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1
Wan, Yi, Zhi Tao Tang, Zhan Qiang Liu i Xing Ai. "The Assessment of Cutting Temperature Measurements in High-Speed Machining". Materials Science Forum 471-472 (grudzień 2004): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.471-472.162.
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High-speed machining has received important interest because it leads to an increase of productivity and a better workpiece surface quality. However, the tool wear increases dramatically in high-speed machining (HSM) operations due to the high cutting temperature at the tool-workpiece interface and chip-tool interface. Cutting temperature and its gradient play an important role in tool life and machined part accuracy. This paper reviews different methods of the measurements of cutting temperature, which include: (1) thermocouples---tool-work thermocouple, embedded thermocouple, combination thermocouple and compensation thermocouple (2) optical infrared pyrometer, (3) infra-red photography, (4) thermal paints, (5) microstructure or microhardness observation. Each method has its advantages and limitations. The fundamental principles and application fields of each measurement method are presented, which is useful for the selection of the measurement methods for high-speed cutting temperature.
2
Stephenson, D. A. "Tool-Work Thermocouple Temperature Measurements—Theory and Implementation Issues". Journal of Engineering for Industry 115, nr 4 (1.11.1993): 432–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2901786.
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Since cutting tools wear by temperature-activated mechanisms, it would be desirable to make tool temperature measurements during machinability tests. However, none of the laboratory methods for measuring temperatures reported in the literature is simple and reliable enough for routine testing. The method which is most promising is the tool-work thermocouple method, which yields a repeatable result which correlates well with tool wear for many materials. This method is not normally used in machinability testing because it is not clear what temperature the method actually measures and because, as conventionally described, it cannot be used for roughing cuts at high cutting speeds. The purpose of this paper is to extend both the theoretical understanding and range of application of the tool-work thermocouple method. The question of what temperature is measured by the method is answered by analyzing the electrical potential distribution in a cutting tool due to a distributed interfacial emf. It is shown that in general the tool-work thermocouple temperature differs from the average interfacial temperature, but that for tungsten carbide tools the difference is usually small. The isolation of the tool-work thermocouple circuit is also considered. Methods of measuring signals without introducing insulation between the chuck and workpiece and reducing the machining system stiffness are described. Finally, methods of minimizing measurement errors due to secondary junctions are discussed. Sample signals from machinability tests on steels are used to illustrate significant points.
3
Leshock, C. E., i Y. C. Shin. "Investigation on Cutting Temperature in Turning by a Tool-Work Thermocouple Technique". Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 119, nr 4A (1.11.1997): 502–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2831180.
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Tool-chip interface temperature is analyzed experimentally during turning of 4140 steel alloy and Inconel 718 with tungsten carbide tools using a tool-work thermocouple technique. The experimental results are compared with Loewen and Shaw’s analytical results. Based on the experimental results, an empirical model relating the tool face temperature to cutting conditions is established for 4140 steel alloys with tungsten carbide tools. Finally, the tool-chip interface is investigated with flank and crater wear to determine the effect of tool face temperature on these tool wear mechanisms.
4
Guimarães, Bruno, José Rosas, Cristina M. Fernandes, Daniel Figueiredo, Hernâni Lopes, Olga C. Paiva, Filipe S. Silva i Georgina Miranda. "Real-Time Cutting Temperature Measurement in Turning of AISI 1045 Steel through an Embedded Thermocouple—A Comparative Study with Infrared Thermography". Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 7, nr 1 (15.02.2023): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp7010050.
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During machining processes, a high temperature is generated in the cutting zone due to deformation of the material and friction of the chip along the surface of the tool. This high temperature has a detrimental effect on the cutting tool, and for this reason, it is of the utmost importance to assess the cutting temperature in real time during these processes. Despite all the advances and investigation in this field, accurately measuring the cutting temperature remains a great challenge. In this sense, this work intends to contribute to solving this problem by experimentally evaluating the potential of the developed approach for embedding thermocouples into the rake face of cutting tools for measuring cutting temperature in real time during dry turning of AISI 1045 steel for different cutting parameters and comparing the obtained results with infrared thermography measurements at the exact same point. A well-defined, smooth micro-groove with good surface quality was produced by laser surface modification. Then a laser-welded K-type thermocouple was fixated in the micro-groove with a MgO ceramic adhesive, ensuring protection from wear and chips, which allowed the creation of WC-Co cutting inserts with the ability to measure cutting tool temperature with a maximum error of 0.96%. Results showed that, despite yielding the same trend, the tool temperature measured by the IR thermographic camera was always lower than the temperature measured by the K-type embedded thermocouple. The proposed embedded thermocouple method proved to be a reliable, precise, accurate, and cost-effective approach for real-time temperature measurement capable of providing useful information for cutting parameter optimization, thus allowing increased productivity and tool life.
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., Sushil D. Ghodam. "TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT OF A CUTTING TOOL IN TURNING PROCESS BY USING TOOL WORK THERMOCOUPLE". International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 03, nr 04 (25.04.2014): 831–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2014.0304147.
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Kovac,, P., M. Gostimirovic, i D. Milikic,. "Prediction of the Tool Life Function Based on the Tool-Work Thermocouple Temperature During Milling". Journal for Manufacturing Science and Production 2, nr 4 (grudzień 1999): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmsp.1999.2.4.199.
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Zhang, Bo, Wu Yi Chen i Dong Liu. "Experimental Study on the Cutting Temperature Using Work-Tool Thermocouple while Machining TC4". Key Engineering Materials 407-408 (luty 2009): 727–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.407-408.727.
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The machining of titanium alloys classified as difficult machining materials. It is a major problem how to improve the machining efficiency of titanium alloys. The TC4 and YS8 natural thermocouple pair was calibrated and the variation of electromotive force with change of temperature was obtained. The calibrated results were used to measure the cutting temperature while machining TC4 and the variation regulation of cutting temperature with cutting speed was obtained.
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Lima, Hugo V., Augusto F. V. Campidelli, Antônio A. T. Maia i Alexandre M. Abrão. "Temperature assessment when milling AISI D2 cold work die steel using tool-chip thermocouple, implanted thermocouple and finite element simulation". Applied Thermal Engineering 143 (październik 2018): 532–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.07.107.
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Masek, Petr, Pavel Zeman i Petr Kolar. "Cutting temperature measurement in turning of thermoplastic composites using a tool-work thermocouple". International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 116, nr 9-10 (17.07.2021): 3163–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-07588-0.
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Kamonpong, Jamkamon, Keiji Yamada, Katsuhiko Sekiya i Ryutaro Tanaka. "Precise Evaluation of Cutting Temperature in Milling Process by Tool-Work Thermocouple Method". Proceedings of Conference of Chugoku-Shikoku Branch 2018.56 (2018): 1404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecs.2018.56.1404.
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Prastyadi, Candra, Bambang Guruh Irianto, Her Gumiwang Ariswati, Dyah Titisari, Steyve Nyatte i Shubhrojit Misra. "Analysis of The Accuracy of Temperature Sensors at The Calibrator Incubator Laboratory are equipped with data storage base on Internet of Thing". Indonesian Journal of Electronics, Electromedical Engineering, and Medical Informatics 4, nr 4 (24.11.2022): 160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35882/ijeeemi.v4i3.241.
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A laboratory incubator is a tool used to incubate or incubate a breed. Incubators provide optimum temperature conditions for microorganisms to grow. The incubator has a temperature regulator so that the temperature can be adjusted according to the breed to be incarnated. Incubators utilize hot-dry like ovens. The purpose of this study is to conduct testing and analyze the accuracy of thermocouple sensors with incubator media in laboratory incubator calibrator tools. The contribution of the research is to know the level of accuracy of the sustainable sensor for sensing the temperature in the lab incubator. The main Design consists of 8 MAX 6675 Standards, 8 Thermocouple type K, Arduino Mega, and SD Card Standards. The temperature not in the incubator device is measured by a Type K thermocouple sensor. Thermocouple sensor numbers 8 channels that measure the temperature at each incubator camber point. The temperature will be stored on the SD card to analyze the data and the data can be processed into the form of a graphic. Benchmarking is done using a data logger temperature tool. This is done to make the Design results are under the standards of the Standard. After comparing with the Standard get the largest error value is 3.98%, at channel T6 temperature 35 °C with ordinary incubator media and the smallest error in ordinary incubator media point T6 temperature 37 ° C which is 0.06 % and in fan incubator temperature 35 C has the largest error which is 2.98 % and the smallest error 0.86%. The conclusion of this study is that the design can work well in measuring the temperature of the incubator, as well as the system for storing readings using the SD card Design and sending data using the internet network can work well.
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Abdelkrim, Mourad, Mourad Brioua, Abderrahim Belloufi i Abdelhafid Gherfi. "Experimental and Numerical Study of the Cutting Temperature during the Turning of the C45 Steel". Applied Mechanics and Materials 823 (styczeń 2016): 507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.823.507.
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In machining operation, the quality of surface finish is an important requirement for many turned work pieces. cutting temperature is one of the most important parameters in determining the cutting performance and tool life. the objective for this work is to estimate the cutting temperature in 3D model on tool-chip interface and the interface temperature during turning process, using the digital simulation software COMSOL Multiphysics.The tool–chip interface temperature results obtained from experimental results by using C45 medium carbon steel work piece with natural contact tools, without the application of cooling and lubricating agents and a K type thermocouple technique was used for estimating cutting temperatures in a turning operation.This procedure facilitates the determination of the temperature at tool-chip interface in dry turning process, which is still a challenge for existing experimental and numerical methods.
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Lapshin, Viktor, Ilya Turkin, Stanislav Noda i Valera Golodze. "Experimental Complex for Assessing the Effect of Wear on the Temperature and Vibration of the Tool when Turning Metals". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2131, nr 5 (1.12.2021): 052019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2131/5/052019.
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Abstract The work is devoted to the development of an experimental measuring complex designed for conducting experiments to assess the mutual influence of tool wear, temperature during cutting and vibration activity of the tool when turning metals on metal-cutting machines. In this paper, it is proposed to place three vibration transducer sensors on the tool holder itself, as well as to insert an artificial thermocouple inside the cutting plate. The introduction of the thermocouple is made in such a way that temperature measurements are made close to the back surface of the tool formed during cutting. The conducted studies have shown the high efficiency of the measuring system and the possibility of its use for the identification of mathematical models of the cutting system. Research methods full-scale and numerical experiments in which the Matlab package of mathematical programs was used for data processing and analysis. Results and discussion. The results of full-scale and numerical experiments are presented, in particular, graphs of coordinate changes describing tool deformation, and data sets are obtained that reflect the dependence of the vibrational energy of tool movements on the reaction time of the thermodynamic subsystem of the cutting system.
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Zou, Xi Yue, J. F. Sun, W. Y. Chen i J. X. Xie. "The Effect of Tool Edge Preparation of Indexable Carbide Insert". Key Engineering Materials 499 (styczeń 2012): 342–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.499.342.
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The paper focused on the effect of tool edge preparation of indexable carbide insert on cutting temperature, force and tool wear. The initial wear experiments were carried out to measure flank wear and two criteria to evaluate the effect of tool edge preparation were proposed. The cutting temperature measurement utilized tool-work thermocouple and revealed that the cutting temperature of honed insert was lower. The cutting force measurement with a strain gauge dynamometer showed that tangential cutting force Fz, feed force Fx would be increased and radius force Fy would be decreased after tool edge preparation.
15
Dennison, Milon Selvam, Sivaram N M, Debabrata Barik i Senthil Ponnusamy. "Turning operation of AISI 4340 steel in flooded, near-dry and dry conditions: a comparative study on tool-work interface temperature". Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering 23, nr 1 (10.07.2019): 172–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mme-2019-0023.
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Abstract The objective of this study is to analyse the effect of tool-work interface temperature observed during the turning of AISI 4340 cylindrical steel components in three machining conditions, namely flooded, near-dry and dry conditions with three separate CNMG-PEF 800 diamond finish Titanium Nitride (TiN) coated carbide cutting tool. The machining parameters considered in this study are cutting velocity, feed rate and depth of cut. The experiments were planned based on full factorial design (33) and executed in an All Geared Conventional Lathe. The tool-work interface temperature was observed using a K-type tool-work thermocouple, while the machining of steel, and subsequently, a mathematical model was developed for the tool-work interface temperature values through regression analysis. The significance of the selected machining parameters and their levels on tool-work interface temperature was found using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and F-test. The results revealed that machining under near-dry condition exhibited lesser temperature at the tool-work interface, which is the sign of producing better quality products in equivalence with the machining under flooded condition.
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Harun, Suryadiwansa, Toshiro Shibasaka i Toshimichi Moriwaki. "Cutting Temperature Measurement in Turning with Actively Driven Rotary Tool". Key Engineering Materials 389-390 (wrzesień 2008): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.389-390.138.
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In this paper, turning with actively driven rotary tool was investigated. The influence of machining conditions such as tool rotational speed and inclination angle on the cutting edge temperature is examined experimentally. The temperature was measured by a thermocouple of constantan wire and work material. Experimental results show that the cutting temperature decreases with increasing tool rotational speed to a minimum value at a certain tool rotational speed and then increase. Next, the minimum temperature recorded by tool rotation was approximately 150oC lower than that the cutting with a non-rotating tool. Finally, the cutting temperature also decreases with the increase of inclination angle to a minimum value at an inclination angle.
17
Inţă, Marinela, i Achim Muntean. "Integrated System for Monitoring the Tool State Using Temperature Measuring by Natural Thermocouple Method". Advanced Materials Research 1036 (październik 2014): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1036.274.
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The intensive developments of intelligent manufacturing systems in the last decades open the large possibilities of more accurate monitoring of the metal cutting process. One of the most important factors of the process is the tool state given by the rate of the tool wear, which is the result of a lot of influences of almost all cutting parameters. The modern tool monitoring systems relieved that the accuracy of the results increases when using a combination of surveyed signals such as: vibrations, power consumption, acoustic emission, forces or tool temperature. Combining the output signals in a monitoring function using the neural network method gives the best results when using on-line monitoring. Considering the tool temperature as an important factor in the tool wear process and adding it to the acoustic emission and force measuring the accuracy of the results seems to improve significantly. The present paper describes an integrated monitoring system with integration of the cutting temperature, the calibration device for work piece-tool thermocouple, and the block diagram for on-line survey measuring using LabView platform.
18
Chinchanikar, Satish, S. K. Choudhury i A. P. Kulkarni. "Investigation of Chip-Tool Interface Temperature during Turning of Hardened AISI 4340 Alloy Steel Using Multi-Layer Coated Carbide Inserts". Advanced Materials Research 701 (maj 2013): 354–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.701.354.
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In the present work, effect of work material hardness and cutting parameters on chip-tool interface temperature was investigated during turning of AISI 4340 steel hardened at two different levels of hardness 35 and 45 HRC, respectively, using CVD applied multi-layer TiCN/Al2O3/TiN coated carbide inserts. A tool-work thermocouple principle was used to measure the interface temperature during turning. The correlation coefficient between experimental and predicted values of interface temperature found close to 0.95, which showed that the developed model is reliable and could be used effectively for predicting the interface temperature for the given tool and work material pair and within the domain of the cutting parameters. Experimental observations indicate that the interface temperature is higher for harder work material and get affected mostly by cutting speed followed by feed. However, depth of cut has little influence on interface temperature irrespective of the hardness of the workpiece.
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Tröber, Philipp, Markus Welm, Hannes Alois Weiss, Peter Demmel, Roland Golle i Wolfram Volk. "The influence of process parameters on the temperature development in the forming zone". MATEC Web of Conferences 190 (2018): 14004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819014004.
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Cold metal forming is a fast and economical way of producing a wide range of precise components. Its profitability mainly depends on part quality, process stability and service intervals of tools. As these factors are all determined by tool wear, detailed process knowledge is indispensable to maximize profitability by minimizing wear. One of the most crucial factors in this context is temperature. During every forming process, a temperature rise occurs between tool and workpiece due to frictional heating and a large part of plastic work dissipating into heat. This temperature affects the whole forming process but especially tool wear. Currently, there is little solid information about temperatures occurring during forming operations. Therefore, the temperature was measured based on varying process parameters in several embossing and blanking examinations. The use of a tool-workpiece-thermocouple enabled accurate and instantaneous measurement during the process. The results presented show the strong influence of process parameters on temperatures in the forming zone.
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Tröber, Philipp, Markus Welm, Hannes Alois Weiss, Peter Demmel, Roland Golle i Wolfram Volk. "The influence of process parameters and sheet material on the temperature development in the forming zone". Manufacturing Review 6 (2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mfreview/2019005.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Cold metal forming is a fast and economical way of producing a wide range of precise components. Its profitability mainly depends on part quality, process stability, and service intervals of tools. As these factors are all determined by tool wear, detailed process knowledge is indispensable to maximize profitability by minimizing wear. One of the most crucial factors in this context is temperature. During every forming process, a temperature rise occurs between tool and workpiece due to frictional heating and a large part of plastic work dissipating into heat. This phenomenon affects the whole forming process but especially tool wear. Currently, there is little solid information about temperatures occurring during forming operations. Therefore, the temperature was measured based on varying process parameters, sheet materials, and thicknesses in several embossing and blanking examinations. The use of a tool–workpiece thermocouple enabled accurate and instantaneous measurement during the process. The results presented show the strong influence of process and material parameters on temperatures in the forming zone.
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Stephenson, D. A. "Assessment of Steady-State Metal Cutting Temperature Models Based on Simultaneous Infrared and Thermocouple Data". Journal of Engineering for Industry 113, nr 2 (1.05.1991): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2899668.
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Several models for metal cutting temperatures which could be applied in simulation programs have been reported in the literature. Since the temperature predicted by the models are difficult to measure, however, there is not sufficient experimental data to determine which available model is most accurate and whether further theoretical refinement is needed. In this paper calculations from four steady-state cutting temperature models are compared with simultaneous infrared and tool-chip thermocouple temperature measurements from end turning tests on 1018 steel, 2024 aluminum, free machining brass, and gray cast iron tubes. Deformation zone temperatures calculated using the models are compared to source temperatures determined from infrared measurements using a new inverse method. Calculated tool-chip contact temperatures are compared to rake face temperatures measured by the widely used tool-work thermocouple method. The data indicates most models, though quantitatively accurate, overestimate cutting temperatures. Models based on Jaeger’s friction slider solution which include workpiece thermal property variations, however, generally give results accurate to within the reliability of experimentai methods for the materials tested. Loewen and Shaw’s model, recently generalized to three-dimensional cutting by Venuvinod and Lau, seems most accurate over a broad range of workpiece and cutting conditions. No model accurately predicts tool-chip temperatures for cast iron or 2024 aluminum, indicating that further theoretical refinement for discontinuous chip formation is needed.
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Ozarkar, Malhar, Rugwed Bhatkhande, Shray Jerath i A. P. Kulkarni. "Investigation on Surface Roughness and Cutting Temperature in Turning AISI 316 Austenitic Stainless Steel Using TiAlSiN Coated Carbide Insert". Applied Mechanics and Materials 446-447 (listopad 2013): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.446-447.291.
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This study presents experimental result of surface roughness and chip-tool interface temperature developed during turning of AISI 316 austenitic stainless steels using TiAlSiN coated cemented carbide insert. TiAlSiN coating is deposited by Cathodic Arc Evaporation (PVD) technique. The work-tool thermocouple calibration set-up was developed. The air heater was used as a heating element at the work-tool junction. The experiments were conducted at cutting speeds in the range of 140 to 320 m/min, feed in the range of 0.08 to 0.26 mm/rev keeping depth of cut constant at 1 mm. The influence of cutting parameters and tool coating were investigated on the average chip-tool interface temperature and surface roughness. Experimentally interface temperature 979°C was observed at 260 m/min cutting speed and 0.14 mm/rev feed. The interface temperature in turning is strongly dependent on the cutting speed followed by feed and exactly reverse case was observed in case of surface roughness. TiAlSiN coating shows better performance and can be considered as a prominent candidate for the machining of AISI 316 work material.
23
Santos, Marcelo Ribeiro dos, Sandro Metrevelle Marcondes de Lima e Silva, Álisson Rocha Machado, Márcio Bacci da Silva, Gilmar Guimarães i Solidônio Rodrigues de Carvalho. "Analyses of Effects of Cutting Parameters on Cutting Edge Temperature Using Inverse Heat Conduction Technique". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/871859.
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During machining energy is transformed into heat due to plastic deformation of the workpiece surface and friction between tool and workpiece. High temperatures are generated in the region of the cutting edge, which have a very important influence on wear rate of the cutting tool and on tool life. This work proposes the estimation of heat flux at the chip-tool interface using inverse techniques. Factors which influence the temperature distribution at the AISI M32C high speed steel tool rake face during machining of a ABNT 12L14 steel workpiece were also investigated. The temperature distribution was predicted using finite volume elements. A transient 3D numerical code using irregular and nonstaggered mesh was developed to solve the nonlinear heat diffusion equation. To validate the software, experimental tests were made. The inverse problem was solved using the function specification method. Heat fluxes at the tool-workpiece interface were estimated using inverse problems techniques and experimental temperatures. Tests were performed to study the effect of cutting parameters on cutting edge temperature. The results were compared with those of the tool-work thermocouple technique and a fair agreement was obtained.
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Kaminise, Almir Kazuo, Gilmar Guimarães i Márcio Bacci da Silva. "Development of a tool–work thermocouple calibration system with physical compensation to study the influence of tool-holder material on cutting temperature in machining". International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 73, nr 5-8 (8.05.2014): 735–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-014-5898-0.
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Teo, Chong Yaw, i Abdullah Yassin. "Cutting Temperature and Tool Wear Assessment of Turning Process with Minimal Quantity Lubrication". Applied Mechanics and Materials 761 (maj 2015): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.761.313.
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This paper presents an experimental investigation on cutting performance in turning of mild steel with application of minimal quantity lubrication (MQL) by using vegetable oils: canola oil, sunflower oil and palm oil. In order to study the effects of MQL on turning process, cutting temperature and flank wear were measured during the turning operations. Cutting temperature was measured using tool work thermocouple while flank wear was observed through SPG video microscope. The measured cutting temperatures and flank wear were also compared to that of dry cutting and water mist cutting. Results showed that among the vegetable oils, palm oil demonstrated highest cooling efficiency, at which reduction of 50 percent in cutting temperature compared to dry cutting. However, it was found out that MQL with canola oil yields the longest tool life. Reasons for such findings are also discussed in the paper.
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Juniar, Kevin, i Steven Darmawan. "TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT AND CALIBRATION PADA ARMFIELD TH 1: PROPERTI TERMOMETRIK DAN RESPON SENSOR TEMPERATUR". POROS 17, nr 2 (30.12.2021): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/poros.v17i2.20046.
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Calibration is needed to ensure that the measuring instrument works according to existing standards. The ability to calibrate measuring instruments is very necessary in the engineering world, especially calibration of temperature measuring instruments due to the importance of measuring temperature in the field of mechanical engineering. The purpose of this practical work report is to operate the Armfield TH1-Temperature Measurement and Calibration tool properly, investigate the thermometric properties of various temperature measuring instruments, also determine the response received by the device to changes in temperature. In testing the thermometric properties, using PT100 REF as a reference for other temperature measuring instruments. Thermistor Reading is the most accurate because it has the smallest difference with the PT100 REF compared to other measuring instruments. Thermistor Reading produces an average temperature difference of 0.036°C compared to PT100 REF. In testing the response of temperature sensors, the response given by the thermocouple temperature gauge is quite good both in the water bath and in the flask. When the thermocouple was transferred to the flask quickly, the temperature only ranged from 2.38°C to 4.05°C with a temperature change of 1.67°C, which means that the temperature measurement is quite stable when in the flask.
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Pulungan, Ali Basrah, Hamdani Hamdani, Hastuti Hastuti i Arzi Afriyanda. "Pemanas Kue Pukis Otomatis Berbasis Mikrokontroler". JTEIN: Jurnal Teknik Elektro Indonesia 1, nr 1 (30.06.2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jtein.v1i1.8.
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The development of modern technologies and automation of electronic devices today makes work easier. For example in the temperature control system on a heater that is designed more automatically, in the manufacture of this Pukis cake heater, it is supported by supporting components such as atmega 32 microconroler as a control center for pukis cake heaters, thermocouple sensors as temperature detectors, heater as heating element, fan as regulator of air circulation on the heater, the keypad functions as a medium input temperature setting on the heater, LCD as a display media output on the heater, and the Buzzer as an alarm on the baking cake heater. In the design of the baking pan, the tool can work well and in accordance with what the author plans.
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Anagonye, Aloysius U., i David A. Stephenson. "Modeling Cutting Temperatures for Turning Inserts With Various Tool Geometries and Materials". Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 124, nr 3 (11.07.2002): 544–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1461838.
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Temperatures are of interest in machining because cutting tools often fail by thermal softening or temperature-activated wear. Many models for cutting temperatures have been developed, but these models consider only simple tool geometries such as a rectangular slab with a sharp corner. They do not simultaneously account for tool nose radii and insert shape effects, even though it is known in practice that these features affect tool life and thus presumably tool temperature. This report describes a finite element study of tool temperatures in cutting that accounts for tool nose radius and included angle effects. A temperature correction factor model that can be used in the design and selection of inserts is developed to account for these effects. Parametric mesh generator is used to generate the finite element models of tool and inserts of varying geometries. The steady-state temperature response is calculated using NASTRAN solver. Several finite element analysis (FEA) runs are performed to quantify the effects of insert’s included angle, nose radius, and materials for the insert and the tool holder on the cutting temperature at the insert rake face. The FEA results are then utilized to develop a temperature correction factor model that accounts for these effects. The temperature correction factor model is integrated with an analytical temperature model for rectangular inserts to predict cutting temperatures for contour turning with inserts of various shapes and nose radii. Finally, experimental measurements of cutting temperature using tool-work thermocouple technique are performed and compared with the predictions of the new temperature model. The comparisons show good agreement.
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Roy, Soumikh, Ramanuj Kumar, Ashok Kumar Sahoo, Anish Pandey i Amlana Panda. "Investigation on hard turning temperature under a novel pulsating MQL environment: An experimental and modelling approach". Mechanics & Industry 21, nr 6 (2020): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/meca/2020078.
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Generation of total heat in hard turning largely influenced the cutting tool wear, tool life and finishing quality of work-surface. Thus, the measurement of this heat in terms of temperature becomes a necessity for achieving favourable machining performances. Therefore, this work presents a novel study on temperature measurement in three different zones during hard turning operation of 4340 grade steel under pulsating MQL environment. Temperatures are measured at three different locations namely chip-tool interface, flank face, and machined work surface (near to tool-work contact) and the location wise temperature is termed as chip tool interface temperature (T), flank face temperature (Tf) and machined work surface temperature (Tw) correspondingly. The temperature T and Tf are measured with help of K-type thermocouple while Tw is measured by Fluke make infra-red thermal camera. Pulsating MQL significantly reduced the temperature as the maximum temperature is noticed 110 °C which corresponds to chip-tool interface temperature (T) at highest speed (200 m/min) condition. In each test, the order of temperature follow the trend as: T > Tf > Tw. Considering average of all 16 temperatures, T is 14.42% greater than Tf and 39.36% larger than Tw while Tf is 21.79% greater than Tw. Experimental results concludes that the cutting speed is the most influencing factor followed by depth of cut for both T and Tf, whereas depth of cut is the most influencing factor for Tw. Further, these temperatures are predicted using linear regression, and absolute mean error (MAE) for responses T, Tf, and Tw is noticed as 1.848%, 0.542%, and 3.766% individually. Additionally, the optimum setting of input terms are estimated using WPCA (weighted principal component analysis) and found to be dc1 (0.1 mm) − fr2 (0.08 mm/rev) − vc2 (100 m/min) − Pt2 (2 s).
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Yassin, Abdullah, i Chong Yaw Teo. "Effect of Pressure and Nozzle Angle of Minimal Quantity Lubrication on Cutting Temperature and Tool Wear in Turning". Applied Mechanics and Materials 695 (listopad 2014): 676–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.695.676.
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This paper presents an experimental investigation on effects of pressure and nozzle angle of minimal quantity lubrication (MQL) on cutting temperature and flank wear in turning. In manufacturing industries, there are always demands for the optimum cutting conditions for the most economical manufacturing cost. Hence, reduction in tool wear is essential for less expenditure with the knowledge of optimum cutting conditions of MQL. MQL, also known as near dry machining, has been acknowledged as an effective cooling technique in machining by applying vegetable oils in replacing the conventional flooding method due to environmental issues. By varying the operating pressures and nozzle angle with respect to the cutting zone, cutting temperature and flank wear are measured using a calibrated tool work thermocouple and SPG video microscope. Comparison was made between dry cutting, water mist cooling and MQL method with palm oil. Results showed that MQL with palm oil exhibits best cooling efficiency at 5 bar pressure and nozzle angle of 20o with reduction of 35% in tool wear and 23% in cutting temperature at higher cutting speeds.
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Kulkarni, Atul, Satish Chinchanikar i Vikas Sargade. "Dimensional analysis and ANN simulation of chip-tool interface temperature during turning SS304". Metal Working and Material Science 23, nr 4 (13.12.2021): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/1994-6309-2021-23.4-47-64.
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Introduction. During machining, the resulting temperature has a wider and more critical impact on machining performance. During machining, the power consumption is mainly converted into heat near the cutting edge of the tool. Almost all the work performed during plastic deformation turns into heat. Researchers have put a lot of effort into measuring the cutting temperature during machining, as it significantly affects tool life and overall machining performance. The purpose of the work: to investigate the temperature of the chip-tool interface, taking into account the influence of cutting parameters and the type of tool coating during SS304 turning. The chip-tool interface temperature is measured by changing the cutting speed and feed with a constant cutting depth for uncoated and PVD single-layer TiAlN and multi-layer TiN/TiAlN coated carbide tools. In addition, an attempt is made to develop a model for predicting the temperature of the chip-tool interface using dimensional analysis and ANN simulating to better understand the process. The methods of investigation. Experiments are carried out with varying the cutting speed (140-260 m/min), feed (0.08-0.2 mm/rev) and a constant cutting depth of 1 mm. The chip-tool interface temperature is measured using the tool-work thermocouple principle. The Calibration Setup is designed to establish the relationship between the produced electromotive force (EMF) and the cutting temperature during machining. Statistical dimensional analysis and artificial neural network models have been developed to predict the temperature of the chip-tool interface. Tangential cutting force and chip attributes such as chip width and thickness are also measured depending on the cutting conditions, which is a prerequisite for dimensional analysis simulation. Results and Discussion. A tool made of TiAlN carbide with PVD coating had a lower temperature at the chip-tool interface than a tool with TiN/TiAlN coating. It has been observed that the chip-tool interface temperature increases prominently with the cutting speed, followed by the chip cross-sectional area and the specific cutting pressure. However, a lower cutting force was observed when using a carbide tool with a multi-layer TiN/TiAlN coating, which can be attributed to a lower coefficient of friction created by the front surface of this tool for flowing chips. On the other hand, the greatest cutting force was observed in uncoated carbide tools. It was noticed that the developed models allow predicting the temperature of the chip-tool interface with an absolute error of 5%. However, the lowest average absolute error of 0.78% was observed with the ANN model and, therefore, can be reliably used to predict the chip-tool interface temperature during SS304 turning.
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Vandana, K. I. Vishnu. "Cutting temperature of graphene reinforced ceramic cutting tool inserts during dry turning of hardened steels". Multidisciplinary Science Journal 5, nr 3 (18.05.2023): 2023038. http://dx.doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2023038.
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The amount of heat generated during machining operations under high speed and depth of cut inherently produces high temperatures at the cutting zone. Therefore, the temperature generated at the cutting junction of the tool and workpiece is a crucial parameter in determining the quality of the finished product. The effect of the generated cutting temperature, especially at elevated temperatures, primarily affects both the workpiece and the cutting tool. Knowledge of the cutting temperature generated at the tool tip can improve tool life and machining performance. In this work, turning operations were performed on a hardened steel workpiece of grade EN24 and EN36 using alumina-graphene composite ceramic tool inserts under different machining conditions on a precision lathe without coolant (dry machining). The maximum temperatures generated (offset temperature, i.e., 4 mm away from the tool insert tip) at the tool insert were measured during the turning of hardened steel workpieces with the aid of a calibrated thermocouple. A study was also conducted on the effect of different weight percentages of graphene in alumina ceramic tool inserts on the generated offset temperatures. During the machining of both the EN24 and EN36 samples, it was clearly observed that offset temperatures generated at composite tool inserts reinforced with 0.35 wt% and 0.45 wt% of graphene were lower at all machining conditions compared to offset temperature values generated at 0.15 wt%, 0.25 wt%, 0.55 wt%, 0.65 wt% graphene-reinforced alumina ceramic tool inserts, as well as pure alumina tool inserts.
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Gupta, Vishal, Pulak M. Pandey, Ravi K. Gupta i Asit R. Mridha. "Rotary ultrasonic drilling on bone: A novel technique to put an end to thermal injury to bone". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 231, nr 3 (24.01.2017): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411916688500.
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Bone drilling is common in orthopedic procedures and the heat produced during conventional experimental drilling often exceeds critical temperature of 47 °C and induces thermal osteonecrosis. The osteonecrosis may be the reason for impaired healing, early loosening and implant failure. This study was undertaken to control the temperature rise by interrupted cutting and reduced friction effects at the interface of drill tool and the bone surface. In this work, rotary ultrasonic drilling technique with diamond abrasive particles coated on the hollow drill tool without any internal or external cooling assistance was used. Experiments were performed at room temperature on the mid-diaphysis sections of fresh pig bones, which were harvested immediately after sacrifice of the animal. Both rotary ultrasonic drilling on bone and conventional surgical drilling on bone were performed in a five set of experiments on each process using identical constant process parameters. The maximum temperature of each trial was recorded by K-type thermocouple device. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid decalcification was done for microscopic examination of bone. In this comparative procedure, rotary ultrasonic drilling on bone produced much lower temperature, that is, 40.2 °C ± 0.4 °C and 40.3 °C ± 0.2 °C as compared to that of conventional surgical drilling on bone, that is, 74.9 °C ± 0.8 °C and 74.9 °C ± 0.6 °C with respect to thermocouples fixed at first and second position, respectively. The conventional surgical drilling on bone specimens revealed gross tissue burn, microscopic evidence of thermal osteonecrosis and tissue injury in the form of cracks due to the generated force during drilling. But our novel technique showed no such features. Rotary ultrasonic drilling on bone technique is robust and superior to other methods for drilling as it induces no thermal osteonecrosis and does not damage the bone by generating undue forces during drilling.
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Bhirud, N. L., i R. R. Gawande. "Optimization of Process Parameters During End Milling and Prediction of Work Piece Temperature Rise". Archive of Mechanical Engineering 64, nr 3 (1.09.2017): 327–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/meceng-2017-0020.
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AbstractDuring the machining processes, heat gets generated as a result of plastic deformation of metal and friction along the tool–chip and tool–work piece interface. In materials having high thermal conductivity, like aluminium alloys, large amount of this heat is absorbed by the work piece. This results in the rise in the temperature of the work piece, which may lead to dimensional inaccuracies, surface damage and deformation. So, it is needed to control rise in the temperature of the work piece. This paper focuses on the measurement, analysis and prediction of work piece temperature rise during the dry end milling operation of Al 6063. The control factors used for experimentation were number of flutes, spindle speed, depth of cut and feed rate. The Taguchi method was employed for the planning of experimentation andL18orthogonal array was selected. The temperature rise of the work piece was measured with the help of K-type thermocouple embedded in the work piece. Signal to noise (S/N) ratio analysis was carried out using the lower-the-better quality characteristics. Depth of cut was identified as the most significant factor affecting the work piece temperature rise, followed by spindle speed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to find out the significant parameters affecting the work piece temperature rise. ANOVA results were found to be in line with the S/N ratio analysis. Regression analysis was used for developing empirical equation of temperature rise. The temperature rise of the work piece was calculated using the regression equation and was found to be in good agreement with the measured values. Finally, confirmation tests were carried out to verify the results obtained. From the confirmation test it was found that the Taguchi method is an effective method to determine optimised parameters for minimization of work piece temperature.
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Nurhuda, Asep, Bartolomius Harpad i Sunarto. "Prototype of Fan Radiator Control System Diesel Machine Using Max6675 Type Transmitter and Type-K Thermocouple Sensor Based On Arduino Uno". TEPIAN 1, nr 2 (6.06.2020): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.51967/tepian.v1i2.92.
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This study aims to produce a Control System that can operate the radiator fan based on the temperature or temperature of the cooling water, this control system is made as an optimization in order to support the dynamism of the operator's work. The prototype of the automatic radiator fan control system is expected to be able to provide time efficiency and work effectiveness for the operator. The method in this study uses the prototype method. In this research, data collection techniques used are field studies, observations and literature studies. Tool testing is carried out using comparative testing and function tests documented with the minutes of testing. The final results of this study are in the form of Prototype of the Diesel Engine Radiator Fan Control System based on temperature or temperature.
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Xu, Jingjing, Ming Zeng, Xin Xu, Junhui Liu, Xinyu Huo, Danhong Han, Zhenhai Wang i Lan Tian. "A Micron-Sized Laser Photothermal Effect Evaluation System and Method". Sensors 21, nr 15 (29.07.2021): 5133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21155133.
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The photothermal effects of lasers have played an important role in both medical laser applications and the development of cochlear implants with optical stimulation. However, there are few methods to evaluate the thermal effect of micron-sized laser spots interacting with other tissues. Here, we present a multi-wavelength micro-scale laser thermal effect measuring system that has high temporal, spatial and temperature resolutions, and can quantitatively realize evaluations in real time. In this system, with accurate 3D positioning and flexible pulsed laser parameter adjustments, groups of temperature changes are systematically measured when the micron-sized laser spots from six kinds of wavelengths individually irradiate the Pd/Cr thermocouple junction area, and reference data of laser spot thermal effects are obtained. This work develops a stable, reliable and universal tool for quantitatively exploring the thermal effect of micron-sized lasers, and provides basic reference data for research on light-stimulated neuron excitement in the future.
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Hege, Asih Pitasari, Jauhari Effendi i Bertholomeus Pasangka. "Analisis dan Perancangan Pengendali Intensitas Lampu Pijar Jarak Jauh Dengan Sistem Remote control Terhadap Efisiensi Energi". Bumi Lestari Journal of Environment 19, nr 2 (1.08.2019): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/blje.2019.v19.i02.p04.
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The light intensity needs to adjust to produce suitability of illumination needs in room based on type of space function so it's possible to save electrical energy. Therefore, creation of energy-efficient lighting is very important so can be controlled. The purpose of this study is analyze and design a light intensity control device with remote control. This type of research is experimental research, which is research that doesn't require a comparison, which means the experiment is given treatment and measurements are made by the tool. The tool designed is a combination of several electronic circuits consisting of power supply, infrared emitting and receiver, digital circuit, relay driver and dimmer circuit. Analysis uses luxmeter as a measure the average light intensity and thermocouple as a measured quality of mean temperature room. The results are light intensity and temperature quality was carried out 3 times at (08.00-12.00 WITA), (12.00-16.00 WITA), (16.00-20.00 WITA) and mean was taken with 9 measurement points with total area of 36 m2 (initial color). The measurement didn't meet the standards of 295 lux and 28ºC, while when being treated it met the room comfort standards of 247 lux and 23ºC. This is due to influence of a tool to control the brightness of the lights. The results of the work are light intensity controller gives 10 stages of resistance values that adjust the brightness of incandescent light with an increasing count, indicating the initial value ranging from 0 to 9.
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Fukuhara, Yoshiya, Shuhei Suzuki i Hiroyuki Sasahara. "Development of In-Process Monitoring System for Grinding Wheel Surface Temperature and Grinding State". Advanced Materials Research 1136 (styczeń 2016): 624–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1136.624.
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Grinding is a machining technology for plane surfaces and cylindrical surfaces in general. In comparison with cutting, higher accuracy can be provided and it is easier to manufacture high-hardness materials using grinding. However, the grinding wheel surface state changes during grinding, and grazing, clogging and shedding may then lead to problems. As these problems degrade the accuracy and productivity of grinding and the surface integrity of the work material, it is important to select an appropriate grinding condition to avoid the problems. In this study, a novel in-process system for monitoring the grinding wheel surface temperature and grinding state in real time, was proposed. A thermocouple is embedded in the grinding wheel in the developed system. The measured temperature data are transmitted to the external terminal equipment by a wireless transmitter built into the tool shank. Grinding wheel surface temperature was measured on four kinds of grinding wheels using the developed system. As a result, the grinding wheel surface temperature was measured successfully. In addition, it was clarified that the temperature transition largely depends on the grinding state.
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Bobrovskij, Igor, Nikolaj Bobrovskij, Alexander Khaimovich i J. Antonio Travieso-Rodriguez. "Impacts of Surface Texture and Nature of Friction on Energy-Force Efficiency of Surface Plastic Deformation during Burnishing". Metals 12, nr 10 (21.09.2022): 1568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12101568.
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Burnishing, the plastic deformation of the workpiece surface due to sliding contact with a tool called burnisher, is a finishing operation widely used in various industries. In this work, impacts of the initial surface roughness Ra of the workpiece being burnished, the nature of friction in the contact zone, and the clamping force on the stability and energy efficiency of burnishing have been investigated. Experiments have been conducted with and without lubricant, represented by low-viscosity deep-hydrogenated fraction of sour oils, at initial surface roughness Ra of 0.8 and 1.25 μm and variable (100–200 N) clamping force. A key process indicator, which largely controls mechanics of burnishing, the temperature in the tool-workpiece contact zone has been measured using natural thermocouple method. Microhardness of the workpiece surface after burnishing has also been measured. It has been shown that changes in the temperature of the tool-workpiece contact zone are proportional to the changes in the squared tool clamping force. This dependence appeared to be universal and equally applicable to burnishing with and without lubrication. Based on the analysis of the experimental data, а new criterion of the burnishing efficiency has been developed. The new criterion simplifies the choice of optimum operational parameters and helps in preventing adverse impacts of structural phase transformations in the workpiece surface layer that unavoidably lead to reduced product quality and operational reliability and in reducing tool wear, which is critically important in the case of dry burnishing. The obtained results show that the nature of friction accompanying the surface plastic deformation has a significant impact on the stability and energy efficiency of the burnishing process. While the clamping force is equally important for burnishing with and without lubrication, the initial roughness Ra has an impact on dry burnishing only. Application of minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) under experimental conditions typical for industrial burnishing is found to be favorable. In particular, it was shown that MQL not only enhances the stability of burnishing process and but also increases its energy efficiency by more than 20%.
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Firdaus, Rizani, i Muhamad Ariandi. "Utilization of Heat from Geothermal Well Pipes as Electricity for Road Lighting Based on The Internet of Things". Advance Sustainable Science Engineering and Technology 5, nr 1 (30.04.2023): 0230106. http://dx.doi.org/10.26877/asset.v5i1.14980.
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PT. Pertamina Geothermal Energy Area Lumut Balai has a very extreme work location with various contours, safety factors and lack of access to electricity for street lighting are things that need attention given the importance of street lighting in the company's operations. Street lighting is an important element that supports the comfort and safety of road users in their activities at night. The research objective is to design an IoT (Internet Of Things) system that can monitor the utilization of pipe heat into electrical energy for street lighting and provide street lighting needs around geothermal well pipes. In this study used thermoelectric as a tool to generate electrical energy from available heat. The IoT system is used to read data parameters as a tool to display temperature, voltage and current values on the LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) and the Thingspeak website. The temperature value is read by the MAX6675 thermocouple sensor while the INA219 sensor is used to read the voltage and current values. The focus of this research is to heat the thermoelectric so that it can produce electrical energy to turn on the lights as lighting and can monitor parameter data directly. The highest thermoelectric electrical energy output is at a temperature of 75.1˚C. Where at this temperature a voltage of 2.32 V is generated and a current of 0.03 A. The lamp will turn on if the thermoelectric heat is fulfilled. The light turns on when the environment is dark and the light turns off when the environment is bright
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Tumba, Joshua. "Local Content Utilization and Product Quality Standards Promotion for Industrial and Machine Tools Processes Application". International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology Studies 10, nr 4 (15.04.2022): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/ijeats.13/vol10n4719.
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The research titled, local contents utilization and product quality standards promotion for industrial and machine tools processes application used oils of plant origin; Mahogany Seed Oil (MSO) and Cashew Nut Oil (CNO) to produce cutting fluids. These oils were used as base oils to formulate cutting fluids and were used in straight turning of low carbon steel through factorial design of experiment. Their performances in terms of resulting surface roughness (Ra) of machined samples) and heat dissipation tendency was evaluated. Also, the determination of some characteristics of the formulated cutting fluids was carried out. The two vegetable oils extracted were mixed with water in an appropriate ratio separately. The oil – water mixtures were finally blended with the necessary additives to obtain the various cutting fluids. Before machining, the flash points, viscosities and acidities of the cutting fluids were determined. During machining, the tool – work interface temperatures were recorded using digital thermocouple and the Ra of the machined samples was evaluated afterward using scanning electron microscope (SEM) The performances and some characteristics of the formulated cutting fluids were compared with that of a control sample (CS). The heat removal ability was best achieved by MSOCF being locally available vegetable oil-based cutting fluid attaining a temperature of 32oC at the highest cutting speed of 80mpm. Similarly, CNOCF produced the best surface roughness which range between 1.0675µm and 1.5715µm for all levels of cutting speeds. Besides the same MSOCF proved to be the safest from fire hazard with the highest flash point of 237oC. CNOCF has the highest viscosity at 40oC and 80oC being 134cp and 96cp. MSOCF was found to be the best among the cutting fluids in conducting heat away from tool-work piece interface and was followed by CNOCF. From the foregoing, it can be concluded that locally available vegetable oils can be used in the production of cutting fluids for machining operations. Hence, the vegetable oils cutting fluids can then conveniently substitute the conventional (mineral oil based) cutting fluids for all machining processes and operations under various operating conditions as coolants and lubricants. They could also be synergized to compete favorably with mineral based cutting fluids.
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Hati, Redi Permata, i Arkhan Subari. "RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM PENGONTROL BATCH MIXER PADA INDUSTRI MINUMAN DENGAN METODE PID BERBASIS ARDUINO UNO R3". GEMA TEKNOLOGI 20, nr 1 (16.11.2018): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/gt.v20i1.21077.
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Redi Permata Hati, Arkhan Subari, in this paper explain that batch Mixer is a tool that accommodates some of the raw materials to be mixed so that it becomes a usable product. Raw materials can be a liquid, solid and gas. The use of raw materials and way of mixing the raw materials that distinguish Batch Mixer design at each industry. In this thesis, design Batch Mixer consists of two tanks, namely the mixing tank and tank heaters. In the mixing tank, there HCSR-04 Ultrasonic sensor that functions as a detector of the level of the liquid level, and the stirrer motor-driven DC 12 V. While the heater tank, there MAX6675 Thermocouple temperature sensor and heater. There are also three pumps that pump fluid 1, pump 2 and pump fluid mixing. Batch Mixer working process is controlled automatically using the Arduino Uno R3 displayed via HMI Raspberry Pi. The use Arduino Uno R3 allows users to create a variety of issues related to the microcontroller. The control system is used to control the work process in a plant. The control system in the Batch Mixer works by two indicators: the water level and water temperature. In the manufacturing system, water temperature control using PID control (Proportional Integral Derivative) with PID tuning method to find the value of Kp, Kd, and Ki. Based on test results, use the most optimal value for use PID control value Kp = 60, Ki = 0.005 and Kd = 0.5. By using the value of the achievement level will be faster and the value of the maximum error of 2.5% is still within the tolerance limits of 3%.
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Jakubas, Adam, Radosław Jastrzębski i Krzysztof Chwastek. "Modelling the effect of compaction pressure on hysteresis curves of self-developed SMC cores". COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 38, nr 4 (1.07.2019): 1154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-10-2018-0399.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of varying compaction pressure on magnetic properties of self-developed soft magnetic composite (SMC) cores. The change in shape of ferromagnetic hysteresis curves has – in turn – the impact on the values of hysteresis model parameters. The phenomenological GRUCAD model is chosen for description of hysteresis curves. Design/methodology/approach Several cylinder-shaped cores have been made from a mixture of iron powder and suspense polyvinyl chloride using a hydraulic press with a form and a band with a thermocouple for controlling heat treatment conditions. The only varying parameter in the study is the compaction pressure. The magnetic properties of developed cores have been measured using a computer-acquisition card and LabView software. The obtained hysteresis curves are fitted to the equations of the phenomenological GRUCAD model. This description is compliant with the laws of irreversible thermodynamics. The variations of model parameters are presented as functions of compacting pressure. Findings The compaction pressure has a significant impact on magnetic properties of self-developed SMC cores. The paper provides a number of charts useful for checking how the parameters of the hysteresis model are affected. Research limitations/implications The present paper is limited to modelling symmetrical loops only. Description of more complex magnetization cycles is postponed to another, forthcoming paper. Practical implications The GRUCAD hysteresis model may be a useful tool for the designers of magnetic circuits. Its parameters depend on the processing conditions (in this study – the compaction pressure) of the SMC cores. Originality/value Modelling of magnetic properties of SMC cores has been carried so far using some well-known description like Preisach, Takács and Jiles–Atherton proposals. The GRUCAD model has a number of advantages, and it may be a useful alternative to the latter formalism. So far it has been used for description of hysteresis curves in conventional materials like non-oriented and grain-oriented electrical steels. In the present work, it is applied to novel SMC materials.
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Bartoszuk, Marian, i Wit Grzesik. "Numerical Prediction of the Interface Temperature Using Updated Finite Difference Approach". Advanced Materials Research 223 (kwiecień 2011): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.223.231.
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This investigation is devoted to the heat flow problem occurring in dry orthogonal machining of a C45 medium carbon steel performed with uncoated single-point carbide tools. Finite Difference Approach (FDA) is applied to predict the variations of temperature distribution, and both average and maximum temperatures at the tool-chip interface, resulting from differentiating the heat flux configuration, and additionally the changes of thermal resistance along the tool-chip contact length. Moreover, some realistic computing errors due to possible measuring variations of the tool-chip contact length and the density and dimension of heat source on the shear plane were assessed and considered as input data in simulations. Finally, the measured values of temperatures using natural tool-work thermocouples have confirmed that the models proposed predict acceptably the average interface temperatures and estimate their maximum values for carbide tools.
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Meengam, Chaiyoot, Kittima Sillapasa, Yotsakorn Pratumwal i Somboon Otarawanna. "Effects of Heat Dissipation from Friction Stir Welding to Microstructures of Semi-Solid Cast 6063 Al Alloy". Key Engineering Materials 904 (22.11.2021): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.904.70.
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In this work, temperature distribution in semi-solid cast 6063 aluminum alloy workpieces during friction stir welding (FSW) was determined by finite element analysis (FEA). The FEA results were validated by comparing them with the measurement results from thermocouples. The maximum temperature of 534.2oC was predicted at the workpiece surface contacted with the tool shoulder. The temperature profiles obtained from FEA were used to explain microstructural changes during FSW. It was observed that relatively high temperature made α-Al grains became elongated and Mg2Si intermatalics turned into a rod-like morphology with round edges.
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Kaou, Abdellah, Djilali Bouha, Hadj Miloud Meddah i El Bahri Ould Chikh. "Thermal Effect of Bobbin Tool Friction Stir Welding on the Mechanical Behavior of High Density Polyethylene Sheets: Experimental Study". Defect and Diffusion Forum 426 (6.06.2023): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-883z40.
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Bobbin friction stir welding (BT-FSW) is a variant of the conventional friction stir welding (C-FSW). This method has been applied of welding high density polyethylene (HDPE) plates; where a rotating symmetrical tool causes a fully penetrated bond, it can weld the upper and lower surface of the work-piece in the same pass. BT-FSW process involves complex heat generation and HDPE flow, which directly affects on the weld area and on mechanical properties of welded joint. Heat generation and material flow during BT-FSW are significantly affected by the tool design features, process parameters and mechanical behavior of work piece materials. Studying the temperature of polyethylene sheets welded by BT-FSW can help in analyzing the mechanism of weld formation and also can provide theoretical guidance for the tool design, process parameter selection and even new process development. In the unique work described in this paper, the 11.4 mm-thick HDPE plates were welded successfully by bobbin-tool friction stir welding. Measurements of the material temperatures were performed by thermocouples which are placed near and at the weld seam. The weld quality was determined in terms of no defects in the stir zone and the tensile strength of the joint. It was found that considerable melting occurred between the rotating shoulders and on the trailing side of the rotating pin. Movement of the molten material by the rotating tool created a very black band in the stir zone. Thermocouples measurements indicated that the temperatures were higher on the advancing side (AS) compared to those on the retreating side (RS). Tensile tests and hardness measurements were performed on welded and seamless sheet samples. The results were analyzed to compare the mechanical properties. To demonstrate the variation in micromechanical properties between welded and seamless sheet samples, micro hardness (HV) testing was used to explain the difference. The HV of the HDPE plates weld by BT-FSW, were relatively symmetrical with respect to the parting line. The maximum hardness levels were reached in the weld bead at around 66 HV in the welded nugget; there was a rise in the level of hardness, in particular at retreating side (RS) and at advancing side (AS) where the value reached 68.60 HV.
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Élesztős, Pavel, Roland Jančo, Ladislav Écsi i Gregor Izrael. "Temperature and Stress Field Measurement at Friction-Stir Welding of an Aluminum Alloy Probe". Applied Mechanics and Materials 486 (grudzień 2013): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.486.96.
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The presented work is devoted to an experimental determination of a non-stationary temperature field during friction-stir welding using a thermo camera and thermocouples respectively. The aim of the measurements was to tune up the heat source originating from friction between the rotating tool and a stationary probe by finding appropriate parameters of an employed mathematical model. After having identified the parameters, the friction-stir welding simulation was carried out using an aluminium alloy probe. Strain measurements were also performed during welding at selected locations on the probe. The experimentally determined results have been compared with the results of the numerical simulations.
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Mendiguren, Joseba, Rafael Ortubay, Xabier Agirretxe, José Miguel Martín, Lander Galdos i Eneko Sáenz de Argandoña. "Determination of Heat Transfer Coefficients for Different Initial Tool Temperatures and Closed Loop Controlled Constant Contact Pressures". Key Engineering Materials 651-653 (lipiec 2015): 1537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.651-653.1537.
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The boron steel quenching requirement on hot forming manufacturing processes allows the industry to create tailored parts to improve their mechanical functionality. During the cooling, the microstructure of the material changes depending on the imposed cooling rate. However, an accurate prediction of the cooling ratios is needed in order to correctly design the process. In this work the interfacial heat transfer coefficient (HTC) has been determined at different contact conditions, varying the initial die temperature. Experimental tests have been realized in a SCHMIDT micro servo-press, which is able to compensate the thermal contraction of the blank and tools to precisely keep constant the contact pressure. Temperature evolution of the tools and the blank has been monitored with nine thermocouples. For the determination of the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) an analytical-numerical method has been used leading to a fast and reliable calculation method able to determine the HTC value for each process time. This methodology allows relating the HTC to the blank temperature, difference on temperature on the interface to improve the tailor tempering of boron alloys simulation.
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Franchetta, M., K. O. Suen i T. G. Bancroft. "Pseudo-transient computational fluid dynamics analysis of an underbonnet compartment during thermal soak". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 221, nr 10 (1.10.2007): 1209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto555.
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Underbonnet simulations are proving to be crucially important within a vehicle development programme, reducing test work and time-to-market. While computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of steady forced flows have been demonstrated to be reliable, studies of transient convective flows in engine compartments are not yet carried out owing to high computing demands and lack of validated work. The present work assesses the practical feasibility of applying the CFD tool at the initial stage of a vehicle development programme for investigating the thermally driven flow in an engine bay under thermal soak. A computation procedure that enables pseudo time-marching CFD simulations to be performed with significantly reduced central processing unit (CPU) time usage is proposed. The methodology was initially tested on simple geometries and then implemented for investigating a simplified half-scale underbonnet compartment. The numerical results are compared with experimental data taken with thermocouples and with particle image velocimetry (PIV). The novel computation methodology is successful in efficiently providing detailed and time-accurate time-dependent thermal and flow predictions. Its application will extend the use of the CFD tool for transient investigations, enabling improvements to the component packaging of engine bays and the refinement of thermal management strategies with reduced need for in-territory testing.
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Li, Jun Ji, Xian Guo Yan, Hai Zhen Zhang i Dong Yang Li. "Simulation and Experimental Verification of W9Mo3Cr4V HSS Temperature Field in Cryogenic Treatment". Key Engineering Materials 693 (maj 2016): 884–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.693.884.
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In the cryogenic treatments process, the temperature distribution in a work-piece of high speed steel (HSS) is crucial to the effectiveness of the treatment. However, determination of temperature field during the cryogenic process is difficult. In this study, the temperature distribution in W9Mo3Cr4V HSS bars with a diameter of 24mm during cryogenic treatment was investigated using thermocouples so that obtained the optimization of process parameters and improve the high speed steel tool life. Temperatures at different nodes and their variations with time were measured and numerically studied using Pro/E, Workbench and Fluent software. Results from both the simulation study and experimental measurement are in good agreement, indicating that the temperature distribution inside a work-piece during cryogenic treatment can be determined using a combination of simple tests and numerical simulation, and finally provided a theoretical guidance for making the reasonable cryogenic treatment procedure.