Artykuły w czasopismach: „Tobacco use”

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K. Rajan, Jinu. "Smokeless Tobacco use can be Fatal". Community and Public Health Nursing 1, nr 2 (2016): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/cphn.2455.8621.1216.13.

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ADELMAN, RAYMOND D. "Smokeless Tobacco and Hypertension in an Adolescent". Pediatrics 79, nr 5 (1.05.1987): 837–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.79.5.837b.

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To the Editor.— Concern has been expressed recently about the health hazards of the widespread use of smokeless tobacco by [See figure in the PDF file] children. Some surveys have reported regular use by as many as 12% to 33% of male high school students.1,2 Complications of smokeless tobacco include oral cancer, periodontal disease, and dependence. Hypertension may also occur due to the sodium and nicotine content of smokeless tobacco1 and glycyrrhizinic acid. This extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra root, present in many chewing tobaccos and natural licorice, has potent mineralocorticoid activity and may produce hypertension and, in some patients, hypokalemia, alkalosis, sodium and water retention, and suppressed plasma renin activity.3-5

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Talpur, Nida, Maham Shah i Sana Siddique. "TOBACCO USE;". Professional Medical Journal 24, nr 07 (3.07.2017): 1027–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.07.1085.

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Background: Smoking and smokeless tobacco is thought to have detrimentalimpact on oral as well as general health. Relationship of caries to tobacco is still unclear.Studies conducted worldwide reported tobacco as a risk factor for root caries. Use of tobaccomay be a co variable in this complex rather than direct etiological factors in caries occurance.Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional study. Setting: “Different colleges of Qasimabad(Hyderabad)’’. Period: 1st August to 31st October 2016. Materials and Methods: Sample sizeof 400 boys. Two groups were made 200 students boys in each group. (Group A) comprising ofsmokers Group B non-smokers or never users. Results: Students in Group (A) 16 years of age(11%) were having caries while (1.75%) were free from caries. Students of 19 years of age (10%)were having caries while (2.5%) were caries free. Over all caries present in this group was (41%)while caries free were (8.79%). According to Group B, Students who were 16 years of age whonever smoke caries present was in (3%), caries free were (9.25%). Students who were 17 yearsof age having caries (2.25%), caries free were (10.25%). Students with the age 19 years havingcaries present in (3.25%) caries free were (9%). Over all (10.5%) were having caries. While(39.5%) were free from caries. Conclusion: It is concluded that caries rate was high in smokers.

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Altman, David G., i Jason A. Goldsmith. "Tobacco use". Current Opinion in Psychiatry 4, nr 6 (grudzień 1991): 905–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001504-199112000-00018.

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Gillette, William B. "TOBACCO USE". Journal of the American Dental Association 126, nr 2 (luty 1995): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1995.0128.

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Drennan, Vari. "Tobacco use". Primary Health Care 21, nr 8 (4.10.2011): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/phc.21.8.13.s12.

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The Lancet. "Tobacco use in the USA". Lancet 376, nr 9745 (wrzesień 2010): 930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61433-x.

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Klus, H., M. Kunze, S. Koenig i E. Poeschl. "Smokeless Tobacco - An Overview". Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 23, nr 5 (1.09.2009): 248–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0865.

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AbstractSmoking, especially cigarette smoking, is the most common form of tobacco consumption world-wide. It is generally accepted that smoking carries health risks for smokers. The combustion and pyrolysis products of tobacco generated during smoking are considered to be responsible for the harmful effects. Smokeless tobacco, another wide-spread form of tobacco use, is not subjected to burning and produces no combustion or pyrolysis products. Therefore, there is an increasingly intense debate about the potential role of smokeless tobacco in reducing the harm of tobacco use.An overview is presented on the different types of smokeless tobaccos consumed around the world. Commercial products differ widely in composition and patterns of use. The smokeless tobaccos of the Western world (Europe and North America) need to be clearly distinguished from those popular in Asia, Africa and South America. The modern smokeless tobaccos used in Europe and North America are reviewed regarding their chemical composition and toxicological properties. Agents of concern found in smokeless tobacco, especially the tobacco specific N-nitrosamines, are dealt with in particular.The epidemiological evidence is summarized concerning a wide range of health outcomes. Published reviews and studies are presented and interpreted regarding non-neoplastic oral diseases, various forms of cancer, circulatory diseases, several other diseases and pregnancy outcome. While many of the epidemiological studies have weaknesses and data are often inconsistent it is quite obvious that smokeless tobacco use is much less risky for consumers than smoking. In fact, for modern forms of European moist snuff such as Swedish snus, which is subject to strict quality standards, there is evidence for - if any - only very limited serious health risk.The ongoing public discussion centers around the influence smokeless tobacco may have on smoking rates (initiation or cessation) and the occurrence of tobacco specific diseases - with Sweden being a revealing example. There is an interesting controversy regarding product and marketing regulations for smokeless tobaccos in the European Union.

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Vourakis, Christine. "Tackling Tobacco Use". Journal of Addictions Nursing 21, nr 2-3 (czerwiec 2010): 65–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10884602.2010.485743.

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Saleem, Raheela, Fahad Jibran Siyal, Abdullah Dayo, Naheed Memon, Muhammad Ali Ghoto i Mudassar Iqbal Arain. "USE OF TOBACCO". Professional Medical Journal 25, nr 06 (9.06.2018): 941–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/18.4591.

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Leone, Frank T., i Sarah Evers-Casey. "Tobacco Use Disorder". Medical Clinics of North America 106, nr 1 (styczeń 2022): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2021.08.011.

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Saleem, Raheela, Fahad Jibran Siyal, Abdullah Dayo, Naheed Memon, Muhammad Ali Ghoto i Mudassar Iqbal Arain. "USE OF TOBACCO". Professional Medical Journal 25, nr 06 (10.06.2018): 941–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2018.25.06.285.

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Objective: To evaluate the frequency and trend of tobacco use among thedoctors of Medical University. Study Design: Cross-sectional survey. Period: 06 Months fromAug 2016 to Jan 2017. Setting: Medical College and Tertiary Care Hospital affiliated with MedicalUniversity of Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan. Methods: Collection of data through the modifiedquestionnaire of IUATLD, on a total of 140 doctors of Medical University, Larkana. Results:A total of 140 respondents, 116 were male and 24 were females. Out of 116 males, 65 (56%)were smokers and out of 24 females, 04(16.66%) were smokers. Sixty four (45.7%) were currentsmokers, 5(3.6%) were ex-smokers and 71(50.7%) were non-smokers. Majority 37(26.4%) ofsmokers start smoking between the age of 21-30 years. Most frequent form of tobacco usedis cigarettes. Non-smokers were affected by passive smoking in their environment. Majorityof smokers use caffeinated drink with smoking cigarettes. 23(16.4%) smokers need properguideline of smoking cessation plan. Conclusion: Mostly male doctors involved in smokingas compared to female doctors. Most of them lie in the moderate addiction index. There isa extreme need for special trainings in the educational institutes for both the students andteachers so that to make it smoke free zone.

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RAVENHOLT, R. T. "Lifetime Tobacco Use". Annals of Internal Medicine 105, nr 3 (1.09.1986): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-105-3-472_3.

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Ricer, Rick E. "Smokeless tobacco use". Postgraduate Medicine 81, nr 4 (marzec 1987): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00325481.1987.11699743.

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Zablotsky, Nevin. "QUITTING TOBACCO USE". Journal of the American Dental Association 140, nr 2 (luty 2009): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2009.0115.

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Zablotsky, Nevin. "TOBACCO-USE CESSATION". Journal of the American Dental Association 143, nr 9 (wrzesień 2012): 962–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2012.0308.

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Barker, Bruce F., i Gerry J. Barker. "Oral tobacco use". Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 81, nr 2 (luty 1996): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1079-2104(96)80391-x.

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Ahmad, Khabir. "Tackling tobacco use". Lancet Oncology 6, nr 4 (kwiecień 2005): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(05)70073-5.

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Camenga, Deepa R., i Jonathan D. Klein. "Tobacco Use Disorders". Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 25, nr 3 (lipiec 2016): 445–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2016.02.003.

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McAfee, Timothy A., i Judy Kruger. "Tobacco Use Patterns". Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2012 (2012): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/564390.

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DiFranza, Joseph R., Chaya Bhuvaneswar, Denise Jolicoeur, Susanne E. Tanski i Jonathan Winickoff. "Tobacco Use Disorder". Journal of Addiction Medicine 10, nr 3 (2016): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/adm.0000000000000181.

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Campbell, Stacy L., Linda Lee, Cynthia Haugland, Steven D. Helgerson i Todd S. Harwell. "Tobacco Quitline Use". American Journal of Preventive Medicine 35, nr 4 (październik 2008): 386–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.06.032.

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INEICHEN, BERNARD. "Adolescent tobacco use". Journal of Adolescence 22, nr 5 (październik 1999): 583–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jado.1999.0253.

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Sargent, James D. "Teen Tobacco Use". American Journal of Preventive Medicine 47, nr 2 (sierpień 2014): S90—S92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.04.017.

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Edwards, Christopher L., Gary G. Bennett, ScD Kathleen Y. Wolin, Stephanie Johnson, Sherrye Fowler, Keith E. Whitfield, Sandy Askew i in. "Misestimation of Peer Tobacco Use: Understanding Disparities in Tobacco Use". Journal of the National Medical Association 100, nr 3 (marzec 2008): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0027-9684(15)31242-6.

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Soneji, Samir, JaeWon Yang, Kristin E. Knutzen, Meghan Bridgid Moran, Andy S. L. Tan, James Sargent i Kelvin Choi. "Online Tobacco Marketing and Subsequent Tobacco Use". Pediatrics 141, nr 2 (2.01.2018): e20172927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-2927.

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Smith, Mary Atkinson, i Andrea Jackson. "Tobacco Use, Tobacco Cessation, and Musculoskeletal Health". Orthopaedic Nursing 37, nr 5 (2018): 280–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nor.0000000000000479.

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Nicholl, Jack. "Tobacco tax initiatives to prevent tobacco use". Cancer 83, S12A (15.12.1998): 2666–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19981215)83:12a+<2666::aid-cncr2>3.0.co;2-b.

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Glavak Tkalić, Renata, Ines Sučić i Ivan Dević. "Motivation for Substance Use: Why Do People Use Alcohol, Tobacco and Marijuana?" Drustvena istrazivanja 22, nr 4 (30.12.2013): 601–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5559/di.22.4.03.

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Ma, Grace X., Yajia Lan, Michael I. Toubbeh i Chenkai Zhai. "Tobacco Use in China". Californian Journal of Health Promotion 2, nr 1 (1.03.2004): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32398/cjhp.v2i1.588.

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Objective: To provide an overview of the previous study findings on tobacco use patterns and deleterious consequences on the health and economy in China, the largest producer and consumer of tobacco products in the world. Data Sources: Medline literature searches, books, and reports from 1982 to 2002. Data Synthesis: Seven categories were examined (prevalence patterns of smoking, its correlations with age and gender, smoking initiation, risk factors, health and economic consequences, knowledge of and attitudes towards tobacco among smokers and non-smokers, and suggestions on tobacco control efforts). Conclusions: The results consistently indicated high prevalence rates in China, which varied significantly with gender, age, and region. The health and ensuing economic consequences of tobacco use are enormous. The authors urge the Chinese governmental authorities that investment in tobacco control is a wise and profitable venture to counteract the effects of tobacco before a highly probable health catastrophe occurs.

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Guydish, Joseph, Kwinoja Kapiteni, Thao Le, Barbara Campbell, Erika Pinsker i Kevin Delucchi. "Tobacco use and tobacco services in California substance use treatment programs". Drug and Alcohol Dependence 214 (wrzesień 2020): 108173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108173.

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Okoli, Chizimuzo T. C., Chris G. Richardson, Pamela A. Ratner i Joy L. Johnson. "Adolescents' self-defined tobacco use status, marijuana use, and tobacco dependence". Addictive Behaviors 33, nr 11 (listopad 2008): 1491–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.05.008.

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McCarthy, William J., Michael D. Newcomb, Ebrahim Maddahian i Rodney Skager. "Smokeless Tobacco Use among Adolescents: Demographic Differences, other Substance Use, and Psychological Correlates". Journal of Drug Education 16, nr 4 (grudzień 1986): 383–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/y1t2-bl05-gxc5-2b5n.

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Survey data on smokeless tobacco and other substance use were obtained from 2,926 seventh, ninth, and eleventh graders in Ventura County, California public schools. Patterns of smokeless tobacco use were examined relative to other drug use, particularly cigarette smoking. Few females used smokeless tobacco regularly, as compared to 4.7 percent of the males. The data supported the view that the recent increases in smokeless tobacco use were related to male tobacco users' belief that smokeless tobacco was less harmful to physical health than cigarette smoking. A Guttman scalogram analysis showed that tobacco use, either cigarette smoking or smokeless tobacco use, occurred after marijuana use rather than before. Perceived parental attitudes toward marijuana use predicted both cigarette smoking and use of smokeless tobacco, whereas perceived parental attitudes toward alcohol use was only related to use of cigarettes. Quality of life measures were inversely related to both cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco use, but mood state measures predicted only cigarette smoking. Implications of the results for a historical hydraulic model of aggregate drug use are discussed with recommendations for improved approaches to the prevention of drug abuse.

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Kant, Surya, Anjali Singh, Narsingh Verma, Ajay Kumar Verma i Adarsh Tripathi. "NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL MODALITIES FOR TOBACCO CESSATION: AN OVERVIEW". International Journal of Advanced Research 10, nr 05 (31.05.2022): 176–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14694.

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Tobacco use is widely prevalent since so many years worldwide. Tobaccos negative effects are well-known, and there is strong evidence that its constituents are responsible for cancer, oral problems, other health hazards and even deaths. Also, tobacco users with COVID-19 have higher risk of severity. Therefore, Cessation is necessary to lower this risk from coronavirus, and other illnesses. Consumers are looking for alternative methods to quit tobacco use. Numerous pharmacologicaland non-pharmacological strategies havebeen tried for tobacco cessation.Although pharmacological approaches have been reported more effective but non pharmacological approaches are also gaining importance and popularity. This review article is primarily focused on non-pharmacological approaches for Tobacco Cessation.

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Lauterbach, John H. "Waterpipe Tobaccos, Part I. Composition of Forty Brand-Styles of Contemporary Waterpipe Tobacco Available on the US Market in 2020–2022". Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research 33, nr 2 (1.04.2024): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2024-0004.

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Summary The compositions of waterpipe tobaccos available for retail sale on the US market are relatively unknown compared with more popular products such as cigarettes. Indeed, the phrase “waterpipe tobaccos” is used only in some governmental regulations and in journal articles dealing with regulatory aspects of those products. Commercially, the terms “shisha”, “hookah tobaccos”, and “flavored tobaccos” are used. In addition to the differences in commercial terminology, there is also confusion about the composition of such tobaccos, with the term “waterpipe tobacco” also being applied to products on the market that do not contain enough glycerol to prevent combustion during use. Therefore, during the past several years, 40 samples of shisha products on the US market were sent to an ISO 17025 accredited laboratory for the determination of glycerol, propylene glycol, fructose, glucose, and sucrose, in addition to the usual tobacco analytes and water using the Karl Fischer method. Moreover, two surrogate samples of shisha tobacco, one based on flue-cured tobacco and the other based on dark air-cured tobacco, were analyzed by the same laboratory along with samples of the starting tobaccos. The main finding from these analyses was that there were two very different types of shisha tobaccos on the market. One type was based on dark air-cured tobacco and the other type was based on flue-cured tobacco. Among the brand-styles based on flue-cured tobacco, some had higher levels of glycerol and lower levels of added sugars than others that had higher added sugars and lower levels of glycerol. Another important point of differentiation was that the products based on dark air-cured tobacco had much smaller tobacco particle sizes than did those based on flue-cured tobacco. The results of this research as well as other research that will be presented in two subsequent reports showed that waterpipe tobaccos cannot be considered as a single product category. This is particularly true for the determination of emissions using the instrumentation specified in ISO 22486:2019 (Water pipe tobacco smoking machine — Definitions and standard conditions).

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Schultz, Annette S. H., Joan L. Bottorff i Stephanie Barclay McKeown. "Nurses’ Use of Qualitative Research Approaches to Investigate Tobacco Use and Control". Annual Review of Nursing Research 27, nr 1 (grudzień 2009): 115–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0739-6686.27.115.

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Qualitative research methods are increasingly used by nurse scientists to explore a wide variety of topics relevant to practice and/or health policy issues. The purpose of this chapter is to review the contributions of nurse scientists to the field of tobacco control through the use of qualitative research methods. A systematic literature search strategy was used to identify 51 articles published between 1980 and 2008. The majority (84%) of reviewed articles were authored by North American nurse scientists. Cessation was the most commonly (85%) studied aspect of tobacco control. Six qualitative research approaches were used: qualitative descriptive (55%), narrative analysis (8%), phenomenology (6%), grounded theory (14%), ethnography (12%), and case study (6%). Qualitative descriptive methods were primarily one-off studies to address practical problems or issues encountered in practice, and often validated current understandings related to tobacco. Researchers who used other types of qualitative methods and who conducted qualitative studies as part of programs of research were more likely to make more substantive contributions to the evolving field of tobacco control. These contributions related to how smoking intertwines with personal and social identities, the influence of social context on tobacco use, and nurses’ involvement in tobacco control (both of their own tobacco use and in assisting others). Nurse scientists interested in exploring tobacco-related issues are encouraged to consider the full range of qualitative research approaches. Qualitative research methods contribute to our understanding of tobacco use arising from nursing practice, health care and policy, along with the field of tobacco control in general.

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Shah, Vandana, Sally Herndon Malek, Tom Brown i Barbara Moeykens. "Reducing Tobacco Use in Tobacco Country: North Carolina’s Success Story in Lowering Tobacco Use Among Youth". North Carolina Medical Journal 71, nr 1 (styczeń 2010): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18043/ncm.71.1.81.

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Spangler, John G., Thomas A. Arcury, Sara A. Quandt i John S. Preisser. "Tobacco Use Among Mexican Farmworkers Working in Tobacco". Journal of Agromedicine 9, nr 1 (styczeń 2003): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j096v09n01_08.

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YANG, Gong-Huan. "Monitoring Epidemic of Tobacco Use, Promote Tobacco Control". Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 23, nr 6 (grudzień 2010): 420–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0895-3988(11)60001-9.

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Carter, Brian J., Ammar D. Siddiqi, Tzuan A. Chen, Maggie Britton, Isabel Martinez Leal, Virmarie Correa-Fernández, Anastasia Rogova i in. "Educating Substance Use Treatment Center Providers on Tobacco Use Treatments Is Associated with Increased Provision of Counseling and Medication to Patients Who Use Tobacco". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, nr 5 (23.02.2023): 4013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054013.

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Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death in America and is elevated among patients with non-tobacco substance use disorders. Substance use treatment centers (SUTCs) do not commonly address their patients’ tobacco use. Lack of knowledge on treating tobacco use with counseling and medication may be a barrier that underlies this inaction. A multi-component tobacco-free workplace program implemented in Texas SUTCs educated providers on treating tobacco use with evidence-based medication (or referral) and counseling. This study examined how center-level changes in knowledge from pre- to post-implementation (i.e., over time) affected center-level behavioral changes in providers’ provision of tobacco use treatment over time. Providers from 15 SUTCs completed pre- and post-implementation surveys (pre N = 259; post N = 194) assessing (1) perceived barriers to treating tobacco use, specifically, a lack of knowledge on treating tobacco use with counseling or medication; (2) receipt of past-year education on treating tobacco use with counseling or medication; and (3) their intervention practices, specifically, the self-reported regular use of (a) counseling or (b) medication intervention or referral with patients who use tobacco. Generalized linear mixed models explored associations between provider-reported knowledge barriers, education receipt, and intervention practices over time. Overall, recent counseling education receipt was endorsed by 32.00% versus 70.21% of providers from pre- to post-implementation; the regular use of counseling to treat tobacco use was endorsed by 19.31% versus 28.87% from pre- to post-implementation. Recent medication education receipt was endorsed by 20.46% versus 71.88% of providers from pre- to post-implementation; the regular use of medication to treat tobacco use was endorsed by 31.66% versus 55.15% from pre- to post-implementation. All changes were statistically significant (ps < 0.05). High versus low reductions in the provider-reported barrier of “lack of knowledge on pharmacotherapy treatment” over time were a significant moderator of effects, such that SUTCs with high reductions in this barrier were more likely to report greater increases in both medication education receipt and medication treatment/referral for patients who use tobacco over time. In conclusion, a tobacco-free workplace program implementation strategy that included SUTC provider education improved knowledge and resulted in increased delivery of evidence-based treatment of tobacco use at SUTCs; however, treatment provision rates—in particular, offering tobacco cessation counseling—remained less than desirable, suggesting that barriers beyond lack of knowledge may be important to address to improve tobacco use care in SUTCs. Moderation results suggest (1) differences in the mechanisms underlying uptake of counseling education versus medication education and (2) that the relative difficulty of providing counseling versus providing medication persists regardless of knowledge gains.

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Hallett, John (Jeb). "Controlling personal tobacco use". Journal of Vascular Surgery 75, nr 2 (luty 2022): 730–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2021.09.019.

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Maserejian, Nancy, i Athanasios I. Zavras. "Genetics of Tobacco Use". Tobacco Induced Diseases 2, nr 2 (2004): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1617-9625-2-2-81.

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McDermott, R. "Use of Smokeless Tobacco". Nurse Practitioner 12, nr 1 (styczeń 1987): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006205-198701000-00013.

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CRUME, TESSA. "Tobacco Use During Pregnancy". Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 62, nr 1 (marzec 2019): 128–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/grf.0000000000000413.

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Sohn, Min, Christine Hartley, Erika Sivarajan Froelicher i Neal L. Benowitz. "Tobacco use and dependence". Seminars in Oncology Nursing 19, nr 4 (listopad 2003): 250–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.soncn.2003.08.002.

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Porter, R. S., V. R. Gowda, K. Kotchou, J. Nodora i R. Leischow. "Tobacco Use Among Adults". Oncology Times 24, nr 3 (marzec 2002): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000315707.81836.6a.

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Epps, Roselyn Payne, Marc W. Manley i Thomas J. Glynn. "Tobacco Use Among Adolescents". Pediatric Clinics of North America 42, nr 2 (kwiecień 1995): 389–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-3955(16)38953-2.

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Ephros, Hillel, i Alan Samit. "Tobacco use and cancer". Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 82, nr 3 (wrzesień 1996): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1079-2104(96)80342-8.

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Allen, Carl M., Nadarajah Vigneswaran, Ken Tilashalski, Brad Rodu i Philip Cole. "Tobacco use and cancer". Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 80, nr 2 (sierpień 1995): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1079-2104(05)80199-4.

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Wenner, Fyama, i Jennifer A. Goedken. "Tobacco Use and Pregnancy". Postgraduate Obstetrics & Gynecology 32, nr 17 (wrzesień 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.pgo.0000419579.75781.7a.

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