Artykuły w czasopismach: „Tithes, France, 18th century”

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Bonner, Elizabeth. "Inheritance, war and antiquarianism". Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 143 (30.11.2014): 339–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/psas.143.339.361.

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This article concerns the establishment in France of the Lennox-Stuarts/Stewarts of Darnley at the height of the Hundred Years War in the 1420s. In time, they were to become possibly the single most important family involved in the politics and diplomacy of the monarchies and government in the kingdoms of Scotland, France and England during the entire 15th and 16th centuries. This research also concerns a re-evaluation of the works of those 18th- and 19th-century antiquarians who have been the principal authors of this family's Histories, by verifying their interpretations of sources, in particular their manuscript sources in the archives and libraries of all three ancient kingdoms. This is in line with recent reviews of the works of antiquarians of all eras; but the works of the 18th-century antiquarians have been of particular interest. Thus, the history of this family has relied, up until now, entirely on the works of antiquarians which, due to general pejorative views of their publications, have suffered a seeming distrust by modern professional historians. Finally, recent research into the private Stuart archives at the Chateau de La Verrerie demonstrates the rationale and legal mechanisms by which Charles VII intervened in 1437 regarding the inheritance of Sir Alan Stewart of Darnley's seigneuries d'Aubigny et Concressault by his brother John. This document is important, as it set a precedence for later legal inheritance and transfer of the titles of the seigneuries in the family, and ultimately to transferring the lands and title to the Scottish Lennox-Stuarts/Stewarts and their descendents in the 16th century.

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Tipton, Charles M. "The emergence of Applied Physiology within the discipline of Physiology". Journal of Applied Physiology 121, nr 2 (1.08.2016): 401–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00767.2015.

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Despite the availability and utilization of the physiology textbooks authored by Albrecht von Haller during the 18th century that heralded the modern age of physiology, not all physicians or physiologists were satisfied with its presentation, contents, or application to medicine. Initial reasons were fundamental disagreements between the “mechanists,” represented by Boerhaave, Robinson, and von Haller, and the “vitalists,” represented by the faculty and graduates of the Montpellier School of Medicine in France, notably, Bordeu and Barthez. Subsequently, objections originated from Europe, United Kingdom, and the United States in publications that focused not only on the teaching of physiology to medical and secondary students, but on the specific applications of the content of physiology to medicine, health, hygiene, pathology, and chronic diseases. At the turn of the 20th century, texts began to appear with applied physiology in their titles and in 1926, physician Samson Wright published a textbook entitled Applied Physiology that was intended for both medical students and the medical profession. Eleven years later, physicians Best and Taylor published The Physiological Basis of Medical Practice: A University of Toronto Texbook in Applied Physiology. Although both sets of authors defined the connection between applied physiology and physiology, they failed to define the areas of physiology that were included within applied physiology. This was accomplished by the American Physiological Society (APS) Publications Committee in 1948 with the publication of the Journal of Appplied Physiology, that stated the word “applied” would broadly denote human physiology whereas the terms stress and environment would broadly include work, exercise, plus industrial, climatic and social factors. NIH established a study section (SS) devoted to applied physiology in 1964 which remained active until 2001 when it became amalgamated into other SSs. Before the end of the 20th century when departments were changing their titles to reflect a stronger science orientation, many established laboratories and offered degree programs devoted to Applied Physiology. We concluded that Applied Physiology has been an important contributor to the discipline of physiology while becoming an integral component of APS.

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Gołaszewski, Łukasz. "Dziesięcina w dawnym prawie polskim XVI–XVIII wieku na tle europejskim". Studia Iuridica, nr 88 (13.12.2021): 108–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2021-88.5.

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The article is shortly describing the history of tithes in the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. During the 16–18 centuries, the nobility achieved their primary goals: 1. establishing the conversion of tithes in sheaves or grains into money, 2. determining the nobility’s courts as exclusively appropriate in cases about tithes. However, tithes in different parts of Europe were subject to, sometimes similar, changes. Consequently, the article describes the history of tithes in England, France, Germany, and other countries. Consequently, this topic is perceived as interesting for comparative studies, especially about the oneri reali.

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Jewuła, Łukasz, Tomasz Kargol i Krzysztof Ślusarek. "The Polish Village in the Face of Political, Social and Economic Changes From 1772-1815: A Study of Western Lesser Poland (Małopolska)". Studia Historyczne 62, nr 4(248) (19.07.2022): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/sh.62.2019.04.04.

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The article examines the impact of social, economic and political changes of the second half of 18th century and the beginning of 19th century on the functioning of rural society of Lesser Poland province. The study considers the situation of peasants, nobles and the clergy. The first part of the article presents the state of research on the problem and the available sources. The second part is devoted to the presentation of selected examples of social relations observed in contemporary Lesser Poland rural society. Conflicts between landowners and lease owners over abused peasant labour, debates over tithes, abuses of state officials and peasant resistance (i.e. peasant desertions, court cases) are discussed.

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Wilson, Anthony. "17th- and Early 18th-Century France". Musical Times 136, nr 1826 (kwiecień 1995): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1004174.

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Hilaire-Perez, Liliane. "Invention and the State in 18th-Century France". Technology and Culture 32, nr 4 (październik 1991): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3106156.

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Simon, Jonathan. "Mineralogy and mineral collections in 18th-century France". Endeavour 26, nr 4 (grudzień 2002): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-9327(02)01467-9.

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Hilaire-Pérez, Liliane. "Invention and the State in 18th-Century France". Technology and Culture 32, nr 4 (październik 1991): 911–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.1991.0003.

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Dębowski, Marek. "A HUNDRED YEARS OF RESEARCH ON THE 18TH‑CENTURY THEATRE IN POLAND AND FRANCE". Wiek Oświecenia, nr 38 (25.09.2022): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/0137-6942.wo.38.4.

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Among the modern researchers conducting studies on the 18th century, there is a widespread belief that research on Polish theatre of that era did not develop until the turn of the 1950s and 1960s. It is only part of the truth. The apogee of theatrical research coincided with those years, resulting from the 200th anniversary of the National Theatre, which was widely promoted by the authorities. However, the first diagnoses of Polish theatre scientists dealing with the 18th century are much earlier. Suffice it to recall Ludwik Bernacki’s monumental work, “Theatre, Drama and Music under Stanislaw August”, which the researcher published in Lviv in 1925. Bernacki’s research was closely related to the work of French theatre scientists, who conducted research on the scene and drama of the 18th century before the First World War. This article analyses and chronologically presents the last century of theatrical research and its methodological changes on the example of Polish and French history of 18th-century theatre.

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Trujillo-González, Verónica C. "Le discours préfaciel au XVIIIe siècle à travers le Dictionnaire de l’Académie (1718) et le Dictionnaire de Trévoux (1721). Essai de classification". Revue Romane / Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures 55, nr 2 (25.06.2019): 311–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rro.17014.tru.

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Abstract The 18th century was a very productive period from a lexicographic point of view. In that century, the French Academy published four new editions of their dictionary, being the second edition (1718) the one that included major revisions (1718). The Dictionnaire de Trévoux (1721) is also considered to be one of the pillars of 18th century lexicography in France, with eight published editions. The comparison of the prefaces of these two major pieces of French lexicography, in spite of their different conceptions, will allow us to establish the big strategical lines that have marked French Lexicography during the first part of the 18th century, as well as presenting how two of the most important dictionaries of the French 18th century are organized.

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Newland, Carlos. "La evolución macroeconómica del Espacio Peruano 1681 -1800". Economia 25, nr 49 (20.03.2002): 63–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18800/economia.200201.003.

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En este trabajo se describe la evolución macroeconómica del Espacio Peruano entre1681 y 1800. Las magnitudes de la producción se estiman a través de los diezmos yde la acuñación. Las series obtenidas muestran que la región sufrió una involuciónentre finales del siglo XVll y la tercera década del siglo XVll (1720-1730), momentoa partir de la cual se produce un crecimiento hasta finales del siglo. El comportamientomacroeconómico se atribuye a las cambiantes condiciones del comerciointernacional. -- This article describes the macroeconomic evolution of the Peruvian Space between1681 and 1800. Production is estimated through tithes and rninting. The series obtainedshow that the region went through an economic decay from the end of the 17thcentury to 1720-1730; from that moment onwards, there is an economic growth up tothe end of the 18th century. The macroeconomic behavior of the region is attributedto the changing conditions of trade.

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Butel, Paul, i François Crouzet. "Empire and Economic Growth: the Case of 18th Century France". Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 16, nr 1 (marzec 1998): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610900007096.

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Among the colonial powers of the early modern period, France was the last to emerge. Although, the French had not abstained from the exploration of fhe New World in the 16th century: G. de Verrazano discovered the site of New York (1524), during a voyage sponsored by King Francis I; Jacques Cartier sailed up the St. Lawrence to Quebec and Montreal (1535). From the early 16th century, many ships from ports such as Dieppe, St. Malo, La Rochelle, went on privateering and or trading expeditions to the Guinea coast, to Brazil, to the Caribbean, to the Spanish Main. Many French boats did fish off Newfoundland. Some traded in furs on the near-by Continent. Moreover, during the 16th century, sporadic attempts were made to establish French settlements in «Equinoctial France» (Brazil), in Florida, in modern Canada, but they failed utterly. Undoubtedly, foreign wars against the Habsburgs, during the first half of the 16th and of the 17th centuries, civil «wars of religion» during the second half of the 16th century, political disorders like the blockade of La Rochelle or the Fronde during the first part of the 17th century, absorbed the attention and resources of French rulers, despite some ambitious projects, like those of Richelieu, for overseas trade. As for the port cities they tried to trade overseas but they were isolated and not strong enough (specially during die wars of religion) to create «colonies». Some small companies, which had been started in 1601 and 1604, to trade with the East Indies, were very short-lived, and the French did not engage seriously in Asian trade before 1664.

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Albertan, Christian. "Stephane Roy (éd.), Making The News in 18th-Century France". Annales historiques de la Révolution française, nr 374 (1.12.2013): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/ahrf.12994.

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Molnar, Aleksandar. "The light of freedom in the age of enlightenment (2): England and France". Filozofija i drustvo 22, nr 2 (2011): 129–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fid1102129m.

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Although the philosophy (as well as the whole movement) of Enlightenment was born in the Netherlands and England in the late 17th and early 18th century, there were considerable problems in defying the freedom. By the mid 18th century, under the influence of ?national mercantilism? (Max Weber), the freedom was perceived in more and more collective terms, giving bith to the political option of national liberalism. That is why in the second half of 18th century this two countries have been progresively loosing importance for the movement of Enlightenment and two new countries emerged at its leading position, striving for democratic liberalism: United States of America and France. However, individual freedom faced not one, but two dangers during its philosophical and institutional development in the Age of Enlightenment: on the one hand, the danger of wanishing in the national freedom, and, on the other hand, the danger of becoming unbound and (self)destructive. The emerging (national) liberalism in England in the 18th century witnessed the first danger, while the second danger appeared in the wake of the Franch revolution. The French were the first in the Modern epohe to realise that the light of freedom is to powerful to be used without considerable precaussions in the establishement of liberal civil society. Therefore, some moderation hat to be taken into consideration. The idea of humanity, i.e. human rights, was at the end found as most helpful in solving the task of preserving individual freedom, without sacrifying social bonds between free individuals.

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Agratina, Elena E. "ART EXHIBITIONS IN THE 18TH CENTURY PARIS". RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Philosophy. Social Studies. Art Studies, nr 3 (2021): 148–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6401-2021-3-148-172.

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For the first time in Russian historiography the article collects and systematizes information concerning art exhibitions in Paris in the eighteenth century, which makes it possible to identify the cultural and social significance of that phenomenon. Exposition activity is seen as a new and very significant phenomenon of cultural life at that time, a symptom of the democratization of art, which entailed the development of mass reflection on the role and significance of creative work in the form of a well-developed art criticism. A study of sources such as the minutes of the Royal Academy and the collection of critical reviews of art exhibitions (Deloigne’s Collection) at the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris allowed seeing and appreciating the immediate reactions of contemporaries to metropolitan exhibitions of various scales. A wide variety of the public, as well as the renewed role of the viewer, overturned the idea of art as a luxury available only to the elite, and turned the visual arts in France into an asset of the nation.

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Welton, Michael. ""A Country at the End of the World": Living and Learning in New France, 1608-1760". Canadian Journal for the Study of Adult Education 23, nr 1 (19.07.2024): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.56105/cjsae.v23i1.29.

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This perspectives essay sketches how men and women of New France in the 17th and 18th centuries learned to make a living , live their lives, and express themselves under exceptionally difficult circumstances. This paper works with secondary sources, but brings new questions to old data. Among other things, the author explores how citizen learning was forbidden in 17th- and 18th-century New France, and at what historical point a critical adult education emerged. The author's narrative frame and interpretation of the sources constitute one of many legitimate forms of historical inquiry.

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Demicheva, Taisiia M. "Library and Librarian in the Encyclopedia of D. Diderot and J. d’Alembert". Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science] 69, nr 2 (20.07.2020): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2020-69-2-158-165.

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The article discusses peculiarities of perception of library and librarian in France during the age of Enlightenment using the example of Encyclopedia of D. Diderot and J. d’Alembert. The author notes that this article considers the period of the 18th century before the French revolution and only on the territory of France. The author notes that the idea of continuity in obtaining and possessing the knowledge was built by enlighteners using the examples of public libraries in ancient times. The article focuses attention on the difference between the concepts of librairie/ bibliothèque and their transformation during the early Modern period. The author analyzes the main features and peculiarities of the librarian profession that were highlighted by French enlighteners, and their difference from the modern concept. The article emphasizes the question of the prestige of this profession in the 18th century. The author concludes that the understanding of the profession of librarian in the age of Enlightenment differs from the modern one. The study of the role of librarian in the 18th century allows to explore the features of the library in the Enlightenment, whose tasks included collection and transfer of knowledge.

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Cameron, Vivian. "Gender and power: Images of women in late 18th-century France". History of European Ideas 10, nr 3 (styczeń 1989): 309–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-6599(89)90131-9.

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Wang, Xinchi. "Enlightenment Response: A Study of Rational Spirit in the Works of Jean-Honoré Fragonard". International Journal of Arts and Humanities Studies 3, nr 4 (10.12.2023): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijahs.2023.3.4.7.

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This paper utilizes Jean-Honoré Fragonard’s paintings, housed in collections across Europe and North America, as primary source material. Employing methods from art history, social art history, literary analysis, and intellectual history, the study aims to explore the connections between Fragonard’s artistic philosophy, the social context of 18th-century France, and the cultural trends of the time. The paper investigates Fragonard’s response to Enlightenment and rationality through his paintings. The results indicate that, situated in an era oscillating between Rococo and realistic styles, Fragonard’s works provide a glimpse into the social and cultural milieu of late 18th-century France. Driven by the spirit of reason, Fragonard created a series of landscapes and genre paintings. Simultaneously, his sensitivity to emotions rendered his works vivid and dynamic, embodying the collaborative interplay of sensibility and reason.

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Pomazan, Dmytro. "IMPACT OF RELIGIOUS CRISIS IN 18 CENTURY ON DEPLOPMENT OF “MAGICAL REVIVAL” PROCESS IN FRANCE". Kyiv Historical Studies, nr 1 (2020): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2020.1.2.

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The purpose of the study is to unveil the religious crisis through the impact of the “Magical Revival” and esoteric secret organizations in France during the 18th century. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism and scientific objectivity. In addition to general scientific methods such as analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, special historical methods are used in the research: historical-comparative and historical-typological method, as well as for interdisciplinary sympathetic method was used for the complex study of esotericism as a religious component of society. The scientific novelty of the chosen question is in the formulation and development independent topic and holistic research problem. At the same time, in the historiography of the esoteric secret societies of Western Europe of modern times, the role of the religious crisis of the 18th century in the revival of “Magical revival” is not investigated. The analysed facts allow us to establish a clear link between the development of the 18th century religious crisis and the formation of esoteric secret societies in the context of the “Magical Revival” in the territory of nineteenth-century France. This is quite substantially demonstrated in the facts of anti-religious agitation and struggle, as well as in the context of increasing the number of occult organizations, as an alternative sacred form

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Kowalski, Marcin. "Rzymskokatolickie parafie diecezji przemyskiej w dobrach Ordynacji Zamojskiej w połowie XVIII wieku". Studia Archiwalne 6 (2019): 19–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/17347513sa.19.002.14557.

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W artykule przedstawiono dzieje oraz uposażenie czterech parafii wchodzących w skład rzymskokatolickiej diecezji przemyskiej, będących jednocześnie częściami dóbr Ordynacji Zamojskiej, a mianowicie Krzeszowa, Łukowej, Potoku i Tarnogrodu. Do dóbr parafialnych zaliczano ziemię (łany, ogrody, sady, stawy), własne gospodarstwa, pańszczyznę poddanych (wymiarową i tzw. darmochy), dziesięciny i meszne (zbożowe lub pieniężne). Ukazano również podstawy funkcjonowania szpitali i bractw. Agendy te utrzymywały się przeważnie z wypłacanych czynszów oraz niewielkich nadziałów ziemskich. Roman Catholic Parishes of the Przemyśl Diocese in the Zamoyski Entail Estates in the Mid-18th Century The article presents the history and endowment of four parishes that make up the Roman Catholic Diocese of Przemyśl and are at the same time parts of the Zamoyski Entail estates, i.e. Krzeszów, Łukowa, Potok, and Tarnogród. The parish property included land (fields, gardens, orchards, ponds), own farms, corvée of the serfs (specified amount and so-called free service), tithes and poll tax (in grain or money). The study also presents the basis for the functioning of hospitals and fraternities. These institutions usually supported themselves from rents and small land apportionments.

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Demicheva, Taisiia. "French goose games of the mid 18th century as sources for the study of the anthropology of power (based on the State Hermitage collection) in Modern history". Metamorphoses of history, nr 27 (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.37490/s230861810023856-1.

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In this article we will focus on French board games of the mid-18th century – the Fortification Game and the New Marine Game. The purpose of this study is to analyze the discourse and symbolism of these engravings and consider the ideas that they conveyed. In this study, we are primarily interested not in the mechanics and rules of the game of goose, but in the symbolism and iconography used in XVIII century France. Our goal will be to analyze the discourse of the goose board game of the middle of the 18th century. The sources on which the study is based are kept in the Department of Western European Art of the State Hermitage. When conducting research, our methodology will be based on the principles of a new cultural history, a new political history and a history of mentalities. Considering these sources within the framework of the discourse of the Enlightenment, in conclusion it will be shown that these games carried powerful messages—sometimes hidden, sometimes overt—taking advantage of the printing medium to display endlessly adaptable iconography. Both the Fortification and the New Marine Game contained dedications that were of a military-patriotic nature. They served as a means of training, education, propaganda and promotion of the ideas of the imperial project to maintain the prestige of France on the world stage in the middle of the 18th century.

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ICHIKAWA, Hidekazu. "THE EARLY 18TH CENTURY FRANCE AND MAISON DE PLAISANCE : A study on the trend of architectural thought between France and Germany in 18th century enlightenment Part 1". Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 64, nr 523 (1999): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.64.315.

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Мирошников, А. В. "THE PALETTE OF LATE 18TH CENTURY IRISH NATIONALISM". Британские исследования, nr VIII(VIII) (7.06.2024): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2024.viii.viii.013.

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В статье анализируются причины зарождения ирландского национализма в конце XVIII века. Выявлены факторы проявления национального самосознания среди протестантского населения Ольстера. Исследованы истоки индифферентного отношения католиков Ирландии к вопросам государственного самоуправления. Показаны важность и ограниченность «Конституционной революции» 1782 года. Особое внимание в статье уделено проблемам мировоззренческой модернизации политической элиты Ирландии, вызванной усилением внутри неё идей Просвещения, адаптацией примеров и опыта Американской и Французской революций XVIII столетия. Анализируется комплекс причин, вызвавших переход части представителей радикального протестантского национализма от реформаторского движения к революционному. В центре внимания автора находится идеология и практика общества «Объединённых ирландцев» и концептуальные установки его руководителя У. Тоуна. Восстание «Объединённых ирландцев» 1798 года впервые установило в ирландском национализме принцип «физической силы» и идеи республиканизма, стремясь достичь таким образом полной независимости страны. Лидеры восстания также впервые обратились за поддержкой к иностранным государствам, к республиканской Франции, пытаясь использовать в своих интересах противоречия между Англией и Францией. Поражение восстания, с одной стороны, прервало линию революционного направления в Ирландии, с другой, заставило Британию приступить к реализации Унии между Соединённым Королевством и Ирландией, завершив, таким образом, существование автономного ирландского парламента, Дойла, рождённого «Конституционной революцией». The article analyzes the reasons for the emergence of Irish Nationalism at the end of the 18th century. Factors in the manifestation of national identity among the Protestant population of Ulster have been identified. The origins of the indifferent attitude of Catholics in Ireland to issues of state self-government are explored. The importance and limitations of the «Constitutional Revolution» of 1782 are shown. Particular attention is paid in the article to the problems of ideological modernization of the political elite of Ireland, caused by the strengthening of the ideas of the Enlightenment within it, the adaptation of examples and experience of the American and French revolutions of the 18th century. The complex of reasons that caused the transition of some representatives of radical Protestant Nationalism from the reform movement to the revolutionary is analyzed. The author focuses on the ideology and practice of the United Irishmen society and the conceptual guidelines of its leader Th.W. Tone. The United Irishmen's Rebellion of 1798 established for the first time the principle of «physical force» and the idea of republicanism in Irish Nationalism, thus seeking to achieve complete Independence for the country. The leaders of the Rebellion also for the first time turned to foreign countries for support, to Republican France, trying to take advantage of the contradictions between England and France. The defeat of the Rebellion, on the one hand, interrupted the line of revolutionary direction in Ireland, on the other, forced Britain to begin implementing the Union between the United Kingdom and Ireland, thus ending the existence of the autonomous Irish parliament, Dóyle, born of the «Constitutional Revolution».

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Pautet, Sébastien. "La Chine : un défi des Lumières techniciennes". Didactica Historica 9, nr 1 (2023): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33055/didacticahistorica.2023.009.01.29.

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A vast circulation of technical knowledge between China and Europe happened during the 18th century. While the circulation of knowledge is well known in the scientific field, it is still little studied in the technical field. Yet Chinese inventions « heritage » (printing, gunpowder, compass, etc.) has long been a received idea and the « transfer » of techniques has been the subject of many simplified accounts. The article analyzes to the complexity of the processes of knowledge circulation and highlights how the kingdom of France organized a huge accumulation of Chinese technical knowledge during the 18th century. It turned China into a central element of the « political technology » of the Enlightenment.

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Choi, Yoojin. "A Study on Marchande de Modes in the late 18th Century France". Journal of the Korean Society of Costume 65, nr 3 (30.04.2015): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7233/jksc.2015.65.3.015.

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Bertrand, B., T. Colard, C. Lacoche, J. F. Salomé i S. Vatteoni. "An Original Case of Tin Dental Fillings from 18th Century Northern France". Journal of Dental Research 88, nr 3 (marzec 2009): 198–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034508329872.

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Charlier, Philippe. "Oldest medical description of a near death experience (NDE), France, 18th century". Resuscitation 85, nr 9 (wrzesień 2014): e155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.05.039.

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Maggetti, M., J. Rosen i V. Serneels. "The Origin of 18th-19th Century Tin-Glazed Pottery from Lorraine, France". Archaeometry 57, nr 3 (8.04.2014): 426–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12098.

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Bols, Peter E. J., i Hannelore F. M. De porte. "The Horse Catalyzed Birth of Modern Veterinary Medicine in 18th-Century France". Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 41 (czerwiec 2016): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2016.04.003.

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Brennan, Thomas. "Taverns in the Public Sphere in 18th-Century Paris". Contemporary Drug Problems 32, nr 1 (marzec 2005): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145090503200104.

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The 18th-century Parisian tavern was public space that lay beyond the private spheres of home, family, or corporate identity. Taverns, like markets or roads, were without inherent order, so they required the ordering of public authority. For much of the old regime, taverns illustrate the public sphere in its subjection to public control. A second public sphere, found in the coffeehouses of Britain and the cafés of France, was a place of intellectual and social exchange that gradually challenged the royal monopoly on public issues. Yet taverns demonstrated the evolution of a third public sphere from a space monopolized by royal control to one in which the populace constituted a public with its own discursive practices and norms. In their increasingly autonomous use of taverns, the people of Paris were developing a model of behavior that extended to the political life of the city during the French Revolution.

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Martineau, France. "Perspectives sur le changement linguistique : aux sources du français canadien". Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 50, nr 1-4 (grudzień 2005): 173–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100003704.

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AbstractThis article examines the origins of Canadian French, focusing on it morphosyntax. This approach compares written sources, both literary and non-literary, for the 19th century, to oral sources, for the middle and end of the 20th century. While it is still possible to use oral sources from the 20th century as a baseline for written sources from the end of the 19th century, this approach is more problematic for earlier centuries. The negative adverbs pas et point are examined on the basis of a corpus of old Canadian French, and it is shown that the progression of pas with respect to point was more rapid in the context of verbal negation than in the context of argument negation in France, in New France, and in Canada. During the 18th century, even though the progression of pas, as compared to point, is parallel in France and in New France, it is nevertheless the case that certain regions of France that served as sources of immigration to Canada as well as certain social groups in New France use point more frequently. The 19th century sees a progression and a uniformization of the variant pas across all social classes in Quebec. In Ontario, the variant point was conserved until a later date in its southern border region.

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Blyzniak, Mykola. "THE RENT OF THE CITIZENS OF VOLYN IN THE 18-th CENTURY". Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Ostrozʹka akademìâ". Serìâ Ìstoričnì nauki 1, nr 35 (25.04.2024): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2409-6806-2024-35-19-36.

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The article attempts to analyze the rent of Volyn Burghers during the 18th century. The owners (the king, magnates, and the church) had full power over the city. They provided all lands and territories at the disposal of the community on the condition of fulfilling the established duties. In the cities of Volyn during the research period, there were three types of rent – work rent, kind rent and cash rent in different sizes and ratios. The levy belonged to the national tax, and the representatives of the Jewish community paid the corresponding general tax. City dwellers preferred to chinsh to other obligations. The townspeople were obliged to chinsh from houses and plots, gardens and fields, haymakers, hop growers, and apiaries every year. They served sharvarka, toloka, and plantain, as well as several duties of a military nature. Shafari or longers and governors were engaged in collecting taxes in the cities of Volyn. Natural tributes include chickens, capons, eggs, bee tithes, tobacco and mushroom tributes, cumin, etc. Certain types of tributes could be paid by burghers of different cities in money. Monetary payments for the benefit of the church were clearly defined. In the vast majority of cases, lawyers remained outside the city’s jurisdiction. Panshchyna continued to be an integral part of the rent in the cities of Volyn. Exemption from city taxes was granted for a certain period to new residents of cities, residents of the city, those who worked on the castle, etc. The liberation of the townspeople was the policy of the town owners. Liberated population groups could make up, according to rough estimates, from 4 to 20% of city residents. In the possessions of the Zamoyski princes, an attempt was made to transfer the residents of the two cities to chinsh. During the 18th century, rent grew, and new types of it appeared. The artisans of the cities had the obligation to perform some duties for the benefit of the castle under their professions. The rent of Volyn burghers continued to be one of the main ways of earning profits for their owners.

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Bardet, Nathalie. "The Mosasaur collections of the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle of Paris". Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 183, nr 1 (1.01.2012): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.183.1.35.

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AbstractTaking advantage of the venue in Paris of the Third Mosasaur Meeting (May 2010), the mosasaur collections of the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) have been entirely checked and revised. The French holotypes have all been restored and most specimens kept at the MNHN have been placed in the Paleontology Gallery as part as a small exhibition organized especially for the meeting. The MNHN mosasaur collections include specimens from the 18th, 19th and 20th century from France, The Netherlands, Belgium, the United States of America, Morocco, Syria, Jordan, Egypt and Niger. Most of the mosasaur specimens discovered in France – including most holotypes – are kept in Paris. Besides the French types, the MNHN collections include several important historical specimens from abroad, the most famous being undoubtedly the Cuvier’s ‘Grand Animal Fossile des Carrières de Maestricht’, type specimen of Mosasaurus hoffmanniMantell, 1829, recognized as the first mosasaur to be named. This work aims to briefly present most of these specimens, with special focus on those found in France. The MNHN mosasaurid collections as a whole reflects the development of palaeontological researches in this Institution, from its foundation at the end of the 18th century up to the present time.

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Cleary, Richard. "Romancing the Tome; Or an Academician's Pursuit of a Popular Audience in 18th-Century France". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 48, nr 2 (1.06.1989): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/990352.

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The Parisian building industry prospered throughout most of the 18th century serving a wide range of clients. At one end of the scale were the members of the nobility and amateurs of architecture who approached the design of a building with a well-trained eye and an ability to speak of the principles governing good taste. The majority of clients, however, had little if any knowledge of or interest in art theory and relied on instinct, fashion, and the advice of experts. Concern for the effect an untutored public could have on the future of French architecture led Jacques-François Blondel, the foremost architectural educator of the 18th century, to develop specialized approaches for reaching potential clients. These included courses for nonprofessionals at his Ecole des Arts and a novel, L'Homme du monde éclairé par les arts (1774), written in collaboration with Jean-François Bastide, a man of letters who was the author of another work of fiction featuring architecture, "La Petite Maison" (1758).

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Kutuzova, A. A. "Church and State during the French Revolution in the Works of J.M. Zakher". Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki 162, nr 6 (2020): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2020.6.121-133.

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The relations between the church and the state during the revolutionary events in France in the late 18th century were discussed based on the works of Jakov Mikhailovich Zakher (1893–1963), an outstanding Soviet historian. J.M. Zakher’s works cast light on a number of questions: the general position of the church; the frame of people’s mind in the pre-revolutionary period; the emergence and development of the antireligious struggle; the roles played by J. Foucher and A. Schomet, two most prominent public figures of the deсhristianization movement who triggered the most dramatic changes in the spiritual framework of the French society; etc. It was concluded that, despite a whole complex of studies have been performed on the French Revolution, the works of J.M. Zakher provide an important systematic coverage of the state-church relations in France during the 18th century. His legacy clearly preserves the “École russe” traditions, such as thoroughness, scrupulousness and attention to details, as well as the desire to create a vivid and comprehensive picture of the past.

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Sjöblad, Christina. "Att amma eller inte amma - ett problem i 1700-talets litteratur och verklighet". Tidskrift för genusvetenskap 18, nr 1 (17.06.2022): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.55870/tgv.v18i1.4675.

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Starting with the diary written in the 1740's by Christina Hiärne, a member of the Swedish bourgeoisie, problems related to breast feeding and the role of the mother in the mid-18th-century are discussed. Christina Hiärne handed her firstborn over to a wet-nurse. Circumstances in Sweden, treated for example in the thesis of A. Brändström, are compared to the ones described in the wellknown studies by P. Aries and E. Badinter on the situation of children in 18th-century France. Different points of view in catholic and Protestant congregations are focused upon and the position of the church as regards the role of women are compared to populär and ingrained beliefs. Altogether, a complicated pattern of different cultural, classrelated and local traditions appears and the efforts from the point of view of the authorities to decrease infant mortality in Sweden and France are illustrated. In conclusion the populär novel Pamela (1740-42) by Richardson is used to exemplify how family relations were affected when Pamela's husband forbids her to breast-feed their firstborn child.

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TCHEKEMIAN, Anthony. "THE WEST IN THE FACE OF CRISES SINCE THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. RETURNING TO THE LAND AND TO LOCALITY IS ONE OF THE TRADITIONAL RESPONSES TO CRISES". GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites 53, nr 2 (28.06.2024): 752–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30892/gtg.53239-1251.

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Responses to epidemics and climate change since ancient times, as well as their interpretations, ar e recurrent in times of crisis. Confronted with what may appear to be a series of global crises - health, environmental, economic and even democratic - the ideas on the virtues of what is local and rural are becoming increasingly important. We propose to put this return to locality ‘in historical perspective’. The first part of the paper presents the major events, in France, and explains the major changes in the agricultural world between the 18th and 19th centuries. The second part highlights the aesthetic, artistic, utopian and literary reactions to the ravages of industrialisation in France and England. The third part deals with the integration of nature in the city since the 18th century, and then the nostalgic aspirations for working the land since the 19th century. Finally, in these times of pandemic, we conclude this study on the current movements of degrowth, ecology and return to the local, in favour of food and collective gardens.

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Lopez Beltran, Carlos. "« Les maladies héréditaires » : 18th century disputes in France/Les maladies héréditaires : controverses au XVIIIe siècle en France". Revue d'histoire des sciences 48, nr 3 (1995): 307–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rhs.1995.1234.

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Jansen, Steen. "Avec Goldoni à travers l’Europe". Revue Romane / Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures 49, nr 1 (27.05.2014): 88–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rro.49.1.05jan.

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This paper looks at how a given text, Carlo Goldoni’s comedy Un curioso accidente, has been translated, received and used in different adaptations in France, Germany and Denmark. In France and Germany the comedy is met with great interest already in the 18th century, mostly through very different adaptations (in France by François Roger and in Germany by Johann Christian Bock) used with considerable success on stage, less for the actual translations. Later the comedy was forgotten in those two countries. In the rest of Europe, the comedy is not translated till the 19th century ; in Denmark it is discovered about 1850, not least because Johanne Louise Heiberg, leading actress at the Royal Theatre, is enchanted by the female lead character Giannina. At the end of the century the play is restaged, but now — in agreement with the general spirit of the time — in much more realistic productions by William Bloch.

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Gough, J. B. "Winecraft and Chemistry in 18th-Century France: Chaptal and the Invention of Chaptalization". Technology and Culture 39, nr 1 (styczeń 1998): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3107004.

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Turner, A. J. "France, Britain and the resolution of the longitude problem in the 18th century". Vistas in Astronomy 28 (styczeń 1985): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0083-6656(85)90041-8.

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Ilie, Paul. "Toward a concept of literary relations: Spain and France in the 18th century". Neohelicon 12, nr 2 (wrzesień 1985): 149–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02093322.

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Hilaire‐Pérez, Liliane. "Technical invention and institutional credit in France and Britain in the 18th century". History and Technology 16, nr 3 (styczeń 2000): 285–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07341510008581970.

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Pimenova, Ludmila. "Philosophers and Men of Letters: Intellectuals’ Place in Society in 18th Century France". Odysseus. Man in History 28, nr 1 (28.10.2022): 96–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/1607-6184-2022-28-1-96-116.

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In the Age of Enlightenment, there was an idea that a person who possesses knowledge and is able to distribute it among the reading public has a social mission to do so. The transformation of the public sphere entailed an increase in the role of cultural capital and its holders. In France, Turgot set them the task of educating citizens and the nation. Contemporaries used the concepts writer and philosopher to refer to intellectuals active in the public sphere. These terms were often used as synonyms, which was reflected in dictionaries and encyclopedias of the eighteenth century. Writers themselves declared they were people of a respected profession and spokesmen for the public opinion. But they did not receive official recognition as a professional group without forming a special corporation within the society of ranks. In the social hierarchy as described by the Capitation Tariff, they did not get a separate place, and it included only those who were on the king’s service. Writers depended on the state or on patrons for their salaries and, as a rule, could not live on literary work, since, according to the law, all rights to the opus belonged to the publisher. In the second half of the eighteenth century, authors, especially playwrights, began to fight for ownership of their works. Their demands turned into laws adopted during the French Revolution.

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Dixon, Deborah P. "Wonder, horror and the hunt for La Bête in mid-18th century France". Geoforum 48 (sierpień 2013): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2012.12.018.

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Gough, J. B. "Winecraft and Chemistry in 18th-Century France: Chaptal and the Invention of Chaptalization". Technology and Culture 39, nr 1 (styczeń 1998): 74–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.1998.0146.

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Winzer, Margret A. "A Tale Often Told". Remedial and Special Education 19, nr 4 (lipiec 1998): 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074193259801900404.

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ABSTRACT From the earliest educational attempts, deafness has been of primary interest to philosophers and teachers. Almost invariably, persons with deafness were the first to be educated, followed by people who were blind and, later, those with mental retardation. This paper explores the reasons why deafness was propelled to prominence in England and France. It focuses on philosophical enquiry, the most compelling force that accounted for the consistent progression in early special education. A conjunction of deafness, language development, and intellect and reason led philosophers in 17th-century England and, most importantly, 18th-century Enlightenment France, to adopt deaf persons as natural recruits into their studies on the essence of human nature.

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Boguszewska, Kamila Lucyna. ""Poplars and Cypresses” – that is the phenomenon of popularity of Populus Italica in the Kingdom of Poland in the 19th century". Teka Komisji Architektury, Urbanistyki i Studiów Krajobrazowych 16, nr 4 (30.12.2020): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/teka.2307.

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Lombardy poplar is a tree with a distinctive cypress shape, which grows very fast and has little soil requirements. The species probably originated at the turn of the 17th and 18th century in Lombardy, where it spread via France and Germany, arriving at the territory of the Crown in the second half of the 18th century. However, it was only in the 19th century that its popularity reached its peak. The Lombardy poplar was being planted as a popular avenue plant. It was also an important part of the park complexes designed in a sentimental landscape style inspired by the work of Jean Jacques Rousseau. The article analyses the phenomenon of the popularity of poplar trees on the territory of the Kingdom of Poland in the context of the then literary and philosophical programme of the garden, whose two key sources are to be found in Arcadian literature – J. Milton's Paradise Lost, J. J. Rousseau's works such as New Heloise or Jacques Dellille's Gardens.

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Funnell, Warwick N. "ON HIS MAJESTY'S SECRET SERVICE: ACCOUNTING FOR THE SECRET SERVICE IN A TIME OF NATIONAL PERIL 1782–1806". Accounting Historians Journal 37, nr 1 (1.06.2010): 29–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.37.1.29.

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Reforms to the civil list in the late 18th century in England sought to deny the Crown opportunities to use its civil-list funds and sinecures to buy influence in Parliament and, thereby, diminish constitutional protections for liberty. Among the most important reforms were tighter accounting requirements for civil-list spending, including that for the secret services. The unique nature and purpose of the home and foreign secret services, which were the responsibility of the Crown and paid from civil-service funds, resulted in accounting controls which depended upon additional measures to provide Parliament with greater control over spending and enhanced accountability. These enhancements to accountability were especially important at a time of almost continual war between England and France in the decades spanning the close of the 18th century, resulting in significant increases in spending on the foreign secret service.

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