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1
Nakkash, Rima. "Tobacco industry strategies in Lebanon : an analysis of internal tobacco industry documents." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.498136.
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Ranzetta, Kirk Edwards. "The changing paradigm of agricultural knowledge the policy, memory, and culture of the Maryland tobacco buyout /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 0.98 Mb., 160 p, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3220642.
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Carter, SM. "Tobacco industry communication strategies : an Australian analysis of internal tobacco industry documents and other sources." Phd thesis, University of Sydney, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/7893.
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Burnakova, V. "Sustainable development strategy for tobacco industry." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/81009.
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Дослідження присвячене питанням сталого розвитку та стратегії розвитку тютюнової промисловості.<br>Исследование посвящено вопросам устойчивого развития и стратегии развития табачной промышленности.<br>The research is devoted to the issues of sustainable development and development strategy of the tobacco industry.
5
Matemba, Edward. "Adverse welfare effects of regulations on small tobacco exporters: the case of Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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Regulations to reduce the consumption of tobacco products have dual effects on economies. Economies that are net consumers of tobacco products experience welfare enhancing effects as a result of these regulations. However, these regulations can have adverse welfare effects among net producing economies. Many studies have explored these welfare effects on net consuming economies, whereas the impacts among net producing economies have been neglected. This research paper examined the adverse welfare effects of smoking regulations on small tobacco exporting economies with, a comparative advantage in tobacco production.
6
Lee, Sungkyu. "The tobacco industry in South Korea since market liberalisation : implications for strengthening tobacco control." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2011. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/768502/.
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This research analyses transnational tobacco companies' (TTCs) broader strategies for market access and demand creation through understanding market liberalisation in South Korea's tobacco industry from the late 1980s in order to inform the strengthening of tobacco control policies within the country and other emerging markets. The research is mainly based on internal tobacco industry documents, made publicly available through litigation. Detailed analysis of industry documents related to South Korea has not been undertaken to date. Semistructured interviews and additional primary and secondary sources served as important supplementary data sources. The key finding of this research is that the market access strategies of TTCs, including direct and indirect lobbying on trade policies, were a response to South Korea's export-oriented economic development model and its negative attitude towards foreign investment. This was undertaken within the context of the transformation of the world trading system from the 1980s which created pressure on the country to open its market. After liberalisation, various aggressive marketing tactics to create demand for foreign brands were used by TTCs. The competition this engendered played a key role in the transformation of the Korean tobacco monopoly into a private, competitive business which emulated and refined the tactics used by TTCs. This, in turn, increased the extent and intensity of the aggressive marketing of tobacco products in Korea overall. Total volume of cigarette sales increased 25% as a result, making Korea the 8th largest tobacco market in the world by 1992, whilst smoking prevalence increased among young adults and females. The research concludes that a fuller understanding of TTCs' strategies for global expansion can be derived by locating them within the economic development models of specific countries or regions. Such analysis, in turn, offers important lessons for strengthening global tobacco control. Of foremost importance is the need for emerging markets to appropriately balance economic and public health policies when considering liberalisation. The South Korean experience also demonstrates that comprehensive tobacco control policies, as set out by the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, must be implemented prior to any market liberalisation and strictly enforced within a competitive market environment.
7
Pena, Pedro Pablo. "The effects of tobacco policies in the Dominican Republic." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10222009-125115/.
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Chen, Chao, and Di Yu. "The CSR challenges and opportunities in Chinese tobacco industry." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-15780.
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Laroche, Andree Carleton University Dissertation Political Science. "The politics of tobacco: a study of the making of Bills C-204 and C-51." Ottawa, 1992.
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Kanyesigye, E. K. "The tobacco industry, and smoking among Ugandan teenage students /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1990. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09MPM/09mpmk16.pdf.
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Watts, Christina. "Tobacco industry interference in supply-side policies in Australia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/24682.
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Tobacco smoking rates in Australia are at a historic low, largely due to decades of tobacco control policy reforms aimed at reducing consumer demand for tobacco products. However, while some conditions have been placed on the sale of tobacco, such measures are not explicitly aimed at reducing the supply of tobacco products by restricting their sale. Tobacco therefore remains one of the most widely available consumer goods on the market in Australia, which contributes to a perception that tobacco is a normal part of everyday life. The widespread retail availability of tobacco in Australia undermines smokers quit attempts and increase impulse purchases, which ultimately increases tobacco consumption.
Regulating the supply of tobacco in Australia is an essential next step to achieving future reductions in smoking prevalence. However at present, the lack of regulation on the “supply-side” of tobacco control presents opportunities for the tobacco industry to exploit loopholes, undermine tobacco control policies and exert its power and influence. Tobacco companies and tobacco retailers both play a unique and interrelated role in the sale of tobacco in Australia and it is critical that research exploring supply-side tobacco control policies investigates the motivations and activities of both tobacco companies and retailers, and how they work together. This is particularly paramount in light of the tobacco industry’s increasing attempts to reframe its corporate image alongside efforts to undermine and influence the public health policy landscape.
This body of work will establish an understanding of attitudes, beliefs and experiences of retailers in regards to selling tobacco and uncover the ways in which tobacco companies manage relationships with retailers to covertly market their products to maximise profitability. It will also investigate the tobacco industry’s tactics to interfere with and influence policy through a corporate social responsibility agenda and explore the implications of this on tobacco retail reform in the future.
12
Šáchová, Barbora. "Marketingová komunikace společnosti British American Tobacco." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-359332.
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Master thesis is focused on marketing communication of British American Tobacco company. The objective is analysis on example of campaign which is connected to the launch. Theoretical part is dedicated to characteristics of marketing mix, communication mix and also to brand. Tobacco industry, its specifics and mainly the legal restrictions are described in practical part of the thesis. Then there is introduction of BAT company and Rothmans brand. As was already mentioned, the last chapter is about particular study case, Rothmans Demi Click and about detailed analysis of campaign which is related to this launch. Part of a thesis is also evaluation of the campaign by quantitative and qualitative research. At the end there are recommendation for the future.
13
Ismail, Hasan. "An evaluation of government assistance to the Malaysian flue-cured virginia tobacco industry." Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/130376.
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The Government of Malaysia has been encouraging the
modernization of the Malaysian Flue-cured Virginia (MFCV) tobacco
industry, with the objective of increasing farmers' incomes and
levels of living. Part of the encouragement has been in the form
of regulating minimum prices and the grading structure, providing
extension services and input subsidies, imposing import duties
on tobacco and cigarettes, and implementing projects with
advanced technologies for tobacco production. Some groups claim
that the industry is receiving too much governmental assistance.
Therefore, the purpose of this study is to measure the extent of
the assistance. In particularly, it measured the assistance
given to the tobacco growing and curing activities, both
individually and jointly, for 1980 and 1984. The measurement of
assistance is based on the theory of the effective rate of
protection. A number of standard measures, including the Nominal
Rate of Assistance, Gross Subsidy Equivalent, Effective Rate of
Assistance and Net Subsidy Equivalent are employed in measuring
the assistance. The methods used to derive these measures are
those employed by the Australian Industries Assistance Commission
which in turn are derived from the work of Balassa.
The study found that, if it is assumed that all assistance
flows to growers, in 1980 the growing activity received very high
assistance: the estimated effective rate of assistance was 1,232
per cent. The effective rate of assistance for 1984 was not
calculated due to the negative value-added, implying even higher assistance. Under this assumption, the estimated effective rates
of assistance for the curing activity were -12.44 and -3.6 per
cent for 1980 and 1984 respectively, implying the activity was
taxed by the community.
With the assumption that the assistance was fully
retained by curers, the assistance given to the growing activity
in 1980 and 1984 was low with the estimated effective rates of
assistance being 22.06 and 14.92 per cent respectively. The
effective rates of assistance for the curing activity in these
years were not calculated due to the negative value-added,
implying very high assistance.
The study found that the assistance given to the joint
activity of tobacco growing and curing for 1980 and 1984 was
high: the estimated effective rates of assistance were 107.34 and
169.64 respectively. It is concluded that, probably, the
estimated assistance of the joint activity is most indicative of
assistance received by growers and curers in these years.
Comparisons with other studies suggest that the rates of
assistance given to the joint activity of tobacco growing and
curing in 1980 and 1984 were generally far higher than that for
other agricultural activities in 1973, in particularly for
smallholder rubber, oil palm, coconut, livestock, food crops and
total primary industry. The rates were also far higher than
that for several agricultural activities in 1977, in particularly smallholder rubber, oil palm, cocoa, cocoa-coconut
(intercropping) and rice.
14
Johansson, Mattias. "Development from Tobacco? : A study of the Malawian tobacco industry and its impactson sustainable development in Malawi." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-160855.
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The aim and purpose of this report is to describe how the domestic tobacco industry is affectingsustainable development in Malawi. This is done by describing the environmental and socio-economic effects ofthe cultivation and selling of tobacco leaves. Together with an outlook on the future developments of the industry,this information is used to describe how the Malawian tobacco industry corresponds to sustainable developmentand how it can be changed to improve sustainability in the country. The report is based on a literature study andtwo interviews. Theories on sustainable development and developmental concepts form the theoreticalbackground for the report. The conclusion of the report is that the situation regarding the Malawian tobaccoindustry is a complex one, where direct economic benefits are the main motive, but various socio-economic andenvironmental effects combine to make the situation unsustainable in a number of aspects. The suggestion of thisreport is to turn away from the current high dependence on tobacco to a more diversified agriculture, wheredifferent types of food crops substitute tobacco as the main source of income, while at the same time providingmore food in a country where poverty and malnutrition are problematic issues.
15
Ford, Allison. "Packaging as a marketing tool : adolescents' perceptions of branded and plain tobacco packaging." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/21789.
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Plain packaging first appeared on the UK policy agenda in the Department of Health’s 2008 ‘Consultation on the Future of Tobacco Control’. Since then, plain (or standardised) packaging has been framed through the potential benefit to young people. Within the period of this thesis, plain packaging has been actively debated and draft plain packaging regulations were published in June 2014. An extended literature review of academic and practitioner marketing literature, internal tobacco company documents and public health packaging research, establishes that the research informing the policy debate, while consistent in its approach and findings, fails to recognise the strategic nature of pack design, the full extent of the influence that branded design can have on consumer responses, and the importance of product design as a marketing tool. This thesis attempts to address these gaps in the plain packaging evidence base. It explores if, and how, adolescents engage with different styles of packaging and product design, whether or not an association between tobacco packaging and adolescent smoking exists, and whether it is possible to observe cognitive, affective and behavioural responses to packaging. The study uses a sequential exploratory mixed methodology design with two stages of research. First, focus groups were conducted with 15 year olds (n=48) to explore adolescent responses to tobacco packaging and product design. The findings show that adolescents are most appreciative of ‘novelty’ pack designs. These ‘novelty’ packs, for instance with innovative structures or distinctive designs and colours, generated positive user imagery and influenced affective feelings among participants. Cigarettes with slim diameters, white tips and decorative designs increased appeal and communicated a weaker tasting and less harmful product. Conversely, a plain pack eliminated positive perceptions and feelings, and exposed tobacco as harmful, dirty and not for young people. The qualitative findings were used to develop measures and hypotheses which were tested in a quantitative survey. The second stage of research utilised a cross-sectional in-home survey (n=1373) with 11 to 16 year olds. Respondents were asked to rate three different pack styles - ‘novelty’, ‘regular’ and ‘plain’ - on 11 pack ratings items and four pack feelings items. The findings show adolescents hold ‘novelty’ packaging in higher regard than ‘regular’ packaging across pack ratings items. There were fewer differences between ‘novelty’ and ‘regular’ packaging for the pack feelings items. Plain packaging was consistently rated most negatively across all survey items. Logistic regressions, controlling for factors known to influence youth smoking, showed that susceptibility to smoke was associated with positive appraisal and also receptivity for ‘novelty’ packaging. There was no association with pack appraisal or receptivity for the plain pack. While susceptibility is not a direct behavioural response it is a reasonable predictor of future tobacco use. Collectively the findings show that ‘novelty’ packaging and product design holds greatest appeal for adolescents. Plain packaging limits the opportunity for tobacco companies to communicate with, mislead and influence consumers. Based upon the role of packaging for consumer goods in general, and tobacco in particular, plain packaging would effectively reduce the promotional role of packaging.
16
Edwards, Jesse. "Our Government is Perpetuating the Tobacco Crisis: An Analysis of the Relationship Between the Tobacco Industry and the Government." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1287.
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The following paper explores the relationship between the tobacco industry and the United States government. Through an extensive literature review, I conclude that the government is perpetuating the tobacco crisis in the United States by aligning their policymaking actions with the interests of the industry in exchange for receiving campaign support. I find that the primary method of support the industry provides is through monetary contributions, essentially bribing legislators to assist them on tobacco control regulations. I argue that this mode of persuasion is most effective because the tobacco industry is appealing to the egos of the legislators by bolstering their finances which in turn greatly enables them to sustain their power in office. For future research, I recommend analyzing this relationship regarding the rising trend of e-cigarettes and vaping, especially among adolescents.
17
Fourie, LW, and Jager J. de. "The impact of Legislative changes in the tobacco industry on South Africans - clearing the Air." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 2003. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001988.
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Abstract
The purpose of this article is to gain insight in the South African tobacco
industry, its influence on the community and the role of anti-tobacco campaigns.
This is done by conducting an empirical investigation of the attitudes and
behaviour of smokers and non-smokers regarding the national government
campaigns against tobacco products. Consequently, it will contribute in
determining the efficiency of the anti-tobacco campaigns as well as the effect of
the Tobacco Products Control Amendment Act, 1999 (Act 12 of 1999) on
smokers and non-smokers. It is postulated that by applying the principles of
marketing (demarketing and remarketing) it could contribute significantly in
influencing smoking behaviour amongst South Africans.
18
Wilson, Ryan Leslie. "Control measures in South Africa surrounding the tobacco and alcoholic beverage industry." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/22017.
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Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2008.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The tobacco industry of South Africa has fallen under strict legislation and control measures from the South African government since the passing of the initial Tobacco Products Control Act, 1993. Further amendments have been made to the initial act, namely Tobacco Products Control Amendment Act, 1999 and the proposed Tobacco Products Control Amendment Bill, 2004. This assignment emerges against the backdrop of the alcoholic beverage industry coming under similar scrutiny to that of the tobacco industry from government legislation and control measures The main objective of this assignment was to discover the similarities, if any, between the tobacco industry and the alcoholic beverage industry of South Africa, specifically with regard to their advertising practices before legislation. The purpose of this assignment is to discover whether or not the alcoholic beverage industry can learn from the example of the tobacco industry in order to maintain its self-regulation, rather than to fall under the control of State regulation and legislation. The literature and empirical study sought to achieve the following four objectives:
1.) To gain a thorough understanding of the tobacco legislation on a global scale;
2.) To analyse the control measures and legislation of tobacco in a South African context;
3.) To identify any similarities between the tobacco industry and alcoholic beverage industry of South Africa and
4.) To identify means in which the alcoholic beverage industry can work with the State in order to maintain the self-regulation of its industry.
Findings indicate that similarities arise when comparing tobacco and alcohol, as both of them have addictive qualities, are often used from a very young age and both have laws prohibiting sale to minors. The success gained in South Africa with regard to anti-tobacco initiatives and government legislation since the introduction of the first Tobacco Act in 1993, has led to certain members of society feeling that similar, if not the same, strict strategies and / or legislative measures should be used to address the public health problems relating to alcohol.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse tabaknywerheid val onder streng wetgewing en beheermaatreëls deur die Suid-Afrikaanse regering sedert die aanvanklike Wet op die Beheer van Tabakprodukte, 1993 aanvaar is. Verdere wysigings op die aanvanklike wet is aanvaar, naamlik die Wysigingswet op die Beheer van Tabakprodukte, 1999 en die voorgestelde Wysigingswetsontwerp op die Beheer van Tabakprodukte, 2004. Hierdie werk spruit voort teen die agtergrond van die alkoholdranknywerheid wat onder 'n soortgelyke soeklig geplaas is as die tabaknywerheid by wyse van regeringswetgewing en beheermaatreëls. Die hoofoogmerk van hierdie werk was om die ooreenkomste, indien enige, vas te stel tussen die tabaknywerheid en die alkoholdranknywerheid van Suid-Afrika, spesifiek met betrekking tot hul adverteringspraktyke vóór wetgewing. Die doel van hierdie werk was om vas te stel of die alkoholdranknywerheid uit die voorbeeld van die tabaknywerheid kan leer aldan nie, met die oog op die voortsetting van sy selfbeheer, eerder as om onder die beheer van Staatsregulering en wetgewing te val. Die bronmateriaal en empiriese studie was daarop toegespits om die volgende vier doelwitte te bereik:
1.) Om 'n behoorlike begrip te verkry van tabakwetgewing op 'n globale skaal;
2.) Om die beheermaatreëls en wetgewing oor tabak in 'n Suid-Afrikaanse konteks te analiseer;
3.) Om enige ooreenkomste tussen die tabak- en die alkoholdranknywerheid in Suid-Afrika te identifiseer en
4.) Om wyses te identifiseer waardeur die alkoholdranknywerheid met die Staat kan saamwerk om die selfbeheer van die nywerheid te behou.
Bevindinge dui aan dat ooreenkomste wel ontstaan wanneer tabak en alkohol met mekaar vergelyk word, veral omdat albei verslawende eienskappe bevat, dikwels deur persone vanaf 'n baie jong ouderdom gebruik word en dat wetgewing albei verbied om aan minderjariges verkoop te word. Die sukses wat in Suid-Afrika rakende anti-tabakinisiatiewe en wetgewing behaal is sedert die inwerkingstelling van die eerste Wet op die Beheer van Tabak in 1993 het daartoe gelei dat sekere lede van die gemeenskap van mening is dat soortgelyke, indien nie dieselfde nie, streng strategieë en/of wetgewende maatreëls aangewend behoort te word om die openbare gesondheidsprobleme rakende alkohol aan te spreek.
19
Cox, Howard T. "The global cigarette : B.A.T. and the spread of international business before 1939." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337452.
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Hsu, Helen Chih-Han. "Understanding the impact of tobacco industry promotional activities on youth smoking behaviour." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/2495.
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Background: Tobacco marketing has been established as the main motivator for tobacco use among youth. A proliferation of tobacco promotional activities in retail stores has been observed yet little is known about its impact on adolescent smoking behaviours. The purpose of this study is to use secondary data to describe the prevalence of retail tobacco point-of-purchase (PoP) activities, examine its associations with adolescent smoking behaviours, and determine what ecological factors moderate the relationship between PoP activities and student smoking behaviours in British Columbia.
Methods: This cross-sectional study surveyed grade 10-11 students from 22 randomly-selected schools in BC on student smoking behaviour and conducted observations in 57 retail stores on tobacco PoP activities located within a 1 km radius of these schools. Descriptive analysis was conducted on retail tobacco PoP variables. Individual data on smoking behaviour and school level data on retailers were linked to analyse the association between retail tobacco PoP activities and student smoking behaviour using logistic regression. Moderating effects of contextual factors were also examined. GIS maps were generated to illustrate study findings.
Result: A moderate to strong presence of tobacco PoP activities was observed in all tobacco retail stores located in BC school neighbourhoods. Nearly all stores displayed cigarette products in a visible manner (98.25%) and posted tobacco control signage (94.74%). In this model, proportion of stores in the school neighbourhood with presence of tobacco advertising increased the odds of a student being a smoker (OR = 1.28-3.27). Proportion of stores in the school neighbourhood with presence of tobacco control signage decreased the odds of a student being a smoker (OR = 0.11-0.66). The odds of a student being a smoker increased if they resided on the island compared to living in the lower mainland (OR = 1.11-1.75).
Discussion: Convenience stores exhibited more tobacco PoP activities than other store types. Retailers in the school neighbourhood that had tobacco advertisements and tobacco control signage exhibited both detrimental and protective effects on student smoking. This provides supportive evidence to ban tobacco advertising in retail stores and increase efforts for creating an anti-tobacco environment in neighbourhood retail stores. Maps generated served descriptive and hypothesis generating purposes.
21
Norman, Ruth Trexler. "Contest for the meanings of science in the debate over framing cigarettes." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 219 p, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1251905271&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Fourie, LW, and Jager JW de. "The Impact of Legislative Changes in the Tobacco Industry on South Africans - Clearing the Air ________________________________________________________________." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 2003. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000902.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The purpose of this article is to gain insight in the South African tobacco
industry, its influence on the community and the role of anti-tobacco campaigns.
This is done by conducting an empirical investigation of the attitudes and
behaviour of smokers and non-smokers regarding the national government
campaigns against tobacco products. Consequently, it will contribute in
determining the efficiency of the anti-tobacco campaigns as well as the effect of
the Tobacco Products Control Amendment Act, 1999 (Act 12 of 1999) on
smokers and non-smokers. It is postulated that by applying the principles of
marketing (demarketing and remarketing) it could contribute significantly in
influencing smoking behaviour amongst South Africans.
23
Savell, Emily. "An international study of tobacco and alcohol marketing policy : industry influence and compliance." Thesis, University of Bath, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669025.
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Tobacco and alcohol are responsible for an estimated 12.5% of global deaths, a percentage which is set to rise. Evidence shows that tobacco and alcohol industry marketing influences smoking and drinking initiation and prevalence, and although tobacco marketing is increasingly regulated (including through the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), a legally binding global treaty) controls on alcohol marketing remain more limited. There are three novel strands to this thesis. First, systematic reviews examining how the tobacco and alcohol industries have attempted to influence marketing regulations, and the development of two new taxonomies for tactic and argument categorisation. Second, a statistical analysis of the tobacco and alcohol marketing environments across a diverse range of countries, including the extent of any geographic or urban/rural differences. And third, an assessment of tobacco and alcohol industry compliance with national marketing regulations. Substantial commonalities between tobacco and alcohol industry activity were identified, suggesting that alcohol policy may benefit from reproducing efforts in tobacco control aimed at excluding industry from policy discussions. Additionally, data analysis showed that there were high levels of tobacco marketing despite FCTC ratification, and that exposure to alcohol marketing was even higher. Tobacco marketing was greatest whereas alcohol marketing was lowest in lower income countries, and both were significantly more common in urban communities. All FCTC-ratified countries had some tobacco marketing bans in place, whereas few countries had any comprehensive bans on alcohol marketing. Compliance was often poor, and exposure to tobacco marketing was commonly higher within countries with a full or partial ban compared to those without, whereas all forms of alcohol marketing were lower in countries with a full ban or some restrictions. The high levels of tobacco and alcohol marketing, and the generally low levels of compliance, highlight the urgent need for countries to implement and enforce comprehensive marketing controls, and supports calls for an FCTC-equivalent for alcohol.
24
Swart, Pieter Gerhardus. "Die impak van beperkende wetgewing op die strategie van die tabakindustrie van Suid-Afrika." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53375.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African tobacco industry forms an integral part of the South African
economy and has developed over the years to an industry that contributed a lot to the
wealth of this country. This is evident from the industries' contribution to exports,job
creation, state income, the upliftment of people, advertising, sponsorship, and the
representation of capital investment in South Africa as a developing country.
With the 1994 elections democracy as well as a new government was established in
South Africa. Prior to this event, tobacco control was just a fantasy. The Apartheid
government prior to 1994 was too involved and dependant on the tobacco industry
that it avoids doing anything that may influence state income or the lost of job
opportunities.
In developed countries like the USA, Canada and Australia, anti-tobacco activities to
reduce smoking existed a long time already and had a major influence on the different
countries' tobacco industries. This anti-tobacco activities are the result of health
studies published during the 1960's to show the correlation between smoking and
health care. The main driving force behind these anti-tobacco activities are
international anti-tobacco organisations, the World Health Organisation and the World
Bank.
The Wold Health Organisation and the World Bank have put a lot of pressure on the
South African government to introduce restrictive measures to reduce tobacco
consumption, which raised the question of what impact it will have on the tobacco
industry of South Africa.
This study attempts to analyse the impact of restrictive measurements on the South African tobacco industry and it's strategy. This study starts off with investigating the
development of the opposition against smoking by focussing on case studies of the
USA, Canada and Australia. The impact of tobacco control on the different
countries tobacco consumption is analysed, which is followed by an investigation
into the income of the different countries tobacco companies and their strategies that
they followed to be still successful.
The development of anti-smoking in South Africa and the effect of tobacco control
on the tobacco industry has been analysed by focussing on agricultural, the
advertising industry, the hospitality industry and the manufacturing sector.
The conclusion has been reached that the effect of governments maintaining of its
tobacco control policy has resulted in a considerable decline in tobacco consumption
in South Africa. This made tobacco companies realise that, in order to survive, it is
important to either join forces. Some industries were severally affected by the
enforcement of the new tobacco laws, especially in the field of income and job
opportunities. Tobacco farmers were less affected, but it does not imply that they
have stop farming. Job opportunity in the manufacturing sector has improved, but
its future trends will be determined by the effectiveness of tobacco control on the
reduction of tobacco consumption.
The researcher's recommendation is that, there must be a closer co-operation between
the government and the tobacco industry of South Africa. The tobacco industries
have to focus more on the immerging markets abroad.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse tabakindustrie is integraal 'n deel van die Suid-Afrikaanse
ekonomie en het oor die jare ontwikkel tot 'n industrie wat baie tot welvaart van
hierdie land bygedra het. Dit word weerspieël in die industrie se aandeel in uitvoere,
werkverskaffing, staatsinkomste, ophef van mense, reklame, borgskappe en
verteenwoordiging van kapitaalbeleggings in Suid-Afrika as ontwikkelende land.
Met die 1994-verkiesing is demokrasie tesame met 'n nuwe regering in Suid-Afrika
gevestig. Tot voor hierdie gebeurtenis was tabakbeheer net 'n verbeeldingsvlug. Die
Apartheidsregering van voor 1994 was te betrokke by en afhanklik van die
tabakindustrie dat dit enigiets wou doen wat moontlik staatsinkomste kon beinvloed
of wat tot die verlies aan werksgeleenthede kon lei.
In ontwikkelde lande soos die VSA, Kanada en Australië is anti-rookaktiwiteite en
maatreëls om rook te beperk, allankreeds 'n bekende verskynsel wattaamlike invloed
op die verskillende lande se tabakindustrieë het. Hierdie anti-rookaktiwiteite is die
gevolg van gepubliseerde gesondheidstudies wat gedurende die sestigerjare oor die
korrelasie tussen rook en gesondheidsorg gedoen is. Die hoof dryfvere van hierdie
maatreëls is internasionale anti-tabakgroepe, die Wêreld Gesondheid Organisasie en
die Wêreldbank.
Die Wêreld Gesondheid Organisasie en die Wêreldbank het druk op die Suid-
Afrikaanse regering geplaas om beperkende wetgewing ter verlaging van
tabakverbruik in te voer, wat die vraag laat ontstaan het, in welke mate die Suid-
Afrikaanse tabakindustrie daardeur geraak sou word.
Hierdie studie poog om die impak van beperkende wetgewing op die Suid-Afrikaanse tabakindustrie en hul strategie te ontleed. Die studie neem aanvang deur eers
ondersoek in te stel na die ontwikkeling van teenkanting teen rook deur op
gevallestudies van die VSA, Kanada en Australië te fokus. Die impak van
tabakbeheer op die verskillende lande se tabakverbruik is ontleed, waarna ondersoek
in gestel is na die inkomste van die verskillende lande se tabakmaatskappye en die
strategieë wat hulle gevolg het om nogtans suksesvol te wees.
Die ontwikkeling van teenkanting in Suid-Afrika en die rol wat tabakbeheer op
tabakverbruik en die tabakindustrie speel is ontleed deur op vier sektore, naamlik die
landbou; die advertensiewese en borgskappe; die gasvryheidindustrie en die
vervaardigingsektor te fokus.
Die gevolgtrekking wat gemaak word is dat die Regering se volgehoue
tabakbeheerbeleid 'n duidelike afname in die verbruik van tabakprodukte in Suid-
Afrika tot gevolg het. Dit het tabakmaatskappye laat besef dat, ten einde te oorleef,
dit belangrik is om eerder kragte saam te snoer. Sommige sektore is erg geraak deur
die toepassing van die nuwe tabakmaatreëls, veral met betrekking tot
werksgeleenthede en inkomste. Tabakboere is minder geraak, maar dit beteken nie
hulle het noodwendig ophou boer nie. Werksgeleenthede in die vervaardigingsektor
het verbeter, maar die toekomstige tendens op die terrein is afhanklik van die
effektiwiteit van tabakbeheer op die vermindering van tabakverbruik.
Die navorser beveel aan dat daar 'n nouer samewerking tussen die regering en die
tabakindustrie moet wees en dat die tabakindustrie meer op die ontluikende
buitelandsemarkte moet fokus.
25
Cairney, Paul, Donley T. Studlar, and Hadii M. Mamudu. "Global Tobacco Control: Power, Policy, Governance and Transfer." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. http://a.co/gyOh6d8.
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Political science and tobacco policy--Theories of policy change--The global policy context--European countries and the EU--The UK: a case study--The United States--Other advanced industrial countries--Tobacco control policymaking in developing regions--The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)<br>https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/1104/thumbnail.jpg
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Eriksson, Nicklas. "Market research for a product in the tobacco industry : A strategy- and product analysis." Thesis, Jönköping University, Jönköping International Business School, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-662.
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<p>Abstract</p><p>When companies want to grow and gain market shares in a competitive industry it is im-portant to find out more about their potential market opportunities. This is often done by first conducting a market research. The tobacco industry is a very tricky environment to operate in and that is in terms of the health aspects and the superstition within the industry. In fact, the tobacco industry companies are moving towards more flexible production with smaller batches and need efficient handling equipment for this. And at your hand, you have a company that is manufacturing just this particular equipment, isn’t that perfect?</p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to do a market research for a company, in this thesis referred to as Bintech, and to examine the market for their product in the tobacco industry.</p><p>The research was conducted both quantitative and qualitative. The quantitative part con-sists of a numerous telephone calls all over Europe to every cigarette manufacturer that were to find. Out of 240 calls there were 80 relevant. The qualitative part consists of four in-depth discussion interviews with people involved in the tobacco industry.</p><p>There is a hard competition in the tobacco industry that is forcing the tobacco companies to make changes in their production lines. Bintech is a company that has the facilities to manage customer communication in terms of developing new products after customer de-mand. The product in the tobacco industry the bin is in the material plywood and that have seemed to be a good choice. The sales strategy that suit the bin the best is the differentia-tion focus were Bintech should try to be unique for their customers and they are on their way.</p><p>Even though the Bintech bins are at the higher price level, the users for sure will earn more money on having these bins than any others.</p><br><p>Sammanfattning</p><p>När företag vill växa och vinna marknadsandelar i en konkurrensutsatt bransch är det vik-tigt att undersöka mer om de potentiella marknadsmöjligheterna. Detta görs ofta genom marknadsundersökningar. Tobaksbranschen är en väldigt svår miljö att arbeta i därför att det finns mycket hälsoaspekter att ta hänsyn till och även en misstänksamhet ibland de in-blandade parterna. Företagen i tobaksbranschen går emot en mer flexibel produktion med mindre satsstorlekar och behöver effektiv utrustning för detta. För handen har du ett före-tag som producerar just precis den här utrustningen, är det inte perfekt?</p><p>Syftet för den här uppsatsen är att göra en marknadsundersökning för ett företag, som i uppsatsen kommer refereras till Bintech, och att utvärdera marknaden för deras produkt i tobaksbranschen.</p><p>Undersökningen är utförd både kvantitativt och kvalitativt. Den kvantitativa delen består utav telefonsamtal runtom i Europa till cigarettillverkare som gick att finna. Utav 240 sam-tal återstod 80 relevanta. Den kvalitativa delen består utav fyra djupintervjuer med folk som är inblandade i tobaksbranschen.</p><p>Det råder en hård konkurrens i tobaksbranschen och den tvingar tobaksföretagen till att göra förändringar i produktionen. Bintech är ett företag som har faciliteten att kunna han-tera kommunikationen med sina kunder och att utveckla nya produkter efter kundernas önskemål. Produkten i tobaksbranschen ” bin”-en är gjord utav plywood och det har visat sig vara ett bra val. Säljstrategin som passar produkten bäst är ”differentiation focus” där Bintech ska försöka att vara unika för sina kunder och de är på väg.</p><p>Även att Bintechs ” bin” tillhör en lite högre prisnivå så kommer nog förmodligen använ-darna av den att tjäna mer pengar på den än på andra.</p>
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Van, der Merwe Rowena. "Taxation of the South African tobacco industry : with special reference to its employment effects." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16116.
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Bibliography: pages 82-87.<br>This study examines the economic impact of cigarette excise taxes in South Africa. In particular, it looks at the economic impact of increasing excise taxes, or in effect, reducing consumption, and the resultant impact on output and employment in the economy. Real cigarette excise taxes in South Africa have steadily declined over the period 1970 to 1995. As a result there has been a concomitant decrease in the real retail cigarette price, caused primarily by the tax component. The South African government has however, since 1995, despite vociferous opposition from the industry, effected tax increases greater than expected inflation to adjust the cigarette duty back to its former levels. The tobacco industry has argued that such actions will result in job losses. The industry has argued that, regardless of its effects on physical health, tobacco plays an important role in the communities' economic health, generating employment and contributing vital revenues to government coffers, which in a country like South Africa with high unemployment, has strong political appeal. This study examines these arguments. The first part of the paper looks at the effect of taxation on consumption and government revenue. Using a price elasticity estimate of -0.6 for South African cigarette consumption, a simulation model of the government's tax policy is run. This shows that the government's policy on tobacco taxes has been non-optimal and revenue could have increased by 2 percent, had the government maintained the real value of excise duties. The results suggest that an optimal tax for the government could be set at a level higher than the current 52 percent of retail price which, contrary to industry arguments would maximise government revenue. The second part of the paper, then addresses the question of employment losses in the economy in the wake of increases in excise taxes by government. An input-output model is used and the methodology is based on the assumption that expenditure switching will occur from cigarettes to other goods and services in the economy. The model is tested using 1995 data. The study looks at the impact on output and employment from this alternative spending and examines the argument that increased excise taxes will result in job losses. The results suggest that the economic effects of increased excise taxes on cigarettes, which would result in a change in personal consumption behaviour away from cigarettes, will not have the harmful effects on employment that the industry claims. South Africa as a whole would have gained net increases in output and employment if smokers quit their habit completely or even partially during 1995. The government's current taxation policy therefore bodes well for public health, public finance, and the economy.
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Owusu-Dabo, Ellis. "Smoking in Ghana : a study of the history of tobacco industry activity, current prevalence and risk factors for smoking, and implementation of tobacco control policy." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/29456/.
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Background: There has been relatively little research on the prevalence and use of tobacco products in developing countries, where the majority of morbidity and mortality from tobacco use in this century is expected to occur. This is particularly true of countries in Africa. I conducted this study in the Ashanti region of Ghana, primarily to measure prevalence and risk factors for smoking, and secondarily to develop a template for national surveys in similar settings in developing countries. I also investigated the history of tobacco use in Ghana and looked into current implementation of tobacco control policy, in particular the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). The FCTC Is the World Health Organization's first public health treaty, established to counter the tobacco pandemic internationally. Methods: First, using electronic literature searches of the tobacco document archives and local library, I searched for all documents with information on the tobacco industry in Ghana and all studies of the prevalence of smoking in Ghana. Secondly, using a two-stage cluster randomized sampling design, I collected data from adults aged 14 and over in a representative household sample of approximately 720 households in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Finally, I conducted interviews with 20 key policy makers involved with Ghana's implementation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) and other tobacco control policies to assess Ghana's progress of implementation. Results: Searches of the literature and tobacco document archives established that British American Tobacco (BAT), and latterly the International Tobacco Company Ghana (ITG) and its successor, the Meridian Tobacco Company (MTC), have been manufacturing cigarettes In Ghana since 1954. After an initial sales booming the two decades after independence in 1957, further increases in consumption typical of the tobacco epidemic in most countries did not occur. Possible key reasons include the taking of tobacco companies into state ownership, and a lack of foreign exchange to fund tobacco leaf importation in the 1970s, both of which may have inhibited growth at a key stage of development; and the introduction of an advertising ban in 1982. BAT ceased manufacturing cigarettes in Ghana in 2006. My survey involved 7096 eligible individuals resident in the sampled households, of whom 6258 (88%; median age 31 (range 14-105) years; 64% female) participated. The prevalence of self-reported current smoking (weighted for gender differences in response) was 3.8% (males 8.9%, females 0.3%), and of ever smoking 9.7% (males 22.0%, females 1.2%). Smoking prevalence was strongly related to increasing age, being highest in the 60-69 age-group (Odds Ratio relative to 14-19 year olds 6.36 (95% Confidence Interval 3.26 to 12.38, Ptrend<0.001), and varied significantly in relation to religion (overall p<0.001), being particularly high in those of Traditionalist belief relative to the Christian majority (adjusted OR 7.50, 95% CI 4.43-12.69);in relation to education level (overall p=0.03, adjusted OR for those with no or only primary education compared with those of tertiary education OR 1.49, 95% CI 0.81-2.73); and in relation to occupation (overall p=0.003, adjusted OR for skilled workers relative to the unemployed 0.66, 95% CI 0.41-1.06). Smokers were more likely to drink alcohol (adjusted OR 7.70, 95% CI 4.63-12.93, p<0.001) and to have friends who smoke (adjusted OR 4.24, 95% CI 3.52-5.11 p<0.001), and significantly less likely to take exercise (adjusted OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.72-0.93, p<0.05). Among smokers, over three quarters (76%) had attempted to quit in the last six months, with the main sources of advice being friends and spouses. Use of smoking cessation medications, such as nicotine replacement therapy, was very rare. About 10% of cigarettes smoked were smuggled brands. About a third (38%) of smokers were highly or very highly dependent. Overall the proportion of ever-smokers who had quit smoking was high (61%) in all age groups. The median number and Interquartile range of cigarettes smoked per day by male and female current smokers on weekdays were respectively 6(1- 40) and 5 (4-10), and at weekends 19 (2-70) and 11 (8-20) respectively. The commonest brands smoked were London Brown (42%) and King Size (22%), both manufactured by BAT. Smokeless tobacco had been used ever by 3.2% of men and had been used more by older than younger people (adjusted OR for over 50's relative to 14-19 year olds 2.09 (95% 1.38-3.18, p<0.05, Ptrend =0.006). Knowledge of the health risks of smoking, including passive smoking and its impact on children and non-smokers, was high; radio (74%) and television (28%) were the main sources of such information and advice. Levels of health awareness were typically but not invariably higher in older people, in men, among the more highly educated and in those living in rural areas. There were few restrictions on smoking in public, and most people (38%) therefore worked and/or spent time in places where smoking was permitted. There was very strong support (97%) for comprehensive smoke-free legislation, mainly among Christians and Muslims. Despite the advertising ban, around a third of respondents (35%), particularly in urban areas, had noticed advertising of tobacco or tobacco products. Again radio was the main source of exposure (72%) but some had also noticed advertising on television (28%). The interviews with policy makers showed that they had good knowledge of the content of the FCTC, and reported that although Ghana had no explicit written policy strategy on tobacco control, the Ministry of Health had issued several tobacco control directives both before and after ratification of the FCTC. A national tobacco control bill had been drafted but had not yet been implemented, something which the policy makers needed to happen urgently. Challenges identified included the absence of a legal framework for implementing the FCTC, and a lack of adequate resources and prioritization of tobacco control efforts. Conclusions: Despite rapid economic growth and a sustained tobacco industry presence, smoking prevalence In Ghana was low, particularly among younger people. This suggests that In contrast to many other developing countries, progression of an epidemic increase in smoking has been avoided. Awareness of health risks and support for smoke-free policies were high in Ghana. Exposure to tobacco advertising or promotion was limited, and most smokers reported having tried to quit. Whether these findings are cause or effect of the current low smoking prevalence is uncertain. The likely reasons that I have identified for the low smoking prevalence include an early advertising ban, substantial state intervention in the tobacco industry at a crucial point of growth, socio-cultural factors (particularly religion), the harsh economic environment at a time when the industry was experiencing growth and other public health interventions such as health education by stakeholders involved in tobacco control. Although policy makers were aware of the FCTC, implementation of the World Health Organization (WHO) treaty has been slow, requiring an urgent need for the passage of the national tobacco control bill into law to enable the country to sustain its tobacco control efforts.
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Hamid, Mohd Norowi Bin. "Effect of predators on population dynamics of green peach aphid on flue-cured tobacco in Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53128.
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The effects of indigenous predators on green peach aphid (GPA), Myzus persicae (Sulzer), populations on flue-cured tobacco were evaluated in 1985 and 1986. The most common GPA predators found on tobacco were convergent lady beetle (CLB) (Hippodamia convergens), syrphid flies, Geocoris spp., Jalysus wackhimi, Nabis spp., Chrysopa spp., Micromus sp., and several other species coccinellids. However, CLB was the only predator that had a numerical response to increasing GPA density on tobacco. In the laboratory, the minimum number of GPA required to initiate reproduction in CLB, and the conversion rates were two factors that determined the oviposition rate of CLB. In fields, CLB demonstrated a sigmoid curve predator-prey relationship. CLB did not show a linear relationship until GPA populations reached a certain density. Furthermore, CLB did not show a response when GPA density was above the satiation point.
Although CLB were able to reduce GPA population growth, they were not able to maintain GPA populations below the economic injury level. Two factors probably limited the success of CLB to control GPA populations on flue-cured tobacco: 1.) the glandular trichomes of tobacco which produced gummy exudates, and 2.) the satiation point of CLB when GPA populations were very high. In addition, interplanting tobacco with clover increased the number of syrphid fly larvae on tobacco. Likewise, tobacco interplanted with sunflowers had increased big-eyed bug, populations, and tobacco-alfalfa and tobacco-tobacco plots had higher stilt bug populations on tobacco.<br>Master of Science
30
Ghayoomi, Omid. "Practices, Success Factors and Barriers in Supplier Development based on Buyer-Supplier Dyads in Tobacco Industry." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-28060.
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Lee, Oi-man Grace, and 李藹雯. "Government, pressure groups and the tobacco industry: a study of the politics of the public health policy." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1989. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31975951.
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Maundu, Maingi. "The performance of the Canadian food, beverages and tobacco processing industries : an extension of the profit-cost margin model to a pricing model." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29576.
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This study was undertaken to achieve three major objectives:
1. to estimate an econometric structure-profitability model for Canadian food, beverages
and tobacco processing industries;
2. to estimate a structure-price model of the sector to compare with the profit model; and
3. to make inferences about the performance of the sector, with reference to market power and industry efficiency.
The above objectives were accomplished by comparing empirical regression results of the two models by using the following approach. First, the statistical significance of the estimated coefficients was used to determine which factors should be considered of importance in explaining performance. Secondly, the signs on the estimated coefficients were used to determine the direction of the influence of market structure on performance. Lastly, a comparison of the size and statistical significance of the difference in the respective
coefficients was used to determine which of the two performance indexes (profitability and prices) is most affected by market structure.
From the study four broad conclusions were arrived at. Seller concentration and advertising do have an increasing effect on profitability, but this influence does not derive from market power (price increases). Instead, increases in these factors appear to promote price competition. However, tariff protection has an increasing effect on both profitability and prices. Furthermore, the net effect of tariffs is significantly larger on prices than on profitability.
Industry growth and market isolation factors have an increasing effect on profitabilty. But they have no significant influence on relative prices. Exports have a decreasing effect on profitability and prices. Increases in input prices may lead to increases in ouput prices.
Two broad implications can be drawn from the above results. First, price competition and industry efficiency can be enhanced by (either condoning or encouraging) high market shares, advertising, exports and industry growth.
Secondly, although tariffs can increase industry profitability, they may also lead to relatively larger increases in domestic output prices. Similarly, changes in input prices may lead to increases in output prices. Therefore, high tariffs and input prices may serve as barriers to competition, and allow inefficiency to persist in an industry.<br>Land and Food Systems, Faculty of<br>Graduate
33
Wells, Jennifer. "The Black Freedom Struggle and Civil Rights Labor Organizing in the Piedmont and Eastern North Carolina Tobacco Industry." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4790.
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This thesis examines labor organizing in the U.S. South, specifically the Piedmont and eastern regions of North Carolina in the mid-twentieth century. It aims to uncover an often overlooked local history of civil rights labor organizing which challenged the southern status quo before America's 'mainstream' civil rights era of the 1950s and 1960s. This study argues that through labor organizing, African American tobacco workers challenged the class, gender, and race hierarchy of North Carolina's very profitable tobacco industry during the first half of the twentieth century. In doing so, the thesis contributes to the historiography of black working class protest, and the ever-expanding field of local civil rights histories and the long civil rights movement.
34
Apostolakou, Lito. "Politics, industry building and organized labour in a Greek setting : the tobacco workers of Volos, c.1914-1936." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307444.
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Lee, Alvin Yiam Chuah. "Re-testing the link between youth receptivity to tobacco promotion and their susceptibility to smoke." UWA Business School, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0233.
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The Index of Receptivity to Tobacco Industry Promotion (IRTIP) is a model that is used by hundreds of articles. The causal claim based on findings from this model is even more pervasive, and has resulted in much of the modern post 1998 tobacco legislation that is still enforced. This thesis tested the link between adolescent receptivity to tobacco industry promotion and susceptibility to smoking. Pierce et al. (1998) reported that they had found a positive and causal association between receptivity and susceptibility by using IRTIP. They claimed that receptivity to tobacco industry promotion was the only significant causal factor affecting adolescent susceptibility to smoking. Exposure to peer and parental smoking was not found to be a significant effect. A review of the literature found that many sections of IRTIP differ from accepted marketing theory on how cigarette advertising and promotions affect adolescent adoption of cigarette smoking. The proxy measures used in IRTIP were shown to diverge from those previously used for measuring the constructs of Attention, Intention, Desire and Action (AIDA) in marketing communications. IRTIP also differs from previous theory by including measures that attempt to quantify the effect of tobacco premiums into a model that was designed to measure the effects of advertising.
36
Penick, William Frazier. "Influence of Transplanter Modification and Previous Crop on the Production of No-Till Dark Tobacco." TopSCHOLAR®, 2013. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1257.
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Dark tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) has historically been produced usingconventional tillage practices. Soil is cultivated multiple times throughout a growing season leading to an increased incidence of soil erosion. No-till systems have been growing in popularity with the advent of new technology that has enabled the practice to be performed effectively and efficiently. With the recent expansion of no-till practices throughout the agricultural community, many crops have had success in producing comparable yields while reducing input costs and saving soil resources. For this experiment, a traditional tobacco transplanter was modified for use in a no-till environment. All modifications were fabricated without using specialty tools and made possible to be removed if desired or necessary. Frame extensions were designed and built to accommodate row cleaners and coulters. Tillage shanks were also added to aid in optimal furrow formation. Double-disc opening shoes replaced the original round point shoes and the curved edges of the rear drive wheels were removed, creating a flat surface to increase soil contact. Experimental no-till plots in fescue sod and soybean chaff residues were conducted alongside conventional tillage plots at the Western Kentucky University Agricultural Research and Education Complex in summer 2011. Five treatments, one conventionally tilled (Conv) and four no-till, were replicated three times within a randomized complete block design and used to determine the efficacy of transplanter modifications (consistency of depth, furrow closure, observed plant damage), survival of the transplants, and the amount of residue displacement. The four no-till treatments utilized different combinations including: coulter, row cleaner and shank (CRS), row cleaner and shank (RS), coulter and shank (CS), and shank only (S). These treatments demonstrated the functionality of each combination in comparison to conventional treatments. No treatment performed equally well in both residue locations. Plots in fescue residue utilizing a combination of coulter, row cleaner, shank (CRS), exhibited the lowest amount of root exposure, highest survival rate, and comparable cured weight when compared to conventionally tilled treatments. In soybean residue plots, the treatment operating with row cleaners and shanks (RS) had equivalent amounts of furrow closure to conventionally tilled plots. Pairing specific modification combinations with previous crop residue can provide furrow closure, transplant survival, and cured yield equivalent to conventionally tilled dark tobacco.
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Veeranki, Sreenivas P., Hadii M. Mamudu, James L. Anderson, and Shimin Zheng. "Worldwide Never-Smoking Youth Susceptibility to Smoking." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/51.
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Purpose
To estimate susceptibility to smoking among never-smoking youth globally and identify factors associated with such behavior.
Methods
Cross-sectional data for 168 countries were obtained from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey. Simple and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted. Frequencies and proportions for descriptive statistics, and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for logistic regression models were reported.
Results
Approximately 12.5% of never-smoking youth worldwide were susceptible to smoking worldwide, of which 7.2% were males and 5.3% were females. Compared with youth in the Americas, those in other WHO regions were associated with decreased susceptibility to smoking. Regardless of gender, exposure to parental or peer smoking, secondhand smoke inside or outside home, and tobacco industry promotion was associated with increased smoking susceptibility. In contrast, support for smoke-free policies and school antismoking education was associated with decreased susceptibility to smoking among females. Moreover, exposure to antismoking media messages was associated with increased susceptibility to smoking among never-smoking youth.
Conclusions
Approximately 1 in 8 never-smoking youth worldwide was found to be susceptible to smoking. A comprehensive approach involving parental and peer education, smoke-free policies, ban on tobacco advertising and promotions, and antismoking education in schools should be developed by policy makers and public health professionals to protect never-smoking youth from being susceptible to smoking and transforming into future regular smokers.
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Wijesinghe, Sanath Sameera. "Towards global policy coherence for tobacco plain packaging: Examining the challenges for low-and middle-income countries." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/213227/1/Sanath%20Sameera%20Wijesinghe_Wijesinghe%20Arachchilage_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis examines the implementation gap of tobacco plain packaging measures between low- and middle-income countries and high-income countries, looking at the likely challenges that low- and middle-income countries face in implementing plain packaging measures. The thesis identifies three key challenges: resource constraints, intense tobacco industry interference and the threat of litigation for purported breaches of intellectual property rights. This thesis makes strong recommendations for how the global community and international law and policy can support low- and middle-income countries that want to implement tobacco plain packaging measures.
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Tandilittin, Harsman [Verfasser], Christoph [Akademischer Betreuer] Lütge, Christoph [Gutachter] Lütge, and Vera [Gutachter] Bitsch. "Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility of the Tobacco Industry in Indonesia / Harsman Tandilittin ; Gutachter: Christoph Lütge, Vera Bitsch ; Betreuer: Christoph Lütge." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1177991276/34.
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Heršálek, Petr. "Stanovení hodnoty společnosti Philip Morris, a.s." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193031.
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The aim of this diploma thesis is to estimate the value of the company Philip Morris ČR a.s. operating on the market of tobacco products. Business valuation is valid for the date of 1st January 2015. The yield method used for the analysis is DCF in the equity variant, market capitalization and book value. The thesis is devided into two main parts. The theoretical part determines basic assumptions and criteria for business valuation .The practical part includes strategic and financial analysis, financial plan and own valuation of Philip Morris ČR a.s Valuation, tobacco industry, cigarette market, value
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Duro, Luciano Nunes. "Distribuição espacial das internações hospitalares por neoplasias e doenças respiratórias em santa cruz do sul e a relação às indústrias fumageiras : um estudo ecológico." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/88422.
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Contexto: Há muito tempo se conhecem os malefícios do tabaco, seja para a saúde individual, coletiva e para o meio ambiente. Por outro lado, a sua produção é também considerada uma cultura das mais rentáveis e gera milhares de empregos e renda, tanto para trabalhadores e empresários, quanto para o Estado, através do recolhimento de valores importantes de impostos. Conhecer relações de exposição ao tabaco e seus possíveis danos à comunidade passa a ser uma ação importante, a fim de se avaliar relações de custo-benefício de tal produção. Objetivos: Georreferenciar os casos de internação hospitalar entre 2010 e 2012 da cidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, uma das maiores produtoras de tabaco do país, para encontrar um padrão de distribuição espacial da moradia destas pessoas e as indústrias do tabaco. Métodos: Foi utilizado um estudo ecológico, com georreferenciamento de casos, através do programa Terraview do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, de acordo com patologias específicas, através do banco de dados informatizado dos dois hospitais da cidade. Foram gerados mapas representativos, de Kernel, além da utilização de técnicas específicas para detecção de autocorrelações espaciais, como o Índice Global e Local de Moran, Médias Móveis, G e G* e Taxas Bayesianas Empíricas. As unidades de área estudadas foram os bairros da cidade, com informações do censo do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística de 2010. Resultados: Constavam nos registros hospitalares brutos 49.347 registros, sendo 33.377 do Hospital Santa Cruz e 15.970 do Hospital Ana Nery. Após a limpeza dos bancos, através dos critérios de exclusão determinados, foram elegíveis para o georreferenciamento dos casos de internação por neoplasias 285 (0,34%) casos e por doença respiratória 1.013 (2,05%). Em ambos os contextos de causas para internação, não houve uma distribuição espacial que determinasse uma autocorrelação, ou seja, não se demonstrou, no período estudado e para estes dois motivos de internação, que os casos estivessem correlacionados entre si, em se tratando de distribuição no espaço geográfico, tanto da cidade, quanto do entorno das fumageiras. Alguns aspectos relativos a taxas de incidência foram observados entre os anos, com a apresentação de aglomerados (clusters). Conclusões: O uso do delineamento ecológico como forma de se iniciar uma observação entre padrões de eventos dentro de grupos populacionais continua a ser uma ótima ferramenta. Suas fraquezas incluem a alta dependência da qualidade dos dados secundários registrados, que, se não forem cuidadosamente coletados e avaliados, podem diminuir em muito as forças dos achados. Parece não haver um padrão de distribuição espacial das residências de pessoas que foram internadas em um dos hospitais da cidade de Santa Cruz do Sul entre os anos de 2010 e 2012, em relação a neoplasias e doenças respiratórias, tampouco uma correlação com proximidades às indústrias fumageiras.<br>Background: The dangers of smoking are well known, both for individual, collective health, and for the environment. On the other hand, its production is also considered one of the most profitable crop and generates thousands of jobs and income for both workers and employers, and in the State, through the gathering of important tax values. Meet the relationships of tobacco exposure and the possible damage to the community becomes an important action in order to evaluate the cost-benefit of such production. Objectives: To georeference cases of hospitalization between 2010 and 2012 in the city of Santa Cruz do Sul, one of the largest tobacco producing in Brazil, to find a pattern of spatial of housing distribution of these people and the location of tobacco industries. Methods: An ecological approach with georeferenced cases by the Terraview software from the National Institute for Space Research, under specific conditions, through the computerized database of the two city hospitals. Representative maps were generated, like Kernel’s map, and the use of specific techniques to detect spatial autocorrelation, such as the Moran Global and Local Index, Moving Averages, G and G * and Empirical Bayesian Exchange. The units studied area were the city's neighborhoods with census data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, 2010. Results: There were available 49.347 records in hospital records, being 33.377 from the Santa Cruz Hospital and 15,970 from The Ana Nery Hospital. After cleaning the database, through certain exclusion criteria, 285 neoplasms admissions and 1,103 respiratory diseases were eligible for the georeferencing of hospitalization. In both contexts, there was no one that would determine spatial autocorrelation, ie, was not shown, during the study period and for these two reasons for hospitalization, the cases were correlated with each other, in the case of distribution in geographical space, both for the city, and the surrounding of the tobacco companies. Some aspects of the incidence rates were observed between years, with the presentation of clusters observed. Conclusions: The use of the ecological design as a way to start a note between patterns of events within population groups continues to be a great tool. Their weaknesses include the high dependence of the quality of secondary data, which, if not carefully collected and evaluated, may strongly decrease the strength of findings. There seems not to be a pattern of spatial distribution of the residences of people who were admitted to a hospital in the city of Santa Cruz do Sul between the years 20100 and 2012 in relation to cancer and respiratory diseases, nor a correlation with the nearby tobacco industries.
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Schneiderman, Maya Danielle. "THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOCIETAL RESPONSE TO THE HARM OF TOBACCO VERSUS THE HARM OF CLIMATE CHANGE: THE ROLE OF PARTY DISCOURSE ON THE POLARIZATION OF PUBLIC OPINION." Ohio University Art and Sciences Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouashonors1528314554965568.
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Muller, Fredeline. "An investigation into the probability of a tabacco company to be a socially responsible corporate citizen." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96214.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.<br>There are diverse, however mostly negative views as well as different regulations to adhere to within the tobacco industry. Given the controversy around the tobacco industry and the latest tendency of investors to move to more reputable investments, the research project explored to what extend a tobacco company can adhere to the criteria to be a socially responsible corporate citizen and therefore still attract socially responsible investors.
The research identified and discussed the concerns that put the reputation of the tobacco industry for socially responsible behaviour at risk. Furthermore, the research investigated corporate governance and reporting frameworks to evaluate the tobacco industry’s corporate citizenship behaviour to be able to conclude if a tobacco company can be regarded a good corporate citizen.
This study was based on a literature review and critically discussing the findings. The information obtained in this research assignment was based on secondary data collected through analysing the company’s records, corporate governance codes and socially responsible investment indices in South Africa, United Kingdom and the United States of America. The research focused on information already in the public domain so there was no need to consider the confidentiality of the information.
The research identified what it entails to be a socially responsible corporate citizen in the modern era. The definition of corporate governance was discussed with special reference to the corporate governance codes within the jurisdictions of South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. Furthermore, the background to the development of the different socially responsible investment indices was investigated, together with the selection criteria for inclusion on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange Socially Responsible Investment, FTSE4Good and the Dow Jones Sustainability Index. The FTSE4Good is the only index, which specifically excludes tobacco producers.
The assignment identified some conflicting views when looking at social responsibility within the tobacco industry. It can be argued that corporate social responsibility is nothing other than a “marketing” tool for business to gain respect within the market and from government. Companies gain legitimacy and the right to do business; thus to be profitable and grow economic value. When reviewing steps taken by the industry case study it is evident the company focused a lot on addressing their consumers’ expectations to grow economic value. This seems to be a very one-sided approach, but also a very reactive approach, as the company’s sustainability agenda appears to be driven due to external pressures than being part of the core strategy of the company. It can therefore be argued that the company uses corporate social responsibility as a form of promoting the use of tobacco products and not due to being socially responsible corporate citizen. It was thus concluded that a tobacco company cannot be recognised as a socially responsible corporate citizen.
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Mendes, Joana Ribeiro Lopes Soares. "Perceção sobre o efeito da certificação ISO 9001 no desempenho das empresas portuguesas do sector alimentar, das bebidas e do tabaco." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13189.
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Mestrado em Gestão e Estratégia Industrial<br>A Qualidade é cada vez mais importante nas indústrias e em geral em todas as economias contemporâneas. Com o crescente interesse nesta área, assiste-se a um aumento da investigação pela certificação na ISO 9001. Todavia, certos autores questionam os efeitos da sua implementação. Perante esta constatação, este trabalho estuda neste trabalho a perceção da ISO 9001 no desempenho das empresas certificadas da indústria Alimentar, da Bebidas e do Tabaco em Portugal. Investiga-se, em qual área da indústria houve mais perceção sobre o efeito da certificação ISO 9001.
Com base em amostra de 39 organizações, os resultados mostram que a implementação da ISO 9001 tem um efeito mediano nas várias vertentes de avaliação de desempenho relativas às perspectivas do Balanced Scorecard. Verifica-se que a distribuição do impacto da ISO 9001 é diferente nas diversas áreas, assim como a aplicação da norma não teve grande repercussão. Com o cálculo do coeficiente de correlação, é possível afirmar-se que não existe correlação entre as áreas da indústria e os factores de melhoria estudados.
Os resultados mostram ainda, não existir uma relação entre o impacto da certificação de qualidade, no desempenho e as áreas industriais estudadas.<br>Quality is increasingly important in in the industries and in contemporary economies. With the increased attention in this area we can witness intensification in demand for certification of ISO 9001. However, certain authors question the purpose of its implementation. Upon the observation mention before, I intend in this work, to analyse the impact of the implementation of ISO 9001 in the performance of certified companies of the industry of Food, Drinks and Tobacco in Portugal. Also to verify in witch industrial areas occurred more impact with the implementation of ISO 9001.
Based on a sample of 211 organisations, the results show that the implementation of ISO 9001 has an average effect on the various performance perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard. It is noted that the distribution of impact ISO 9001 it is not similar in different areas as well as the application had no major impact. With the calculation of the correlation coefficient, it can be said that there is no correlation between the areas of industry and improvement factors studied.<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Kahánková, Tereza. "Marketingové komunikace v tabákovém průmyslu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-72197.
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The diploma thesis in its theoretical part treats of marketing communications within the marketing process with focus to below-the-line communication activities that are crucial to the communication in the tobacco industry. The second part already characterizes the specifics of the market and the regulation in the tobacco industry. The third part describes in detail the target group of adult smokers and the application of the marketing communications in the marketing of tobacco products, both in the B2B and B2C area. The last part outlines the opportunities and threats based on the current situation on the market and its estimated development and defines what are the key focus areas and both strategic and tactical steps could ensure a potential growth and brand building.
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Мацькович, С. П. "Діяльність транснаціональних корпорацій в Україні". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2018. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/66943.
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Актуальність досліджуваного питання полягає в тому, що
останніми роками міжнародні компанії значно поглибили
взаємозалежність між країнами й таким чином інтенсифікували
процес міжнародного поділу праці. Залучення прямих іноземних
інвестицій шляхом транснаціоналізації є дуже важливим для України,
оскільки це дозволяє розв’язати питання конкурентоспроможності
вітчизняної економіки, розвитку ринку праці та підвищення рівня
життя населення.
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Mohammed, Zameer. "Industry-academia collaborations| Implications for Trinidad and Tobago." Thesis, University of Phoenix, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3648299.
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<p> Practices of collaborative relationships between industry and academia have a long-standing history traced to the time when prototypes of modern universities emerged in the medieval period. The purpose of this quantitative study was to identify the extent of agreements in stakeholder perceptions on the benefits of industry-academia collaborations for sustainable growth in Trinidad and Tobago. One hundred and thirty three persons participated in 13-item survey instrument over the Internet from industry and academia in Trinidad and Tobago to measure perceptions. The measurements were in goal achievement, benefits, satisfaction levels, influences, barriers, and key success factors. The unit of analysis was individuals from industry and academia. Analysis of the data revealed that perceptions to goal achievement from both industry and academia towards collaborative relations ranged from important to very important. Benefits to industry and academia ranged from important to very important while the perceived influences from Government were indifferent. The main barriers to collaborative relations were communications, leadership, and cultural awareness. The key findings were significant differences between industry and academia perceptions on additional income for universities as a goal of collaborative relations; joint representation on technical committees as a means of information; lack of entrepreneurial culture and communication as a barrier to collaborative relations. The recommendations include the need for entrepreneurial development and improved communications among the stakeholders as a pre-requisite to success in collaborative partnerships.</p>
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Holton, Graham E. L., and gelholton@pacific net au. "State Petroleum Enterprises and the International Oil Industry: The Case of Trinidad and Tobago." La Trobe University. Institute of Latin American Studies, 1994. http://www.lib.latrobe.edu.au./thesis/public/adt-LTU20080304.171849.
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British and US oil companies set up the world's largest oil refinery transhipment complex in the Caribbean after the Suez Crisis and a technological revolution in oil tanker design in 1956. Trinidad and Tobago became one of the world's largest oil refinery and transhipment centres. In 1969 the British oil companies began to withdraw their investments and requested the nationalisation of their assets.
In 1985 the US companies withdrew their investments in response to the US government's deregulation of the domestic oil industry and financial incentives to bring their investments back home. Requested nationalisation led to the state-ownership of the oil sector.
The government of Trinidad set up state-owned petrochemical and iron and steel industries, with some of the world's most sophisticated technology, to utilise the country's large natural gas reserves. But by 1988 state capitalism had failed to provide the expected economic and social benefits, despite the drain on limited financial reserves and massive foreign loans. The government's reliance on the oil sector as the `prime mover' of the economy had caused sectoral and trade imbalance, high inflation, increased unemployment, currency instability, debt crisis and political instability which culminated in an attempted coup in July 1990.
The root cause of the failure of state capitalism was the governments' rush to industrialise and the structure of the state petroleum enterprises. The lack of accountability and responsibility of top management and government interference led to poorly run, unprofitable industries in which government waste and corruption were common.
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Nathaniel, Christian. "The Implementation of a Sustainable Biodiesel Industry in Trinidad and Tobago." Thesis, KTH, Energi och klimatstudier, ECS, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-103497.
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Ramlogan, Ronald. "Industrial development in Trinidad and Tobago 1974 to 1986 with special reference to the steel industry." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.720367.
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