to determine the relationship between the community's level of interest in the Tsitsikamma National Park (TNP) and their perceptions concerning the environmental, economic and social impacts of the TNP. By conducting a literature study, the first objective was achieved. The following tourism impacts were identified: environmental, economic and social. These impacts, both positive and negative, were measured by means of a questionnaire. The goal of the questionnaire was to measure the communities' perceptions concerning the Tsitsikamma National Park and its impact on the local economy. Based on this, the aspects that needed clarity were the economic (monetary) value of the TNP in terms of tourists and park management spending as well as the size of the multiplier effect. Furthermore, the residents' perceptions regarding the TNP were identified as well as the benefits received from the TNP. Three surveys were conducted to achieve the goal of this study: a community survey (among the local residents of Nature's Valley and Storms River Village) to measure the tourism impacts; a business survey (including penrnanent local businesses in and around the TNP), and a visitor survey (tourists visiting the TNP) to measure the economic impacts as a result of the TNP. A total of 299 questionnaires were completed of which 132 represented the community survey, 11 the business survey and 156 the visitors' survey. Firstly, partial multipliers were derived through a process of iteration to determine the economic impact of the Tsitsikamma National Park. The total impact of the Tsitsikamma National Park on the local economy resulted in total spending being R45 359 784, an output effect of R50 002793, and finally an income effect of R21 723 510. Therefore, it was found that the TNP has a positive economic impact. Secondly, effect sizes were calculated, which involved the difference in means to determine the relationships between tourism impacts and product interest from the communities' perspectives. It was found that residents who visit the TNP more often have a more positive attitude towards the Tt\IP, which is important for the sustainability of the TNP as well as building positive relationships with the community. The positive impacts due to TNP that were found can be divided into three categories. Firstly, environmental impacts included improving the appearance of the area, conservation of natural resources, sustainability of the natural environment, increased awareness of nature, improvement of knowledge and preservation of water areas for recreation purposes. Secondly, positive economic impacts included an increase in employment opportunities, more investors focused on development in the surrounding areas, business development and tourism is promoted and money spent by tourists stimulates the economy. Lastly the positive social impacts that were identified included opportunities to relax and the park provides opportunities for people to have fun with their families and friends.
Thesis (M.Com. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

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Silva, Matheus Belucio da. "Economy and religious tourism". Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.6/9749.

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By centuries pilgrimages are present in Christianity. For Catholics, the importance of devotions and visits to the Marian sanctuaries is indisputable. The number of visitors and pilgrims to these temples makes the local economy an important destination for religious tourism. In order to understand the economic determinants of religious tourism, two sanctuaries were studied, namely, Aparecida (Brazil) and Fatima (Portugal). Given the large collection of statistical information of the Portuguese Sanctuary, it was verified through the Vector Autoregressive model that Gross Domestic Product and Unemployment cause unidirectional the pilgrimages. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag model revealed that the increase in Gross Domestic Product and international arrivals in the short term positively impacts the number of pilgrims. Through the Ordinary Least Squares regression, significant statistical relationships between climatic factors (rain volume and average temperature) and visitors in the Sanctuary of Fatima were found. The Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average forecast method was applied to the number of monthly visitors to the Sanctuary of Aparecida and to the number of pilgrims in the Sanctuary of Fatima, the results show a strong seasonality and that the first and last months of the year are periods of low demand. The results of this study allow a new look at religious tourism in the Marian context, the empirical results allow those responsible for establishing public policies, tourism agents and the administration of the Sanctuaries to direct yours actions. Measures planned and executed jointly between the various agents can benefit residents, visitors, pilgrims, the tourism sector and the Sanctuaries themselves.
Há séculos as peregrinações estão presentes no cristianismo. Para os católicos é indiscutível a importância das devoções e visitações aos Santuários marianos. O número de pessoas que visitam e peregrinam a esses espaços influenciam a economia local. Para compreeder os determinantes economicos do turismo religioso mariano foram estudados dois Santuários, nomeadamente, Aparecida (Brasil) e Fátima (Portugal). Dado o grande acervo de informações estatísticas do santuário português, verificou-se, através do modelo Vector Autoregressive, que o Produto Interno Bruto e o Desemprego influenciam unidirecionalmente as peregrinações. O modelo Autoregressive Distributed Lag revelou que o aumento do Produto Interno Bruto e das chegadas internacionais no curto prazo impactam positivamente o número de peregrinos. Por meio da regressão Ordinary Least Squares foram encontradas relações estatísticas significantes entre fatores climáticos (volume de chuva e temperatura média) e visitantes no Santuário de Fátima. O método de previsão Sazonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average foi aplicado nas séries (i) número de visitantes mensais do Santuário de Aparecida; e (ii) número de peregrinos no Santuário de Fátima. Os resultados revelam uma forte sazonalidade e que os primeiros e últimos meses do ano são os períodos de baixa procura. Os resultados deste estudo permitem um novo olhar para o turismo religioso no contexto mariano, os resultados empíricos permitem que os responsáveis por estabelecerem políticas públicas, agentes do turismo e a administração dos Santuários direcionem suas ações. Ações planejadas e executadas em conjunto entre os diversos agentes podem beneficiar os residentes, visitantes, peregrinos, o setor do turismo e os próprios Santuários.

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Mazimhaka, Joan. "The Potential Impact of Domestic Tourism on Rwanda’s Tourism Economy". Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/2069.

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Student Number :0418716K - MA research report - School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies - Faculty of Humanities
As a continuously growing industry worldwide, tourism has often demonstrated its role as a vital tool in the advancement of economies through direct domestic and foreign exchange earnings and through the employment and investment opportunities it can generate. African countries, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa, often over-reliant on one or two sectors for economic development, have recognised the potential of the tourism industry to diversify local economies and contribute to poverty alleviation, economic regeneration and stability, affording many Africans the opportunity to participate in and benefit from tourism. The participation of local populations in Africa’s tourism industries, however, is often limited to employment opportunities. Travel by local tourists is often overlooked by members of the tourism industry, and is often considered a luxury by many in the local population. The role of domestic tourism and its importance for the creation of a sustainable tourism industry has been widely acknowledged, but limited writings on the subject exist and few tourism policies include domestic tourism, neglecting its potential. The emergence of a new African middle-class, equipped with more of a disposable income and influenced by Western lifestyles, has proven that such potential does in fact exist. Those living in Africa as well as members of the Diaspora have shown more of an interest in leisure travel and represent a new tourism market. Globally, the impact of domestic tourism has been shown to have had a great impact on the tourism economies of several countries, demonstrating that African countries can only serve to benefit from participating in domestic tourism. This research report provides a case study of Rwanda, an African country emerging from war and devastation, aiming to rebuild itself economically, socially and politically. The country has chosen tourism as one of its main economic drivers for poverty reduction and economic development. While the industry is succeeding, an over-reliance on international visitors in such a volatile region threatens the sustainability of the industry. The development of a domestic tourism industry, as has been demonstrated in other countries, offers the opportunity to generate a more diverse and economically sustainable domestic tourism industry. This research focuses on the potential impact of such a domestic tourism industry on Rwanda’s tourism economy and as a result, on the country’s economy as a whole.

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Vu, Minh Duc. "The economic impact of international tourism on Vietnam's economy". Thesis, 1995. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/15398/.

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The general objective of this study is to measure and analyse the impact of tourism development on Vietnam's economy. The study will concentrate on the activities of the tourist industry in 1994 in Vietnam as a whole. The measurement will be done by using the latest input-output tables for Vietnam, which were developed for the year 1989. However, during the five-year period it has been assumed that the input-output structures have been unchanged significantly, therefore, the results of the analysis are expected to be applicable to the current situation. Moreover, if they do change, or if the direction of the changes is known, the economic outcomes of the analysis can be interpreted to indicate current conditions.

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