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Tijhuis, Laurentius. "The Geochemistry of the Topsoil in Oslo, Norway". Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Geology and Mineral Resources Engineering, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-164.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn co-operation with the Geological Survey of Norway, 395 samples of topsoil, 44 bedrock samples and 24 samples of sand from sandboxes at kindergartens taken in Oslo, the capital city of Norway, were analysed for a wide range of elements. To get a measure on the bio-availability of arsenic, a five stage sequential extraction procedure was accomplished on a subset of 98 topsoil samples and on all 24 samples of sand from sandboxes. These fractions (i.e. “Exchangeable”, “Carbonate”, “Reducible substrate”, “Organic” and “Residual”) were analysed for arsenic. Bulk concentrations in a representative subset of 10 bedrock samples were determined by XRF analysis.
For the concentrations of the elements As, B, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb and Zn in soil, geologic sources are important, but human activity has had a large effect on concentrations in topsoil, especially in the central districts. At least 81% of the samples contain more arsenic than the Norm value for polluted soil used by the Norwegian authorities. For chromium, zinc and lead, the percentages are 65, 74 and 25 respectively. In topsoil, up to 50% of the arsenic is extractable in the exchangeable, the carbonate and the reducible substrate fractions, but only 2% of the samples exceeded the Norm value after the three extraction stages. After four stages of extraction, 69% of the samples exceeded the Norm value.
At 24 kindergartens in the central districts of Oslo, concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in topsoil samples are higher than in samples of sand from sandpits, but differences in arsenic are low. All topsoil samples and 63% of the sandbox samples exceed the arsenic Norm value for polluted soil used by the Norwegian authorities. Concentrations of at least one of the elements Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn exceed the Norm value in the topsoil. At two kindergartens all elements, except Cd, exceed the Norm value in the topsoil.
In the samples from the sandboxes, arsenic concentrations in the exchangeable, the carbonate and the reducible substrate fractions, lie at a higher level than in topsoil samples. Leakage of arsenic compounds from impregnated and painted wood have probably caused elevated concentrations of this element in the sand. At two kindergartens the cumulative arsenic content in samples from the sandboxes exceeds the Norm value of 2 mg/kg As for polluted soil already after two fractions (i.e. the “Exchangeable” and the “Carbonate” fraction). After three fractions, the arsenic content in sand at 5 kindergartens exceeds this value. After four fractions this number was still 5. Regarding soil, no kindergartens had a cumulative arsenic content after three stages of the extraction procedure. After four stages 16 kindergartens contained more arsenic than the Norwegian Norm value of 2 mg/kg As.
Bulk concentrations of metals, in the bedrock samples, are generally higher than the acid soluble concentrations. Differences are small for copper and zinc, somewhat higher for lead and nickel and considerably different for chromium. Acid soluble chromium concentrations in soil differ little when compared with acid soluble concentrations in bedrock, but are in general much lower than bulk concentrations in rock. Chromium is probably strongly incorporated in the mineral structure of rock samples and concentrated HNO3 cannot solubilize all chromium molecules. For copper, lead and zinc, the acid soluble concentrations in soil are higher than the bulk concentrations in bedrock. The parent rock material cannot be the only source for these elements in soils and various anthropogenic sources dispersed by air or water probably have major influence.
The enrichment of nickel in topsoil near highways in Oslo might be due to the bitumen content of road dust. The enrichment of chromium and copper might be due to wear and tear of cars and engine parts. There is no enrichment of cadmium and zinc in topsoil near highways. Concentrations of zinc in topsoil in Oslo are generally high, most probably because of industry. The possible addition of zinc from traffic to the topsoil is not observed, in this study.
Movahedi, Neiini Seved Ali Reza. "Physical and nutritional amendment of topsoil using compost waste". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300253.
Pełny tekst źródłaGlen, Emma-Lee. "Evaluation of topsoil inversion for habitat creation or restoration". Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496608.
Pełny tekst źródłaBOTTARDI, CARLO. "Exploring lower atmosphere and topsoil with gamma-ray spectroscopy". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2488154.
Pełny tekst źródłaLa radioattività è un fenomeno naturale che può essere trovato ovunque e che può avere origine dalle parti remote dell’universo, dall’atmosfera, dalla Terra e persino dal nostro corpo. Consiste della stabilizzazione di un nucleo attraverso l’emissione di particelle ed energia. I fotoni gamma hanno un potere di penetrazione più alto rispetto alle altre radiazioni comuni, caratteristica che li rende ideale per effettuare rilevamento da remoto o di prossimità e investigare le sorgenti di radioattività cosmiche, atmosferiche e terrestri. Usando questa peculiarità della spettroscopia gamma durante il mio dottorato ho studiato i raggi cosmici e il 222Rn nella bassa atmosfera, il 214Pb nell’acqua piovana e il contenuto d’acqua nel suolo superiore. I risultati di questa ricerca sono contenuti in 6 pubblicazioni, 5 già pubblicate e 1 sottomessa a riviste scientifiche peer-reviewed. Ci sono molte motivazioni scientifiche per questa ricerca. Il monitoraggio del 222Rn ha applicazioni negli studi dell’inquinamento e del mixing diurno nella bassa atmosfera e l’attività del 214Pb indotta dalla pioggia rappresenta una fonte di background per detector in-situ di monitoraggio non-stop. Inoltre la misura in tempo reale non distruttiva del contenuto d’acqua nel suolo con la spettroscopia gamma può essere usata nel campo dell’agricoltura di precisione e può migliorare i programmi di irrigazione. Con lo scopo di studiare i raggi cosmici e il 222Rn atmosferico, ho analizzato 4 voli specifici sopra il mare (che scherma le radiazioni terrestri). La somma dei rate dei conteggi nell’intervallo [3-7] MeV ha permesso di calibrare il detector per la spettroscopia gamma airborne per la dose efficace dai raggi cosmici sulla popolazione umana. La concentrazione di 222Rn atmosferico è stata modellizzata con una distribuzione verticale a due strati. La concentrazione di 222Rn atmosferico è stata stimata essere (0.96 ± 0.07) Bq/m3 fino a un’altezza di (1318 ± 22) m. Un esperimento in-situ di spettroscopia gamma di prossimità durato 7 mesi è stato effettuato installando un detector NaI(Tl) di 1L e una stazione meteorologica in un campo agricolo. Questo esperimento ha permesso di acquisire continuamente e contemporaneamente l’attività gamma ambientale l’ammontare di pioggia caduta. Un aumento di attività gamma di 214Pb e 214Bi è stato osservato dal momento che questi emettitori gamma sono raccolti dagli aerosol atmosferici. Ho sviluppato un modello che descrive l’evoluzione temporale dell’attività gamma del 214Pb in corrispondenza degli episodi di pioggia. Questo modello dimostra la capacità della spettroscopia gamma di discriminare l’acqua piovana dalle irrigazioni e di stimare l’abbondanza di 214Pb nell’acqua piovana in funzione dell’intensità della pioggia. Il modello di attività gamma del 214Pb indotta dalla pioggia ricostruisce perfettamente il rate di conteggi nell’intervallo temporale dell’episodio di pioggia. C’è una proporzionalità inversa tra il contenuto d’acqua nel suolo e il segnale gamma del 40K che può essere sfruttata per stimare il contenuto d’acqua nel suolo superiore in un’area di circa 0.2 ettari in tempo reale per tutto il periodo di presa dati, a patto che una correzione non costante dovuta alla presenza di vegetazione in crescita sia tenuta in considerazione. I contenuti d’acqua stimati dalla spettroscopia gamma e dalle misure gravimetriche sono in accordo eccellente, compatibile al livello di 1σ.
Fowler, William. "Soil seed bank dynamics in transferred topsoil: Evaluating restoration potentials". Thesis, Fowler, William (2012) Soil seed bank dynamics in transferred topsoil: Evaluating restoration potentials. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2012. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/13389/.
Pełny tekst źródłaAmaral, Luise Andrade. "Estrat?gia de utiliza??o de topsoil na restaura??o ambiental". UFVJM, 2013. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/1/315.
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar dois tipos de topsoil, assim como maneiras de utiliza??o dos mesmos, ou como fonte de prop?gulos, nutrientes, microorganismos, mat?ria org?nica etc., na recupera??o de diferentes ?reas degradadas. Os experimentos foram desenvolvidos em ?reas pertencentes ? empresa de minera??o de ferro Anglo American, sediada no munic?pio de Concei??o do Mato Dentro, Minas Gerais, no entanto, como a empresa ainda est? em fase de instala??o, as ?reas cedidas n?o s?o degradadas pelo processo de extra??o do min?rio, sendo uma em pilha de est?ril e a outra em pastagem degradada. O trabalho foi organizado em cap?tulos, em que o primeiro apresenta uma revis?o bibliogr?fica sobre todos os temas envolvidos no estudo. O segundo cap?tulo apresenta a avalia??o da regenera??o natural e da cobertura do solo de uma pilha de est?ril no per?odo seco e chuvoso a partir da deposi??o a lan?o de topsoil proveniente de campo rupestre ferruginoso no munic?pio de Concei??o do Mato Dentro, Minas Gerais. E o terceiro cap?tulo apresenta abordagens para o uso de topsoil na recupera??o de uma pastagem degradada. Na ?rea do cap?tulo 2, foram instaladas, sistematicamente, 26 parcelas e uma parcela controle de 1 m?, foram caracterizados os atributos f?sicos e qu?micos dos substratos com e sem topsoil. Para identifica??o flor?stica, foram realizados dois invent?rios, um em julho de 2012 (in?cio da esta??o seca) e o outro em novembro de 2012 (in?cio da esta??o chuvosa). A cobertura do solo foi estimada, visualmente, por meio da porcentagem de cobertura viva, serrapilheira e solo exposto. Foram registrados 675 indiv?duos, sendo 201 contabilizados na primeira amostragem e 474 na segunda, totalizando 24 esp?cies identificadas pertencentes a 11 fam?lias e X indeterminadas. As fam?lias com maior n?mero de esp?cies foram: Asteraceae, com 26,92%, e Melastomataceae, com 15,38%. No entanto, as fam?lias que apresentaram maior o n?mero de indiv?duos foram Poaceae (33,33%) e Verbenaceae (28,85%) na esta??o seca e Poaceae (93,03%), Portulacaceae (68,16%) e Verbenaceae (35,82%) na esta??o chuvosa. Dentre os h?bitos encontrados, as herb?ceas se destacaram com 65,63% do total, seguidas pelas arbustivas 6,22%, subarbustivas 5,48% e arb?reas 1,18%. A cobertura viva aumentou 53%, a serrapilheira e o solo exposto diminu?ram 13 e 11%, respectivamente. J? no cap?tulo 3, foram estabelecidos 14 tratamentos com tr?s repeti??es implantados em 42 parcelas de 5 x 5 m numa ?rea, anteriormente, ocupada por pastagem. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento em blocos casualizados (DBC), em esquema fatorial (3 x 2 x 2) + 2. Os tratamentos foram compostos pela combina??o das origens do topsoil (est?gio inicial e est?gio m?dio), tr?s espessuras (10, 20 e 30 cm) e aus?ncia ou presen?a de sombrite de 70% com duas testemunhas adicionais (T1 e T2). Foi realizada a caracteriza??o f?sica, qu?mica e microbiol?gica do topsoil por meio de amostras coletadas na profundidade de 0-10 cm. Determinaram-se microorganismos por meio de an?lise de DNA, cobertura do solo e a flor?stica. Os resultados mostraram que o uso do topsoil melhorou, consideravelmente, a atividade microbiana atrav?s do carbono da biomassa e da amplifica??o de DNAs para grupos de bact?rias e fungos. A cobertura vegetal desenvolvida sobre os dois tipos de topsoil apresentou um total de 2929 indiv?duos de h?bitos herb?ceo, arbustivos e subarbustivos, identificadas 33 esp?cies em 11 fam?lias e uma morfoesp?cie. A fam?lia Asteraceae foi a que apresentou o maior n?mero de esp?cies (9), seguida de Fabaceae (6), Convolvulaceae e Malvaceae (4) e Solanaceae (3). J? o levantamento flor?stico do estrato arb?reo registrou 235 indiv?duos pertencentes a 21 esp?cies e 14 fam?lias e duas esp?cies sem identifica??o. A fam?lia com maior riqueza de esp?cies foi a Fabaceae (4), seguida da Rutaceae, Solanaceae, Myrtaceae e Asteraceae, no entanto, o maior n?mero de indiv?duos foi a Siparunaceae.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Ci?ncia Florestal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2013.
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate two types of topsoil, as well as ways to use them as a source of propagules, nutrients, microorganisms, organic matter etc., The recovery of degraded areas different. The experiments were conducted in areas belonging to the mining company Anglo American iron headquartered in the municipality of Concei??o do Mato Dentro, Minas Gerais, however, as the company is still in the installation phase, the assigned areas are not degraded by the process of extraction of ore, one in waste dump and the other in degraded pasture. The work was organized in chapters where the first presents a literature review on all subjects involved in the study. The second chapter presents the evaluation of natural regeneration and soil cover of a waste dump in the dry and wet deposition from the haul topsoil from ferruginous rocky fields in the municipality of Concei??o do Mato Dentro, Minas Gerais. The third chapter presents approaches to the use of topsoil in the recovery of a degraded pasture. In the area of Chapter 2 were systematically installed 26 plots and a control plot 1 square meter, we characterized the physical and chemical properties of the substrates with and without topsoil. For floristic identification were two surveys one in July 2012 (early dry season) and the other in November 2012 (rainy season). The ground cover was visually estimated by the percentage of live coverage, litter and exposed soil. We recorded 675 individuals being recorded in sample 201 and 474 in the second sample, a total of 24 identified species belonging to 11 families and a group of indeterminate. The families with the largest number of species were Asteraceae and Melastomataceae with 26.92% to 15.38%. However, households that had higher number of individuals were Poaceae (33.33%) and Verbenaceae (28.85%) in the dry season and Poaceae (93.03%), Portulaca (68.16%) and Verbenaceae ( 35.82%) in the rainy season. Among the habits found the herbaceous stood out with 65.63% of the total followed by shrub 6.22%, 5.48% and woody subshrubs 1.18%. The live coverage increased by 53%, the litter and exposed soil decreased by 13 and 11%, respectively. Already in chapter 3 were established 14 treatments with three replications implanted in 42 plots of 5 x 5 m in an area previously occupied by grasslands. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design (RBD), factorial (3x 2 x 2) + 2. The treatments consisted of combinations of sources of topsoil (early stage and middle stage), three thicknesses (10, 20 and 30 cm) and presence or absence of shading 70% with two additional witnesses (T1 and T2). We performed the physical, chemical and microbiological through the topsoil samples collected at a depth of 0-10 cm. Microorganisms was determined through DNA analysis, ground cover, and flora The results showed that the use of topsoil considerably improved microbial activity through carbon and biomass DNA amplification for groups of bacteria and fungi. The vegetation developed on the two types of topsoil had a total of 2929 individuals habits herbaceous, shrubby and subarbustivos, 33 species in 11 families and one morphospecies. The family Asteraceae was the one with the highest number of species (9), followed by Fabaceae (6), Convolvulaceae and Malvaceae (4) and Solanaceae (3). Already a floristic inventory of the tree stratum recorded 235 individuals belonging to 21 species and 14 families and two unidentified species. The family with the highest species richness was the Fabaceae (4), followed by Rutaceae, Solanaceae, Myrtaceae and Asteraceae, however, the largest number of individuals was Siparunaceae.
Johnson, Anthony. "The long-term dynamic influence of human activity on topsoil magnetic susceptibility". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.617598.
Pełny tekst źródłaLison, Christine Anne. "Mine Site Restoration - Maximisation of Topsoil in Restoration of Semi-arid Lands". Thesis, Curtin University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/81305.
Pełny tekst źródłaSoares, Thaís de Marchi. "Ciclagem do nitrogênio em florestas restauradas após a mineração de bauxita". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64134/tde-21122016-154435/.
Pełny tekst źródłaMining causes serious environmental impacts and the soil is the most vulnerable component of the physical environment during the exploitation of deposits. The N cycle has been extensively studied, however, little is known about the recovery trend of its cycling in forests restored after bauxite mining. The aim was to investigate how the forest restoration process in bauxite mined area interferes in the nitrogen cycling in the soil-plant-litter system. Therefore, we measured the availability of N, the N:P ratios and the natural abundance of N stable isotope (?15N) in these compartments. The hypotheses proposed were: \"Forest restoration, driven by the use of ecological engineering techniques, planting of native tree species and addition of topsoil is sufficient to increase the availability of N in the ecosystem\", and \"Mined areas in forest restoration process, with the advancement of ecological succession, can develop a dynamics in N cycling resembling to that of the reference ecosystem, presenting values of concentrations of this nutrient in their compartments (soil-plant-litter) similar to this ecosystem. The study was conducted in Poços de Caldas county, Minas Gerais state, Brazil, considering three treatments: native forest, area restored for approximately 06 years and a restored area for 24 years with six repetitions for each. The design was completely randomized in a split plot. The N cycle has not been recovered in forest restoration. However, there is a tendency of N cycling resemble that of the native forest as the advancement of ecological succession. Thus, both hypotheses were confirmed, and the use of ecological engineering techniques, dense planting of native species and the addition of topsoil, were the main responsible for these results
Nash, Whitney Laine. "Long-Term Effects of Rock Type, Weathering and Amendments on Southwest Virginia Mine Soils". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42657.
Pełny tekst źródłaMaster of Science
Sriskantharajah, Srimathy. "Methanotrophy in a London landfill topsoil : microbiology controls on methanotrophy and model studies". Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.421778.
Pełny tekst źródłaMorgenthal, Theunis Louis. "The assessment of topsoil degradation on rehabilitated coal discard dumps / Theunis Louis Morgenthal". Thesis, North-West University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/112.
Pełny tekst źródłaThesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.
Showalter, Julia M. "Evaluation of Topsoil Substitutes for Restoration of Appalachian Hardwoods on Strip Mined Land". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34638.
Pełny tekst źródłaMaster of Science
McEntee, Michael A. "Cultivation-induced topsoil movement and its effects on soil properties in north east Ireland". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241322.
Pełny tekst źródłaThomas, Brynley Robert. "Clyde sediments : physical conditioning in relation to use as a topsoil product for land reclamation". Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385501.
Pełny tekst źródłaHerpel, Nicole. "The scale dependent variability of topsoil properties reflecting ecosystem patchiness in drylands of Southern Africa /". Hamburg : Verein zur Förderung der Bodenkunde in Hamburg, 2008. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=017466118&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
Pełny tekst źródłaSkalski, Casey. "Characteristics of stockpiled topsoil at iron ore mines in the Pilbara Region of Western Australia". Thesis, Skalski, Casey (2008) Characteristics of stockpiled topsoil at iron ore mines in the Pilbara Region of Western Australia. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2008. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/41519/.
Pełny tekst źródłaKabir, Enamul. "Phosphorus nutrition of chickpea under dry topsoil conditions as in the High Barind Tract of Bangladesh". Thesis, Kabir, Enamul (2012) Phosphorus nutrition of chickpea under dry topsoil conditions as in the High Barind Tract of Bangladesh. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2012. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/12981/.
Pełny tekst źródłaWaryszak, Pawel. "Evaluating emergence, survival, and assembly of Banksia woodland communities to achieve restoration objectives following topsoil transfer". Thesis, Waryszak, Pawel (2017) Evaluating emergence, survival, and assembly of Banksia woodland communities to achieve restoration objectives following topsoil transfer. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2017. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/38303/.
Pełny tekst źródłaZatelli, Katucia Sandra. "Transposição de topsoil e serapilheira para restauração ecológica no Parque Nacional da Serra do Itajaí, SC". Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2017. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/15213.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o potencial do banco de sementes do solo em um ambiente controlado e sua posterior transposição no campo, bem como avaliar a influência das exposições Norte e Sul no desenvolvimento das plântulas no campo em cinco tratamentos de serapilheira e topsoil. Os tratamentos estabelecidos foram: Controle, sem material (CTR); serapilheira (SER); topsoil (TOP); topsoil coberto com serapilheira (ORG); e a serapilheira misturada com topsoil (MIS). As amostras do banco de sementes (topsoil + serapilheira) foram coletadas de um remanescente florestal do Parque Nacional Serra do Itajaí - SC e levadas ao ambiente controlado (casa de vegetação) por 51 dias e mais 28 dias de rustificação. Posteriormente o material foi transposto em uma área de pastagem. Para o ambiente controlado e campo, foram quantificados o número de plântulas das espécies arbóreas e arbustivas, e submetidos a Análise de Coordenada Principal (PCoA). Verificou-se semelhanças quanto à composição e densidade de espécies entre os tratamentos, evidenciando que manter o banco de sementes para germinação em ambiente controlado é viável, visto as condições ótimas que potencializaram a germinação (temperatura e umidade) e a manutenção da semelhança florística quando transposto o material para o campo. Para a influência da exposição Norte e Sul no desenvolvimento e germinação de plântulas do banco de sementes, foram testados 5 tratamentos diferentes em 50 módulos para cada face na pastagem, com 10 repetições para cada tratamento. A comparação entre o número de espécies, número de indivíduos, diâmetro médio e altura média nas exposições Norte e Sul, através do teste F seguido do teste T2 de Hotelling, foi significativo em alguns tratamentos, evidenciando que a área está em constante mudança. No entanto, ao comparar os parâmetros com as faces, pela análise multivariada de variância (Permanova), todos os tratamentos apresentaram diferenças significativas. A orientação sul favoreceu o surgimento e o desenvolvimento das plântulas quando comparadas à exposição no norte. As espécies Cecropia glaziovii, Solanum mauritianum, Trema micrantha e Alchornea triplinervia obtiveram maior número de indivíduos no banco de sementes.
The objective of this work was to verify the potential of the soil seed bank in a controlled environment, and its subsequent transposition in the field, as well as to evaluate the influence of the North and South exposures on the development of field seedlings in five treatments of leaflitter and topsoil. The treatments established were: Control, no material (CTR); leaflitter (SER); topsoil (TOP); topsoil covered with leaflitter (ORG); topsoil mixed with leaflitter (MIS). Seed bank samples (topsoil + leaflitter) were collected from forest remnants of Serra do Itajaí National Park - SC and taken to the controlled environment (greenhouse) for 51 days, and another 28 days of rustification. Then, this material was located into a degraded pasture area. For the controlled environment and field, the number of seedlings of the tree and shrub species that emerged were quantified and by the submition to a Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA), similarities were verified regarding the composition and density of the species between the treatments evidencing that maintaining the seed bank for pre-germination in a controlled environment is feasible, considering the optimal conditions that potentiate germination (temperature and humidity) and the maintenance of the floristic similarity when the material was transposed to the field. In order to investigate the influence of soil exposure on the North and South faces in the development and germination of seedlings from the seed bank, 5 different treatments were tested in 50 modules for each face in the pasture, with 10 replicates for each treatment. The comparison between the numbers of species, number of individuals, mean diameter and mean height in North and South exposures, through the F test followed by Hotelling's T2 test, produced significance in some treatments evidencing that the area is constantly changing. However, when comparing the parameters with the faces, by the multivariate analysis of variance (Permanova), all treatments presented significant differences. The southern orientation favored the emergence and development of the seedlings when compared to the northern exposure. The species Cecropia glaziovii, Solanum mauritianum, Trema micrantha and Alchornea triplinervia obtained a larger number of individuals in the seed bank.
Jakovac, Ana Catarina Conte. "O uso do banco de sementes florestal contido no topsoil como estrategia de recuperação de areas degradadas". [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315665.
Pełny tekst źródłaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A partir dos anos 90, a conscientização da sociedade e o aumento do atendimento à legislação ambiental fizeram proliferar muitas iniciativas de recuperação de áreas degradadas. A transposição do topsoil, rica fonte de sementes nativas e de matéria orgânica, deve ser uma técnica alternativa promissora. O topsoil já vem sendo utilizado com sucesso, mas sua aplicação ainda está restrita a áreas planas. A disponibilidade de topsoil associada à necessidade de recuperação de taludes com espécies nativas, inspirou a presente pesquisa. O objetivo foi avaliar a possibilidade de uso da técnica de transposição de topsoil para a recuperação de taludes de corte e aterro, identificando os fatores atuantes na sucessão secundária inicial da comunidade de plantas e suas implicações para a recuperação. Em um talude com inclinação de 30º foi depositada a camada de topsoil proveniente de uma área de floresta recém desmatada. Foram utilizadas quatro técnicas de contenção do topsoil depositado: madeiramento formando terraços (M), sulcos horizontais (S) e cada uma, M e S, associadas a linhas de adubação verde semeada (MAV e SAV). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, em que cada tratamento possui três réplicas de 12x15 m2, distribuídas em três blocos. A densidade de indivíduos regenerantes e a riqueza de formas de vida foram monitoradas por 14 meses, e a porcentagem de solo exposto foi avaliada no último mês. Após os 14 meses foram registradas 150 espécies de todas as formas de vida. Os tratamentos apresentaram densidades cinco vezes maiores que o testemunho, variando de 5,2 a 22,6 indiv/m2, mas não foram diferentes entre si. O tratamento de sulcos (S) apresentou a maior porcentagem de solo exposto (Capítulo 1). Mais do que os tratamentos as características do topsoil e a densidade do banco de sementes do topsoil, diferentes entre os blocos experimentais, determinaram padrões distintos de colonização, de estrutura e de velocidade de recuperação das comunidades (Capítulo 2). Se observada a área experimental como um todo, formou-se uma comunidade heterogênea florística e estruturalmente, o que deve ser interessante para áreas em regeneração. Os resultados indicaram que a recuperação de taludes pode ser eficiente utilizando a técnica de transposição de topsoil desde que sejam utilizadas técnicas de contenção conjuntamente. Com a metodologia proposta, ampliam-se as possibilidades de uso do topsoil e possibilita-se a recuperação de taludes de corte e aterro com espécies nativas
Abstract: After the nineties, the awareness of the society and enhancement of legal environmental requirements resulted in a greater number of initiatives on degraded lands rehabilitation. The use of topsoil, which contains the forest seed bank and high concentrations of organic matter, has been successfully used, but its application still restrict to flat or low-declivity areas. The local availability of topsoil together with the necessity to rehabilitate slopes with native species community inspired this experimental research. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the topsoil transposition technique to rehabilitate slopes, aiming to identify the main factors acting over the initial succession of these communities and its implications for the rehabilitation process. At an embankment slope with 30° declivity we spread the topsoil collected in a surrounding area just after forest clear cut. Four contention techniques were tested: wood fences forming terraces, horizontal rips, wood fences with green manure and horizontal rips with green manure. The experiment was designed in casualized blocks were each treatment has three 12 x 15m2 replicas, distributed in three blocks. We monitored the regenerating community for 14 months, measuring the individual¿s density and the life forms richness. The percentage of exposed soil was measured on the last sampling. Afther 14 months, we registered 150 species including all life forms. In all treatments, the density of individuals was at least five times higher than in the control, ranging from 5,2 to 22,6 ind/m2. The density of individuals was not different among the four treatments, but the rips treatment showed the highest percentage of exposed soil (Chapter 1). The allochtonous soil characteristics, diferent among the experimental blocks, were the main determinants of the structure and floristic composition of regenerating communities. Differences of topsoil soil fertility and seed bank density determined different initial colonization patterns, as well as the community final structure and recovery speed (Chapter 2). Analyzing the whole experimental area, the growth of distinct communities at the same rehabilitated area resulted in a community with heterogeneous structure and floristic composition, which may be interesting for regenerating areas. The results showed that, together with contention techniques, the topsoil use as a source of propagules and organic matter can be efficient on slopes¿ rehabilitation. The proposed method expands the possibilities of topsoil use, allowing the rehabilitation of slopes and embankments with native species
Mestrado
Biologia Vegetal
Mestre em Biologia Vegetal
Santos, Lidia Maria dos. "Restauração de Campos Ferruginosos Mediante Resgate de Flora e Uso de Topsoil no Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais". Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/TJAS-8BQGLF.
Pełny tekst źródłaCARDELLI, VALERIA. "Changes occurring in the topsoil and in rhizosphere under fagus sylvatica along a small latitudinal-altitudinal gradient". Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/245508.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe research conducted during the three years doctoral activity was focused on the effect of temperature change on chemical and biochemical properties of two different soil components of beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest soils from central Apennines (Italy): i) rhizosphere, which was contrasted with the bulk soil, and ii) organic horizons (OLn, OLv, OH) and the first mineral horizon (A). In the experimental design a small altitudinal transect (800 and 1000 m) with a different mean annual air temperature of 1°C was considered, together with a latitudinal transect with no difference in the mean annual air temperature but different for the summer-winter thermal excursion. The research was preceded by the development of a method to obtain data of total carbon and nitrogen with non-destructive and less time-consuming instruments in order to develop rapid and reliable field analyses (Paper I). Significant results were obtained with the rhizosphere, which showed marked differences with respect to the bulk at 1000 m, particularly for the greater content of total organic carbon (TOC), water extractable organic matter (WEOM), and available P concentration due to rhizodeposition processes. The enriched micro-environment of the rhizosphere also fosters a rapid nutrients' cycle (Paper II). This was confirmed by the higher content of sugars, soluble phenols and tannins in the rhizosphere WEOM at 1000 m (Paper III). Comparing results along the latitudinal transect, in the subsoil only small differences were recorded. Conversely, the topsoil (O+A horizons) showed chemical and biochemical differences ascribable to the summer-winter thermal excursion trend, with different behaviors of the enzymatic activities depending on their role in litter decomposition. However, in both topsoil and subsoil, horizons thickness and the TOC and total nitrogen contents were higher at 1000 than at 800 m, so confirming that an increase of temperature at these altitudes will increase the mineralization rate (Paper IV).
Bizuti, Denise Teresinha Gonçalves. "É possível reverter a degradação do solo provocada pela mineração de bauxita por meio da restauração florestal?" Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-23012017-100122/.
Pełny tekst źródłaMining is one of the human activities with the highest impact in natural resources. It can profoundly affect the resilience of ecosystems due to the high level of soil degradation and landscape alteration. Thus, many mined areas are not effectively recovered enough to restore important part of biodiversity and ecosystem services lost. However, new ecological restoration methods showed promising results even in such intense degradation situations such as mining. Thus, it is needed to review the minimum levels of environmental quality required for areas that have been mined and need to recovered to mitigate the impacts and compliance with legal demands of environmental compensation. Thus, the general objective of this study is to evaluate the physical, chemical and microbiological soil in bauxite mining areas under ecological restoration. We initially evaluated soil restoration in bauxite mines located in the county of \"Poços de Caldas\", aiming to contextualize soil improvement through various chemical, physical and microbiological parameters in newly mined areas, restoration of different ages and remaining native forest. We found that forest restoration was effective in triggering a soil recovery process, which resulted in the recuperation, in a few years, of the chemical, physical and microbiological characteristics already very similar values to the references. We then evaluated the recovery of soil phosphorus for the restoration of tropical forests in bauxite mines, and obtained as main results the recovery of important fractions of soil P, litter production and forest structure along the successional trajectory in young restored areas after mining. Ecological restoration proved to be able to quickly restore important soil properties, showing the potential of ecological restoration approach to mitigate the negative environmental impacts of mining. Thus, it is emphasized that public policies to mitigate environmental damage caused by mining may require higher levels of environmental quality in mining recovery areas, protecting the collective interests involved in the mediation of interests between business and society.
Wahlstrand, Anna. "Landslide scars in the Kenyan highlands : Physical and chemical topsoil changes and landslide susceptibility assessment under tropical conditions". Licentiate thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-113346.
Pełny tekst źródłaEndogena och exogena krafter påverkar varaktigt vårt jordklot och geografiska förhållanden avgör vilken typ av förändring som kan komma att ske. Extrema naturhändelser som påverkar människor negativt kallas naturkatastrofer. I bergig terräng kan massrörelser äga rum och i den här studien behandlas en typ av massrörelse, jordskred. Jordskred sker över hela jorden och beror på försvagade mothållande krafter i förhållande till den gravitation som påverkar material i sluttningar. De vanligaste utlösande faktorerna är jordbävningar eller långvarig nederbörd som gör jorden vattenmättad, vilket leder till minskad skjuvhållfasthet. En ökad befolkning på jorden ökar kravet på matproduktion vilket har lett till att sluttningar i perifera områden har börjat utnyttjas för odling. Detta gäller i allra högsta grad i utvecklingsländer, där befolkningen i flera fall har dubblerats på kort tid. På grund av begränsade ekonomiska tillgångar, på allt från nationell till individuell nivå, påverkas människor i dessa områden hårt om en naturkatastrof inträffar. De har ofta svårt att hantera situationen, att anpassa sig till densamma eller att återhämta sig efteråt vilket gör dessa människor sårbara. Människors sårbarhet kan minskas bland annat genom ökad kunskap, eller genom att öka utsattas medvetenhet om de faror de exponeras för. Det övergripande syftet med den här studien är därför att öka kunskapen kring jordskredsrelaterade problem i ett tätbefolkat tropiskt höglandsområde. Studieområdet är beläget strax söder om ekvatorn i de centrala delarna av Kenya i den sydöstra delen av Aberdare Range. Området, som omfattar delar av Muranga och Nyeri Counties, karaktäriseras av ett undulerande landskap med korta, branta sluttningar som på grund av sina produktiva jordar dessutom är tätbefolkade. Sluttningarna i området bär spår av historiska såväl som nutida jordskredsärr. Artikel 1: För att öka kunskapen kring förändringar i marken efter att ett jordskred skett i området undersöks i den här studien hur återhämtningen i marken skett över längre tid tid, sett ur ett jordbruksperspektiv. Dessutom har marktäckningen i skreden dokumenteras. Studien skall ge svar på följande frågor (1) Hur ser återhämtningen ut i jordar i området efter att ett jordskred skett? (2) Hur har marktäckningen förändrats i skredärren över tid? För att undersöka jordens beskaffenhet togs jordprover i sju jordskredsärr och i anslutande omgivande mark. Kemiska och fysiska parametrar analyserades i laboratorium i Nairobi. Resultaten jämfördes med resultat från tidigare undersökningar i samma skredärr gjorda på 1980- och 1990-talet. Resultaten visar på en varierande positiv och negativ utveckling över tid. Jämfört med referensvärden från omgivande mark är dock skillnaderna efter > 20 år små, utom vad gäller organiskt kol som fortfarande visar lägre värden i skreden än i omgivande mark. Samtal med jordskredsdrabbade bönder i området i februari 2013, litteraturstudier och dokumentation i form av fotografier har gett en bild av hur marktäckningen och vegetationsutvecklingen i skredärren har sett ut över tid. Resultaten visar att markanvändningen har förändrats och att skogsmark ersatts av odlingsmark och därefter återigen planterats med, till stor del, eukalyptusträd. Studien bidrar med ökad kunskap om hur mark i området återhämtar sig efter att ett jordskred skett och hur marktäckningen förändrats över tid. Artikel 2: I andra delar av världen har kartor utformats för att visualisera skredkänsliga områden med hjälp av GIS. I Kenya är användningen av GIS fortfarande begränsad, då verktyget är dyrt och kräver data av hög kvalitet. I den här studien undersöks i vilken omfattning GIS är möjligt att använda för bedömning av skredrisk i ett tropiskt höglandsområde. Frågan är om relevanta data finns att tillgå och om data är av tillräckligt hög kvalité för att göra en tillförlitlig analys? Eller kan man på andra sätt identifiera de viktigaste orsakerna till jordskred och därmed medvetandegöra människor om riskabla faktorer? Parametrar som ofta använts i tidigare utförda undersökningar antogs även i denna studie. Data insamlades, dels från myndigheter i Kenya, dels genom fältarbete och dels från kommersiella företag. Vi har erhållit och arbetat med följande data; (1) en digital höjdmodell (30 m upplösning), (2) Google Earth (högupplösta bilder från Digital Globe, 2012), (3) nederbördsdata, (4) flygfoton från 1959, (5) beskrivningar från historiska jordskred från vetenskapliga artiklar, (6) fältobservationer och (7) samtal med bönder och jordbrukskunnig personal från distriktet. Datahanteringen och analyserna genomfördes i ArcGis 10.0. Beräkning av morfometriska faktorer som sluttningsvinklar, sluttningsriktningar, sluttningars konvexitet och konkavitet utfördes med hjälp av höjdmodellen. Markanvändning, vägar och vattendrag karterades i Google Earth och satellitbilder från 2012. Dessutom karterades skog i ett begränsat område utifrån flygbilder från 1959. Avstånden mellan befintliga skredärr och vägar och vattendrag uppmättes i satellitbilden, varvid en bedömning också gjordes av huruvida skreden troligen var orsakade av väg- eller vattendragsrelaterade faktorer. Analyserna jämfördes med uppmätta värden från 36 tidigare dokumenterade skred i området. Jämförelsen visade att höjdmodellen inte var tillräckligt noggrann för att fånga de branta sluttningar, sluttningsriktningar och konkaviteter som de flesta gamla skred utbildats i. Avsaknaden av information om när avskogningen skett och när de gamla skreden ägt rum gör att det inte heller går att använda markanvändningsförändringar som en parameter i vidare analyser av känsliga områden. Utifrån parametrar som kunde karteras i satellitbilder och med hjälp av information som samlades in under fältarbetet kan vi visa att jordskred i undersökningsområdet mest sannolikt sker under regnperioderna på sluttningar med en lutning på ≥ 25°, och som ligger nära en väg. Resultaten ökar dels medvetenheten kring datakvalitet vid analys av jordskredskänsliga områden i tropiska högländer, dels kunskapen om under vilka förhållanden skred kan ske.
Asfaw, Zebene. "Tree species diversity, topsoil conditions and arbuscular mycorrhizal association in the Sidama traditional agroforestry land use, southern Ethiopia /". Uppsala : Dept. of Forest Management and Products, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/s263-ab.html.
Pełny tekst źródłaBrunn, Melanie [Verfasser], i Yvonne [Akademischer Betreuer] Oelmann. "Controls of vertical carbon stable isotope distribution in topsoil : temperature, precipitation and time / Melanie Brunn ; Betreuer: Yvonne Oelmann". Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1165506718/34.
Pełny tekst źródłaRossi, Lorenzo Matteo Walter. "Embankment as a carbon sink : a study on carbon sequestration pathways and mechanisms in topsoil and exposed subsoil". Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG083.
Pełny tekst źródłaCarbon (C) sequestration is receiving increasing scientific and political attention in a framework of greenhouse gasses mitigation. However, geotechnical soils have been neglected for their C sequestration potential, with the global attention focusing on agricultural and natural soils. In the present thesis project we aim to assess the potential of geotechnical embankments as C sink, and, through the study of plant species and soils showing contrasting features, shed light on SOC sequestration mechanisms and the role of the different actor involved. We aim not only to quantify the C gained and lost in soil, but even its origin (fresh new C input or old preexistent C) and how it is partitioned in different C pools characterized by different C stability (quality of stored C). First, we evaluated the C storage in different pools under soil sowed with 12 different herbaceous species in a 10 months experiment. Assessing different root traits allowed understanding the influence of root economic spectrum on C storage. We showed how traits linked to high labile C are linked to a higher C increase in the stable SILT+CLAY pool (<20µm). Root traits related to a low input of recalcitrant, instead, favor accumulation in the unstable POM fraction. Thanks to a 183 days stable isotope labelling experiment (CO2 constantly enriched with 13C) we were able to study the C dynamics in different C pools under two species (L. perenne and M. sativa) sowed on two soil (topsoil, 0-30cm depth and subsoil brought to the surface, 110-140 cm depth) showing contrasting characteristics. We evidenced the great interest of bridging C origin and C pools when studying soil C fates, allowing unveiling processes those more traditional methods would hide. New C and old C showed synergetic covariation, with lower old C losses associated to higher new C inputs. This is in good accordance with the Preferential Substrate Utilization hypothesis (Cheng and Kuzyakov, 2005). The Preferential Substrate Utilization hypothesis was also validated with the study of priming effect and soil respiration, that showed higher plant derived C in respired CO2 when plant C input were high, while increasing old C mineralization when plant C input were low, i.e. in subsoil. We observed significant plant derived new C input in the SILT+CLAY fraction (<20µm, highly stable) supporting evidence of the in vivo entombing effect in the soil Microbial Carbon Pump hypothesis (Liang et al., 2017). The species effect mainly occurred on new C input, but it was overpowered by the soil effect, with lower C storage in low quality soil (low nitrogen and microbial biomass and activity). In general, microbiological conditions were the main driver for new C accumulation and old C loss, and helped to explain why no effect of soil C saturation – a central theory in recent studies on C sequestration - was find in the protected carbon. Such fundamental understanding of plant-soil interactions help us to better optimize soil and vegetation management for road embankment revegetation
ROSSI, Lorenzo Matteo Walter. "Embankment as a carbon sink: a study on carbon sequestration pathways and mechanisms in topsoil and exposed subsoil". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Cassino, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11580/75251.
Pełny tekst źródłaAmaral, João André do [UNESP]. "Condições de luminosidade e substratos no desenvolvimento de grama bermuda". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138896.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Gramados são parte fundamental na composição de campos esportivos. Alguns aspectos devem ser levados em consideração no processo de escolha da espécie a ser utilizada, como a utilização do gramado (tolerância ao pisoteio), manejo do gramado, condições físico-químicas do solo e tolerância ao sombreamento. Com a realização de eventos esportivos no país, houve a necessidade de reformas e modernizações das arenas de futebol; dentre as alterações na arquitetura está a implantação de coberturas nos estádios, o que resultou em uma redução da luminosidade, afetando o desenvolvimento normal do gramado. Objetivou-se com o experimento avaliar a influência da luminosidade e de diferentessubstratos no desenvolvimento de grama bermuda (Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis). Foi conduzido no Campus II - UNESP, de Ilha Solteira – SP, em esquema fatorial 5 x 4 (substratos x luminosidades), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 20 tratamentos e 3 repetições. Os substratos foram: S1 = Solo, S2 = Solo + areia (2:1), S3 = Solo + matéria orgânica (1:1), S4 = Solo + matéria orgânica + areia (2:1:1) e S5 = Matéria orgânica + areia (3:1), em 4 condições de luminosidade (pleno sol, 30%, 50%, 80%), durante os meses de março a outubro de 2014. Foram avaliados: altura, massa fresca e massa seca das aparas da grama, teor de clorofila e radiação solar. Concluiu-se que: o sombreamento interferiu no pleno desempenho da grama bermuda, sendo que esta tolera sombreamento intermediário (30% e 50%), e os substratos que contém maiores teores de matéria orgânica submetidos ao sombreamento tiveram o desempenho prejudicado.
Lawn is the main part of sports fields and landscaping projects, it is difficult to find a landscaping project on which the lawn is not present. Some aspects must be considered when choosing the species or cultivar, as tolerance to treading, need for irrigation, the soil physic and chemical conditions and shade tolerance. Due to the realization of the sports events in the following years, there was a need for reforms and modernization of football arenas; among the architectural changes is the implantation of roof on the arenas, resulting in a reduction in light, affecting the normal development of lawn. The aim of the presentstudy wasto evaluate the light and differentsubstrates influence in the development of Bermudagrass. The study has been conducted in Campus II - UNESP Campus of Ilha Solteira - SP, in a factorial design 5x4 (substrates x light), in a completely randomized design with 20 treatments and 3 repetitions. The treatments: substrates - S1 = Soil, S2 = Soil + sand (2:1), S3 = Soil + organic matter (1:1), S4 = Soil + organic matter + sand (2:1:1) and S5 = Organic matter + sand (3:1), in 4 lighting conditions (full sun, 30%, 50%, 80%), during the months of March to October 2014. It has been evaluated: shoot height, shoot fresh and dry matter, chlorophyll content in the leaves, solar. Conclusion: shade interfered in the full performance of bermudagrass, the grass tolerates intermediate shading (30% and 50%) and the substrates that has most quantities of organic matter in its composition and submitted to shade had the damaged performance.
Amaral, João André do. "Condições de luminosidade e substratos no desenvolvimento de grama bermuda /". Ilha Solteira, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138896.
Pełny tekst źródłaResumo: Gramados são parte fundamental na composição de campos esportivos. Alguns aspectos devem ser levados em consideração no processo de escolha da espécie a ser utilizada, como a utilização do gramado (tolerância ao pisoteio), manejo do gramado, condições físico-químicas do solo e tolerância ao sombreamento. Com a realização de eventos esportivos no país, houve a necessidade de reformas e modernizações das arenas de futebol; dentre as alterações na arquitetura está a implantação de coberturas nos estádios, o que resultou em uma redução da luminosidade, afetando o desenvolvimento normal do gramado. Objetivou-se com o experimento avaliar a influência da luminosidade e de diferentessubstratos no desenvolvimento de grama bermuda (Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis). Foi conduzido no Campus II - UNESP, de Ilha Solteira – SP, em esquema fatorial 5 x 4 (substratos x luminosidades), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 20 tratamentos e 3 repetições. Os substratos foram: S1 = Solo, S2 = Solo + areia (2:1), S3 = Solo + matéria orgânica (1:1), S4 = Solo + matéria orgânica + areia (2:1:1) e S5 = Matéria orgânica + areia (3:1), em 4 condições de luminosidade (pleno sol, 30%, 50%, 80%), durante os meses de março a outubro de 2014. Foram avaliados: altura, massa fresca e massa seca das aparas da grama, teor de clorofila e radiação solar. Concluiu-se que: o sombreamento interferiu no pleno desempenho da grama bermuda, sendo que esta tolera sombreamento intermediário (30% e 50%), e os s... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Lawn is the main part of sports fields and landscaping projects, it is difficult to find a landscaping project on which the lawn is not present. Some aspects must be considered when choosing the species or cultivar, as tolerance to treading, need for irrigation, the soil physic and chemical conditions and shade tolerance. Due to the realization of the sports events in the following years, there was a need for reforms and modernization of football arenas; among the architectural changes is the implantation of roof on the arenas, resulting in a reduction in light, affecting the normal development of lawn. The aim of the presentstudy wasto evaluate the light and differentsubstrates influence in the development of Bermudagrass. The study has been conducted in Campus II - UNESP Campus of Ilha Solteira - SP, in a factorial design 5x4 (substrates x light), in a completely randomized design with 20 treatments and 3 repetitions. The treatments: substrates - S1 = Soil, S2 = Soil + sand (2:1), S3 = Soil + organic matter (1:1), S4 = Soil + organic matter + sand (2:1:1) and S5 = Organic matter + sand (3:1), in 4 lighting conditions (full sun, 30%, 50%, 80%), during the months of March to October 2014. It has been evaluated: shoot height, shoot fresh and dry matter, chlorophyll content in the leaves, solar. Conclusion: shade interfered in the full performance of bermudagrass, the grass tolerates intermediate shading (30% and 50%) and the substrates that has most quantities of organic matte... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
Bordez, Laurent. "Stratégies de revégétalisation des maquis miniers nickélifères de Nouvelle-Calédonie : étude sur les potentiels biologiques des Topsoils en vue de leur utilisation pour la restauration écologique des milieux dégradés". Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NCAL0002/document.
Pełny tekst źródła"Topsoil", as an ecological tool of restoration of the mines made in terraces, consist of getting back the layers full of organic matter, seeds and micro-organisms (which define the biological potential of restoration), during a procedure made following the exploitation of the mines, then could be extend to the sites which require some restoration.While the problem of ecological restoration is at the center of the debate, topsoil appears, according to the literature, as an efficient technique and their uses are well recommended. However, they only have been used in New Caledonia since the beginning of the XXI century. The actual knowledge of this specific tool is still incomplete, and the characteristics of topsoil, same as the results, remain inconsistent. The research made around this topic gave us a better understanding of the interaction between the biological components of topsoil and their way of evolving (seeds’ bank, micro-organisms and the physic and chemical characteristics). The results obtained demonstrate that the use of topsoil as an ecological restoration could be beneficial for the restoration of the ultramafic ecosystem of New Caledonia. It could, as well, find a place in the development of new strategies of ecological restoration of mines in terrace of the country. However, it has been shown in another hand that topsoil would not be sufficient to restore the entire vegetal diversity of the ultramafic bedrock of the country. For this reason, it has to be associated with different techniques of restoration
Bendfeldt, Eric S. "Dynamics and Characterization of Soil Organic Matter on Mine Soils 16 Years after Amendment with Topsoil, Sawdust, and Sewage Sludge". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35805.
Pełny tekst źródłaMaster of Science
Silva, Nath?lia Ferreira. "Avalia??o de diferentes t?cnicas na recupera??o de uma cascalheira em Diamantina, MG". UFVJM, 2012. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/1/672.
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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)
Instituto Estadual de Florestas (IEF)
Secretaria de Estado de Ci?ncia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (SECTES)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar diferentes t?cnicas para recupera??o de uma cascalheira, visando gerar conhecimentos para subsidiar a recupera??o de ecossistemas degradados. A disserta??o foi estruturada em quatro cap?tulos (artigos). Os dois primeiros artigos se referem ? t?cnica de resgate de pl?ntulas visando ? produ??o de mudas para a restaura??o de ecossistemas degradados. Os experimentos de peroba (Aspidosperma cylindrocarpon) e arnica (Lychnophora pohlii) foram instalados no Centro Integrado de Propaga??o de Esp?cies Florestais ? CIPEF do Departamento de Engenharia Florestal da UFVJM, em Diamantina, Minas Gerais. Foram resgatadas 240 pl?ntulas de cada esp?cie, as quais foram divididas em duas classes de altura (peroba: Classe I ? 5 a 15 cm e Classe II ? 20 a 35 e arnica: Classe I ? 2,5 a 20 cm e Classe II ? 25 a 55 cm) e submetidas a tr?s intensidades de redu??o foliar (0%, 50% e 100%). Foi verificado que para mudas de peroba ? aconselh?vel resgatar ambas as classes de altura, enquanto para a arnica o tamanho entre 2,5 e 20 cm ? o mais adequado. Os resultados evidenciaram que n?o ? necess?ria a redu??o foliar. No artigo 3 foi avaliado o potencial da candeia (Eremanthus erythropappus) na recupera??o de uma cascalheira, onde foi instalado um experimento de plantio de mudas com seis densidades (T1=1.667, T2=2.000, T3=2.500, T4=3.333, T5=5.000 e T6=10.000 plantas por hectare). Trimestralmente foram avaliados a altura total das plantas, o di?metro do colo, a cobertura de copa e a sobreviv?ncia, at? 12 meses ap?s a primeira avalia??o, que foi realizada em julho de 2010. Verificou-se que os tratamentos mais adensados, T5 e T6 foram os que apresentaram maior sobreviv?ncia, apesar da n?o diferen?a estat?stica entre os tratamentos avaliados para os atributos altura, di?metro e cobertura de copa. Assim, pode-se concluir que a candeia ? uma esp?cie com alto potencial ecol?gico para o uso em programas de recupera??o de ?rea degradadas em ecossistemas cong?neres ao estudado. No artigo 4 foi testado o potencial de uso do topsoil na recupera??o de uma cascalheira. Foram selecionados quatro ambientes onde o topsoil foi depositado em pilhas e espalhado em camadas de cerca de 20 cm. Seis meses ap?s a transposi??o do solo, foram realizados os levantamentos flor?stico e fitossociol?gicos na ?rea, nos meses de setembro de 2010, fevereiro de 2011 e setembro de 2011, al?m da avalia??o da porcentagem de cobertura de plantas pelo m?todo de Braun-Blanquet, nos meses de julho de 2010 e 2011. Foram registradas no total 55 esp?cies, pertencentes a 15 fam?lias. As fam?lias com maior representatividade foram Asteraceae (12), Poaceae (11) e Malvaceae (8). O grau de cobertura do solo foi de 66% e 82% na primeira e segunda avalia??o respectivamente, no qual verificou-se o r?pido recobrimento dos solos da cascalheira, evidenciando o grande potencial do uso do topsoil na recomposi??o da cobertura do solo, por?m, esse recurso s? deve ser usado quando a ?rea doadora n?o apresentar esp?cies invasoras.
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate different techniques to recover from a gravel pit in order to generate knowledge to support the recovery of degraded ecosystems. The dissertation is structured in four chapters (articles). The first two articles refer to the technical rescue seedlings aiming the production of seedlings for the restoration of degraded cosystems. The experiments of peroba (Aspidosperma cylindrocarpon) and arnica (Lychnophora pohlii) were installed in the Integrated Forest Species Propagation - CIPEF Department of Forest Engineering UFVJM in Diamantina, Minas Gerais. We rescued 240 seedlings of each species, which were divided into two height classes (peroba: Class I - 5 to 15 cm and Class II - 20 to 35 and arnica: Class I - 2.5 to 20 cm and Class II - 25-55 cm) and subjected to three levels of reduction leaf (0%, 50% and 100%). It was found that for seedlings peroba is advisable to recover both the classes high, while for arnica size between 2.5 and 20 cm is optimal. The results showed that it is necessary to reduce leaf. Article 3 was evaluated the potential of the lamp (Eremanthus erythropappus) to recover from a gravel pit, where he was an experiment of planting seedlings with six densities (T1 = 1667, T2 = 2000, T3 = 2500, 3333 = T4, T5 = T6 = 5,000 and 10,000 plants per hectare). Quarterly evaluated the overall height of the plants, stem diameter, canopy cover and survival until 12 months after the first evaluation, which was held in July 2010. It was found that the more dense treatments, T5 and T6 were those with longer survival, although no statistical difference among the treatments for the attributes height, diameter and canopy. Thus, it can be concluded that the lamp is a species with high ecological potential for use in the restoration of damaged area similar to the ecosystems studied. Article 4 tested the potential use of topsoil in the recovery of a gravel pit. We selected four environments where the topsoil has been deposited in piles and spread in layers about 20 cm. Six months after the implementation of the soil, were conducted floristic and phytosociological surveys in the area, in September 2010, February 2011 and September 2011, and by evaluating the percentage of plant cover by the method of Braun-Blanquet, in July 2010 and 2011. We recorded a total of 55 species belonging to 15 families. The families were Asteraceae with the largest representation (12), Poaceae (11) and Malvaceae (8). The degree of soil cover was 66% and 82% in the first and second evaluation respectively, in which there was rapid coating of gravel soils of showing the great potential of use of topsoil in the rebuilding of ground cover, but this feature should only be used when the donor does not have invasive species.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Ci?ncia Florestal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2012.
Montagu, Kelvin D., of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture i School of Horticulture. "Whole plant response to soil compaction : from field practices to mechanisms". THESIS_FAH_HOR_Montagu_K.xml, 1995. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/433.
Pełny tekst źródłaDoctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Almeida, Alexandre D'ávila de. "Uso da camada superficial de solo na revegetação do estéril de extração de granito". Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2006. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5529.
Pełny tekst źródłaConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The present study evaluated the efficacy of using a soil surface layer (topsoil) to cover deposits of waste-rock piles from granite extraction in order to enable the substratum to establish a plant community. With this objective, a greenhouse experiment was conducted with seven treatments (waste-rock, waste-rock + 5.0 cm topsoil, waste-rock + 10,0 cm topsoil, waste-rock + 20.0 cm topsoil, waste-rock + 10.0 cm B horizon, waste-rock + 4 L of incorporated manure, and waste-rock + 10.0 cm topsoil stored in the previous year). The experimental units consisted of a pot holding 32 dm3 substratum where one Joannesia princeps Vell. seedling was planted as indicator plant. The experiment was monitored over the course of 120 days. In the end of this period the indicator plants were evaluated biometrically, and the dry matter of the spontaneously germinated vegetation in each pot was analyzed. Substratum samples from each pot were also collected for analyses of microbiological aspects (CBM and qMic), of total organic carbon (COT) and of total nitrogen (NT). The results did not show any significant difference between thicknesses of 5, 10 or 20 cm, or even when no topsoil at all was used, regarding the establishment of an initial community of herbaceous plants by means of spontaneous germination. Topsoil (10 cm) addition proved effective, however, to establish tree vegetation, resulting in a significant growth increment of Joannesia princeps Vell. In both situations, the treatment of incorporated manure (4 L) resulted in strongest plant growth. No positive effect was verified by the substitution of topsoil by an equally thick layer of material derived from the soil B horizon. In the case of previously stored topsoil, no quality reduction was verified after a storage time of 12 months. The chemical and microbiological analyses were not able to detect significant alterations in the microbiota of the waste-rock substratum samples, but evidenced a tendency of increased COT and NT contents of the samples with the increasing thickness of the topsoil layers.
O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a eficiência de utilização da camada superficial do solo (topsoil) como cobertura de depósitos de estéril da extração de granito de modo a proporcionar a este substrato condições para o estabelecimento de uma comunidade vegetal. Para tanto, foi executado um experimento em casa de vegetação com sete tratamentos (estéril, estéril + 5,0 cm topsoil, estéril + 10,0 cm topsoil, estéril + 20,0 cm topsoil, estéril + 10,0 cm horizonte B, estéril + 4 L de esterco de curral incorporado e estéril + 10,0 cm topsoil armazenado no ano anterior). As unidades experimentais foram constituídas por um vaso com capacidade de 32 dm3 de substrato onde foi realizado o plantio de uma muda de Joannesia princeps Vell. como planta indicadora. O experimento foi acompanhado durante 120 dias. Ao fim deste período foram realizadas as avaliações biométricas das plantas indicadoras, bem como análise da matéria seca da vegetação germinada espontaneamente em cada vaso. Também foram coletadas amostras do substrato de cada vaso para análises microbiológicas (CBM e qMic), de carbono orgânico total (COT) e de nitrogênio total (NT). Os resultados não evidenciaram diferença significativa entre as espessuras de 5, 10 e 20 cm, ou mesmo ao não uso do opsoil, para o estabelecimento de uma comunidade inicial de herbáceas através da germinação espontânea. A adição do topsoil (10 cm) mostrou-se eficiente, porém, na etapa de estabelecimento da vegetação arbórea, ao propiciar um incremento significativo no crescimento de Joannesia princeps Vell. Em ambas as situações, a incorporação de esterco de curral (4 L) foi o tratamento que acarretou maior crescimento das plantas. Não foi verificado efeito positivo na substituição do topsoil por camada de igual espessura formada por material oriundo do horizonte B do solo. Quanto à utilização de topsoil já armazenado anteriormente, não foi comprovada diminuição de sua qualidade para o tempo do armazenamento de 12 meses. As análises químicas e microbiológicas utilizadas não foram capazes de detectar significativas alterações na microbiota das amostras do substrato estéril, porém evidenciaram uma tendência de aumento dos teores de COT e NT das amostras ao aumento da espessura da camada de Topsoil.
Thomas, Pedro Augusto. "Restauração ecológica em campos invadidos por Urochloa decubens nos campos sulinos". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/173134.
Pełny tekst źródłaGrasslands ecosystems are strongly impacted by land use and invasive species. It is necessary restore these ecosystems around the world. However, there are few experiences with ecological restoration for the Brazilian grasslands and we need to test the viability of techniques normally used in others grasslands ecosystems. The aim of this study was to test different combinations of techniques to the ecological restoration of grasslands invaded by Urochloa decumbens in Campos, Southern Brazil. We combine two techniques to control the invasive species (herbicide application and topsoil removal) and two techniques to introduce native species (hay transfer and direct sowing). We established nine blocks in a bi-factorial experiment on Morro Santana, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, combining two factors and each one with three treatments (two techniques plus the control). The coverage of various groups of species, species richness, and species composition were evaluated by variance analyses, and the later also by a principal ordination analysis. Additionally, the relation between invader coverage and native species was investigated. Both techniques to control invasive species have shown to be efficient to reduce the coverage of the invasive species, as well as to allow the arrival of native species. Specifically comparing them, the herbicide application seems to be a better treatment than the topsoil removal, once plots with herbicide had lower invasive species coverage and higher species richness. However, the species introduction techniques failed efficiently to add native species to the community composition and to compete with U. decumbens. Species composition patterns differed among the treatments. The invader control techniques greatly differed from their control, which was dominated by U. decumbens. A clear relationship exists between the invader coverage and the presence and coverage of native species. Thus, the control of the invasive species is fundamental to further vegetation recovery. Nevertheless, results here presented correspond to just eight months from the experiment implantation and future monitoring and management actions on the area should combine once more the control of the invasive species and the introduction of native species.
Mathys, Ilse Lois. "Soil health and quality concept in agricultural extension and soil science : an assessment of topsoil conditions in a long term vineyard soil management trail in Robertson, South Africa". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6544.
Pełny tekst źródłaIncludes bibliography.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The natural resource condition or health has been accepted as a valuable indicator of sustainable land use. The assessment of soil health (quality) has become a valuable tool in determining the sustainability of land management systems. This work aims to evaluate the sustainability of soil management practices in agricultural extension for vineyards in Robertson, South Africa based, on the current approach of the concept of soil health and soil quality, as well as to briefly explore the present reservations regarding the definition of the concept. The soil management treatments include a mechanical weed control, chemical weed control, annual addition of straw mulch, annual cover crop and perennial cover crop. The objective of study is to (i) identify suitable soil health (quality) indicators for vineyards in the study area; (ii) analyze the soil health (quality) indicators for different soil management treatments; (iii) evaluate the effect of various soil management treatments on the overall soil functionality, by comparing measured indicators to the soil property threshold values, for optimal vine growth; iv) establish a more consistent understanding and use of the terms health and quality, as understood and used in the general science community, with particular reference to the public health system. The soil physical, chemical and biological properties which were selected as indicators of soil health (quality) based on specific criteria similar to previous work done on the concept. The properties selected include soil texture, gravimetric water content, bulk density, soil aeration, water aggregate stability, soil pH, EC, available N,P,K , soil organic matter content, soil microbial biomass, potential mineralizable nitrogen and soil respiration. The study makes use of methods of analysis previously used for soil health and soil quality assessments, as well as soil analytical methods as accepted by experienced soil scientist within the study area. The soil was sampled on three separate events to depths of 0-200 mm for initial characterization of soil and 0-50 mm to compare soil health (quality) Between tracks and In tracks of treatment plots. The values obtained for each property were compared with the optimum for vineyards and ranked accordingly. The treatment that resulted in the most desirable soil health (quality) was the straw mulch and perennial cover crop treatments.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die toestand of gesondheid van natuurlike hulpbronne is aanvaar as `n waardevolle aanduiding van volhoubare grondgebruik. Die assessering van grond gesondheid (kwaliteit) is 'n waardevolle hulpmiddel in die bepaling van die volhoubaarheid van grond bestuur stelsels. Hierdie werkstuk poog om die volhoubaarheid van grond bestuurs praktyke te evalueer vir wingerde in Robertson, Suid-Afrika wat baseer is op die huidige benadering van grond gesondheid en kwaliteit. Die tesis dek ook die huidige onsekerhede oor die konsep en definisies van terme wat gebruik word in die konsep. Die grond bestuur praktyke sluit in 'n meganiese onkruidbeheer, chemiese onkruidbeheer, jaarlikse toevoeging van `n strooi deklaag, jaarlikse en meerjarige dekgewas dekgewasse. Die doel van die studie was om (i) die geskikte grond gesondheid (kwaliteit) indikators vir wingerde in die studie area te identifiseer, (ii) die grond gesondheid (kwaliteit) indikators vir verskillende bogrond bestuur praktyke te identifiseer; (iii) die effek van verskillende grond bestuur praktyke op die algehele grond funksies te evalueer, deur dit te vergelyk met die gemete indikators vir drempelwaardes vir optimale wingerd groei; iv) 'n meer konsekwente begrip en gebruik van die terme “gesondheid” en “kwaliteit” vas te stel, soos dit verstaan en gebruik word in die algemene wetenskaplike gemeenskap, met spesifieke verwysing na die openbare gesondheidsisteem. Die grond fisiese, chemiese en biologiese eienskappe wat as indikators van grond gesondheid (kwaliteit) geselekteer was, word gebaseer op spesifieke kriteria soortgelyk aan dié wat in vorige werk op die konsep gedoen was. Die eienskappe wat geselekteer is sluit in grondtekstuur, gravimetriese waterinhoud, bulk digtheid, grond deurlugting, totalle water stabiliteit, grond pH, electriese geleiding, toeganklike N, P, K, grond organiese materiaal inhoud, grond mikrobiese massa, potensiële mineraliseerbare stikstof en grond respirasie. Die studie maak gebruik van analitiese metodes wat voorheen gebruik was vir grond gesondheid en kwaliteit, sowel as die grond analitiese metodes soos gebruik deur ervare grondkundiges binne die studie gebied. Die grondmonsters was geneem op drie afsonderlike geleenthede oor dieptes van 0-200 mm vir die aanvanklike karakterisering van grond en 0-50 mm, om grond gesondheid (kwaliteit) Tussen trekkerspore en In trekkerspore van die persele te vergelyk. Die waardes verkry vir elke eienskap was vergelyk met die optimum vir wingerde en verdeel volgens kwaliteit. Die behandeling wat die mees optimale grond gesondheid (kwaliteit) getoon het, was die strooi deklaag en meerjarige dekgewas behandelings.
Schua, Karoline. "Standortsökologische Baumarteneffekte in einem Mischbestand aus Gemeiner Fichte (Picea abies [L.] KARST.) und Sand-Birke (Betula pendula Roth) im Erzgebirge". Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-86186.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn a typical managed forest of the Ore Mountains (Saxony, SE Germany), consisting of 60 years old Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] KARST.) admixed with silver birches (Betula pendula Roth) the impact of the admixture on topsoil properties was quantified and evaluated. This study was conducted in a stand which is representative for the Ore Mountains regarding the soil type, deposition and liming. Photosynthetic active radiation, the layer of herbs and mosses, the mass and distribution of the litter fall, the dynamics of litter decom-position, and morphology of the humus layer as well as the chemical and microbiological topsoil properties were all analyzed. The study was based on a single-tree-approach where samples were collected along transects from selected sample trees of birch and spruce. Transects were established within areas of pure spruce as well as within areas of spruce and birch mixture. Three different strata were defined based on the situation of the examined points in relation to the crowns of birch and spruce: the birch stratum, the spruce stratum and the spruce-birch stratum with measurements from underneath the crowns of birches, spruces and the transition area between spruce and birch crowns, respectively. Higher photosynthetic active radiation values were detected in the area underneath the crowns of birch crowns in comparison with the area underneath the crowns of spruce. Higher values of photosynthetic active radiation were also registered within areas of light foliage and in gaps in the pure spruce stand. The number of ground vegetation species underneath pure spruce and in the mixture of spruce and birch was negatively correlated with the distance to the crown edge. But altogether the same number of ground vegetation species was found in the mixed stand and in the pure spruce stand. A few species were, however, specific for each stand type. A higher coverage of ground vegetation was found in the mixture of spruce and birch in comparison to the pure spruce. The results of the litter traps show marginal densities of birch leaves at a distance of more than 16 m from the birch stem. The majority of the dry flux density was found within a radius of 10 m around the birch stem. Within this area an effect of the birch litter on top soil properties was expected. The whole dry litter mass was measured in the study time of a relative vital birch with a diameter at breast high of ca. 38 cm and was ca. 8 kg. Modeling the amount of litter for birches with lower vitality indicated a dry litter mass of 6.3 kg. The mass lost of the birch leaves in the litter bags was in each stratum the highest at a ratio of 5 to 1 of birch leaves to spruce needles. The greatest loss of dry mass for spruce needles was registered in litter-bags with pure needles. The litter-bags under the birch crowns exhibited the best decomposition rate of birch leaves and spruce needles for all variants. The C/N-ratios of the litter showed no clear positive effects of the birch crown. But they were clearly smaller for the birch leaves in contrast to the spruce needles in all variants, in each stratum and at all dates. Furthermore the C/N-curves drop away more for the birch leaves in contrast to the spruce needles. The thickness of the Of-horizon in contrast to the Oh-horizon showed clear spatial patterns for the mixed situation and the pure spruce area. Thus in the Of-horizon a clear spatial pattern in connection to the single tree was apparent. The highest thickness was found close to the stem. The highest total thickness of the Of- and Oh-horizon was found underneath the pure spruce stand. When comparing the thickness of the humus layers between the stratums, significant differences where found for the Of-layer between the birch stratum and the spruce stratum. In addition, for the thickness of the Oh-layer as well as for the total thickness of all layers, significant differences were observed between the spruce-birch stratum and the birch stratum. The humus form was a mor-like moder. In the spruce stratum more fine-humus-rich variants of the mor-like moder was found, in the spruce-birch stratum and in the birch stratum it was more fine-humus-poor variants of the mor-like moder. Significant differences between the stratums in the Of-layer were found with respect to acidification, the pool of Ctot and Ntot, the content of Ccarbonat and Ntot and the metabolic quotient. For the Oh-layer significant differences between the stratums were found for the ratio of Corg and N, the content of Ctot and Nmic, the ratio of Cmic and Nmic, the basal respiration activity and the metabolic quotient. In the A-horizon significant differences between the stratums were found for the ration of Corg and N, the content of Ctot, Ccarbonat and Corg and the pool of Ntot. The results of multivariate ordination confirm the formation of stratums again. Thereby the contents of C, Mg, Ca and N had the greatest influence. The data analysis of the effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) showed differences between the stratums mainly for the A horizon. In the spruce stratum the ECEC was lowest and the percentage of acid cations at the ECEC was greatest. The highest ECEC was in the birch stratum. Different results showed clear tree effects. These were only found in areas, which are influenced by birch leaves. In this study, a minimum tree admixture of 10% was required before an impact on the ground conditions of the whole stand was observed. Therefore, based on the results of this study, an admixture of birch of 10% is recommended. These results however must be verified through future research. These findings can be used to assist in meeting the goals of silvicultural management for mixed spruce and birch forests in Germany. Definition of explicit ecological and economic criteria created from a combination of results from different forest research sectors (e. g. Site ecology, Vegetation science, Forest Growth, Economy, Zoology, Silviculture) is recommended
Angst, Gerrit [Verfasser], Carsten W. [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Mueller i Karsten [Gutachter] Kalbitz. "Disentangling the sources, chemical composition, and spatial distribution of soil organic matter in topsoil and subsoil under European beech / Gerrit Angst ; Gutachter: Carsten W. Mueller, Karsten Kalbitz ; Betreuer: Carsten W. Mueller". München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2016. http://d-nb.info/111779668X/34.
Pełny tekst źródłaRoth, McKenzie L. "Analysis of Bacterial Abundance and Species Diversity in Various Soils". Ashland University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=auhonors1355166102.
Pełny tekst źródłaAra?jo, Luana Cristielle. "Restaura??o ecol?gica de campo rupestre ferruginoso em pilha de est?ril". UFVJM, 2015. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1091.
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi gerar conhecimento sobre a aplica??o de diferentes t?cnicas na restaura??o de ambientes degradados pela minera??o de ferro. A disserta??o foi estruturada em tr?s cap?tulos, sendo o primeiro uma revis?o de literatura, com intuito de retratar os temas abordados na disserta??o. No segundo, avaliou-se o espa?amento de plantio para Vellozia ramosissima e Pseudobombax campestre no modelo de plantio em Leque, visando gerar conhecimento sobre o manejo dessas esp?cies resgatadas na reintrodu??o a ambientes degradados. Para tal depositou-se sobre uma pilha de est?ril de canga ferruginosa uma camada de topsoil associado ? canga ferruginosa, onde foi instalado o experimento em delineamento sistem?tico tipo ?Leque?, conforme o modelo (IA) proposto por Nelder (1962), em que se avaliou oito espa?amentos de plantio, variando de 2 m?/planta a 9,3 m?/planta. As vari?veis analisadas foram o incremento em altura e di?metro de P. campestre, al?m da sobreviv?ncia de V. ramosissima e P. campestre aos quatro, oito e doze meses ap?s o replantio. Para avaliar os melhores tratamentos foram realizadas an?lises de vari?ncia (ANOVA) a 5% de signific?ncia. Para a sobreviv?ncia realizou-se o teste n?o-param?trico de Kruskal-Wallis a 5% de signific?ncia. As duas esp?cies estudadas apresentaram nos per?odos avaliados sobreviv?ncia acima de 80%. O incremento em altura e di?metro de P. campestre foi crescente ao longo do per?odo avaliado, apresentando uma m?dia geral 34,3 cm e 16,6 mm, respectivamente, durante os doze meses ap?s o replantio. Ressalta-se que os espa?amentos de plantio testados para as esp?cies deste estudo n?o apresentaram diferen?as significativas para todas as vari?veis analisadas. O terceiro cap?tulo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial do uso da camada superficial de solo ?topsoil? associado ? canga ferruginosa, como alternativa na recomposi??o da cobertura vegetal de uma pilha de est?ril de canga ferruginosa. A comunidade regenerante foi amostrada aos 10 e 18 meses, ap?s a deposi??o do topsoil. Assim, determinou-se a densidade de plantas, composi??o e diversidade flor?stica, al?m de avaliar a din?mica de popula??es e cobertura do solo. A cobertura vegetal proveniente do topsoil ao final do per?odo avaliado apresentou um total de 19.485 indiv?duos pertencentes a 26 fam?lias com 82 esp?cies e seis morfoesp?cies. As fam?lias com maior n?mero de esp?cies foram Asteraceae (16), seguidas de Fabaceae (11) e Poaceae (8). A cobertura m?dia do solo na ?rea experimental foi de 58%, ap?s 18 meses. A utiliza??o do topsoil mostrou-se como uma t?cnica promissora e de extrema import?ncia na indu??o da restaura??o da pilha de est?ril de canga ferruginosa, uma vez que proporcionou a regenera??o natural, recomposi??o da vegeta??o com esp?cies aut?ctones, crescimento satisfat?rio dos indiv?duos e r?pida cobertura do solo ao longo do per?odo avaliado.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Ci?ncia Florestal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2015.
This work aimed at generating knowledge on the application of different techniques in the restoration of degraded environments due the iron mining. The master's thesis was structured into three chapters, where the first is a literature review which portrays the issues addressed in the thesis. In the second chapter we evaluated the planting spacing for Vellozia ramosissima and Pseudobombax campestre in fan-shaped planting model, aiming at generating knowledge on the management of the two species when reintroduced in degraded environments. For this purpose we deposited on a pile of sterile ferruginous yoke one topsoil layer associated with the ferruginous yoke, where we conducted the experiment in a fan-shaped systematic design, according to the model (IA) proposed by Nelder (1962), in which were evaluated eight planting spacings ranging from 2 m?/plant to 9.3 m?/plant. We analyzed as variables the increase in height and diameter of P. campestre and the survival of V. ramosissima and P. campestre in the fourth, eighth, and twelveth months after replanting. In order to evaluate the best treatments we performed variance analysis (ANOVA) at 5% significance level. For survival we used the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test at 5% significance level. Both the studied species showed survival above 80% in the evaluated periods. The increment in height and diameter of P. campestre was increasing over the studied period, presenting an overall average of 34.3 cm and 16.6 mm, respectively, during the twelve months after replanting. We point out that the plant spacings for the species tested in this study presented no significant differences for all variables. The third chapter aimed at evaluating the potential use of the surface layer of "topsoil" associated with ferruginous yoke, as an alternative in the vegetation cover restoration of a waste pile of ferruginous yoke. The regenerating community was sampled in the 10th and 18th months after the deposit of topsoil. Therefore, we determined the plant density, the composition and the floristic diversity, and we also evaluated the dynamics of populations and soil coverage. The vegetation provided by the topsoil by the end of the studied period showed a total of 19,485 individuals which belong to 26 families with 82 species and six morphospecies. The families with the highest number of species were Asteraceae (16), followed by Fabaceae (11), and Poaceae (8). The average coverage of the soil in the experimental area was 58% after 18 months. The use of topsoil was shown as a promising and extremely important technique in inducing the restoration of the waste pile of ferruginous yoke, once it provided natural regeneration, vegetation restoration with native species, satisfactory growth of individuals, and quick soil coverage over the studied period.
Schua, Karoline, Stefan Wende, Sven Wagner i Karl-Heinz Feger. "Soil Chemical and Microbial Properties in a Mixed Stand of Spruce and Birch in the Ore Mountains (Germany)—A Case Study". Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-192202.
Pełny tekst źródłaSchua, Karoline, Stefan Wende, Sven Wagner i Karl-Heinz Feger. "Soil Chemical and Microbial Properties in a Mixed Stand of Spruce and Birch in the Ore Mountains (Germany)—A Case Study". Molecular Diversity Preservation International, 2009. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A29148.
Pełny tekst źródłaMuller, Isabelle. "Restauration de marais temporaires et de pelouses méso-xériques à partir d’anciennes rizières : Rôle respectif des filtres dans l'assemblage des communautés". Thesis, Avignon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AVIG0329/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaEcological restoration is considered as one approach to slow down the loss of biodiversity. Changes in land-uses may be an opportunity to restore ecosystems degraded by agricultural activities. This is the case of the participatory project of the Cassaïre site, located in the Rhône delta, which aims at recreating Mediterranean ecosystems favorable to hunting on former ricefields. Two ecosystems are targeted, temporary wetlands and meso-xeric grasslands. The aims of the thesis are to highlight the main drivers of plant community establishment, to test restoration techniques and to evaluate their effects on plant communities but also on other compartments of the ecosystem. In the absence of target species in the regional species pool, the introduction of these species is necessary in addition to the restoration of abiotic conditions. Topsoil removal and soil transfer for wetland communities allow an increase of target species and of similarity with the reference community. This technique appears to be less relevant for aquatic invertebrate community. The contrasted successful of soil transfer highlights the risks of favoring some indicators of restoration success, as they may not reflect the entire ecosystem. Topsoil removal and hay transfer seem to be a relevant combination to recreate grassland plant community, although the results obtained are less convincing than for temporary wetland, probably due to high competition. Our results, obtained in mesocosms, even if they relate only to the early stages of recovery, provide restoration techniques that seem relevant to establish some components of the two reference ecosystems. These results, by their limitations, however, suggest focusing on in situ conservation of natural habitats rather than trying to restore them after they were destroyed.Keywords: Biodiversity, Community ecology, Restoration
Hay, Karen Louise. "Magnetic properties of topsoils in England". Thesis, Coventry University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389931.
Pełny tekst źródłaMontagu, Kelvin D. "Whole plant response to soil compaction : from field practices to mechanisms". Thesis, View thesis View thesis, 1995. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/433.
Pełny tekst źródłaBuckingham, Sarah. "Dissolved Organic Carbon In Topsoils : Concentration,Flux and Isotopic Composition". Thesis, Lancaster University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531683.
Pełny tekst źródłaHannam, Jacqueline Ann. "Processes and timescales of secondary magnetic mineral formation in topsoils". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366393.
Pełny tekst źródłaSchua, Karoline, Stefan Wende, Sven Wagner i Karl-Heinz Feger. "Soil Chemical and Microbial Properties in a Mixed Stand of Spruce and Birch in the Ore Mountains (Germany) - A Case Study". Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-173719.
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