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1
ADELMAN, RAYMOND D. "Smokeless Tobacco and Hypertension in an Adolescent". Pediatrics 79, nr 5 (1.05.1987): 837–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.79.5.837b.
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To the Editor.— Concern has been expressed recently about the health hazards of the widespread use of smokeless tobacco by [See figure in the PDF file] children. Some surveys have reported regular use by as many as 12% to 33% of male high school students.1,2 Complications of smokeless tobacco include oral cancer, periodontal disease, and dependence. Hypertension may also occur due to the sodium and nicotine content of smokeless tobacco1 and glycyrrhizinic acid. This extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra root, present in many chewing tobaccos and natural licorice, has potent mineralocorticoid activity and may produce hypertension and, in some patients, hypokalemia, alkalosis, sodium and water retention, and suppressed plasma renin activity.3-5
2
Lauterbach, John H. "Waterpipe Tobaccos, Part I. Composition of Forty Brand-Styles of Contemporary Waterpipe Tobacco Available on the US Market in 2020–2022". Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research 33, nr 2 (1.04.2024): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2024-0004.
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Summary The compositions of waterpipe tobaccos available for retail sale on the US market are relatively unknown compared with more popular products such as cigarettes. Indeed, the phrase “waterpipe tobaccos” is used only in some governmental regulations and in journal articles dealing with regulatory aspects of those products. Commercially, the terms “shisha”, “hookah tobaccos”, and “flavored tobaccos” are used. In addition to the differences in commercial terminology, there is also confusion about the composition of such tobaccos, with the term “waterpipe tobacco” also being applied to products on the market that do not contain enough glycerol to prevent combustion during use. Therefore, during the past several years, 40 samples of shisha products on the US market were sent to an ISO 17025 accredited laboratory for the determination of glycerol, propylene glycol, fructose, glucose, and sucrose, in addition to the usual tobacco analytes and water using the Karl Fischer method. Moreover, two surrogate samples of shisha tobacco, one based on flue-cured tobacco and the other based on dark air-cured tobacco, were analyzed by the same laboratory along with samples of the starting tobaccos. The main finding from these analyses was that there were two very different types of shisha tobaccos on the market. One type was based on dark air-cured tobacco and the other type was based on flue-cured tobacco. Among the brand-styles based on flue-cured tobacco, some had higher levels of glycerol and lower levels of added sugars than others that had higher added sugars and lower levels of glycerol. Another important point of differentiation was that the products based on dark air-cured tobacco had much smaller tobacco particle sizes than did those based on flue-cured tobacco. The results of this research as well as other research that will be presented in two subsequent reports showed that waterpipe tobaccos cannot be considered as a single product category. This is particularly true for the determination of emissions using the instrumentation specified in ISO 22486:2019 (Water pipe tobacco smoking machine — Definitions and standard conditions).
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Matyukhina, N. N. "Utilizing Doha tobacco for hookah blend production". Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 80, nr 3 (17.12.2018): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2018-3-283-287.
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Doha tobacco is becoming popular among tobacco consumers lately. Wide spread of “Turbo Doha” product can be explained by its rich natural taste, high strength and absence of synthetic additives. Smoking is carried by utilizing special pipe with little tobacco chamber. Besides this, Doha tobacco has become popular among hookah smokers. Doha tobacco for hookah blend production was the object of the research. Experimental samples of hookah blend were made of American Oriental and Doha types of tobacco in different proportions. Organoleptic evaluation of cured tobacco was carried by aroma, color and midrib size indicators. Aim of the research was evaluation of nicotine content in aerosol of hookah blend depending on Doha content. Chemical composition of cured tobacco was defined. Maximum nicotine content was in Doha tobacco. Experimental samples were made without flavor additives. Tasting of experimental samples was carried. Samples of hookah blends made of American type tobaccos Virginia 202 and Burley 413 were highly estimated. This can be explained that these tobaccos have loose structure and high absorption rate of casing, which are important for hookah blend production.Nicotine content in aerosol was defined by machine smoking.It was found that addition of Doha tobacco in hookah blend allows changing strength of final tobacco product. However, utilizing Doha tobacco for hookah blend production is preferable only in combination with American type tobaccos
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Klus, H., M. Kunze, S. Koenig i E. Poeschl. "Smokeless Tobacco - An Overview". Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 23, nr 5 (1.09.2009): 248–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0865.
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AbstractSmoking, especially cigarette smoking, is the most common form of tobacco consumption world-wide. It is generally accepted that smoking carries health risks for smokers. The combustion and pyrolysis products of tobacco generated during smoking are considered to be responsible for the harmful effects. Smokeless tobacco, another wide-spread form of tobacco use, is not subjected to burning and produces no combustion or pyrolysis products. Therefore, there is an increasingly intense debate about the potential role of smokeless tobacco in reducing the harm of tobacco use.An overview is presented on the different types of smokeless tobaccos consumed around the world. Commercial products differ widely in composition and patterns of use. The smokeless tobaccos of the Western world (Europe and North America) need to be clearly distinguished from those popular in Asia, Africa and South America. The modern smokeless tobaccos used in Europe and North America are reviewed regarding their chemical composition and toxicological properties. Agents of concern found in smokeless tobacco, especially the tobacco specific N-nitrosamines, are dealt with in particular.The epidemiological evidence is summarized concerning a wide range of health outcomes. Published reviews and studies are presented and interpreted regarding non-neoplastic oral diseases, various forms of cancer, circulatory diseases, several other diseases and pregnancy outcome. While many of the epidemiological studies have weaknesses and data are often inconsistent it is quite obvious that smokeless tobacco use is much less risky for consumers than smoking. In fact, for modern forms of European moist snuff such as Swedish snus, which is subject to strict quality standards, there is evidence for - if any - only very limited serious health risk.The ongoing public discussion centers around the influence smokeless tobacco may have on smoking rates (initiation or cessation) and the occurrence of tobacco specific diseases - with Sweden being a revealing example. There is an interesting controversy regarding product and marketing regulations for smokeless tobaccos in the European Union.
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Scheijen, MA, B. Brandt-de Boer, JJ Boon, W. Hass i V. Heemann. "Evaluation of a Tobacco Fractionation Procedure Using Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry Combined with Multivariate Analysis". Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 14, nr 5 (1.10.1989): 261–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0604.
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AbstractThis paper presents an evaluation of a fractionation procedure for use with tobacco. Correlation coefficients calculated from the weights of the polymer fractions obtained and data obtained with classical wet-chemical methods show that these parameters have a low resolving power, which precludes any detailed distinction between tobaccos and tobacco-derived fractions. Pyrolysis mass spectrometry combined with multivariate analysis is presented as a promising approach for investigating the variability in the chemical composition of tobacco. Multivariate analysis performed on the pyrolysis mass-spectrometric fingerprints of all tobacco fractions indicates that the differences between the individual tobaccos are smaller than the differences induced by the fractionation procedure. Multivariate analysis of subfiles of the pyrolysis mass-spectrometric fingerprints of separate polymer fractions is an excellent method for classifying tobaccos. Leaf and stem material can easily be distinguished. A further differentiation is made between the flue-cured and Burley-type tobaccos. The strong clustering of tobacco samples after treatment with potassium hydroxide points to a uniform cell-wall skeleton. The greater variability in the ethanolized tobacco samples, and samples subjected to hot-water extraction or amylase digestion, is related to the cytosol characteristics. These fractions appear to reflect both the dissimilarities between the distinct tobacco types and phenotypic variations due to differences in cultural management. Pyrolysis mass spectrometry of the Klason lignin residues points to a large variety of chemical constituents unrelated to lignin. Pyrolysis gas-chromatography mass-spectrometric data on the Klason lignin residues of a Burley tobacco showed that the correlation made between the organic-nitrogen content and the protein content of this fraction might be misleading. As a consequence the maximum value for the lignin content of this tobacco is estimated incorrectly.
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Bubnova, N. N., E. A. Bubnov i S. V. Gvozdetskaya. "The effect of the fraction of used tobacco raw materials on the quality of shisha tobacco". New Technologies 17, nr 5 (20.12.2021): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47370/2072-0920-2021-17-5-22-30.
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Due to the rapid growth in the production and consumption of shisha tobacco in the Russian Federation, it has become necessary to improve the technology using optimal ingredient composition in order to create a high-quality and safe tobacco product. The aim of the research is to improve the technology of manufacturing shisha tobacco based on the optimization of its ingredient composition; to study the influence of the fractional composition of raw tobacco on its quality indicators. Fractional composition of raw tobacco in the production of shisha tobacco, as well as for other tobacco products, is important and affects its quality characteristics. Virginia and Burley tobaccos of the American type are the most demanded ones in the manufacture of shisha tobacco [1]. Sometimes oriental-type tobaccos are used in the bag, which are distinguished by high taste and aromatic qualities. Due to the fact that recently there has been an increase in the demand for Doha Arabian tobacco raw material (this tobacco is known as a high-quality product with a high strength and a pleasant, full and harmonious taste), the idea has arisen to manufacture prototypes of shisha mixtures in which Doha tobacco is used [2]. The article presents the research results: to determine the optimal ingredient composition of hookah tobacco; to study the optimal fractional composition of raw tobacco of various types. As a result of the research the chemical composition of raw tobacco of various types has been analyzed, the tasting and organoleptic evaluation of the prototypes carried out and the tobacco raw material most suitable for the production of shisha tobacco determined; the nicotine content in the condensate of prototypes of shisha mixtures with different fractions of raw tobacco determined; the optimal fractional composition for various types of tobacco raw materials, necessary for the production of a quality product determined.
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Moldoveanu, Serban C., Marlene Adams i Frank K. St.Charles. "Variations of TSNA Levels in Tobaccos Upon Heating at Moderate Temperatures". Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 29, nr 2 (25.09.2020): 84–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2020-0009.
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SummaryTobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) including nitrosoanabasine (NAB), nitrosoanatabine (NAT), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), and nitrosonornicotine (NNN) are naturally present at trace levels in tobacco. During tobacco processing, preparation of expanded tobacco, and when tobacco is used in heat-not-burn type cigarettes, the tobacco is exposed to different degrees of heat. Heating of tobacco has been reported in the literature to increase the level of TSNAs. Since the increase of TSNAs in heated tobacco is still not well understood, the present study evaluated TSNA levels in six types of tobacco as a function of moderate heat exposure. These tobaccos included: flue-cured lower stalk, flue-cured upper stalk (US), Burley lower stalk, Burley upper stalk (US), and two Oriental blends (Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria, Northern Republic Macedonia). Heating was performed in sealed glass tubes at oven temperatures of 100 °C, 150 °C, 200 °C, and 250 °C for time intervals of 2 min and 5 min. The temperatures inside the glass tubes were lower than the targets and were monitored separately as a function of glass tube heating. The study showed no meaningful differences within tobacco type (by stalk position) but showed considerable differences in the levels of TSNAs between different tobaccos, with the Burley tobaccos having the highest levels, and the Orientals the lowest. For all tobacco types, TSNAs increase to some extent when temperature increases. For 2-min heating, the increase in TSNAs is relatively small up to about 200 °C, but the levels almost double when the oven temperature increases to 250 °C. For 5-min heating, the increase in TSNAs starts at about 150 °C with a maximum at 200 °C which can reach more than double the initial TSNA level. Longer heating at 250 °C (5 min) starts to cause TSNAs decomposition and the levels are reduced.
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Nikolova, Violeta, Nikolay Nikolov, Venelina Popova, Radka Bozhinova i Yovko Dyulgerski. "Valuation of the Quality Level of Bulgarian Tobacco from the Market Sector of “Basmi” Variety Group". BIO Web of Conferences 102 (2024): 01019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202410201019.
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The aim of the current study was to assess the quality level of Oriental tobaccos from the market sector of the “Basmi” variety group from different production areas in Bulgaria. Tobaccos from Krumovgrad and Greek Basma ecotypes (varieties “Krumovgrad 90”, “Krumovgrad 58”, “Krumovgrad 78”, and “Basma”, respectively) were investigated, all farmer-produced (2019 crop year) in seven tobacco regions. The investigation followed a procedure validated for monitoring the quality of Bulgarian tobaccos, incorporating four evaluation steps – chemical indices of tobacco and tobacco smoke, expert and smoking assessment, and final rating by a complex quality index. Statistically significant differences were observed between the compared tobaccos (variety and region based) within the two ecotypes. For Krumovgrad ecotype, the final rating of the compared tobaccos revealed the best complex quality indicators in varieties “Krumovgrad 78” from Kardzhali (micro-region Patitza), “Krumovgrad 58” from Haskovo-Harmanli (Stambolovo) and “Krumovgrad 58” from Ivaylovgrad (Belopoltzi). With the best quality level within ecotype Basma were the tobaccos produced in Svilengrad (micro-region Raykova mogila) and Momchilgrad (Chorbadzhiysko) regions. The results from the study substantiate the annual monitoring of the quality level of Bulgarian Oriental tobaccos and provide data, which have potential importance for the national tobacco sector.
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Gnuchikh, E. V., T. A. Don i A. G. Mirgorodskaya. "Improvement of consumer characteristics and reduced toxicity of chewing tobacco when using of flavors". Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 80, nr 3 (17.12.2018): 288–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2018-3-288-297.
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Smokeless tobacco products are declared by producers as alternative to smoking products. Smokeless tobacco products are consumed without combustion or pyrolysis process by sucking it in oral cavity (sucking tobacco), chewing (chewing tobacco) or inhaling (sniff tobacco). During oral consuming nicotine is absorbed by oral mucous, and during nasal consuming – by nasal mucous. Sales of chewing and sniff tobacco are allowed in Russia. Stable sales increasing of these smokeless tobaccos are observed in Russia during last years. Nicotine content decreasing can be achieved by different methods: physical, technological (utilizing expanded stem, reconstituted tobacco, tobacco with low nicotine content, non tobacco materials). Flavorings that have good combination with tobacco aroma had been chosen. They are: flower and herbs, food plants, citrus peels, natural coffee and cacao, vanilla sugar. Possibility of their utilizing for decreasing toxicity of chewing tobacco has been studied. Efficiency of this method has been proved, and optimal contents of tobacco and flavorings have been found.
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Nikolova, Violeta, Nikolay Nikolov i Venelina Popova. "Assessment of the Quality Profile of Oriental Tobacco from the Commodity Segment of Basma Variety Group (Ecotype Krumovgrad)". BIO Web of Conferences 122 (2024): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202412201012.
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The production of Oriental tobacco has a significant role for the social status of Bulgarian farmers and the economic priorities of the regions. The demand for tobaccos that are truly competitive on the international market has forced the dominant production of Krumovgrad ecotype varieties in the country. The aim of the present research was to evaluate the quality profile of Oriental tobacco of Krumovgrad ecotype (variety Krumovgrad 90), as a significant part of the commodity segment of the Basma variety group. The study was carried out with tobaccos, produced in 10 micro regions of the Nevrokop region, 2019 crop year. Cured leaves were assessed in terms of chemical, visual and sensory quality, and the tobaccos were finally rated according to their complex quality manifestation (based on the achieved “quality index” value). The technological assessment of the quality profile of the studied Oriental tobacco of ecotype Krumovgrad proved that there were significant differences in cured leaf quality between the tobacco samples representing the same variety and crop year but grown in different areas. As a result from the complex quality evaluation procedure, the best rated was the tobacco produced in Godeshevo micro region, followed by those from Kornitsa, Furgovo and Ablanitsa. The data obtained by the study could be useful from the point of view of the technological processing of cured tobacco leaves and the objective of obtaining uniform batches of Krumovgrad ecotype tobacco within the commodity segment.
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Shao, Xiao Hou, Mao Mao Hou, Jing Nan Chen, You Bo Yuan i Fu Zhang Ding. "Effects of Water-Nitrogen Coupling on Dry Matter and Nutrient Accumulation of Flue-Cured Tobacco". Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (grudzień 2014): 1620–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.1620.
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In order to explore the effects of water-nitrogen coupling on dry matter and nutrient accumulation of flue-cured tobacco, 9 treatments with different lowest limits and nitrogen fertilizer amount were designed, and the distribution and accumulation of dry matter and nutrient (N, P and K) of flue-cured tobaccos under water-nitrogen coupling treatments were observed. Results showed that: (1) High irrigation amount could not certainly increase the dry matter accumulation of tobacco root, but which was beneficial to the dry matter accumulation of whole tobacco plant. (2) Dry weight proportion of flue-cured tobacco leaves was highest, which was above 55% among the treatments. (3) Higher water and nitrogen promoted the nutrient accumulation of flue-cured tobaccos, nutrient content of W3N3, W3N2 and W2N2 was higher compared to other treatments.
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Rodgman, A. "Studies of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Cigarette Mainstream Smoke: Identification, Tobacco Precursors, Control of Levels: A Review". Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 19, nr 7 (1.10.2001): 361–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0724.
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AbstractDuring the period of tobacco smoke research from the early 1950s to the mid-1960s it was repeatedly asserted that a) tobacco and many tobacco components were involved in the pyrogenesis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), several of which were reported to initiate tumors on the skin of laboratory animals and b) tobacco additives (flavorants, casing materials, humectants) were highly likely to be similarly involved in PAH pyrogenesis. Extensive knowledge on PAHs was deemed highly necessary because of their claimed importance in the smoking-health issue. The numerous assertions about the generation of PAHs in cigarette mainstream smoke (MSS) triggered extensive and intensive research both within and outside the Tobacco Industry to define the nature of the PAHs, their per cigarette MSS delivery amounts, their precursors, etc. It was not until 1960 that VAN DUUREN et al. (1) reported three specific aza-arenes in cigarette MSS that were asserted to be involved in smokers’ respiratory tract cancer. As noted in a recent Letter to the Editors (2), the presence of these three aza-arenes in tobacco smoke has never been confirmed. Between 1960 and 1965, other MSS components (phenols as promoters, polonium-210, N-nitrosamines, ciliastatic compounds) were asserted to be responsible for smoking related diseases. However, no major assertions were made that phenols, polonium-210, or the N-nitrosamines were derived from flavorants, casing materials, or humectants. Some investigators did report that several ciliastats were derived from added sugars and glycerol. The ciliastat proposal was drastically diminished in importance by the findings in the 1960s that only a relatively small proportion of the ciliastats reached the smoker's cilia. During that time, pertinent skills and competencies in research on tobacco smoke composition, particularly the PAH fraction, have been developed. Such skills permitted the isolation in crystalline form of 14 PAHs and the quantitation of these and many other PAHs. They were also used to put in perspective the pyrogenesis of PAHs from a) specific tobacco components, b) additives, and c) processed tobaccos (reconstituted tobacco sheet [RTS], expanded tobacco). R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (RJRT) pioneered the use of RTS (1953) and expanded tobaccos (1969) in cigarette blends and generated much previously unpublished data on the effect of such processed tobaccos on MSS composition.
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Kanthang, Supha, i Kanokporn Sompornpailin. "Increasing Plant Flavonoid Biomaterials in Response to UV-A Light". Advanced Materials Research 802 (wrzesień 2013): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.802.74.
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Flavonoid biomaterials have a protecting function from various stresses. We examined the flavonoid biosynthesis in plant treated under visible light (VL) and additional UV-A light. The transgenic tobacco containing PRODUCTION OF ANTHOCYANIN PIGMENT 1 (PAP1) cDNA, involved in flavonoid biosynthesis from Arabidopsis thaliana, were used for studying the flavonoid biosynthesis under both light conditions comparing to non transgenic tobacco. The flavonoid biomaterials were extracted with acidic methanol and water solvent from treated plant leaves. The absorbance of each biomaterial in the extract was measured under specific wavelength using a spectrophotometer. Additional UV-A radiated to non transgenic and transgenic tobacco affect the increasing of p-coumaric acid, naringenin, apigenin and kaempherol biomaterials from themselves grown under VL (approximately 120-130%). However, PAP1 transgenic tobaccos under additional UV-A radiation enhance the accumulation of these biomaterials up to160-180% higher than non transgenic tobaccos grown under VL condition. Moreover, PAP1 transgenic tobacco radiated with UVA light also significantly increased pelargonidin biomaterial. PAP1 transgenic tobaccos had a similar phenotype with non transgenic tobaccos but the color of fully expanding flower was more pink intensity than non transgenic.
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Moldoveanu, SC, CH Byrd i AR Gerardi. "Analysis of Certain Nitrogenous Compounds in Tobacco. Part 1: Adenosine, 2,5- and 2,6-Deoxyfructosazines, Mannosamine and Glucosamine". Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 24, nr 5 (1.05.2011): 234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0903.
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AbstractNitrogenous compounds such as amino acids and proteins are frequently analyzed in tobacco since they are considered precursors of toxicants in cigarette smoke. However, much less attention is given to other nitrogenous compounds such as amino sugars and deoxyfructosazines, although their concentration in tobacco can be equal to or even higher than that of most free amino acids. These nitrogenous compounds may contribute to the formation of toxicants in smoke, or may contribute to the sensory properties of cigarette smoke, reasons for which their analysis is important. This study describes a procedure for the analysis of adenosine, 2,5- and 2,6-deoxyfructosazines (DFs), mannosamine and glucosamine in tobacco. The analysis uses a liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) technique. Sample preparation for analysis consists of the extraction of the tobacco with a solution of 90% water and 10% methanol, followed by filtration. The separation of the analytes was done on a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography HILIC column using an isocratic procedure with a solvent consisting of 78% CH3CN, 22% H2O, that also contained 0.1 % HCOOH and 0.143 g/L CH3COONH4. The measurements were done using electrospray positive ionization mass spectrometric detection. The analytical procedure was validated and was proven very reliable. A number of tobaccos were analyzed, including several fluecured and Burley USA tobaccos, off-shore tobaccos, twoOriental tobaccos, two green tobaccos, as well as tobaccos from commercial and Kentucky reference cigarettes. The ranges for the analytes per g tobacco were found between 0.4 and 20.3 µg/g for adenosine, between 0.0 and 608.5 µg/g for 2,5-DF, between 0.0 and 424.5 µg/g for 2,6-DF, between 12.5 and 415.5 µg/g for mannosamine and between 25.9 and 1885.7 µg/g for glucosamine. The study also indicated that the levels of DFs and that of the amino sugars in tobacco show a very good correlation. This correlation can be explained by the same source of the two classes of compounds, namely the reaction of (reducing) sugars and ammonia.
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Moldoveanu, Serban C. "Analysis of α-Tocopherol in Tobacco and Cigarette Smoke". Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 29, nr 2 (25.09.2020): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2020-0007.
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Summaryα-Tocopherol, a type of vitamin E, has been known to be present in tobacco for many years. The compound is an antioxidant protecting cell membranes from oxidants. α-Tocopherol is transferred from tobacco into cigarette smoke, where it is also present. Analysis of α-tocopherol has been reported in a number of studies and in various matrices including tobacco and tobacco smoke. However, no recent publication describes a method for quantitative analysis of tocopherol in tobacco and in cigarette smoke, and many methods reported from previous studies were not published and only presented at conferences or communicated in internal company publications.The goal of this study was to quantitate α-tocopherol and, if present, α-tocopheryl acetate in tobacco and in tobacco smoke. For this analysis, an original HPLC technique was developed and is described in this report. Both UV and MS/MS (MRM mode) were used as detection procedure for the analysis. The results obtained using UV detection were in very good agreement with the results obtained using MS/MS detection. The method has been applied for the analysis of a number of tobaccos, as well as the total particulate matter (TPM) from cigarettes made with the same tobaccos. Depending on tobacco type, the levels of α-tocopherol vary in tobacco between about 200 μg/g up to about 900 μg/g (“dry weight basis”). For ISO type smoking, the levels of α-tocopherol vary in TPM between about 2 μg/mg up to slightly above 4 μg/mg of TPM. For a cigarette generating TPM of about 10 mg/cig, the α-tocopherol is between about 20 μg/cig up to about 40 μg/cig. A relatively good correlation was obtained between the level of α-tocopherol in smoke (ISO type smoking) and the level of the compound in tobacco. α-Tocopheryl acetate was absent in tobacco.
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Zheng, Yuanxian, Jiming Wang, Wenlong Zhao, Xianjie Cai, Yinlian Xu, Xiaolong Chen, Min Yang, Feiyan Huang, Lei Yu i Yuansheng He. "Effect of Bacterial Wilt on Fungal Community Composition in Rhizosphere Soil of Tobaccos in Tropical Yunnan". Plant Pathology Journal 38, nr 3 (1.06.2022): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/ppj.oa.03.2022.0035.
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Bacterial wilt, which is a major soil-borne disease with widespread occurrence, poses a severe danger in the field of tobacco production. However, there is very limited knowledge on bacterial wilt-induced microecological changes in the tobacco root system and on the interaction between Ralstonia solanacearum and fungal communities in the rhizosphere soil. Thus, in this study, changes in fungal communities in the rhizosphere soil of tobaccos with bacterial wilt were studied by 18S rRNA gene sequencing. The community composition of fungi in bacterial wilt-infected soil and healthy soil in two tobacco areas (Gengma and Boshang, Lincang City, Yunnan Province, China) was studied through the paired comparison method in July 2019. The results showed that there were significant differences in fungal community composition between the rhizosphere soil of diseased plants and healthy plants. The changes in the composition and diversity of fungal communities in the rhizosphere soil of tobaccos are vital characteristics of tobaccos with bacterial wilt, and the imbalance in the rhizosphere microecosystem of tobacco plants may further aggravate the disease.
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Hernández, Fé Fernández. "Personal spend on cigarettes and tobaccos in Cuba from 2013 to 2016". Clinical Research and Clinical Trials 2, nr 2 (29.07.2020): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2693-4779/011.
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Introduction: As risk factor smoking means a social opportunity cost because of the whole goods and services didn´t obtained to satisfice the tobacco and cigarettes demand. While the tobacco and cigarettes spend is increasing these opportunity cost will be increasing too. Objective: To describe the tobacco and cigarettes spends in Cuba since 2013 to 2016. Materials and methods: Was made a descriptive and longitudinal research about the tobacco and cigarettes spends in Cuba from 2013 to 2016. Were utilized two rates: monthly per capita sales on cigarettes and tobaccos measured in pesos and monthly per capita sales on cigarettes and tobaccos respect to middle salary measured in percent. Theoric methods: Historic – Logic, Inductive – Deductive, Comparative and Analysis and Synthesis. Empiric methods: documental and bibliographic research and arithmetic calculus. All the statistic processing was in Microsoft Excel 2007. Results: The personal spend on cigarettes and tobaccos from 2013 to 2016 shows a stable and defined structure. Conclusions: Havana, Santiago de Cuba provinces and the Special Municipality Isla de la Juventud were the Cuban regions showed consumption rate higher than the national middle.
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Hernández, Fé Fernández. "Personal spend on cigarettes and tobaccos in Cuba from 2013 to 2016." Clinical Research and Clinical Trials 2, nr 2 (29.07.2020): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/crct.2020/011.
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Introduction: As risk factor smoking means a social opportunity cost because of the whole goods and services didn´t obtained to satisfice the tobacco and cigarettes demand. While the tobacco and cigarettes spend is increasing these opportunity cost will be increasing too. Objective: To describe the tobacco and cigarettes spends in Cuba since 2013 to 2016. Materials and methods: Was made a descriptive and longitudinal research about the tobacco and cigarettes spends in Cuba from 2013 to 2016. Were utilized two rates: monthly per capita sales on cigarettes and tobaccos measured in pesos and monthly per capita sales on cigarettes and tobaccos respect to middle salary measured in percent. Theoric methods: Historic – Logic, Inductive – Deductive, Comparative and Analysis and Synthesis. Empiric methods: documental and bibliographic research and arithmetic calculus. All the statistic processing was in Microsoft Excel 2007. Results: The personal spend on cigarettes and tobaccos from 2013 to 2016 shows a stable and defined structure. Conclusions: Havana, Santiago de Cuba provinces and the Special Municipality Isla de la Juventud were the Cuban regions showed consumption rate higher than the national middle.
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Nestor, TB, JS Gentry, MG Riddick, BT Conner, DM Peele i ME Edwards. "Role of Oxides of Nitrogen in Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamine Formation in Flue-Cured Tobacco". Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 20, nr 7 (1.11.2003): 467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0762.
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AbstractTobacco is known to contain a class of nitrosamines known as tobacco-specific nitrosamines or TSNA. Nitrosation of naturally occurring tobacco alkaloids is commonly accepted as the mechanism of TSNA formation in tobacco. Because green and freshly harvested tobaccos are virtually free of TSNA, formation and accumulation of TSNA are generally considered to occur during the curing process. Most recent hypotheses have focused on microbial reduction of nitrate to nitrite and other oxides of nitrogen (NOcompounds) that react with tobacco alkaloids to form TSNA during curing. This natural microbial process remains the prevalent hypothesis for TSNA formation in burley and other air-cured tobaccos. However, a different mechanism for the formation of TSNA in flue-cured tobacco, independent of microbial activity, is documented in this paper. It is common practice to flue-cure Virginia or blonde tobacco in bulk barns that incorporate forced air ventilation and temperature control. For the last thirty-five years, many modern bulk barns in North America generally have used liquid propane gas (LPG) with direct-fired burners that exhaust combustion gases directly into the barn where the tobacco is exposed to those gases. Our studies indicate that LPG combustion by-products in the exhaust stream, namely NO, react with naturally occurring tobacco alkaloids to form TSNA. Heat exchange curing methods preclude exposure of the tobacco to combustion gases and by-products, thereby eliminating this significant source of TSNA formation, without degrading leaf quality or smoking character. Research findings from 1998 and 1999 are presented to demonstrate the role of NOgases in TSNA formation and the significance of direct-fired curing as a primary source of TSNA formation in flue-cured tobacco. Also, data from an extensive barn conversion program in 2000, which resulted in a 94% average reduction in TSNA levels in cured flue-cured leaf, are presented.
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Kant, Surya, Anjali Singh, Narsingh Verma, Ajay Kumar Verma i Adarsh Tripathi. "NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL MODALITIES FOR TOBACCO CESSATION: AN OVERVIEW". International Journal of Advanced Research 10, nr 05 (31.05.2022): 176–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14694.
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Tobacco use is widely prevalent since so many years worldwide. Tobaccos negative effects are well-known, and there is strong evidence that its constituents are responsible for cancer, oral problems, other health hazards and even deaths. Also, tobacco users with COVID-19 have higher risk of severity. Therefore, Cessation is necessary to lower this risk from coronavirus, and other illnesses. Consumers are looking for alternative methods to quit tobacco use. Numerous pharmacologicaland non-pharmacological strategies havebeen tried for tobacco cessation.Although pharmacological approaches have been reported more effective but non pharmacological approaches are also gaining importance and popularity. This review article is primarily focused on non-pharmacological approaches for Tobacco Cessation.
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Stoyanova, Liliya Stoyanova, i Maria Yordanova Angelova Romova. "Bioactive Compounds and Nutritive Composition of Waste Seeds from Nicotiana tobacum L. (Solanaceae)". Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 12, nr 1 (25.04.2024): 374–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.12.1.30.
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The investigation aims to elucidate the bioactive constituents present in waste seeds derived from Nicotiana tobacum L., there by contributing to a more holistic comprehension of the health-related implications associated with tobacco plants beyond conventional consumption concerns. Waste seeds from tobacco plants N. tobacum L. were grown during harvest 2021-2022 at the Tobacco and Tobacco Products Institute (part of Bulgarian Agriculture Academy). Chemical analysis of tobacco waste seeds (TWS) encompassed the examination of primary metabolites including lipids (32.1±1.0%), proteins (29.4±1.4 %), and carbohydrates (27.6±0.5 %). Furthermore, various lipid indices (Atherogenicity, Thrombogenicity, Hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic, etc.) were computed utilizing the fatty acid composition of the oil extracted from tobacco waste seeds. The results showed that TWS could be utilized with health benefits – seeds are a good resource for n-6 fatty acids (linoleic acid - 71.94±1.05 %) with good atherogenicity and thrombogenicity qualities and natural antioxidants.
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Peeva, Silvia, Violeta Nikolova, Nikolay Nikolov i Venelina Popova. "Assessment of heavy metal levels in roll-your-own cigarette and water pipe tobacco blends". BIO Web of Conferences 58 (2023): 01021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20235801021.
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The increased consumption of roll-your-own (RYO) cigarettes and water pipe (hookah), both globally and in Bulgaria, necessitated the current investigation aimed at the assessment of heavy metal levels in the tobacco blends used in those products. The concentrations of Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, and Ni were determined by AAS in five brands of RYO tobacco (R1-R5) and seven brands of water pipe tobacco (W1- W7), all distributed on Bulgarian market. The average heavy metal contents (mg/kg) in the two types of tobacco blends, RYO and water pipe, respectively, were as follows: Mn - 214.20 and 37.89; Zn - 31.90 and 134.87; Cu - 12.06 and 10.07; Cd - 0.80 and 1.33; Pb - 1.60 and 3.57; Ni - 1.36 and 0.80. RYO cigarette tobaccos contained higher concentration of Mn, Cu and Ni, while water pipe tobaccos - Zn, Cd and Pb. Strong correlations were found between Cu and Zn (r=0.81), Cu and Cd (r=0.90) in RYO tobacco blends, and between Cu and Zn (r=0.86) - in water pipe blends, respectively. The results from the study give reason to recommend that this information be provided to the consumers, who consider the regarded tobacco products as a safer alternative to conventional cigarettes.
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Moldoveanu, SC, i MF Davis. "Analysis of Quinic Acid and of myo-Inositol in Tobacco". Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 25, nr 4 (1.12.2012): 499–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0925.
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AbstractQuinic acid [D(-)-quinic acid, (1S, 3R,4S,5R)-1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acid], and inositol [myoinositol, (1R,2R,3S,4S,5R,6S-cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol or cis-1,2,3,5-trans-4,6-cyclohexane-hexol] are oxygenated compounds well known as tobacco constituents. Although mentioned in the literature as constituents of tobacco leaf as early as 1930, very little information is offered regarding the quantitation of quinic acid and inositol, up to the present day. This study describes a simple procedure for the analysis of quinic acid and myo-inositol in tobacco and reports the levels of these two analytes in various single grade and blended tobaccos from commercial and Kentucky reference cigarettes. The procedure is based on an original LC/MS/MS analysis of the tobacco extract. This method and its validation are described in this paper.A wide range of levels of the analytes was observed from sample to sample. Burley samples were in general low in both quinic acid and inositol compared to flue-cured tobaccos. The levels of myo-inositol detected in the analyzed samples were consistent with previously reported results for flue-cured tobaccos, but significantly lower than those reported for Burley. Besides myo-inositol, a number of naturally occurring stereoisomers of inositol are known. These include scyllo-, muco-, D-chiro- and neo-inositol. Other isomers are possible, including L-chiro-, allo-, epiand cis-inositol, but they are less common. No previous study has been reported regarding the evaluation of these compounds in tobacco, and the present study indicated that only myo-inositol and D(-)-quinic acid are found in tobacco.
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Nikolov, Nikolay, Violeta Nikolova, Venelina Popova, Yovko Dyulgerski i Radka Bozhinova. "Investigation of the technological profile of illegally distributed tobacco derivatives and smoking products". BIO Web of Conferences 102 (2024): 01018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202410201018.
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The current investigation includes technological assessment and interpretation of the profile of tobaccos, tobacco derivatives and smoking products illegally distributed in Bulgaria, as officially provided for expertise in the Tobacco and Tobacco Products Institute (TTPI) by external contractors (legitimate state structures) in 2021. The physical and chemical properties of the tobacco objects, depending on their nature, were determined according to standardized methods. The biggest share in the analyses (139 in total) took the determination of tobacco cut width (39%) and particle size fractionation (37%), which supported the observation that the illicit tobacco market in Bulgaria is recently dominated by cut tobacco for hand-rolled cigarettes. In the cut tobacco predominated long and medium-sized strands, but in widely varying proportions (42.27-81.78% and 9.98-38.46%, respectively), with cut width in 0.59-1.06 mm range. The sieve analysis and the expert examination of the tobacco derivatives revealed that they were undoubtedly technological tobacco waste, and, respectively, that accentuated data must be communicated to consumers about the risks associated with the smoking of such tobacco articles. It was found that all illicitly traded fine-cut tobacco blends produced considerably higher tar (12.25-16.05 mg/cig) and CO (12.74-16.94 mg/cig) emissions than the limits set for conventional cigarettes.
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Qin, Li-Jun, Dan Zhao, Yi Zhang i De-Gang Zhao. "Selectable marker-free co-expression of Nicotiana rustica CN and Nicotiana tabacum HAK1 genes improves resistance to tobacco mosaic virus in tobacco". Functional Plant Biology 42, nr 8 (2015): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp14356.
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The viral disease caused by tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is the most prevalent viral disease in many tobacco production areas. A breeding strategy based on resistance genes is an effective method for improving TMV resistance in tobacco. Also, the physiological status of plants is also critical to disease resistance improvement. Potassium ion is one of the most abundant inorganic nutrients in plant cells, and mediates plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Improving K+ content in soil by fertilising can enhance diseases resistance of crops. However, the K+ absorption in plants depends mostly on K+ transporters located in cytoplasmic membrane. Therefore, the encoding genes for K+ transporters are putative candidates to target for improving tobacco mosaic virus resistance. In this work, the synergistic effect of a N-like resistance gene CN and a tobacco putative potassium transporter gene HAK1 was studied. The results showed that TMV-resistance in CN-HAK1-containing tobaccos was significantly enhanced though a of strengthening leaf thickness and reduction in the size of necrotic spots compared with only CN-containing plants, indicating the improvement of potassium nutrition in plant cells could increase the tobacco resistance to TMV by reducing the spread of the virus. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT–PCR) analysis for TMV-CP expression in the inoculated leaf of the transgenic and wild-type plants also supported the conclusion. Further, the results of defence-related determination including antioxidative enzymes (AOEs) activity, salicylic acid (SA) content and the expression of resistance-related genes demonstrated CN with HAK1 synergistically enhanced TMV-resistance in transgenic tobaccos. Additionally, the HAK1- overexpression significantly improved the photosynthesis and K+-enriching ability in trans-CN-HAK1 tobaccos, compared with other counterparts. Finally, this work provides a method for screening new varieties of marker-free and safe transgenic antiviral tobacco.
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Nikolov, Nikolay, Violeta Nikolova i Venelina Popova. "Comparative Technological Assessment of the Quality Formation of Local and Introduced Varieties of Virginia Flue-cured and Burley Tobaccos". BIO Web of Conferences 122 (2024): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202412201013.
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The production of “marketable” tobacco is decisive in the pReferences of local farmers towards certain varieties of Virginia and Burley tobaccos. The aim of the study was to complete a comparative technological evaluation of the quality potential of introduced and local varieties of Virginia flue-cured and Burley air-cured tobaccos in Bulgaria. The investigation was conducted with tobaccos from 2018 crop year and included 4 varieties of Virginia flue-cured and 2 varieties of Burley tobacco (local and introduced), grown in different regions of Southern and Northern Bulgaria. The complex assessment of tobacco quality was based on leaf and smoke chemical indicators, external leaf quality elements and smoking performance of the studied tobaccos. The final rating was achieved by referring to the value of the calculated “quality indices”. Two of the local varieties, V 0454 from region Parvomay and PVH 19 from Central Northern Bulgaria were rated the best in the complex evaluation of the FCV tobaccos. A better complex expression of quality was found in the introduced (trial) variety Burley N compared to the local Burley 1317 in Southern Bulgaria region.
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Lencucha, Raphael, Jeffrey Drope, Peter Magati i Gumilang Aryo Sahadewo. "Tobacco farming: overcoming an understated impediment to comprehensive tobacco control". Tobacco Control 31, nr 2 (marzec 2022): 308–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056564.
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Tobacco farming has emerged as an important concern for tobacco control advocates. Tobacco-growing countries face unique and important challenges to comprehensive, intersectoral tobacco control. These challenges stem from narratives that position tobacco as an important driver of economic growth and development, perpetuated by tobacco interests with close ties to government decision-making. While the global tobacco control movement has enshrined a commitment to alternatives to tobacco growing, there remain numerous obstacles. Tobacco growing is often situated in contexts with limited markets for other agricultural products, limited knowledge and economic resources to pursue alternatives, and/or a structure that favours industry control over the supply chain, all constraining the decision space of farmers. An evidence-informed approach is necessary to address tobacco supply, including growing, processing, manufacturing and trade, in this complex context. This paper reviews the economic, environmental and policy context of tobacco growing with an emphasis on the past decade of empirical work on the political economy of tobacco supply and introduces strategies to pursue alternatives. This analysis debunks many of the arguments used to perpetuate the narrative of tobacco’s prosperity and provides critical insights into the institutional constraints faced by government sectors in pursuing a policy of alternatives.
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Adetona, Anna M., Marielle C. Brinkman, Erich D. Strozier, Hani S. Karam, Jennifer M. Butler, Hyoshin Kim, Juyun Lim, Martha W. McCauley i Pamela Clark. "Do They Differ? Flavored versus Unflavored Waterpipe Tobacco Flavor Ingredients". Tobacco Regulatory Science 6, nr 5 (1.09.2020): 336–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.6.5.4.
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Objectives: In this study, we characterized the sweet flavor ingredients in 2 internationally popular waterpipe tobaccos, flavored and unflavored. Methods: Tobacco extracts were quantified for humectants, sugars, menthol, nicotine, and sugar alcohols. Qualitative screening of flavor volatiles was performed, and 12 flavor volatiles were quantified. Results: Humectant content was 20 times greater in the flavored brand versus the unflavored, largely due to greater concentration of the glycerol. Sugar content was approximately 1.7 times higher in the flavored tobacco. Vanillin levels were > 200 times greater in the flavored brand. Nicotine content of the unflavored tobacco was 1.5 times greater on a mg/g tobacco basis, which can be explained by the much larger humectant mass content of the flavored tobacco. Conclusions: Flavored waterpipe tobacco may contain significantly greater amounts of humectants and flavor components (the compounds that make up the overall flavor), which may be harmful to users, compared to unflavored. Limiting flavors in waterpipe tobacco could aid in maximizing public health benefits.
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Zielke, D., i R. Liebe. "The Removal of Stems from Cut Tobacco". Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 17, nr 2 (1.09.1997): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0655.
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Abstract The presence of stems in cut tobacco is detrimental to cigarette quality, resulting in problems during production particularly on today's high-speed makers. Incomplete threshing and the use of unthreshed semi-Oriental tobaccos can increase the stem content in the cut tobacco considerably. The percentage of stems present in cut tobacco was investigated by HauniMaschinenbau AG specifically for semi-Oriental tobacco. Their findings show that not all stems present in the strips or lamina after cutting are classified as “objectionable”. However, the percentage of objectionable stems in the cut tobacco is not inconsiderable and depends on the thickness of the stems present. Reducing the objectionable stem contingent in cut tobacco is therefore a crucial concern of many cigarette manufacturers who set great store on ensuring high-quality product. HauniMaschinenbau AG offers a cut tobacco separator which has been specially designed for this purpose and also used as a cooler. A corresponding model is available in the HauniMaschinenbau AG pilot plant in Hamburg for tests using the customers’ own tobacco.
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GÜNEŞ, Nihan, Süleyman G. TÜRKSEVEN, Pınar ÖZSARI, Mustafa GÜMÜŞ i Damla BAYSAL SİVRİTEPE. "Incidence and possible sources of Tomato spotted wilt virus in tobacco grown in Denizli Province, Turkey". Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 50, nr 2 (23.05.2022): 12529. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha50212529.
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Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is economically prominent disease for its impact on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) production worldwide. An increase of the incidence of symptoms typical of TSWV has been observed in tobacco production areas in Denizli province of Turkey where tobacco is significantly grown. Surveys were conducted to determine the prevalence status of TSWV in tobacco cultivars and its possible sources of infections in four tobacco growing districts of Denizli province. A total of 501 plant samples from field-grown tobaccos, weeds, potential intermediate hosts, seedlings and seeds were collected during 2019 and tested by DAS-ELISA. Of these plants, 243 belong to 55 different weed species from 26 different families with intermediate host potential. Throughout the study, 40 crop plant samples which could be intermediate hosts and 39 tobacco seed samples were also taken for testing. Adult thrips specimens were picked up from the fields and brought to the laboratory for preparations. Four vector virus species were detected when adult thrips individuals were diagnosed: Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), Aeolothrips intermedius Bagnall (Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae) and Thrips major Uzel (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Of the 179 tobaccos sampled, 31.2% was positive; besides, of 243 weeds tested 10 were found to be infected. Echinochloa crus-galli and Tordylium apulum were determined to be new host recordings for TSWV infection. Only one tomato plant from the crop plants as intermediate hosts was infected. Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) and Potato virus Y (PVY) was also confirmed in tobacco fields.
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Soepriyanto, Gatot, i Paulina Santoso. "Impact of Smoking Ban Fatwa on Indonesian Tobacco’s Company". International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 2, nr 2 (21.04.2013): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v2i2.147.
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The objective of this study is to assess the share price reactions to smoking ban fatwa on Indonesia tobacco’s company. We expect that the smoking ban fatwa in the world’s largest Muslim population will hit the tobaccos industry revenues, lower tobacco’s company profit and eventually affect the share price of those firms. We use event study methodology and standard market model to calculate abnormal returns of the tobacco’s firms related to the news of smoking ban fatwa. Our study failed to find a statistically significant effect of smoking ban fatwa on tobacco’s firm stock market return. It suggests that the investors do not see the fatwa as a factor that may control the tobacco consumption in Indonesia – thus it may not affect the tobacco’s firm revenues and profit in the future
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S. KASTURI KRISHNA, S.V. KRISHNA REDDY, K. DEO SINGH, R. SUBBA RAO, P. HARISHU KUMAR i V. KRISHNAMURTHY. "Yield, quality and economics of FCV tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) in relation to preceding crops and nitrogen fertilization in Vertisols". Indian Journal of Agronomy 52, nr 3 (10.10.2001): 212–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v52i3.4926.
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A field experiment was conducted during 2001 -02 and 2002-03 at Rajahmundry in Andhra Pradesh with six treatments during rainy (kharif) season, viz. blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper], rice (Oryza sativa L.), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], maize (Zea mays L.), green-leaf manuring with pillipesara [Vigna trilobata (L.) Verdc.] and fallow; and three N levels of 30, 45 and 60 kg Nlha, applied to FCV tobacco in winter (rabi) season. Short-duration maize and rice could successfully be grown before rabi tobacco, taking advantage of south-west monsoon rains. Among the cropping systems, green-leaf manuring-tobacco recorded significantly higher cured leaf (1.92 tlha), bright leaf (0.88 tlha) and grade index (1.39) of tobacco followed by fallow - tobacco, whereas lowest values of these yields were recorded in soybean-tobacco. Application of 60 kg Nlha offered significantly higher cured-leaf yield and grade index, and was comparable with that of 45 kg Nlha in respect of bright-leaf yield. Interaction effects of cropping systems and N levels revealed that FCV tobacco preceded by maize, blackgram, rice and soybean re- sponded up to 45 kg Nlha, whereas tobacco preceded by green leaf manuring and fallow responded up to 60 kg Nlha in the production of bright leaf. Maize - tobacco system recorded higher tobacco leaf-equivalent yield (2.25 tl ha). The chemical quality parameters of leaf like reducing sugars, nicotine and chlorides were within the accept- able range. Maize - tobacco and green leaf manuring - tobacco systems recorded higher net returns, whereas benefit : cost ratio was higher with green leaf manuring-tobacco and fallow-tobacco. Minimum broomrape (Orobanche cernua Loefl] infestation of 1.75% was recorded in FCV tobacco succeeding maize. It was concluded that maize - tobacoo accrued higher monetary returns, followed by green leaf manuring-tobacco system compared with fallow - tobacco.
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Djulančić, Nermina, Vesna Radojičić i Marija Srbinovska. "The Influence of Tobacco Blend Composition on Carbon Monoxide Formation in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke". Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 64, nr 1 (1.03.2013): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-64-2013-2250.
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The aim of this study was to examine the impact of three main tobacco types (flue-cured FC, air-cured AC and sun-cured SC) and two tobacco-based materials (reconstituted tobacco - recon RT and expanded stem) on the formation of carbon monoxide (CO) in the gas phase of mainstream cigarette smoke. The results showed that the type of tobacco examined had a significant impact on the amount of carbon monoxide production in the gas phase of cigarette smoke. AC and SC tobaccos had the most evident impact. The amount of tobacco in mixtures M1, M2 and M3 as well as the addition of expanded stems had an impact on the amount of CO formed in the cigarette smoke. There is weak correlation between CO content in the smoke and the chemical composition of the tobacco. Draw resistance had an impact on CO production. The research results are of great importance, since tobacco selection is the first step in the production of cigarettes with reduced emission of harmful elements contained in the smoke.
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Hou, Mao Mao, Xiao Hou Shao, Li Hua Chen, Ting Ting Chang, Wei Na Wang, Qian Yang i Yao Fu Wang. "Study on Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency of Flue-Cured Tobacco with 15N Tracing Technique". Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (maj 2012): 520–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.520.
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Abstract. Raising nitrogen utilization efficiency could not only cut the fertilizer costs, but also reduce the N loss and residual, which benefits a lot to agricultural production and environmental protection. In this experiment, the 15N tracing technique was employed in order to clear the accumulation and whereabouts of fertilizer N in flue-cured tobacco plants, besides, the tobaccos were treated by six different water-nitrogen modes, for the sake of finding out the best design with the highest nitrogen utilization efficiency. The results showed that more N application contributed to more fertilizer N accumulation, also increased the content of total N; Excess irrigation restrained the tobacco plants' absorption of fertilizer N, ultimately leading to the low utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer; After apex pruning, the N offering ability of the soil was much stronger than that of nitrogen fertilizer, and the fertilizer N accounts a relatively small part for the total N in tobacco plants, the highest nitrogen utilization efficiency was 24.16%, recorded in the design of 800mm irrigation amount and 6g/plant pure N application(T2), Meanwhile, the agronomic characters and crop yield was observed, tobaccos in T2 design performed better than the average level of field-cultivated tobaccos, the conclusions could be obtained that T2 design was preferable, which achieved the highest nitrogen utilization efficiency when ensured the normal growth and good harvest of flue-cured tobacco.
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Wang, Anran, Bin Cai, Lili Fu, Miao Liang, Xiangdong Shi, Bing Wang, Nan Deng i Bin Li. "Analysis of Pyrolysis Characteristics and Kinetics of Cigar Tobacco and Flue-Cured Tobacco by TG-FTIR". Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research 30, nr 1 (1.03.2021): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2021-0004.
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Summary Investigation of the detailed pyrolysis characteristics of tobacco raw materials is important for the understanding of product design and consumption. In this work, pyrolysis characteristics and kinetic models of cigar filler tobacco (CFT), cigar wrapper tobacco (CWT), and flue-cured tobacco (FCT) were investigated by using a thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR). The pyrolysis of different tobacco samples could be divided into four stages based on the derivative thermogravimetric analysis (DTG) curves. Flue-cured tobacco underwent a marked decomposition process at lower temperatures (about 200 °C), while the thermal decomposition of cigar tobacco occurs at higher temperatures. During the pyrolysis process, evolved gases including H2O, CO2, CH4, CO, carbonyls, alcohols, phenols and aromatic compounds were detected by FTIR. CWT released more CO2 than CFT, while the amount of CO2, CH4, CO and aromatic compounds released by flue-cured tobacco was lower than that of cigar tobacco. The pyrolysis kinetics of tobacco leaves were further analyzed and compared through the isoconversional FWO (Flynn-Wall-Ozawa) and KAS (Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose) methods. The activation energy of FCT (from 100.1 kJ mol−1 to 192.1 kJ mol−1) was lower than that of CFT (from 207.36 kJ mol−1 to 319.28 kJ mol−1) and CWT (from 160.40 kJ mol−1 to 260.45 kJ mol−1). The thermal decomposition kinetics of different tobaccos were analyzed by Málek and Coats-Redfern methods.
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Stojanovic, Gordana, Radosav Palic, Biljana Arsic, Dragan Velickovic i Sladjana Alagic. "A comparative analysis of the fatty acids of Yaka, Prilep and Otlja tobaccos". Facta universitatis - series: Physics, Chemistry and Technology 5, nr 1 (2007): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fupct0701057s.
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Content and composition of total and free fatty acids of the air dried leaves of the Serbian selected tobaccos type Prilep, Yaka and Otlja were investigated by GC. In all three tobacco types palmitic acid was the major component: 47.1% of the total acids and 17.0% of the free acids for Prilep, 43.9% of the total acids and 16.0% of the free acids for Yaka and 34.2% of the total acids and 5.0% of the free acids for Otlja tobacco. The U/S values for free and total fatty acids, as well as the content of free fatty acids for the semioriental tobacco Otlja, were almost twice higher than in oriental Yaka and Prilep making them a good marker characteristic distinguishing the two tobacco types.
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Hadaway, Patricia, Barry Beyerstein i Meredith Kimball. "Addiction as an Adaptive Response: Is Smoking a Functional Behavior?" Journal of Drug Issues 16, nr 3 (lipiec 1986): 371–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204268601600304.
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Theories on tobacco addiction divide into two camps, the exposure orientation and the adaptive orientation. The exposure orientation suggests that the use of tobacco is addictive because of the reinforcement properties of tobacco or because of tobacco's biochemical-altering effects. The adaptive orientation views tobacco addiction as a functional response to distress and, therefore, a form of sub-optimal adaptive behavior. Though the two views are not mutually exclusive, the case is made that the primary cause of addiction is explained by the adaptive orientation, and not the exposure orientation. Viewing not only tobacco addiction but all addictions from the adaptive orientation suggests different approaches to social policy and psychotherapy than those presently espoused by the exposure orientation.
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Suprihanti, Antik, Harianto Harianto, Bonar M. Sinaga i Reni Kustiari. "Dinamika Konsumsi Rokok Dan Impor Tembakau Indonesia". SEPA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis 14, nr 2 (15.02.2018): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/sepa.v14i2.25016.
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<em>The tobacco control and the danger of smoking campaigns have given quite much impact into the lower nicotine and tar cigarettes consumption pattern. This fact affects the higher demand of imported tobacco in which are believed to be better than locals. Object of this research are to analyze trend of Indonesian tobacco import in the next 3 years and analyze factors that influence Indonesian tobacco import. Method of the research used descriptive method which using time series secondary data for 27 years from 1990 to 2016. Data is taken from few institusions and literatures. Analysis method used linier trend and multiple linier regression. Results of this research indicate that from 2018 to 2020 import of Indonesian tobacco trend will increase about 3 percent every year. Consumption of cigarettes kretek industries, income and import tariff affect to Indonesian tobacco import significantly. The increasing of imported tobacco is caused by the high demand of virginia tobacco of cigarettes industries that increased their cigarettes production cause high consumption of mild (low nicotine and tar) cigarettes. Therefore, Indonesia government has to support tobacco’s farmer in developing low nicotine and tar tobacco production that is needed by cigarettes industries through cooperation partnership with cigarettes producer, so the dependency of imported tobacco can be decreased.</em>
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Alp, Aydın, Özlem Toncer i Sadettin Çelik. "A Research on Herbal and Quality Properties of Lice Local Tobacco as Genetic Source". Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 8, sp1 (12.12.2020): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8isp1.62-66.3969.
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Tobaccos produced in Turkey are grouped under different names according to the different environmental properties and various characteristics of the regions where they were grown. Lice tobacco is an important local tobacco variety cultivated under Lice-Hazro and Kulp districts conditions. In recent years, a large number of tobacco origin and village populations disappeared from production and faced the danger of extinction. Especially the Lice local tobacco variety has gained a very good adaptation ability against the stress factors of the region. Different environmental factors such as high altitude, stony areas and high temperature, low rainfall and low nitrogen soils have determined the important quality characteristics that distinguish Lice tobacco from other tobacco types. The short plant height and reverse conical plant shape in Lice Tobacco produced in Lice District and around of Diyarbakır draws attention firstly. In Lice tobacco, the number of leaves per plant is 15-17 pieces / plant, the ratio of the length of the leaves to the width (38 cm / 23 cm), the elliptical leaf blade, dark green leaves and plant color, early flowering, the petal color is pinkish red. It is a local variety with high cigarette yield, low nicotine ratio (1-2%), protein nitrogen ratio 1%, total reducing substance ratio 15%, and the highest alkaloid ratio. In this study, the plant and quality characteristics of the local Lice tobacco variety, which has a high degree of genetic diversity, were investigated in farmer conditions and the differences with other Eastern and Southeastern Anatolian tobacco varieties were tried to be revealed.
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Khotimah, Husnul. "PKM Pemanfaatan Batang Tembakau (Nicotiana Tabacum) sebagai Biopestisida di Bucor Wetan Pakuniran Probolinggo". GUYUB: Journal of Community Engagement 1, nr 2 (21.11.2020): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33650/guyub.v1i2.1503.
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Tobacco is one of the important agricultural commodities in Bucor Wetan Village, Pakuniran District, Probolinggo Regency. However, tobacco stems (nicotiana tobacum) are often considered as agricultural waste, since a lack of effective treatment is given to them. This community service activity is to utilize tobacco stem waste to be useful by making it a biopesticide to treat pests and diseases in plants. To achieve these goals, this program is by counseling and training to farmer groups on how to make biopesticides from tobacco stems. The results of this activity were: a) the participants’ enthusiasm is more considerable, especially the Farmer Group, to involve with the training, and b) their knowledge of using tobacco stems is more increased, since they have highly today’s economic value.
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Perfetti, TA, i WM Coleman. "Chiral-Gas Chromatography-Selected Ion Monitoring-Mass Selective Detection Analysis of Tobacco Materials and Tobacco Smoke". Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 18, nr 1 (1.04.1998): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0664.
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AbstractA novel method for the detection, separation, and quantification of the optical isomers of nicotine has been developed. The method has been applied to analyse extracts of tobacco seeds, processed tobacco suspensions, reconstituted tobacco sheet materials, individual tobacco varieties, blends of tobaccos, and cigarette smoke condensate. The methodology does not involve any further sample preparation other than that which is normally used to analyse tobacco alkaloids by the modified method of Gordon et al. (73), or the standard FTC smoke analysis routinely performed by most tobacco and smoke analysis laboratories. Near baseline resolution was obtained for enantiomers, yielding a lower detection limit of approximately 2 % d-nicotine in a mixture of d-and l-nicotine. There was essentially no d-nicotine found in any of the tobacco samples. Detectable levels of d-nicotine were found in most of the samples of cigarette smoke condensate when the cigarettes were smoke by the FTC method. The presence of Oriental tobacco in the cigarette appeared to be related to whether d-nicotine was generated in the mainstream cigarette smoke condensate. When the same cigarettes were smoked under a more stressful puffing regime the level of d-nicotine in the smoke did not increase and in some cases the level of d-nicotine decreased. This work supports prior literature that detected and quantified the presence of d-nicotine in cigarette smoke condensate.
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Mokhtar, Khairil Azmin. "THE DEATH KNELL OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE AT PUBLIC SPACES: CONSTITUTIONALITY OF SMOKING RESTRICTIONS AND SMOKE-FREE ZONE LAWS IN MALAYSIA". UUM Journal of Legal Studies 12, Number 2 (5.07.2021): 89–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/uumjls2021.12.2.5.
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Control of tobacco faces a huge obstacle because it is where important health issue has to face the powerful opposition from the wealth influence of tobacco industries (TI). Death and disease caused by tobacco use now constitute a pandemic. Unfortunately, the power and impact of tobacco’s nature and commerce of its addiction make tobacco control a contentious issue of public health. The task of curbing the tobacco pandemic becomes more challenging with the use of human rights arguments and constitutional issues by smokers and the TI. This is a qualitative research on medical and legal aspects of tobacco use and smoking. This paper examines the origin of tobacco and its use as well as the development of scientific and medical reports relating to the effect of tobacco use particularly smoking. It also demonstrates how national and global policies relating to tobacco were formulated based on the scientific findings and medical reports by giving priority to public health. This is also a legal research relating to international legal framework of tobacco control, namely the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC), and the legal regulations relating to tobacco control in Malaysia as well as its enforcement strategies. The legal challenge mounted against the law and policy restricting tobacco use is also examined. The study shows the implementation of WHO FCTC is crucial in fighting tobacco pandemic. The convention also upheld the right of the people to breathe fresh and clean air by prohibiting environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure in public spaces. Thus, the right must be respected by smokers and must not be infringed upon. The decision of the court is lauded because the law and policy relating to tobacco control are in line with rights guaranteed by the Federal Constitution and in tandem with WHO FCTC of which Malaysia is a party.
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Camp, Catherine. "Gun Regulation Exceptionalism and Adolescent Violence: A Comparison to Tobacco". Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 48, S4 (2020): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110520979398.
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This article compares the landscape of tobacco regulations to the landscape of gun regulations, with a focus on regulations that target youth. This article argues that guns are significantly less regulated compared to tobacco, despite the frequency with which each product causes significant harm to both self and other. Many of the specific ways tobacco is regulated can be applied analogously to firearms while plausibly surviving potential Second Amendment challenges. This article compares the regulatory landscape of tobacco and firearms across six categories: (a) minimum age for purchase, (b) sale by unlicensed individuals, (c) taxation, (d) advertising, (e) graphic warning labels, and (f) zoning. At one time, tobacco was as central — or more so — to American culture as guns are today. However, many decades of public health advocacy led to historic tobacco regulations. Tobacco's regulatory history provides a valuable blueprint for gun regulation, despite Constitutional differences.
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Naby, Beby Alfin, i Hikmatul Lutfiah. "Analisis SCP (Structure, Conduct, Performance) Tembakau Voor-Oogst Kasturi di Kabupaten Jember". Kubis 3, nr 1 (27.05.2023): 12–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.56013/kub.v3i01.2281.
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In Jember Regency, Kalisat District produces the most Voor-Oogst Kasturi tobacco. As a result, the purpose of this study is to understand the structure, conduct and performance of the Voor-Oogst Kasturi Tobacco Market in the Jember Regency. Purposive and snowball sampling were used to collect samples. Structure, Conduct, and Performance (SCP) analysis was the technique employed. The findings indicated that an oligopsony type of market structure existed between farmer marketing agencies, small netherlands, and wholesalers in the kasturi tobacco market. In addition, market activity affects prices at the level of farmers, small-scale traders, and major dealers as price takers, while warehouses act as the tobacco estuary and determine prices. The technique used to determine prices is a bargaining system, and the price correlations for otok'an tobacco were found to be 0.010, 0.008 for spun tobacco, and 0.002 for otok'an-untingan tobacco, meaning that it is not perfect.While this is going on, the marketing performance for squirt tobacco's first marketing channel shows a marketing margin of 0, with channel I's profit share being 65.17% and its cost share being 0.96%.
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Ji, Huihua, i Serban C. Moldoveanu. "Does the Level of NNK in Tobacco and Tobacco Products Depend on the Level of Pseudooxynicotine or of Nicotine-1′-N-Oxide?" Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research 31, nr 1 (1.03.2022): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2022-0003.
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Summary 4-(N’-methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a potentially carcinogenic tobacco specific nitrosamine (TSNA) and an important compound in the Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents (HPHCs) list of U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). For this reason, significant effort is being made for an understanding of the formation of this compound and for the reduction of its level in tobacco products. Formation of NNK is assumed to be the result of nitrosation of 4-(methylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (pseudooxynicotine or PON). Present study evaluated the correlation between the levels of NNK and those of PON in a variety of tobaccos and tobacco products. Since nicotine-1′-N-oxide can be involved in the formation of PON, the correlation of the levels of this compound with the levels of NNK was also evaluated. Two original methods were developed for the quantitation of PON in tobacco and tobacco products and a well-established method has been used for the analysis of NNK. The correlation between the levels of NNK with that of PON was proven to be very poor. The same result was obtained for the correlation between NNK levels and nicotine-1′-N-oxide. This indicated that a higher level of PON or of nicotine-1′-N-oxide in tobacco or tobacco products does not lead to a higher level of NNK. The study does not prove that NNK in tobacco or tobacco products is not generated via PON, but it demonstrated that the limiting factor in the formation of NNK in tobacco and tobacco products is not the level of PON or that of nicotine-1′-N-oxide, and other factors are responsible for the effectiveness of NNK formation.
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Bijarniya, Sunita Kumari, Ritu Kapoor i Manoj Adlakha. "TOBACCO PRODUCTS: CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND COMPARATIVE HARMFULNESS". April 2021 9, nr 4 (15.04.2021): 777–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.46607/iamj1409042021.
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Tobacco consumption is a major social health problem in India as well as throughout the world, because it harms both health and wealth of an addict. Tobacco is a Sthavara Patra Visha received from the plant Nicotiana tobacum/ Nicotiana rusticum leaves by curing them. Tobacco contains an alkaloid nicotine in abundant amount, which is sufficient to make addict like alcohol, cocaine and morphine. There are so many different forms of smoking and smokeless tobacco in India, like cigarette, bidi, gutka, jarda, pan masala etc. Long timed use of Tobacco like adductive products by oral route, acts as a slow poison (Dushi Visha) induces chronic toxicity to the gastrointestinal tract like oral diseases, gingivitis and periodontitis, Leukoplakia (precancerous stage), and may lead to cancer also in advance stage. This chronic toxicity affects cardiovascular system and results as increasing coronary blood flow, heart rate and blood pressure which may trigger the chances of heart attack rate in addict person. Before we can do any effort for reducing toxicity produced by tobacco products its mandatory to knowing the basic knowledge of tobacco products, their chemical composition, their mechanism of action with comparative toxicity and specific tobacco product related to a specific mouth part cancer. Because we can’t stop a person to start tobacco use but we can circulate the knowledge of tobacco products in adolescent groups so that when the beginner chose a tobacco product, he will be aware about the toxicity and affecting organ because of its use. So that, the toxicity can be minimised. Keywords: Tobacco consumption, nicotine, slow poison, cancer, comparative toxicity
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Peeva, Silvia, Violeta Nikolova i Nikolay Nikolov. "Comparative study of the smoke emissions from fine-cut tobacco blends depending on the characteristics of the used RYO/MYO cigarette materials". BIO Web of Conferences 45 (2022): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20224501015.
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The European tobacco market has experienced significant changes in the last years – with the introduction of new tobacco products and the increased consumption of certain traditional products. Recent research of fine-cut tobacco blends (for RYO and MYO cigarettes) in Bulgaria is very limited, which substantiates the current comparative investigation of the smoke emissions of RYO tobaccos, accounting for the used materials (cigarette paper and filter tips). Three variants of laboratory-made cigarettes from five tobacco blends (A -E) were analyzed: variant I – with ready-to-use cigarette tubes; variant II – with gummed cigarette paper and filter tips with diameter 8 mm and length 15 mm; variant III – with the same cigarette paper and filter tips with diameter 6 mm and length 20 mm. The highest levels of smoke emissions were found for variant I and the minimal -for variant III, with no uniform trend between the blends. The smoke emissions from the analyzed RYO tobaccos exceeded the legal limits for commercial cigarettes, except for nicotine from blends B and D, and CO from blend D in variant III. In all variants, a strong correlation between the studied smoke emissions was observed -positive for nicotine/tar and tar/CO, and negative for nicotine/CO.
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Suwannatad, Punyanuch. "Impacts of Nicotine on Neurodegenerative Disorders". International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research 7, nr 2 (18.04.2022): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijshr.20220418.
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Cigarette use is a significant risk factor for cognitive deterioration and dementia. The precise pathobiology of smoking, on the other hand, remains uncertain. Tobacco contains nicotine and many mutagens and carcinogens, wreaking havoc on various body components. Tobacco has a detrimental effect on the development of neurological structures, neurotransmission, and cognitive processes and the development of neurodegenerative disorders, insomnia, and cerebrovascular disease. Nicotine in tobacco smoke has various effects on the human body, including a negative impact on commonly known neurological health. In recent years, considerable effort has been spent on characterizing, revealing, and unearthing new facets of tobacco's negative effect on human life. Therefore, this review aims to explore the relationship between tobacco use and neurodegenerative diseases. To summarize, tremendous effort has been given in recent decades to unveil tobacco harmful to human lives. Nicotine has a wide range of adverse impacts on health, such as a detrimental effect on the brain's generally accepted neurological function. Keywords: Nicotine; Neurodegenerative Disorders; Parkinson's disease; Tobacco smoking.
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Liu, Zong Tang, Gang Ya Zhang i Zhong Sheng Hu. "Immobilization of Cadmium and Lead in Contaminated Soils by Different Amendments". Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (grudzień 2011): 1662–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.1662.
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A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of attapulgite clay, activated carbon, and liquid organic fertilizers used as soil amendments on cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) immobilization as well as on tobacco growth in contaminated soils. All three amendments reduced the amounts of DTPA-extractable Cd and Pb in soils as well as the concentrations of Cd and Pb in tobacco roots and leaves, compared to the control. Cadmium had a higher transportation index into tobacco leaves than Pb. DTPA-extractable Cd and Pb in soils was positively correlated with the metal concentrations in tobacco leaves, suggesting that DTPA-extractable Cd and Pb measurement could be a feasible method for assessing Cd and Pb bioavailability. Experimental results showed that upward trends of Soil and Plant Analyzer Development (SPAD) value in leaves were observed when tobaccos plants were grown in contaminated soils with increases of all the amendments. There were increases in root and shoot lengths as well as leaf area and dry weight for tobacco grown in amendment treated soils compared to the control.
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Small, Roy, Rachel Nugent, Douglas Webb, Brian Hutchinson, Garrison Spencer, Carrie Ngongo, Roman Chestnov i Dudley Tarlton. "Advancing progress on tobacco control in low-income and middle-income countries through economic analysis". Tobacco Control 33, Suppl 1 (maj 2024): s3—s9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tc-2023-058335.
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BackgroundMore than 80% of the world’s 1.3 billion tobacco users live in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), where progress to address tobacco and its harms has been slow. The perception that tobacco control detracts from economic priorities has impeded progress. The Secretariat of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) is leading the FCTC 2030 project, which includes technical assistance to LMICs to analyse the economic costs of tobacco use and the benefits of tobacco control.MethodsThe Secretariat of the WHO FCTC, United Nations Development Programme and WHO supported 21 LMICs between 2017 and 2022 to complete national investment cases to guide country implementation of the WHO FCTC, with analytical support provided by RTI International. These country-level cases combine customised estimates of tobacco’s economic impact with qualitative analysis of socio-political factors influencing tobacco control. This paper overviews the approach, observed tobacco control advancements and learnings from 21 countries: Armenia, Cabo Verde, Cambodia, Chad, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Eswatini, Georgia, Ghana, Jordan, Laos, Madagascar, Myanmar, Nepal, Samoa, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Tunisia and Zambia.ResultsTobacco control advancements in line with investment case findings and recommendations have been observed in 17 of the 21 countries, and many have improved collaboration and policy coherence between health and economic stakeholders.ConclusionsTobacco control must be seen as more than a health concern. Tobacco control leads to economic benefits and contributes to sustainable development. National investment cases can support country ownership and leadership to advance tobacco control.