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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Tire-road wear particule"
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Jeong, Yoonah, Seokhwan Lee i Sang-Hee Woo. "Chemical Leaching from Tire Wear Particles with Various Treadwear Ratings". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, nr 10 (15.05.2022): 6006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106006.
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Physical friction between a tire and the road surface generates tire wear particles (TWPs), which are a source of microplastics and particulate matter. This study investigated the trends of chemical leaching from TWPs depending on the treadwear rating of the tire. A road simulator was used to produce TWPs from tires with various treadwear ratings. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyze the chemical leaching from TWPs, with a particular focus on benzothiazole and its derivative 2-hydroxy benzothiazole. However, chemical mapping via high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry detected another derivative: 2-mercaptobenzothiazole. The benzothiazole groups were observed to have different leaching tendencies, implying that using benzothiazole as a marker compound may lead to incorrect TWP quantitation. The results of this research also suggest that the ecotoxicological influence of TWPs can vary with the treadwear rating of a tire.
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Mun, Sunhee, Hwansoo Chong, Jongtae Lee i Yunsung Lim. "Characteristics of Real-World Non-Exhaust Particulates from Vehicles". Energies 16, nr 1 (23.12.2022): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010177.
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The need to regulate the non-exhaust particulate matter (PM) emissions from vehicles has been discussed worldwide due to the bad environmental impact and the toxicity to the human body. In-depth studies have been precisely conducted on the analysis of the non-exhaust particulate matters, in particular, the amount of tire, brake and road wear particles and their proportion in the atmosphere. In this study, the influence of tire and road wear particles (TRWP) on PM in the atmosphere was investigated with tire and PM samples. The PM samples suspended in the atmosphere were collected with a high-volume sampler equipped with a quartz filter. Additionally, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metal components in tire rubber were analyzed as markers by pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (pyrolysis–GC/MS), GC/MS, and inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP/MS). More vinylcyclohexene was detected than dipentene in the markers measured in the samples of tires equipped with vehicles driving on the road, while more dipentene was measured in total suspended particles (TSP) samples. Among the PAHs in tire samples, pyrene exhibited the highest concentration. Benzo(b)fluoranthene showed the highest concentration in the TSP samples. Among the metals, the highest concentration was zinc in all tire samples and calcium in TSP samples.
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Troyanovskaya, I., O. Grebenshchikova i V. Erofeev. "Measurements of Tire and Roadway Dust Particulates in Chelyabinsk". Engineering World 4 (25.06.2022): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232025.2022.4.5.
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Harmful emissions from tire wear and roadway wear are released into the air during the operation of vehicles. Particulate road dust contains carcinogenic substances. The amount and dispersion of particulate matter in road dust was determined with a portable laser particle counter. On asphalt roads, 75% of the harmful emissions were 0.3 µm particulate matter. On dirt roads, 95% of emissions were from particles less than 1 µm. The amount of large fractions of harmful emissions did not exceed 1.5%, regardless of traffic intensity. 30 m from the roadway, the concentration of harmful substances reduced by five- to sevenfold. By 2030, the number of vehicles in Chelyabinsk will increase by 25%. This will increase the amount of harmful emissions from tire and roadway wear by 20 tons per year.
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Jung, Uiyeong, i Sung-Seen Choi. "Variation in Abundance Ratio of Isoprene and Dipentene Produced from Wear Particles Composed of Natural Rubber by Pyrolysis Depending on the Particle Size and Thermal Aging". Polymers 15, nr 4 (13.02.2023): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15040929.
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Tire wear particles (TWPs) are generated by friction between the road and the tire. TWPs are one of the major microplastics found in environmental samples, such as road dust, particulate matter (PM), and sediment. TWP contents in environmental samples are generally analyzed using the pyrolysis technique. Tire tread compounds of heavy vehicles are usually composed of natural rubber (NR). Isoprene and dipentene are the principal pyrolysis products of NR, and dipentene is employed as the key marker for the determination of the TWP contents. In this study, an NR abrasion specimen was thermally aged, and an abrasion test was performed to obtain the wear particles. The influence of the wear particle size and thermal aging on the pyrolysis behavior of NR was investigated. The isoprene/dipentene ratio exponentially increased as the wear particle size decreased, and it was also increased by the thermal aging of the abrasion specimen. The increased isoprene/dipentene ratio by thermal aging was explained by increasing the crosslink density. Using the relationship between the wear particle size and the isoprene/dipentene ratio, it is possible to estimate the isoprene/dipentene ratio for very small TWP such as PM. The experimental results concluded that the wear particle size and thermal aging affect the formation of the key pyrogenic products, and the influencing factors should be considered for the quantification of TWP contents in the environmental samples.
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Jung, Uiyeong, i Sung-Seen Choi. "Classification and Characterization of Tire-Road Wear Particles in Road Dust by Density". Polymers 14, nr 5 (2.03.2022): 1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14051005.
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Tire treads are abraded by friction with the road surface, producing tire tread wear particles (TWPs). TWPs combined with other particles on the road such as road wear particles (RWPs) and mineral particles (MPs), forming tire-road wear particles (TRWPs). Dust on an asphalt pavement road is composed of various components such as TRWPs, asphalt pavement wear particles (APWPs), MPs, plant-related particles (PRPs), and so on. TRWPs have been considered as one of major contaminants produced by driving and their properties are important for study on real abrasion behaviors of tire treads during driving as well as environmental contamination. Densities of the TRWPs are totally dependent on the amount of the other components deposited in the TWPs. In this study, a classification method of TRWPs in the road dust was developed using density separation and the classified TRWPs were characterized using image analysis and pyrolytic technique. Chloroform was used to remove APWPs from mixture of TRWPs and APWPs. TRWPs were found in the density range of 1.20–1.70 g/cm3. By decreasing the particle size of the road dust, the TRWP content in the road dust increased and its density slightly tended to increase. Aspect ratios of the TRWPs varied and there were many TRWPs with low aspect ratio below 2.0. The aspect ratio range was 1.2–5.2. Rubber compositions of the TRWPs were found to be mainly NR/SBR biblend or NR/BR/SBR triblend.
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Kovochich, Michael, Monty Liong, Jillian A. Parker, Su Cheun Oh, Jessica P. Lee, Luan Xi, Marisa L. Kreider i Kenneth M. Unice. "Chemical mapping of tire and road wear particles for single particle analysis". Science of The Total Environment 757 (luty 2021): 144085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144085.
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Hesse, David, Toni Feißel, Miles Kunze, Eric Bachmann, Thomas Bachmann i Sebastian Gramstat. "Comparison of Methods for Sampling Particulate Emissions from Tires under Different Test Environments". Atmosphere 13, nr 8 (9.08.2022): 1262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081262.
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Traffic-related emissions are strongly criticised by the public because they contribute to climate change and are classified as hazardous to health. Combustion engine emissions have been regulated by limit values for almost three decades. There is currently no legal limit for non-exhaust emissions, which include tire wear particle emissions and resuspension. As a result, the percentage of total vehicle emissions has risen continuously. Some of the particles emitted can be assigned to the size classes of particulate matter (≤10 µm) and are therefore of particular relevance to human health. The literature describes a wide range of concepts for sampling and measuring tire wear particle emissions. Because of the limited number of studies, the mechanisms involved in on-road tests and their influence on the particle formation process, particle transport and the measuring ability can only be described incompletely. The aim of this study is to compare test bench and on-road tests and to assess the influence of selected parameters. The first part describes the processes of particle injection and particle distribution. Based on this, novel concepts for sampling and measurement in the laboratory and in the field are presented. The functionality and the mechanisms acting in each test environment are evaluated on the basis of selected test scenarios. For example, emissions from external sources, the condition of the road surface and the influence of the driver are identified as influencing factors. These analyzes are used to illustrate the complexity and limited reproducibility of on-road measurements, which must be taken into account for future regulations.
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Klöckner, Philipp, Bettina Seiwert, Paul Eisentraut, Ulrike Braun, Thorsten Reemtsma i Stephan Wagner. "Characterization of tire and road wear particles from road runoff indicates highly dynamic particle properties". Water Research 185 (październik 2020): 116262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116262.
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Tonegawa, Yoshio, i Sousuke Sasaki. "Development of Tire-Wear Particle Emission Measurements for Passenger Vehicles". Emission Control Science and Technology 7, nr 1 (15.01.2021): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40825-020-00181-z.
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AbstractIn this study, we aimed to develop a new method for measuring tire-wear particles of less than 2.5 μm generated from vehicle use. We also aimed to devise a method for evaluating the emission factor of tire-wear particles. To develop an evaluation method for tire-wear particles, we examined several factors, such as how tire components in airborne particles collected on a sampling filter were measured, the comparison of tire-wear particles obtained in a laboratory study and an on-road study, a method for measuring tire-wear particles using a test vehicle, and a method for evaluating tire-wear mass using a weighting balance. Measurements of tire-wear particles were carried out using the measurement method proposed herein. The amount of tire wear that the particles generated was almost constant in a vehicle speed range of 20–40 km/h but was influenced by a change in lateral acceleration in the range of 0–0.4G. Furthermore, the relationship between the emission of tire-wear particles and the lateral acceleration force can be shown by a quadratic polynomial. We estimated the emission factor of tire-wear particles by applying the relational equation to the speed profile of the JC08 used in Japanese exhaust gas tests. The emission factor of the test tire used in this study was 3.7 mg/km-vehicle. The ratio of the tire-wear particles to tread wear mass was about 3.3% at PM2.5 and 3.7% at PM10.
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Karimova, Kamola, Kubaymurot Ismayilov, Abdulaziz Shermukhamedov, Zebo Alimova, Utkirjon Rakhmatov i Kwonse Kim. "Methods of determining the amount of harmful particles released into the environment as a result of car tire wear". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1231, nr 1 (1.08.2023): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1231/1/012028.
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Abstract This article describes determining methods of metal emissions in the composition of small particles coming by brake mechanisms details and tire wear as a result of vehicle movement, and dust to be formed by comparative analysis on asphalt-concrete roads of different compositions. A significant contributor to particulate matter in cities is traffic-related sources. Traffic-related particles can be divided into exhaust particles released by the incomplete combustion of fuel and the volatilization of lubricants during combustion and formed by brake mechanism parts, tire wear and road surface wear, and accumulated due to turbulence caused by road traffic. The method of determining the metal concentration in the formed particles gives information on the physico-chemical properties of the particles.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Tire-road wear particule"
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Truong, Xuan Trinh. "Caractérisation et évaluation des émissions particulaires issues de l'interaction pneuchaussée". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nantes Université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NANU4015.
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La pollution atmosphérique due au trafic routier, notamment les particules hors échappement, constitue un défi majeur pour la santé publique et le développement durable. La caractérisation et l’évaluation des particules issues du contact pneu-chaussée (TRCP) est complexe en raison de Ieur mode de génération et de Ieurs propriétés physico-chimiques avec une variabilité des résultats due à l'absence de normalisation métrologique et méthodologique. Le projet doctorat a élaboré une plateforme analytique embarquée pour suivre et collecter les émissions de TRCP en conditions réelles sur cinq types de trajet. Un protocole de marquage chimique, ciblant spécifiquement les particules d'usure de pneus, a été développé. Les TRCP collectées ont été analysées par microscope électronique couplé au micro-EDX pour identifier les particules d’usure pneu-chaussée (TRWP). Les résultats révèlent que la conduite influence davantage les émissions de TRCP que les facteurs environnementaux. Selon le type de trajet, les émissions de TWP du pneu marqué représentent une part massi9ue entre 1,B°4 et 8,3% de celles de TRCP. La variété morphologique et texturale des TRWP observées reflète les différents processus d'usure et mécanismes de transformation post- émission. Les éléments majoritaires demeurent stable alors que la variabilité de ceux minoritaires est liée aux contaminantsAir pollution caused by road traffic, particularly non-exhaust particles, represents a major public health and environmental concern. The characterization and assessment of tire-road contact particles {TRCP) is complex due to their mode of generation and their physicochemical properties, with a variability of results due to the absence of metralogical and methodological standardization. The Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D) thesis has and elaborated an an-board analytical platform far the monitoring and collecting TRCP emissions under real vehicle usage conditions on five types of routes. A chemical labelling protocol, specifically targeting tire wear particles, was also developed. The TRCP collected were analyzed by electron microscope coupled to micro-EDX to identify tire-road wear particles (TRWP). The results show that driving style has a greater influence an TRCP emissions than environmental factors. Depending on the type of route, TWP emissions from the labelled tire represent a mass share of between 1.9% and 8.3% of TRCP emissions. The morphological and textural variety of TRWP observed reflects the different post-emission wear processes and transformation mechanisms. Majority elements remain stable, while the variability of minority elements is linked to different contaminants sources
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Fohet, Loélia. "Dissémination et vieillissement des particules d'usure de pneumatiques : impacts environnementaux". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UCFA0056.
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Les particules d'usure de pneumatiques (Tire and Road Wear Particles - TRWP) sont des particules issues de l'abrasion des pneus sur la route lors de leur roulage. Elles sont de plus en plus étudiées du fait de leur impact encore mal connu sur l'environnement, notamment par les molécules qu'elles peuvent relarguer. En effet, la composition de la bande de roulement, dont elles proviennent, est complexe et constitue un cocktail de produits chimiques. Lors de ces travaux de thèse, des vieillissements de ces particules ont été réalisés en conditions accélérées (photochimique et thermique) et naturelles. Par la suite, nous avons suivi l'évolution au cours du temps de la concentration de 3 additifs (antioxydants et agents de vulcanisation) et 20 produits de transformation au sein des particules grâce à la chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse. Il est montré que les additifs peuvent se dégrader rapidement - avec des temps de demi-vie de quelques dizaines de jours - notamment lorsque l'on soumet les TRWP à un vieillissement photochimique. En revanche, dans le noir les molécules semblent se dégrader moins vite. Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié l'évolution des mêmes molécules lorsque les TRWP sont mises en contact avec l'eau, dans des conditions plus proches de celles rencontrées dans l'environnement. La plupart des molécules étudiées sont peu lixiviées dans l'eau par rapport à la quantité totale présente dans les particules. Les TRWP pourraient ainsi constituer un réservoir de produits chimiques dans l'environnement. Enfin, nous avons recherché une méthodologie efficace pour identifier les TRWP dans un échantillon prélevé dans l'environnement, à travers la microscopie et l'imagerie infrarouge, étudiant leur morphologie et leur composition chimiqueTire and Road Wear Particles (TRWPs) are particles resulting from the abrasion of tires on the road while driving. They are being studied more and more because of their still poorly understood impact on the environment, particularly because of the molecules they can release. Indeed, the composition of tire tread is complex and constitutes a cocktail of chemical products. During this work, ageing of these particles was carried out under accelerated (photoaging and thermoaging) and natural conditions. Then, we followed the evolution of the concentration of 3 additives (antioxidants and vulcanization agents) and 20 transformation products within the particles thanks to liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The additives can degrade rapidly - with a half-life of a dozen of days - especially when TRWPs are subjected to photochemical aging. On the other hand, in the dark, the molecules seem to degrade more slowly. As a second step, we studied the evolution of the same molecules when TRWPs are in contact with water, in conditions closer to the environment. Most of the studied molecules are leached little into water compared to the total amount present in the particles. Thus, TRWPs could constitute a reservoir of chemicals in the environment. Finally, we looked for an efficient methodology to identify TRWPs in a sample taken in the environment, through microscopy and infrared imaging, by studying their morphology and their chemical composition
Części książek na temat "Tire-road wear particule"
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Charbouillot, T., F. Biesse, I. Beynier, J. M. Boulat, DCettour Janet, P. Schaal i A. Grandchamp. "Tire Road Wear Particles (TRWP) from Measurements to Stakes". W Proceedings, 188–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-68163-3_15.
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Schmerwitz, Frank, Steffen Wieting, Nadine Aschenbrenner, Andreas Topp i Burkhard Wies. "Characterization of Tire Road Wear Particles in the Field and at Laboratory Scale". W Proceedings, 729–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64550-5_41.
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Kumata, Hidetoshi, Hideshige Takad i Norio Ogura. "2-(4-Morpholinyl)benzothiazole as an Indicator of Tire-Wear Particles and Road Dust in the Urban Environment". W ACS Symposium Series, 291–305. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1997-0671.ch019.
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Feißel, Toni, i Klaus Augsburg. "Analytical Investigation of Tire Induced Particle Emissions". W FISITA World Congress 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/f2020-epv-027.
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Research and/or Engineering Question/Objective: The fine dust contribution (<10µm) of motor vehicles represents a considerable health risk for people in urban areas. Due to an increasing percentage of electric vehicles, exhaust emissions are steadily reduced. Consequently, particles from non-exhaust sources (brake, tire and road ware) are considered to be the future main vehicle related pollutant. While regenerative braking, tungsten carbide coatings and filter devices can effectively reduce brake wear emissions, there is currently no methodology available in order to reduce tire wear particles, road abrasion and resuspension. In addition, the tire is one of the main sources of environmental microplastic pollution. Although there are initial approaches to determine the emission characteristics of tire and road ware particles, there is a lack of basic understanding of the underlying physical processes. Methodology: The particle flow around the vehicle wheelhouse is dominated by highly dynamic vortex structures. The numerical flow simulation (CFD) is a well suited tool for the investigation of these processes and allows a detailed analysis of the particle-flow interaction. Within this paper, a CFD flow model of a vehicle wheelhouse is presented, which analytically describes the underlying physical effects of particle dispersion by the vehicle tire. The CFD model was applied in order to define a suitable measurement strategy for the measurement of TRW particles based on a measurement vehicle. Results: In order to develop a CFD Modell for tire-induced particle emissions, comprehensive analysis of mesh generation, geometric influencing factors and turbulence models was conducted. An essential element of the presented model is the modelling of the wheel rotation, tire-road contact and tire-profile related effects. In addition, particle models were adapted according to the physical properties of tire and road wear particles. In a second step, the CFD methodology was applied in order to design a constant volume sampling system (CVS) which ensures a maximum sampling and transport efficiency for TRW particles. Limitations of this study: In general, numerical simulation requires strong simplification of the physical problem and can cover aspects of the flow and particle behavior only partially. Thus, more experiments are necessary to fully validate the CFD model. What does the paper offer that is new in the field in comparison to other works of the author: The paper offers a new CFD-based tire and road wear model including flow processes in proximity to the tire-road interface, in order to describe tire induced particle emissions. Conclusion: Within this paper a novel CFD-based methodology is presented whereby special emphasis was placed towards the modelling of tire-induced particle emissions. This model was applied in order to design a constant volume sampling system that ensures a maximum sampling as well as transport efficiency for TRW particle measurement. KEYWORDS - Tire and Road Wear Particles (TRW), Particle Resuspension, Non-Exhaust-Emissions, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Constant Volume Sampling System (CVS)
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Panko, J. M., J. A. Chu, M. L. Kreider, B. L. McAtee i K. M. Unice. "Quantification of tire and road wear particles in the environment". W Urban Transport 2012. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ut120061.
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Edwards, Jaydee, Reto Gieré, Bonnie Ertel i John Weinstein. "Magnifying Microplastics: Exploring tire and road wear particles through image and elemental analysis". W Goldschmidt2022. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2022.12150.
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Edwards, Jaydee, Reto Gieré, Bonnie Ertel i John Weinstein. "Comprehensive characterization of individual tire- and road-wear particles through image and elemental analysis". W Goldschmidt2023. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/gold2023.18267.
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De Oliveira, Tiago, Bogdan Muresan Paslaru, Johnny Gasperi, Laurence Poirier, Sophie Ricordel i Laurence Lumière. "Realistic evaluation of tire wear particle emissions and their driving factors on different road types". W Goldschmidt2023. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/gold2023.16523.
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Yigci, Ibrahim, Veith Strohbücker, Miles Kunze i Markus Schatz. "Measurement of the Particle Distribution around the Tire of a Light Commercial Vehicle on Unpaved Roads". W Automotive Technical Papers. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-01-5032.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Dust testing of vehicles on unpaved roads is crucial in the development process for automotive manufacturers. These tests aim to ensure the functionality of locking systems in dusty conditions, minimize dust concentration inside the vehicle, and enhance customer comfort by preventing dust accumulation on the car body. Additionally, deposition on safety-critical parts, such as windshields and sensors, can pose threats to driver vision and autonomous driving capabilities. Currently, dust tests are primarily conducted experimentally at proving grounds. In order to gain early insights and reduce the need for costly physical tests, numerical simulations are becoming a promising alternative.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Although simulations of vehicle contamination by dry dust have been studied in the past, they have often lacked detailed models for tire dust resuspension. In addition, few publications address the specifics of dust deposition on vehicles, especially in areas such as door gaps and locks. Many authors focus primarily on the environmental impact of vehicles due to non-exhaust emissions, such as tire and road wear particles (TRWP) and brake wear on paved roads.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">To close this gap, this paper presents an experimental test in which a vehicle drives through a dry dust track. Using special dust measurement techniques positioned in the wheelhouse, we determine the number and size distribution of the dust particle field around the tire circumference. The results of this experiment provide a deeper understanding of the dust dispersion patterns generated by tires on unpaved surfaces and serve as valuable data for boundary conditions and for the validation of CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulations.</div></div>
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Brandt, sv, Malte Sandgaard, Georg-Peter Ostermeyer, Sebastian Gramstat, Frank Stebner, Conrad Weigmann, Arno Kwade i Carsten Schilde. "Particle Simulation and Metrological Validation of Brake Emission Dynamics on a Pin-on-Disc Tribotester". W EuroBrake 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/7443155eb2021-stp-013.
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The increasing degree of electrification as well as the optimization of particle based exhaust emissions, which is already being driven forward due to legislation, will direct the focus of fine dust considerations in automotive technology to non-exhaust emissions. In contrast to exhaust emissions, there are currently only a few vehicle-related limit values or uniform standards in measurement technology and the measurement procedure. The area of non-exhaust emissions includes tire abrasion, the turbulence of organic and inorganic road particles, and brake wear. Since, in addition to the material component, the particle size also has a significant influence on the health hazard of the material, particulate emissions from brakes are often directly related to health effects. In comparison to previous measurements, which have mostly been carried out in enclosed and clinical environments, the dynamics of the fine dust emitted from the brake will be investigated using a fully automated tribometer and used as a possibility to validate a DEM simulation. Besides the pure measurement of the emitted particle size distributions during the brake application, conclusions on the agglomeration behaviour of the emission particles in the environment shall be drawn. The aim is to predict the environmental impact and the potential danger of the particles to humans due to the particle size released into the environment. The pin-disc contact between brake pad and brake disc serves as the emission source. A coupled CFD-DEM simulation environment was set up to simulate particle dynamics. Based on a rotating brake disc model, the flow-relevant components of the test bench environment were implemented into the simulation setup. The area around the actual brake contact as well as the environment at the tribometer should be considered. For the metrological validation of the simulation, a swarm of calibrated low-cost sensors as well as a scattered light based particle size measuring device will be set up around the tribometer
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Laakkonen, Elmeri, Markus Nikka, Peter Lambaerts, Anssi Arffman, Panu Karjalainen, Philipp Seifert i Peter Schwanzer. "ePNC Diffusion-Charging Based Particle Number Counting Technology as Alternative to Condensation Particle Counting Based Methods". W Symposium on International Automotive Technology. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-26-0342.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Particle Number (PN) measurement testing has for long been conducted by using Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) based technology. While accurate at low concentrations, CPC has nevertheless several drawbacks for in-field use, such as the use of a working fluid, the need for dilution, the delicate optical components and the sensitivity to contamination. Diffusion Charging (DC) based particle counting technologies have often been disregarded as a valid alternative to CPC based methods due to their intrinsic particle size dependent counting efficiency and lower sensitivity. However, Dekati’s novel ePNC PN technology has brought DC technology to the next level. Due to its patented technology, the Dekati ePNC’s particle counting efficiency is nearly size independent, turning DC as a competing technology for CPC, especially for demanding field applications, such as Periodic Technical Inspection (PTI), Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS) for Real Driving Emissions (RDE), and brake and tire wear measurements. These applications require the ability to continuously measure elevated particle concentrations with sufficient accuracy in often harsh environments such as garages or during on-road testing. In this study we will look closer into the ePNC technology and show the results of recent measurement campaigns that prove the suitability of the Dekati ePNC’s DC technology as an alternative to CPC methods. For example, during vehicle type approval style chassis dynamometer measurement ePNC technology was found to produce comparable results against a PMP reference (7% difference in emission factor).</div></div>
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Kolbeck, Katharina, Thomas Schröder, Marco Schlichting i Heinz Bacher. "Evaluation of different influencing parameters on the result of brake particle emission measurements". W EuroBrake 2022. FISITA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/eb2022-fbr-011.
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"Since fine dust particles in the ambient air emitted by cars, trucks and busses are identified as a health risk, emissions from combustion engines are limited by law. The increasing change from combustion to electric power train as well as the use of gasoline and diesel particulate filters lead to a focus shift to other fine dust sources like tire or brake wear. To further reduce the fine dust pollution caused by road transportation, it is planned to limit particle emissions of brake systems of passenger vehicles by law. The PMP informal working group of the UNECE is already working on a measuring cycle and a suitable test method for this purpose for several years. Hence, a draft of a test protocol was published in June 2021 and is validated in a inter-laboratory study (ILS) at different labs The proposal describes a method to test a single brake-vehicle-combination. The analysis of the market in this regard reveals an extremely large number of possible pairings. Combined with the proposed duration of a complete test-run, this leads to a very high demand of testing to determine the variety of brake emissions of existing vehicle fleets in different markets. Hence, it is crucial to understand whether there are physical correlations between different test combinations to estimate the emission levels of brake-vehicle-pairings. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of different vehicle and brake parameters in regard of the measured particle number and mass emission. In addition, the results are analysed for physically relevant correlations. This is done using various test series in which only individual test parameters, such as the size of the brake disc or the vehicle weight, are varied. The study also tries to address the effect of different measures for noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) of the brake system on the particle number and mass emission results. The results show that plausible predictions of the emission are possible for the variation of specific test parameters. On the other hand, there are test parameters that require additional information or even a separate emission test when they are changed. Since fine dust particles in the ambient air emitted by cars, trucks and busses are identified as a health risk, emissions from combustion engines are limited by law. The increasing change from combustion to electric power train as well as the use of gasoline and diesel particulate filters lead to a focus shift to other fine dust sources like tire or brake wear. To further reduce the fine dust pollution caused by road transportation, it is planned to limit particle emissions of brake systems of passenger vehicles by law. The PMP informal working group of the UNECE is already working on a measuring cycle and a suitable test method for this purpose for several years. Hence, a draft of a test protocol was published in June 2021 and is validated in a inter-laboratory study (ILS) at different labs The proposal describes a method to test a single brake-vehicle-combination. The analysis of the market in this regard reveals an extremely large number of possible pairings. Combined with the proposed duration of a complete test-run, this leads to a very high demand of testing to determine the variety of brake emissions of existing vehicle fleets in different markets. Hence, it is crucial to understand whether there are physical correlations between different test combinations to estimate the emission levels of brake-vehicle-pairings. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of different vehicle and brake parameters in regard of the measured particle number and mass emission. In addition, the results are analysed for physically relevant correlations. This is done using various test series in which only individual test parameters, such as the size of the brake disc or the vehicle weight, are varied. The study also tries to address the effect of different measures for noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) of the brake system on the particle number and mass emission results. The results show that plausible predictions of the emission are possible for the variation of specific test parameters. On the other hand, there are test parameters that require additional information or even a separate emission test when they are changed. "
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Yigci, Ibrahim, Veith Strohbücker i Markus Schatz. "Numerical Investigations of the Dust Deposition Behavior at Light Commercial Vehicles". W Automotive Technical Papers. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-5022.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Dry dust testing of vehicles on unpaved dust roads plays a crucial role in the development process of automotive manufacturers. One of the central aspects of the test procedure is ensuring the functionality of locking systems in the case of dust ingress and keeping the dust below a certain concentration level inside the vehicle. Another aspect is the customer comfort because of dust deposited on the surface of the car body. This also poses a safety risk to customers when the dust settles on safety-critical parts such as windshields and obstructs the driver’s view. Dust deposition on sensors is also safety critical and is becoming more important because of the increasing amount of sensors for autonomous driving. Nowadays, dust tests are conducted experimentally at dust proving grounds. To gain early insights and avoid costly physical testing, numerical simulations are considered a promising approach.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Simulations of vehicle contamination by dry dust have been studied in the past. However, they lack detailed tire resuspension models, and none of the publications focus on the dust deposition at the vehicle in detail, such as door gaps and locks. Moreover, the emphasis of many authors is the environmental impact of vehicles resulting from non-exhaust emissions, such as tire and road wear, brake wear, and dust emissions.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper introduces a novel method for simulating the production of dust resulting from vehicles driving on a dry and dusty, unpaved road, as well as the subsequent deposition mechanisms that occur within door gaps and locks. To achieve this, both a basic, generic vehicle model and a more complex, detailed model of a Volkswagen (VW) Caddy are used in the context of a multiphase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation with Lagrangian particles.</div></div>