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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Tobacco”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 31 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Tobacco"

ADELMAN, RAYMOND D. "Smokeless Tobacco and Hypertension in an Adolescent". Pediatrics 79, nr 5 (1.05.1987): 837–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.79.5.837b.

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To the Editor.— Concern has been expressed recently about the health hazards of the widespread use of smokeless tobacco by [See figure in the PDF file] children. Some surveys have reported regular use by as many as 12% to 33% of male high school students.1,2 Complications of smokeless tobacco include oral cancer, periodontal disease, and dependence. Hypertension may also occur due to the sodium and nicotine content of smokeless tobacco1 and glycyrrhizinic acid. This extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra root, present in many chewing tobaccos and natural licorice, has potent mineralocorticoid activity and may produce hypertension and, in some patients, hypokalemia, alkalosis, sodium and water retention, and suppressed plasma renin activity.3-5

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Lauterbach, John H. "Waterpipe Tobaccos, Part I. Composition of Forty Brand-Styles of Contemporary Waterpipe Tobacco Available on the US Market in 2020–2022". Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research 33, nr 2 (1.04.2024): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2024-0004.

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Summary The compositions of waterpipe tobaccos available for retail sale on the US market are relatively unknown compared with more popular products such as cigarettes. Indeed, the phrase “waterpipe tobaccos” is used only in some governmental regulations and in journal articles dealing with regulatory aspects of those products. Commercially, the terms “shisha”, “hookah tobaccos”, and “flavored tobaccos” are used. In addition to the differences in commercial terminology, there is also confusion about the composition of such tobaccos, with the term “waterpipe tobacco” also being applied to products on the market that do not contain enough glycerol to prevent combustion during use. Therefore, during the past several years, 40 samples of shisha products on the US market were sent to an ISO 17025 accredited laboratory for the determination of glycerol, propylene glycol, fructose, glucose, and sucrose, in addition to the usual tobacco analytes and water using the Karl Fischer method. Moreover, two surrogate samples of shisha tobacco, one based on flue-cured tobacco and the other based on dark air-cured tobacco, were analyzed by the same laboratory along with samples of the starting tobaccos. The main finding from these analyses was that there were two very different types of shisha tobaccos on the market. One type was based on dark air-cured tobacco and the other type was based on flue-cured tobacco. Among the brand-styles based on flue-cured tobacco, some had higher levels of glycerol and lower levels of added sugars than others that had higher added sugars and lower levels of glycerol. Another important point of differentiation was that the products based on dark air-cured tobacco had much smaller tobacco particle sizes than did those based on flue-cured tobacco. The results of this research as well as other research that will be presented in two subsequent reports showed that waterpipe tobaccos cannot be considered as a single product category. This is particularly true for the determination of emissions using the instrumentation specified in ISO 22486:2019 (Water pipe tobacco smoking machine — Definitions and standard conditions).

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Matyukhina, N. N. "Utilizing Doha tobacco for hookah blend production". Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 80, nr 3 (17.12.2018): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2018-3-283-287.

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Doha tobacco is becoming popular among tobacco consumers lately. Wide spread of “Turbo Doha” product can be explained by its rich natural taste, high strength and absence of synthetic additives. Smoking is carried by utilizing special pipe with little tobacco chamber. Besides this, Doha tobacco has become popular among hookah smokers. Doha tobacco for hookah blend production was the object of the research. Experimental samples of hookah blend were made of American Oriental and Doha types of tobacco in different proportions. Organoleptic evaluation of cured tobacco was carried by aroma, color and midrib size indicators. Aim of the research was evaluation of nicotine content in aerosol of hookah blend depending on Doha content. Chemical composition of cured tobacco was defined. Maximum nicotine content was in Doha tobacco. Experimental samples were made without flavor additives. Tasting of experimental samples was carried. Samples of hookah blends made of American type tobaccos Virginia 202 and Burley 413 were highly estimated. This can be explained that these tobaccos have loose structure and high absorption rate of casing, which are important for hookah blend production.Nicotine content in aerosol was defined by machine smoking.It was found that addition of Doha tobacco in hookah blend allows changing strength of final tobacco product. However, utilizing Doha tobacco for hookah blend production is preferable only in combination with American type tobaccos

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Klus, H., M. Kunze, S. Koenig i E. Poeschl. "Smokeless Tobacco - An Overview". Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 23, nr 5 (1.09.2009): 248–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0865.

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AbstractSmoking, especially cigarette smoking, is the most common form of tobacco consumption world-wide. It is generally accepted that smoking carries health risks for smokers. The combustion and pyrolysis products of tobacco generated during smoking are considered to be responsible for the harmful effects. Smokeless tobacco, another wide-spread form of tobacco use, is not subjected to burning and produces no combustion or pyrolysis products. Therefore, there is an increasingly intense debate about the potential role of smokeless tobacco in reducing the harm of tobacco use.An overview is presented on the different types of smokeless tobaccos consumed around the world. Commercial products differ widely in composition and patterns of use. The smokeless tobaccos of the Western world (Europe and North America) need to be clearly distinguished from those popular in Asia, Africa and South America. The modern smokeless tobaccos used in Europe and North America are reviewed regarding their chemical composition and toxicological properties. Agents of concern found in smokeless tobacco, especially the tobacco specific N-nitrosamines, are dealt with in particular.The epidemiological evidence is summarized concerning a wide range of health outcomes. Published reviews and studies are presented and interpreted regarding non-neoplastic oral diseases, various forms of cancer, circulatory diseases, several other diseases and pregnancy outcome. While many of the epidemiological studies have weaknesses and data are often inconsistent it is quite obvious that smokeless tobacco use is much less risky for consumers than smoking. In fact, for modern forms of European moist snuff such as Swedish snus, which is subject to strict quality standards, there is evidence for - if any - only very limited serious health risk.The ongoing public discussion centers around the influence smokeless tobacco may have on smoking rates (initiation or cessation) and the occurrence of tobacco specific diseases - with Sweden being a revealing example. There is an interesting controversy regarding product and marketing regulations for smokeless tobaccos in the European Union.

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Scheijen, MA, B. Brandt-de Boer, JJ Boon, W. Hass i V. Heemann. "Evaluation of a Tobacco Fractionation Procedure Using Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry Combined with Multivariate Analysis". Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 14, nr 5 (1.10.1989): 261–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0604.

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AbstractThis paper presents an evaluation of a fractionation procedure for use with tobacco. Correlation coefficients calculated from the weights of the polymer fractions obtained and data obtained with classical wet-chemical methods show that these parameters have a low resolving power, which precludes any detailed distinction between tobaccos and tobacco-derived fractions. Pyrolysis mass spectrometry combined with multivariate analysis is presented as a promising approach for investigating the variability in the chemical composition of tobacco. Multivariate analysis performed on the pyrolysis mass-spectrometric fingerprints of all tobacco fractions indicates that the differences between the individual tobaccos are smaller than the differences induced by the fractionation procedure. Multivariate analysis of subfiles of the pyrolysis mass-spectrometric fingerprints of separate polymer fractions is an excellent method for classifying tobaccos. Leaf and stem material can easily be distinguished. A further differentiation is made between the flue-cured and Burley-type tobaccos. The strong clustering of tobacco samples after treatment with potassium hydroxide points to a uniform cell-wall skeleton. The greater variability in the ethanolized tobacco samples, and samples subjected to hot-water extraction or amylase digestion, is related to the cytosol characteristics. These fractions appear to reflect both the dissimilarities between the distinct tobacco types and phenotypic variations due to differences in cultural management. Pyrolysis mass spectrometry of the Klason lignin residues points to a large variety of chemical constituents unrelated to lignin. Pyrolysis gas-chromatography mass-spectrometric data on the Klason lignin residues of a Burley tobacco showed that the correlation made between the organic-nitrogen content and the protein content of this fraction might be misleading. As a consequence the maximum value for the lignin content of this tobacco is estimated incorrectly.

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Bubnova, N. N., E. A. Bubnov i S. V. Gvozdetskaya. "The effect of the fraction of used tobacco raw materials on the quality of shisha tobacco". New Technologies 17, nr 5 (20.12.2021): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47370/2072-0920-2021-17-5-22-30.

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Due to the rapid growth in the production and consumption of shisha tobacco in the Russian Federation, it has become necessary to improve the technology using optimal ingredient composition in order to create a high-quality and safe tobacco product. The aim of the research is to improve the technology of manufacturing shisha tobacco based on the optimization of its ingredient composition; to study the influence of the fractional composition of raw tobacco on its quality indicators. Fractional composition of raw tobacco in the production of shisha tobacco, as well as for other tobacco products, is important and affects its quality characteristics. Virginia and Burley tobaccos of the American type are the most demanded ones in the manufacture of shisha tobacco [1]. Sometimes oriental-type tobaccos are used in the bag, which are distinguished by high taste and aromatic qualities. Due to the fact that recently there has been an increase in the demand for Doha Arabian tobacco raw material (this tobacco is known as a high-quality product with a high strength and a pleasant, full and harmonious taste), the idea has arisen to manufacture prototypes of shisha mixtures in which Doha tobacco is used [2]. The article presents the research results: to determine the optimal ingredient composition of hookah tobacco; to study the optimal fractional composition of raw tobacco of various types. As a result of the research the chemical composition of raw tobacco of various types has been analyzed, the tasting and organoleptic evaluation of the prototypes carried out and the tobacco raw material most suitable for the production of shisha tobacco determined; the nicotine content in the condensate of prototypes of shisha mixtures with different fractions of raw tobacco determined; the optimal fractional composition for various types of tobacco raw materials, necessary for the production of a quality product determined.

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Moldoveanu, Serban C., Marlene Adams i Frank K. St.Charles. "Variations of TSNA Levels in Tobaccos Upon Heating at Moderate Temperatures". Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 29, nr 2 (25.09.2020): 84–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2020-0009.

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SummaryTobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) including nitrosoanabasine (NAB), nitrosoanatabine (NAT), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), and nitrosonornicotine (NNN) are naturally present at trace levels in tobacco. During tobacco processing, preparation of expanded tobacco, and when tobacco is used in heat-not-burn type cigarettes, the tobacco is exposed to different degrees of heat. Heating of tobacco has been reported in the literature to increase the level of TSNAs. Since the increase of TSNAs in heated tobacco is still not well understood, the present study evaluated TSNA levels in six types of tobacco as a function of moderate heat exposure. These tobaccos included: flue-cured lower stalk, flue-cured upper stalk (US), Burley lower stalk, Burley upper stalk (US), and two Oriental blends (Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria, Northern Republic Macedonia). Heating was performed in sealed glass tubes at oven temperatures of 100 °C, 150 °C, 200 °C, and 250 °C for time intervals of 2 min and 5 min. The temperatures inside the glass tubes were lower than the targets and were monitored separately as a function of glass tube heating. The study showed no meaningful differences within tobacco type (by stalk position) but showed considerable differences in the levels of TSNAs between different tobaccos, with the Burley tobaccos having the highest levels, and the Orientals the lowest. For all tobacco types, TSNAs increase to some extent when temperature increases. For 2-min heating, the increase in TSNAs is relatively small up to about 200 °C, but the levels almost double when the oven temperature increases to 250 °C. For 5-min heating, the increase in TSNAs starts at about 150 °C with a maximum at 200 °C which can reach more than double the initial TSNA level. Longer heating at 250 °C (5 min) starts to cause TSNAs decomposition and the levels are reduced.

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Nikolova, Violeta, Nikolay Nikolov, Venelina Popova, Radka Bozhinova i Yovko Dyulgerski. "Valuation of the Quality Level of Bulgarian Tobacco from the Market Sector of “Basmi” Variety Group". BIO Web of Conferences 102 (2024): 01019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202410201019.

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The aim of the current study was to assess the quality level of Oriental tobaccos from the market sector of the “Basmi” variety group from different production areas in Bulgaria. Tobaccos from Krumovgrad and Greek Basma ecotypes (varieties “Krumovgrad 90”, “Krumovgrad 58”, “Krumovgrad 78”, and “Basma”, respectively) were investigated, all farmer-produced (2019 crop year) in seven tobacco regions. The investigation followed a procedure validated for monitoring the quality of Bulgarian tobaccos, incorporating four evaluation steps – chemical indices of tobacco and tobacco smoke, expert and smoking assessment, and final rating by a complex quality index. Statistically significant differences were observed between the compared tobaccos (variety and region based) within the two ecotypes. For Krumovgrad ecotype, the final rating of the compared tobaccos revealed the best complex quality indicators in varieties “Krumovgrad 78” from Kardzhali (micro-region Patitza), “Krumovgrad 58” from Haskovo-Harmanli (Stambolovo) and “Krumovgrad 58” from Ivaylovgrad (Belopoltzi). With the best quality level within ecotype Basma were the tobaccos produced in Svilengrad (micro-region Raykova mogila) and Momchilgrad (Chorbadzhiysko) regions. The results from the study substantiate the annual monitoring of the quality level of Bulgarian Oriental tobaccos and provide data, which have potential importance for the national tobacco sector.

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Gnuchikh, E. V., T. A. Don i A. G. Mirgorodskaya. "Improvement of consumer characteristics and reduced toxicity of chewing tobacco when using of flavors". Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 80, nr 3 (17.12.2018): 288–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2018-3-288-297.

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Smokeless tobacco products are declared by producers as alternative to smoking products. Smokeless tobacco products are consumed without combustion or pyrolysis process by sucking it in oral cavity (sucking tobacco), chewing (chewing tobacco) or inhaling (sniff tobacco). During oral consuming nicotine is absorbed by oral mucous, and during nasal consuming – by nasal mucous. Sales of chewing and sniff tobacco are allowed in Russia. Stable sales increasing of these smokeless tobaccos are observed in Russia during last years. Nicotine content decreasing can be achieved by different methods: physical, technological (utilizing expanded stem, reconstituted tobacco, tobacco with low nicotine content, non tobacco materials). Flavorings that have good combination with tobacco aroma had been chosen. They are: flower and herbs, food plants, citrus peels, natural coffee and cacao, vanilla sugar. Possibility of their utilizing for decreasing toxicity of chewing tobacco has been studied. Efficiency of this method has been proved, and optimal contents of tobacco and flavorings have been found.

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Nikolova, Violeta, Nikolay Nikolov i Venelina Popova. "Assessment of the Quality Profile of Oriental Tobacco from the Commodity Segment of Basma Variety Group (Ecotype Krumovgrad)". BIO Web of Conferences 122 (2024): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202412201012.

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The production of Oriental tobacco has a significant role for the social status of Bulgarian farmers and the economic priorities of the regions. The demand for tobaccos that are truly competitive on the international market has forced the dominant production of Krumovgrad ecotype varieties in the country. The aim of the present research was to evaluate the quality profile of Oriental tobacco of Krumovgrad ecotype (variety Krumovgrad 90), as a significant part of the commodity segment of the Basma variety group. The study was carried out with tobaccos, produced in 10 micro regions of the Nevrokop region, 2019 crop year. Cured leaves were assessed in terms of chemical, visual and sensory quality, and the tobaccos were finally rated according to their complex quality manifestation (based on the achieved “quality index” value). The technological assessment of the quality profile of the studied Oriental tobacco of ecotype Krumovgrad proved that there were significant differences in cured leaf quality between the tobacco samples representing the same variety and crop year but grown in different areas. As a result from the complex quality evaluation procedure, the best rated was the tobacco produced in Godeshevo micro region, followed by those from Kornitsa, Furgovo and Ablanitsa. The data obtained by the study could be useful from the point of view of the technological processing of cured tobacco leaves and the objective of obtaining uniform batches of Krumovgrad ecotype tobacco within the commodity segment.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Tobacco"

Bagley, Christopher A. "Controlling Tobacco Mosaic Virus in Tobacco through Resistance". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30911.

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Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infects all classes of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and causes losses worldwide. The N gene is the most effective means of controlling TMV; however, this gene is associated with reduced yield and quality in flue-cured tobacco. The mode of inheritance of TMV resistance was determined in two tobacco introductions (TI) from N. tabacum germplasm, both of which produced a hypersensitive response when inoculated with TMV. Inheritance studies with TI 1504 and TI 1473 indicate that a single dominant gene controls resistance. The gene governing resistance in TI 1504 is allelic to the N gene in NC 567. The gene providing resistance in TI 1473 is not allelic to the N gene, providing a potentially new source of resistance. Currently, plant breeders must rely on the N gene. The N gene is used in the heterozygous state to help overcome poor agronomic effects associated with homozygous resistance; however, systemic movement of TMV is occasionally seen in resistant plants. A TMV susceptible inbred (K 326), a resistant inbred (NC 567), and three resistant hybrids (NC 297, RGH4, and Speight H2O) were inoculated with TMV at transplanting, layby, and topping using different inoculation methods. Plant parts were tested for viral presence and biological activity. Viral movement into all plant parts was observed in K 326. No systemic movement was evident in the plant parts of NC 567, while virus did move into the corollas, pistils, late season sucker growth, and roots of the resistant hybrids showing systemic necrosis.
Master of Science

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Alcock, S. "Tobacco chemistry". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356015.

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Beeler, Isadora. "Tobacco hands". Thesis, Boston University, 1994. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/37121.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University
PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
2031-01-01

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Pau, Siu-yuen, i 鮑兆源. "Reducing tobacco consumption: the tobacco control policy in Hong Kong revisited". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4678200X.

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Beekwilder, Kristen M. "The Inheritance of Resistance to Tobacco Mosaic Virus in Tobacco Introductions". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31726.

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Thirty-one tobacco introductions that were reported to display either a local lesion or a symptomless reaction to infection with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) were screened for reaction to the virus (Chaplin and Gooding, 1969). Ten tobacco introductions (TI), TI 203, TI 407, TI 438, TI 450, TI 692, TI 1203, TI 1459, TI 1462, TI 1467, and TI 1500 were randomly chosen for further study to characterize their resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Each TI line was crossed with susceptible cultivar K 326 to determine the mode of inheritance of resistance to TMV. The F2 progeny of TIs 1459, 1462, and 1500 segregated in a 3 local lesion:1 mosaic ratio, indicating that the gene governing resistance in these three TI lines was a single, dominant trait. The F2 progeny of TIs 203, 407, 438, 450, 692, 1203, and 1467 failed to segregate, only mosaic plants were observed. This would indicate that the gene(s) controlling resistance to TMV in these lines would not provide resistance for plant breeders to incorporate into a breeding program. Each TI line was also crossed with local lesion cultivar NC 567, which contains the N gene, in order to determine if the gene(s) governing resistance in the TI lines was allelic to the N gene in NC 567. The F2 progeny of TIs 1459 and 1462 did not segregate. All progeny displayed the local lesion reaction to TMV indicating that the gene governing resistance in these two lines is allelic to the N gene. The F2 progeny of the cross between TI 1500 and NC 567 segregated in a 15 local lesion: 1 mosaic ratio, which indicates that the gene controlling resistance in TI 1500 is not allelic to the N gene. When crossed with NC 567, the F2 progeny of TIs 407, 438 and 1467, segregated in a 3 local lesion: 1 mosaic ratio. No symptomless plants were observed. There was also segregation in the F2 progeny of the crosses between NC 567 and TIs 203, 450, 692, and 1203. However, the segregation was in no discernible ratio. Once again the F2 progeny of the crosses either displayed a local lesion or mosaic reaction and no symptomless progeny were observed. This would again indicate that the symptomless TI lines do no provide heritable resistance to TMV and therefore are not acceptable as an alternative source of resistance to TMV for the plant breeder. Tobacco introduction 1500 should be investigated further because a single, dominant trait that is not allelic to the N gene governs resistance to TMV in this line.
Master of Science

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Lacefield, Brian. "Contribution of Tobacco to Agriculture Receipts in Four Prominent Tobacco Producing States". TopSCHOLAR®, 1998. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/342.

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Agriculture receipt data were obtained from USDA Agriculture Statistics on four prominent tobacco producing states-North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia--for the period of 1946 through 1995. The data were adjusted for inflation according to the Consumer Price Index and averaged for five-year periods beginning with 1946-1950 and continuing through 1991-1995. There were four objectives of the study. The first objective was to compare these states for annual agriculture receipts, crop receipts, and livestock receipts. State total agriculture receipts ranged from 1.8 to 3.2 billion dollars in 1946-50 and from 1.4 to 4.1 billion dollars in 1991-95. For total agriculture receipt, rankings were as follows: North Carolina highest, Kentucky intermediate, and Tennessee and Virginia lowest and about equal. State rankings for crop and livestock receipts were the same as those for total agriculture receipts except the North Carolina ranking for livestock receipts went from lowest to highest among the states during the period of study. In Kentucky and Tennessee, crop and livestock contributions were approximately equally throughout the study. Crop receipts exceeded livestock receipts in NC until the 1980s, while in Virginia livestock receipts consistently exceeded crop receipts. The second objective was to determine the contribution of tobacco receipts and their relationships to the receipts of other agriculture commodities. Average state tobacco receipts in dollars ranged from 254 million to 1.8 billion dollars in 1946-50 and from 129 to 723 million dollars in 1991-95. State rankings for tobacco receipts were as follows: North Carolina highest, Kentucky intermediate, and Tennessee and Virginia lowest and approximately equal. Tobacco receipts (dollars) for Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia were relatively consistent over the 50-year period; however, the tobacco receipts for North Carolina decreased from 1.8 billion to 723 million dollars during the period. When tobacco receipts were considered as a component of total agriculture receipts, the tobacco contribution decreased from 54% to 18% in North Carolina and from 35% to 26% in Kentucky, whereas the proportion remained rather consistent in the 10% to 15% range for Tennessee and Virginia. When tobacco receipts were expressed as a percentage of crop receipts, the percentages were highest in Kentucky, intermediate in North Carolina, and lowest in Virginia and Tennessee. Correlations between tobacco and total agriculture receipts were positive and significant for each state except North Carolina. The third objective of the study was to examine the contribution of specific crop and livestock enterprises to agriculture receipts during the 1981-1995 period. Total agriculture receipts increased in North Carolina but decreased in the other states. The increase in North Carolina resulted from increases in livestock receipts (collectively), swine, poultry, vegetables, and other crops. The decrease in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia resulted from decreases in livestock (collectively), dairy, swine, crops (collectively), fruit and tobacco receipts. North Carolina agriculture income has increased and reflects more contribution from livestock (collectively), swine, poultry and less from tobacco. Kentucky agriculture income has decreased and reflects decreases from livestock and crops. Kentucky agriculture receipts are more dependent upon tobacco than are the receipts in the other states. The fourth objective was to relate diversification patterns from the other states to Kentucky's present status and future opportunities. In 1995, tobacco contributions to agriculture receipts were North Carolina (15%), Kentucky (21%), Tennessee (11%), and Virginia (8%); poultry contributions were North Carolina (29%), Kentucky (4%), Tennessee (10%), and Virginia (31%). Although considered minor contributors at present, hay and other crops (greenhouse and nursery plants) show promise for further diversity of Kentucky agriculture.

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Naqvi, Iman. "The War on Tobacco: The Impact of Advertising Bans on Tobacco Consumption". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/732.

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ABSTRACT This study provides an empirical analysis of the effect of tobacco marketing regulation on unit sales, in order to evaluate the effectiveness these laws in the United States. The analysis did not find a significant effect of tobacco advertising expenditure on unit sales. Examination of advertising expenditure revealed that tobacco companies substituted banned forms of advertising for other marketing strategies, leading to little reduction in total advertising expenditure and a limited effect on sales. Furthermore, it found an unexpected positive relationship between the 1971 Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act and tobacco consumption; the ban on advertising and promotion actually increased sales by over 88 billion units. Additional empirical evidence is provided from studies performed by Fight Ordinances and Restrictions to Control and Eliminate Smoking (FORCES) and Saffer and Chaloupka that show correspondingly inconclusive results. The paper then discusses several policy implications and subsequent recommendations that follow from these results.

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Leung, Yuk-ho, i 梁毓浩. "Effectiveness of tobacco taxation compared with smoking ban in reducing tobacco consumption". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4517295X.

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Nakkash, Rima. "Tobacco industry strategies in Lebanon : an analysis of internal tobacco industry documents". Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.498136.

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Lawrence, W. A. "Microinjection of tobacco protoplasts". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372559.

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Książki na temat "Tobacco"

Gold, Mark S. Tobacco. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1845-7.

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Gold, Mark S. Tobacco. New York: Plenum Medical Book Co., 1995.

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Commission of theEuropean Communities. Directorate-General for Agriculture., red. Tobacco. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1995.

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Hirschfelder, Arlene B. Tobacco. Santa Barbara, Calif: Greenwood, 2010.

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Phil, Cohen. Tobacco. Austin, Tex: Steck-Vaughn, 1992.

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Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (U.S.), red. Tobacco. [Rockville, Md.?]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, 1999.

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Network, Ohio Health Promotion, red. Tobacco. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio Health Promotion Network, 1992.

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Karen, Zuckerman, i Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (U.S.), red. Tobacco. Rockville, MD (P.O. Box 2345, Rockville 20847-2345): Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 1994.

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Deboo, Ana. Tobacco. Chicago, Ill: Heinemann Library, 2007.

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Quackenbush, Marcia. Tobacco. Wyd. 4. Santa Cruz, Calif: ETR Associates, 2010.

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Więcej źródeł

Części książek na temat "Tobacco"

Gold, Mark S. "Tobacco". W Tobacco, 17–25. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1845-7_2.

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Gold, Mark S. "Tobacco in the 1990s". W Tobacco, 1–16. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1845-7_1.

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Gold, Mark S. "The Neurobiological Effects of Tobacco". W Tobacco, 27–54. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1845-7_3.

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Gold, Mark S. "Tobacco and the Body". W Tobacco, 55–70. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1845-7_4.

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Gold, Mark S. "The Psychiatric Aspects of Tobacco Use". W Tobacco, 71–105. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1845-7_5.

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Gold, Mark S. "Treatment and the Role of the Physician". W Tobacco, 107–44. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1845-7_6.

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Gold, Mark S. "A Model Cessation Program". W Tobacco, 145–60. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1845-7_7.

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Gold, Mark S. "Smoking and Special Populations". W Tobacco, 161–89. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1845-7_8.

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Gold, Mark S. "Prevention and Education". W Tobacco, 191–205. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1845-7_9.

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O’Hara, James E., Igor UsUpensky, N. J. Bostanian, John L. Capinera, Reg Chapman, Carl S. Barfield, Marilyn E. Swisher i in. "Tobacco". W Encyclopedia of Entomology, 3827. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_2475.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Tobacco"

Gezer, Tanzer, Osman Elbek, Elif Dagli, Banu Salepci, Pinar Bostan, Pinar Ay, Murat Ceyhan, Fusun Yıldız i Murat Guner. "Tobacco control or tobacco investment ? : Incentives given to tobacco industry". W ERS International Congress 2023 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2023.oa4232.

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Zhu, Wenkui, Gaofei Guo, Chaoxian Liu, Liangyuan Cheng i Le Wang. "The infrared radiation and vacuum assisted drying kinetics of flue-cured tobacco leaf and its drying quality analysis". W 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7612.

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Dehydration is widely involved in tobacco processing such as tobacco leaf curing, tobacco trip redrying and cut tobacco drying, which plays a key role due to its effect on the physical and chemical quality of tobacco. The current drying methods in tobacco processing mainly use heat conduction, heat convection or their combination to dehydrate tobacco materials. However, radiation heat transfer as one of basic heat transferways has not been investigated in the tobacco drying. In the present work, infrared radiation dryer was designed to explore the tobacco infrared radiation drying characteristics. The effect of radiation heat transfer conditions and vacuum on the drying kinetics and temperature of tobacco leaves was investigated. Diffusion coefficient of middle tobacco leaves C2F is between 0.848×10-10 ~ 1.597×10-10 m2/s. At the same time, the pore structure andpetroleum ether tobacco extracts in dried tobacco were also analyzed in order to explore the different effects of infrared radiation drying and traditional drying technology on tobacco quality. Keywords: Flue-cured tobacco; Infrared radiation; Vacuum; Dryingkinetics; Tobacco quality

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Ananda, Candra Fajri, Imanina Eka Dalilah i Tiara Juniar Soewardi. "THE INFLUENCE OF TOBACCO REGULATION TO TOBACCO INDUSTRY SUSTAINABILITY". W 52nd International Academic Conference, Barcelona. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/iac.2019.052.003.

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Zobena, Aija. "Student Tobacco Use Behaviours: A Qualitative Study of Alternative Tobacco and Nicotine Product Use in Young Adulthood". W 14th International Scientific Conference "Rural Environment. Education. Personality. (REEP)". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Engineering. Institute of Education and Home Economics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/reep.2021.14.043.

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Non-combustible alternative tobacco products such as tobacco-free nicotine pouches, heated tobacco, and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) marketed as less harmful alternatives to cigarettes as smoking cessation aids are becoming increasingly popular among adolescents and young adults. This age group includes individuals still experimenting with and establishing tobacco use. The aim of the study is to investigate student tobacco use behaviours, particularly novel devices, and alternative products to understand how to decrease tobacco initiation and use among adolescents and young adults. In August 2020, two focus group discussions were organized to obtain information on young people's experience of alternative tobacco and nicotine product use. In each of them, high school students (aged over 18) and students took part. The participants of the focus group discussion were chosen by the “snowball” method. Cessation of smoking and replacing cigarettes with alternative tobacco and nicotine products reduce some of the harmful effects but are not harmless and nicotine addiction remains. By replacing cigarette smoking with the use of tobacco-free nicotine pouches, heated tobacco, or e-cigarettes, one form of nicotine use is being replaced by another. According to the study, young people have no understanding of nicotine addiction and the health risks of using alternative tobacco products. Today's adolescents and young adults often see consumption of tobacco and nicotine products as a mean to construct and project their unique identity.

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Prasetyoningsih, Nanik. "Tobacco Trading Arrangements:Prospect Of Justice For Tobacco Farmers In Java". W Proceedings of the International Conference on Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources (FANRes 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/fanres-18.2018.51.

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Kukhareva, A. A., i V. M. Misiuchenka. "DIRECTIONS FOR USE OF WASTE OF TOBACCO PRODUCTION IN THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS". W SAKHAROV READINGS 2021: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute of Belarusian State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2021-2-188-191.

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At the tobacco factories of the Republic of Belarus several types of tobacco waste are generated such as tobacco dust, stem and particles, which are currently not processed in the country. At the same time, the analysis of literature and patent data showed possibilities of their processing in various directions - as part of a mixture for making pots for seedlings, for preparing an insecticidal water extract and for obtaining bioorganic fertilizers. Based on the analysis, the most optimal and economically justified directions for the use of tobacco production waste in the Republic of Belarus are proposed. In particular, the manufacture of other tobacco products - smokeless tobacco and waterpipe tobacco - is suggested.

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El Hajj, Maguy, Ahmed Awaisu, Nadir Kheir, Mohamad Haniki, Rula Shami, Rana Saleh, Noora AlHamad, Ahmad Almulla i Ziyad Mahfoud. "Evaluation of an Intensive Education Program on the Treatment of Tobacco-use Disorder for Pharmacists: A Randomized Controlled Trial". W Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0112.

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Tobacco use is one of the main causes of premature deaths and preventable diseases in Qatar. The aim of this randomized controlled trial (RCT) is to design, implement, and evaluate an intensive education program on tobacco-use treatment for pharmacists in Qatar. The study objectives are to assess the effectiveness of the program on pharmacists’ knowledge, skills, attitudes and perceived self-efficacy toward tobacco cessation. Methods: Community pharmacists practicing in Qatar were eligible for participation in the study. Consenting participants were randomly allocated to intervention or control groups. Participants in the intervention group received an intensive education program on treatment of tobacco-use disorder. A short didactic session on a non-tobacco-related topic was delivered to pharmacists in the control group. Outcomes were assessed using survey instruments. Results: Participants in the intervention group (n=57) achieved significantly higher total tobacco-related knowledge scores (mean=33 points) than those in the control group (n=37) (mean=24.5 points) with a p-value of <0.001. Post-intervention total knowledge scores were significantly higher than the baseline scores for participants who received intensive tobacco education with a mean difference of 6.6 points (p-value <0.001). Overall attitudes toward tobacco cessation and self-efficacy in tobacco cessation interventions were better in the group of pharmacists who received tobacco education compared to those who did not. For instance, 43.4% of pharmacists in the intervention group “strongly agreed” that their counseling will increase a patient’s likelihood of quitting tobacco use compared to 14.7% in the control group (p-value=0.014). Furthermore, 20.4% of pharmacists in the intervention group reported that they are “extremely confident” to use appropriate questions to ask patients when providing tobacco cessation counseling versus 5.9% in the control group (p-value=0.005). Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that provision of an intensive educational program on the treatment of tobacco use disorders results in improved tobacco-related knowledge and self-efficacy in tobacco cessation interventions.

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Fitzke, Reagan, Jordan Davis i Eric Pedersen. "Co-use of Tobacco/Nicotine and Cannabis Among Veterans: A Preliminary Investigation of Prevalence and Associations with Mental Health Outcomes". W 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.10.

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While tobacco and cannabis use rates remain high in the general U.S. population, veterans from the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan (i.e., OEF/OIF veterans) are at particularly high risk of high rates of cannabis and tobacco use. Co-use of tobacco/nicotine and cannabis (i.e., using both substances within a specified period of time or combining the drugs within the same device for use) is of growing prevalence in the United States. Tobacco/nicotine and cannabis use is often associated with poor mental health outcomes such as stress, anxiety, and depression. However, little is understood about the prevalence rates of tobacco/nicotine and cannabis co-use among U.S. veterans as well as associations with mental health symptomology. The current study aimed to investigate types of tobacco/nicotine and cannabis co-use among veterans, as well as associations between co-use and mental health outcomes of stress, depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Participants (N= 1,548) were recruited through social media websites and completed an online survey as part of a larger study. The majority (80%) endorsed tobacco/nicotine and/or cannabis use in the past 30 days. Descriptive analyses were run to assess prevalence of use within the sample. Mean comparisons were conducted to assess differences in past 30-day frequency of use and for mental health outcomes between co-users and single users of either substance. Among the larger sample, 90% endorsed lifetime use of tobacco/nicotine, 23% endorsed lifetime use of cannabis, and 21% endorsed any lifetime co-use of both substances. These participants also endorsed past 30 day use of tobacco/nicotine (77%), cannabis (10%), and co-use (7%). Among the past 30-day cannabis users, 66% reported also using tobacco/nicotine, while 9% of past 30-day tobacco/nicotine users also reported cannabis use. When comparing cannabis-only users to co-users of cannabis and tobacco/nicotine, anxiety symptoms were reported as significantly higher among co-users. Tobacco/nicotine-only users endorsed higher past 30-day frequency of cigarettes and e-cigarettes compared to co-users; however, co-users endorsed significantly higher levels of stress and symptoms of PTSD, depression, and anxiety compared to tobacco/nicotine-only users. Results suggest that the addition of cannabis use in conjunction with tobacco/nicotine use may be associated with greater mental health symptoms among veterans. Findings have implications for future veteran mental health care and substance use treatment among tobacco/nicotine and cannabis co-users.

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Safitri, Febrina Dewi. "Marketing Process of Agricultural Tobacco Products Effects on Tobacco Farmer Economy". W Indonesian Health Economics Association. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0007025301320134.

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Barrueco Ferrero, Miguel, Javier Pérez-Rodríguez, Enrique Barrueco-Otero, Marco López-Zubizarreta, Maria Bartol-Sánchez, Miguel Angel Hernández-Mezquita, Pablo Alvarez Vega i José MaríA GonzáLez-Ruiz. "Overweight after tobacco cessation". W ERS International Congress 2017 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/1393003.congress-2017.pa1287.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Tobacco"

Ohsfeldt, Robert, Raymond Boyle i Eli Capilouto. Tobacco Taxes, Smoking Restrictions, and Tobacco Use. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, marzec 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6486.

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Docheva, Margarita, Anna Stoilova, Yovcho Kochev i Desislava Kirkova. Determination of Polyphenols in Tobacco, Tobacco Blends, Tobacco Smoke and Butts of Different Cigarette Brands. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, czerwiec 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2018.06.05.

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Moore, Michael. Death and Tobacco Taxes. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, czerwiec 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5153.

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McEntee, Alice, Sonia Hines, Joshua Trigg, Kate Fairweather, Ashleigh Guillaumier, Jane Fischer, Billie Bonevski, James A. Smith, Carlene Wilson i Jacqueline Bowden. Tobacco cessation in CALD communities. The Sax Institute, czerwiec 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/sneg4189.

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Background Australia is a multi-cultural society with increasing rates of people from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds. On average, CALD groups have higher rates of tobacco use, lower participation in cancer screening programs, and poorer health outcomes than the general Australian population. Lower cancer screening and smoking cessation rates are due to differing cultural norms, health-related attitudes, and beliefs, and language barriers. Interventions can help address these potential barriers and increase tobacco cessation and cancer screening rates among CALD groups. Cancer Council NSW (CCNSW) aims to reduce the impact of cancer and improve cancer outcomes for priority populations including CALD communities. In line with this objective, CCNSW commissioned this rapid review of interventions implemented in Australia and comparable countries. Review questions This review aimed to address the following specific questions: Question 1 (Q1): What smoking cessation interventions have been proven effective in reducing or preventing smoking among culturally and linguistically diverse communities? Question 2 (Q2): What screening interventions have proven effective in increasing participation in population cancer screening programs among culturally and linguistically diverse populations? This review focused on Chinese-, Vietnamese- and Arabic-speaking people as they are the largest CALD groups in Australia and have high rates of tobacco use and poor screening adherence in NSW. Summary of methods An extensive search of peer-reviewed and grey literature published between January 2013-March 2022 identified 19 eligible studies for inclusion in the Q1 review and 49 studies for the Q2 review. The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Levels of Evidence and Joanna Briggs Institute’s (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tools were used to assess the robustness and quality of the included studies, respectively. Key findings Findings are reported by components of an intervention overall and for each CALD group. By understanding the effectiveness of individual components, results will demonstrate key building blocks of an effective intervention. Question 1: What smoking cessation interventions have been proven effective in reducing or preventing smoking among culturally and linguistically diverse communities? Thirteen of the 19 studies were Level IV (L4) evidence, four were Level III (L3), one was Level II (L2), none were L1 (highest level of evidence) and one study’s evidence level was unable to be determined. The quality of included studies varied. Fifteen tobacco cessation intervention components were included, with most interventions involving at least three components (range 2-6). Written information (14 studies), and education sessions (10 studies) were the most common components included in an intervention. Eight of the 15 intervention components explored had promising evidence for use with Chinese-speaking participants (written information, education sessions, visual information, counselling, involving a family member or friend, nicotine replacement therapy, branded merchandise, and mobile messaging). Another two components (media campaign and telephone follow-up) had evidence aggregated across CALD groups (i.e., results for Chinese-speaking participants were combined with other CALD group(s)). No intervention component was deemed of sufficient evidence for use with Vietnamese-speaking participants and four intervention components had aggregated evidence (written information, education sessions, counselling, nicotine replacement therapy). Counselling was the only intervention component to have promising evidence for use with Arabic-speaking participants and one had mixed evidence (written information). Question 2: What screening interventions have proven effective in increasing participation in population cancer screening programs among culturally and linguistically diverse populations? Two of the 49 studies were Level I (L1) evidence, 13 L2, seven L3, 25 L4 and two studies’ level of evidence was unable to be determined. Eighteen intervention components were assessed with most interventions involving 3-4 components (range 1-6). Education sessions (32 studies), written information (23 studies) and patient navigation (10 studies) were the most common components. Seven of the 18 cancer screening intervention components had promising evidence to support their use with Vietnamese-speaking participants (education sessions, written information, patient navigation, visual information, peer/community health worker, counselling, and peer experience). The component, opportunity to be screened (e.g. mailed or handed a bowel screening test), had aggregated evidence regarding its use with Vietnamese-speaking participants. Seven intervention components (education session, written information, visual information, peer/community health worker, opportunity to be screened, counselling, and branded merchandise) also had promising evidence to support their use with Chinese-speaking participants whilst two components had mixed (patient navigation) or aggregated (media campaign) evidence. One intervention component for use with Arabic-speaking participants had promising evidence to support its use (opportunity to be screened) and eight intervention components had mixed or aggregated support (education sessions, written information, patient navigation, visual information, peer/community health worker, peer experience, media campaign, and anatomical models). Gaps in the evidence There were four noteworthy gaps in the evidence: 1. No systematic review was captured for Q1, and only two studies were randomised controlled trials. Much of the evidence is therefore based on lower level study designs, with risk of bias. 2. Many studies provided inadequate detail regarding their intervention design which impacts both the quality appraisal and how mixed finding results can be interpreted. 3. Several intervention components were found to have supportive evidence available only at the aggregate level. Further research is warranted to determine the interventions effectiveness with the individual CALD participant group only. 4. The evidence regarding the effectiveness of certain intervention components were either unknown (no studies) or insufficient (only one study) across CALD groups. This was the predominately the case for Arabic-speaking participants for both Q1 and Q2, and for Vietnamese-speaking participants for Q1. Further research is therefore warranted. Applicability Most of the intervention components included in this review are applicable for use in the Australian context, and NSW specifically. However, intervention components assessed as having insufficient, mixed, or no evidence require further research. Cancer screening and tobacco cessation interventions targeting Chinese-speaking participants were more common and therefore showed more evidence of effectiveness for the intervention components explored. There was support for cancer screening intervention components targeting Vietnamese-speaking participants but not for tobacco cessation interventions. There were few interventions implemented for Arabic-speaking participants that addressed tobacco cessation and screening adherence. Much of the evidence for Vietnamese and Arabic-speaking participants was further limited by studies co-recruiting multiple CALD groups and reporting aggregate results. Conclusion There is sound evidence for use of a range of intervention components to address tobacco cessation and cancer screening adherence among Chinese-speaking populations, and cancer screening adherence among Vietnamese-speaking populations. Evidence is lacking regarding the effectiveness of tobacco cessation interventions with Vietnamese- and Arabic-speaking participants, and cancer screening interventions for Arabic-speaking participants. More research is required to determine whether components considered effective for use in one CALD group are applicable to other CALD populations.

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Huang, Jidong, i Frank Chaloupka. The Impact of the 2009 Federal Tobacco Excise Tax Increase on Youth Tobacco Use. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, kwiecień 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w18026.

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Apte, Michael G., Lara A. Gundel, Raymond L. Dod, Marion L. Russell, Brett C. Singer, Michael D. Sohn, Douglas P. Sullivan, Gee-Minn Chang i Richard G. Sextro. Indoor Measurements of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Final Report to the Tobacco Related Disease Research Program. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzec 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/823921.

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Ciecierski, Christina Czart, Pinka Chatterji, Frank Chaloupka i Henry Wechsler. Do State Expenditures on Tobacco Control Programs Decrease Use of Tobacco Products Among College Students? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, wrzesień 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12532.

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Bryan, Calvin, Benjamin Hansen, Drew McNichols i Joseph Sabia. Do State Tobacco 21 Laws Work? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, grudzień 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w28173.

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DeCicca, Philip, Donald Kenkel, Feng Liu i Hua Wang. Behavioral Welfare Economics and FDA Tobacco Regulations. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, październik 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22718.

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Chaloupka, Frank, Michael Grossman i John Tauras. Public Policy and Youth Smokeless Tobacco Use. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, kwiecień 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5524.

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