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Ridderbos, Tineke Margaretha. "The arrow of time in statistical mechanics and quantum cosmology". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621803.
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Bechlivanidis, C. "The arrow of time through the causal lens : when causal beliefs determine temporal order". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1462081/.
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Do causes always precede their effects? Can we affect the past? Or is the unidirectionality of time a consequence of the causal fabric that makes up our universe? The relationship between causality and temporality is an intriguing subject for physicists, philosophers and fans of science fiction. In psychology, causal and temporal perception have been usually studied independently. Recent research, however, has demonstrated the key role of temporal order cues in causal attribution, showing, for example, that children from a very young age expect causes to precede their effects. Here, we follow the opposite route: building on recent findings that the elapsed time between two events appears to contract when the events are assumed to be causally linked, we examined whether beliefs or perceptions of causal structure can affect the perceived temporal order. Our results point to a novel perceptual illusion that we call the "causal reordering effect": in the presence of strong causal beliefs, causal order defines temporal order; the presumed cause is seen to precede its associated effect even if, in reality, it occurs after it. We present experiments illustrating the reordering effect not only when causal relationships are recently learned but also when causality is directly perceived. In addition, we show the effect to persist despite extended exposure to the stimuli and to lead participants not only to reorder the events but also to misremember the stimuli. The perception of causality in dynamic sequences with such extreme violations of Newtonian principles conflicts with the predictions of current theories of causal perception. This observation led us to conduct a set of studies that re-evaluate the findings upon which those theories are based. Our results indicate that causal impressions are far more ubiquitous than currently thought and that previous interpretations of experimental findings conflate judgements of causality with judgements of collision faithfulness.
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Reeder, Patrick F. "Infinitesimals for Metaphysics: Consequences for the Ontologies of Space and Time". The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1343683113.
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Bagci, Gokhan Baris. "New Directions In The Direction Of Time". Phd thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12607390/index.pdf.
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This thesis analyzes the direction of time problem in the framework of philosophy of science. The radiation arrow, Newtonian arrow, thermodynamic arrow and quantum mechanical arrow have been studied in detail. The importance of the structure of space-time concerning direction of time is emphasized.
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Iversen, Leif. "Acting into the living present : taking account of complexity and uncertainty when leading consultancy teams in international water projects". Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/19620.
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This thesis addresses how leaders find themselves doing something even when they don't know what to do. It is based on my own practice as an experienced team leader and it deals with questions of action, time, identity and leadership. A classic understanding of action usually reflects an expectation of a rational means-ends relationship where actions are designed and applied by individuals to reach well-defined goals within a certain context and within a certain time. In contrast, in this thesis, I describe acting as a much more complex process, as something becoming, as a patterning of activities involving multiple actors in a continuous and complex interweaving of relationships. I describe my experience of leading a team of consultants in international development projects where I inquire into how we often find ourselves acting into uncertainty even when we are not at all sure what to do. Adopting the theory of complex responsive processes of relating, which combines insights from the complexity sciences, social psychology and process sociology, I have come to see acting in our projects as complex, unpredictable, emerging themes and patterns of dialogues between colleagues, clients and other actors, rather than as an activity undertaken by an individual such as a team leader. I do not have an outside position to acting in a project as I am fully involved in the process while this paradoxically influences me at the same time. I argue that acting is related to identity, which can be understood as a sense of self, a person's moral self-interpretation which has a narrative structure and which is continuously being formed by (and is forming) one's acting. I argue that my experience of our practice may be explained by the pragmatists' understanding of acting based on actual lived experience where the means paradoxically become our 'ends-in-view' and vice versa, meaning that we do not just try to maintain a theoretical, future goal but move forwards towards what is practically possible, what we find useful and what makes sense in the present. Acting happens in a living present, meaning that we understand the present through our interpretation of the past as well as our expectation of the future, and we construct this living present as something that works for us when we pursue our collective aims and interests. In the process of acting, there is an arrow on time, meaning that what has been said cannot be unsaid, wherefore it is important to reflect on the perspective of 'ends-in-view' and to understand how acting into a situation may reveal new opportunities. The thesis contributes to knowledge within my profession as an original invitation to think differently about two aspects: first, seeing acting in a project with a much more processual, temporal and encompassing understanding where action is not located in an individual; second, understanding how acting is influenced by one's identity, a sense of self, which is paradoxically being formed by the acting at the same time. Further, the thesis identifies sociality, being different things at the same time (Mead, 1932/2002), as a new aspect in the theory of complex responsive processes of relating (Stacey, Griffin, & Shaw, 2000), recognising its significance in the process of understanding of how novelty occurs. The thesis contributes to my practice in terms of an increased reflexivity and acceptance that a team leader cannot determine outcomes in advance; that leadership is a complex process involving many actors; and that observing ends-in-view may create new and surprising ways forward. I find that these insights can lead to an increased acceptance of how we can act under conditions of uncertainty.
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Duvvuri, Sri Rama Bhaskara Kumari. "Driver Safety and Emissions at Different PPLT Indications". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/75236.
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According to NCHRP Report 493, there are five major left turn signal indications for permitted operations in the United States. They are: Circular Green (CG), Flashing Circular Red (FCR), Flashing Red Arrow (FRA), Flashing Circular Yellow (FCY) and Flashing Yellow Arrow (FYA). The main goal of this thesis is to study the driver behavior and analyze safety of drivers for different left turn indications using a real-time driving simulator. Different signal indications alter driver behavior which influences velocity and acceleration profiles. These profiles influence vehicular emissions and hence need to be studied as well. For this purpose, different scenarios are implemented in the driving simulator. Data is analyzed using Microsoft Excel, JMP Statistical tool and MATLAB. Safety of drivers is analyzed with respect to the parameter "Time to Collision (TTC)" which is directly obtained from simulator data. Vehicular emissions and fuel consumption are calculated using VT-Micro microscopic emissions model. Graphs are plotted for TTC and total emissions. Results indicate that for a day-time scenario, FCY and FYA are the most suitable left-turning indications whereas FCR and FRA are most suitable for a night-time scenario.Master of Science
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Briggs, Kristen Phelps. "Establising a high-frequency standard reference sequence stratigraphy, sea-level curve, and biostratigraphy for Morrowan strata of the Lower Absaroka I time slice based upon the Bird Spring Formation, Arrow Canyon, Nevada". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2005. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/301.
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For the same reasons which prompted its ratification in 1990 as the Global Stratotype Section and Point for the Mid-Carboniferous boundary, namely, section completeness, abundant fossils, and excellent exposure, the Morrowan Arrow Canyon Bird Spring strata is recommended as a candidate standard sequence stratigraphic reference for the Morrowan portion of the Lower Absaroka I supersequence. The stratigraphic architecture of Morrowan strata in Arrow Canyon was largely controlled by high-amplitude (100-m), high-frequency sea-level changes. Outcrop data and facies stacking patterns define 59 fifth-order fundamental cycles. These fundamental cycles stack into ten third-order sequences with an average duration of 320 ka. Changes in both cycle thickness and fundamental cycle type indicate that the second-order sea-level curve of Golonka and Keissling for the Lower Absaroka Ia supersequence should be modified to reflect rising sea-level from the Mid-Carboniferous boundary with maximum flooding conditions ~120 to 135 meters above the Mid-Carboniferous boundary, followed by falling sea-level to ~6 meters below the Morrowan-Atokan boundary in Arrow Canyon. Additionally, cycle diagnostic conodonts and foraminifera permit correlation of selected third-order sequences to basins containing time-equivalent strata.
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Briggs, Kristen Phelps. "Establishing a high-frequency standard reference sequence stratigraphy, sea-level curve, and biostratigraphy for Morrowan strata of the Lower Absaroka I time slice based upon the Bird Spring Formation, Arrow Canyon, Nevada /". Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2005. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd807.pdf.
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Gaut, Patricia J. "The three arrows". Thesis, View thesis, 1995. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/31124.
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This thesis is an exploration of the concept of time and its influence on literature. It is presented through an original novel, ‘The three arrows’, a critical reflection on this work, and an essay exploring the catalyst of change generated by the perception of time. The novel is inspired by Stephen Hawking’s ‘A brief history of time’ and his ‘arrows of time’: the thermodynamic arrow, in which entropy increases; the psychological arrow, the direction in which we feel time pass; and the cosmological arrow, the direction of time in which the universe expands. The literary techniques adopted in the writing of the novel are discussed, as is the author’s research into the construction of time in literary discourse and its relationship to religious, philosophical, historical and psychological constructions. The catalytic force of scientific thought and discovery as it resonates through these fields is traced. Modernist and Postmodernist writing is examined, the Modernists with their technique of time-displacement and the Postmodernists with their exploration of randomness and discontinuity in the belief that it is the profound and discernable effect of the entropy and escalating change in a world of scientific uncertainty on the writing process itself.
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Gaut, Patricia J. "The three arrows /". View thesis, 1995. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030909.153816/index.html.
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Karunanidhi, Karthikeyan. "ARROS; distributed adaptive real-time network intrusion response". Ohio : Ohio University, 2006. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1141074467.
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Capitani, Daniel Henrique Dario. "Determinantes da demanda por importação de arroz do Mercosul pelo Brasil". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-09092009-091946/.
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Um dos principais cereais produzido e consumido no Brasil, o arroz se apresentou, principalmente a partir da década de 1990, como um dos produtos agrícolas mais importados pelo Brasil. A abertura econômica brasileira em 1990, o plano de estabilização monetária (Plano Real) em 1994, e a criação do Mercosul em 1995 possibilitaram uma maior importação de bens e mercadorias pelo Brasil. Não diferente, as importações de arroz do país saltaram a um patamar significativo ao longo da década de 1990, com o Uruguai e Argentina sendo os maiores ofertantes do produto no mercado brasileiro. Mesmo após sua desvalorização cambial em 1999, o Brasil manteve níveis consideráveis de importação do produto oriundo do Mercosul. De forma a compreender os fatores que contribuíram para um aumento da demanda do produto importado, o presente trabalho descreveu o cenário da orizicultura no Brasil, Argentina e Uruguai, desde 1989 a 2008, analisando suas cadeias produtivas, preços nos mercados domésticos, e participação no mercado internacional de arroz. Concomitante a isso, propôs-se um modelo econômico para analisar esta relação comercial no Mercosul, assumindo que as importações brasileiras de arroz são resultantes de um excesso de demanda doméstica pelo cereal. Utilizou-se um ferramental econométrico baseado em um Modelo Auto-regressivo Vetorial VAR estrutural, aplicando a análise às relações contemporâneas das quantidades de arroz importado do Mercosul pelo Brasil, do preço doméstico do arroz no Brasil, do preço de importação do arroz do Mercosul, da renda interna brasileira e da taxa de câmbio efetiva no Brasil. Os resultados são expressos a partir de uma matriz de relações contemporâneas, da decomposição da variância do erro de previsão e da função impulso-resposta das variáveis em relação a choques contemporâneos nas mesmas, através do processo de Bernanke. Os resultados alcançados mostraram uma forte relação entre o volume importado com o preço doméstico de arroz, além de uma relativa importância na taxa de câmbio brasileira na explicação do padrão de importação do arroz pelo país. Outro ponto importante é a significativa participação do preço de importação na explicação dos preços domésticos. A variável quantidade de importação de arroz se mostrou sensível em relação a um choque positivo de 1% simulado no preço doméstico, indicando um aumento imediato em aproximadamente 3% os volumes importados. Esta variável também se mostrou sensível a um choque no preço de importação, que apontou a uma redução pela metade (0,5%) no volume importado e, a um choque na taxa de câmbio, com redução de 2% no volume importado. Já os choques no preço doméstico e preço de importação do arroz indicaram uma relação de causalidade de um sobre o outro, sugerindo aumentos nos mesmos e indicando a existência de um mercado orizícola integrado entre o Brasil e o Mercosul.The rice, one of the main cereals produced and consumed in Brazil, has been one of the most agricultural products imported by Brazil, mainly in the 1990s. The economic market opened in 1990, the monetary stabilization plan (Plano Real) in 1994 and the creation of Mercosur in 1995 allowed an increment in imports of goods and services in Brazil. Therefore, imports of rice in the country rose to a significant level throughout the 1990s. Uruguay and Argentina became the largest suppliers of the product for the Brazilian market. Even though, after the devaluation of the Brazilian currency (Real) in 1999, Brazil retained considerable levels of product imports from the Mercosur. In order to understand the factors that contributed to an increased demand of imported product, this thesis described the scenery of rice production in Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay, from 1989 to 2008. It analyses their production chains, prices in domestic markets, and participation in international rice´s market. Concomitant to this, it was proposed an economic model that examines the relationship in the Mercosur trade, assuming that Brazilian imports of rice are a result of excess domestic demand for this grain. Econometric model Vector Auto-regressive structural VAR was applied to analyze the contemporary relations of the quantities of rice imported by Brazil in Mercosur, the domestic price of rice in Brazil, the import price of rice in Mercosur, the Brazilian domestic income and the effective exchange rate in Brazil. Results are expressed from an array of contemporary relations, from decomposition variance of the prediction error and from the impulse-response function of the variables on contemporary shocks. The results showed a strong relationship between rice imports with the domestic rice price, and relative importance with Brazilian exchange rate in explaining the pattern of importing rice. Another point is the significant participation of the imports price in explaining domestic price. The variable quantity of rice imports was sensitive for a positive shock of 1% in the domestic price, indicating an immediate increment close to 3% in the quantity imported. This variable was also sensitive to a shock in the imported price, which showed a reduction by half (0.5%) in the quantity imported. A shock in the exchange rate reduces by 2% in the quantity imported. The shocks in the domestic and import price of rice indicated a causality relationship to one over the other, suggesting increases on both, indicating an existence of integrated rice market between Brazil and Mercosur.
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Ribas, Giovana Ghisleni. "MELHORA NA SIMULAÇÃO DA PRODUTIVIDADE DE ARROZ NO RIO GRANDE DO SUL PELA INTRODUÇÃO DE ARROZ HÍBRIDO NO MODELO SIMULARROZ". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/7623.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoThe importance of hybrid rice is increasing because of its higher potential yield compared to n conventional varieties traditionally sown in southern Brazil. The SimulArroz model is a dynamic deterministic mathematical model that simulates the growth, development and grain yield in rice, but the current version of SimulArroz (version 1.0) does not contain the option for hybrid rice. The objective of this dissertation was to calibrate and evaluate the performance of SimulArroz model in simulating the number of leaves, phenology, dry matter accumulation and grain yield of three hybrid rice cultivars in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Field experiments were conducted in Santa Maria, and in research stations of the Instituto Rio Grandense do Arroz in Cachoeirinha, Uruguaiana, Santa Vitória do Palmar, Cachoeira do Sul, Bagé and Camaquã. The number of main stem leaves, based on the Haun scale, and phenology, based on the Counce scale, and also, plant samples were collected in Santa Maria and Cachoeirinha to determine the dry matter of shoots, leaves, culms, senescent leaves and grain yield. The SimulArroz model is calibrated and evaluated to simulate the number of leaves on the main stem, represented by Haun Stage, phenology, the total dry matter above ground, leaves, stems, senescent leaves and grain yield at 13 % moisture of three hybrid rice cultivars in Rio Grande do Sul.
O arroz híbrido vem ganhando importância por apresentar um potencial produtivo maior do que as cultivares convencionais tradicionalmente semeadas no Sul do Brasil. O modelo SimulArroz é um modelo matemático dinâmico determinístico que simula o crescimento, o desenvolvimento e a produtividade de grãos na cultura do arroz, no entanto a versão atual do SimulArroz (versão 1.0) não contém a opção de simulção para arroz híbrido. Assim, o objetivo nesta dissertação foi calibrar e avaliar o desempenho do modelo SimulArroz em simular o número de folhas, fenologia, o acúmulo de matéria seca e a produtividade de três cultivares de arroz híbrido no Rio Grande do Sul. Foram conduzidos experimentos de campo em Santa Maria, e nas estações regionais de pesquisa do Instituto Rio Grandense do Arroz de Cachoeirinha, Uruguaiana, Santa Vitória do Palmar, Cachoeira do Sul, Bagé e Camaquã. Foram determinados o número de folhas do colmo principal através da escala da Haun e a fenologia conforme a escala de Counce, e também, foram realizadas amostragens de plantas em Santa Maria e Cachoeirinha para determinar a matéria seca total da parte aérea, de folhas, de colmos, de folhas senescentes e produtividade de grãos. O modelo SimulArroz está calibrado e avaliado para simular o número de folhas no colmo principal, representado pelo Estádio de Haun, a fenologia, a matéria seca total da parte aérea, de folhas, de colmos, de folhas senescentes e a produtividade de grãos a 13% de umidade de três híbridos de arroz irrigado no Rio Grande do Sul.
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Rocha, Jeferson Cunha da. "Parâmetros industriais e tecnológicos do arroz na seca-aeração e no armazenamento". Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2010. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/1332.
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Previous issue date: 2010-07-29It was studied the dynamics of drying and the quality parameters of industrial and technological grains of rice paddy with moisture content around 20% and 13% dried up by the method of dryeration using dryer column with three thermal management strategies in the initial stage thus 16% with transfer to bin-dryer in studies of two rest periods in the final stage of drying. In the dryer column, equipped with two chambers originally a drying and other cooling, management of thermal drying air used temperatures 75ºC / 75°C, 100ºC / 75°C and 75ºC / 100ºC respectively in the chambers above and under. After final drying in bin-dryer the grains were stored refrigeration environment at below 18ºC. The bin-dryer, fully equipped with false floor perforated, using centrifugal fans with specific airflow rate 19.95 m3 air. min-1. m-3. grains and air drying at environmental condition. The finish drying in bin-dryer started after being executed the rest periods of 4 and 12 hours, counted immediately after the transfer of grains in the continuous dryer, drying initial stage. It was measured the processing of polished white rice and parboiled, the parameters of moisture content grains, weight of one thousand grains, whole grain yield without defects, color profile, cooking parameters , texture profile and the dynamics drying operation in bin-dryer. Results shows that: a) On dryeration of rice, the thermal management systems using increasing air temperatures in the initial stage, associated with greater rest time result in lower drying periods in the final stage, no compromising the income of whole grains without defects, nor quality industrial and technological quality; b) four hours of rest time between initial step in dryer column, and final step in bin-dryer, are insufficient for adequate diffusion of water in this step, and an expansion to twelve hours of rest time decreases all final aeration time with environment air in the dryeration of rice c) respecting the limits of thermal mass grains rice, so much higher 10 the temperature of grains in the initial stage drying, in column dryer, needed less all time for aeration in bin-dryer, the final stage dryeration, no compromising the rice quality; d) the rest time in final step presents the most striking effects on total time of drying than thermal management air dryer in the initial step in continuous dryer on drying rice, e) the parboiling has the most striking effects on the profile parameters texture, profile color and cooking than thermal management in the drying and handling time grain storage at environmental cooled temperature, and repay the texture profile parameters and increases the income of whole grains yields without defects, bulk gravimetric and volumetric, the proportion of water required and the cooking time of rice.
Foram estudados as dinâmicas da secagem e os parâmetros de qualidade industrial e tecnológicos em grãos de arroz em casca com umidade próxima a 20% e secados até 13% pelo método de seca-aeração, utilizando secador de coluna com três manejos térmicos na etapa inicial até 16%, com transferência para silo-secador em estudos de dois tempos de repouso na etapa final da secagem. No secador de coluna, dotado de duas câmaras originalmente uma de secagem e outra de arrefecimento, o manejo térmico do ar de secagem utilizou temperaturas de 75ºC / 75ºC, 100ºC / 75ºC e 75ºC / 100ºC, respectivamente nas câmaras superior e inferior. Após a etapa final da secagem os grãos foram armazenados em ambiente refrigerado a menos de 18ºC. Os silos-secadores, dotados de piso totalmente perfurados e fundo falso, utilizaram ventiladores centrífugos com vazão específica do ar de 19,95 m3 de ar. min-1. m-3 de grão, e ar de secagem em condição ambiente. A finalização da secagem em silo-secador iniciou depois de transcorridos os tempos de repouso de 4 e de 12 horas, contados imediatamente após a transferência dos grãos do secador de coluna na etapa inicial da secagem. Foram avaliados pelo beneficiamento de arroz branco e parboilizado polidos, os parâmetros do grau de umidade dos grãos, peso de mil grãos, rendimento de grãos inteiros sem defeitos, perfil branquimétrico, comportamento de cocção, perfil texturométrico e as dinâmicas da operação de secagem na etapa final em silo-secador. Os resultados mostram que: a) na seca-aeração do arroz, os manejos térmicos que utilizam crescentes temperaturas do ar na etapa inicial, associados com maiores tempos de repouso resultam em menores tempos de secagem na etapa final, sem comprometer os rendimentos de grãos inteiros sem defeitos, nem a qualidade industrial e nem a 8 qualidade tecnológica; b) quatro horas de repouso entre a etapa inicial, em secador de coluna, e a etapa final, em silo-secador, são insuficientes para a adequada difusão da água nesta etapa, e sua ampliação para doze horas de repouso diminui os tempos de aeração final com ar ambiente na seca-aeração do arroz; c) o tempo de repouso na etapa final apresenta efeitos mais marcantes sobre os tempos totais de secagem do que o manejo térmico do ar na etapa inicial em secador de coluna na seca-aeração do arroz; d) a parboilização tem efeitos mais marcantes sobre os parâmetros de perfil texturométrico, branquimétrico e de cocção do que o manejo térmico na secagem e o tempo de armazenamento dos grãos em condições ambientais resfriadas, além de restituir os parâmetros de perfil texturométrico e aumentar os rendimentos de grãos inteiros sem defeitos, os rendimentos gravimétrico e volumétrico, a proporção de água necessária e o tempo de cocção do arroz.
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Gonçalves, Daiana Ribeiro Nunes. "Absorção de nutrientes pelo arroz em resposta ao manejo da água de irrigação". Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2010. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/2457.
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Previous issue date: 2010-03-29Currently, the rationalization of the water use by flooded rice is one of the priorities of the rice productive sector. Consequently, some alternative water managements have been proposed aiming to the reduction of water use by rice crop. However, changes in water management can affect nutrient availability for rice. For this reason, a work was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effects of the flood timing and the flood depth on nutritional status and nutrient uptake by rice. The work comprised two field experiments which were conducted in a Typic Albaqualf, at the Lowland Experimental Station of the Embrapa Clima Temperado, in Capão do Leão, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, during the growing seasons of 2007/08 and 2008/09. In the first experiment, three flood timings (2- to 3-leaf stage, 4- to 5-leaf stage, and 7- to 8-leaf stage or 6- to 7-leaf stage) were tested, and in the second experiment, it was compared the effects of three flood depths (<1cm saturated soil, 5cm, and 10cm). Both experiments were implanted in conventional system, using the cultivar BRS Querência . Rice nutritional status was determinated at the active tillering, panicle differentiation, and anthesis. On the other hand, rice nutrient uptake was determinated at the grain maturation. At the active tillering, leaf N, P, Ca, Mg, S, Mn, and Zn concentrations increased with delaying of flood timing. At the panicle differentiation, rice subjected to early flooding (2- to 3-leaf stage) presented lowest leaf K, Mg, and S concentrations and greatest leaf B concentration. Delay flooding promoted increase in leaf Mg, and Fe concentrations, and reduction in leaf P, B, and Zn concentrations at the anthesis. Flooding delay beyond the 4- to 5-leaf stage decreased N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Fe, and Mn uptake by rice. Flood depth effect on rice nutritional status was minor than the effect of flood timing. The presence of floodwater resulted in higher leaf potassium concentration and lower leaf copper, manganese, and zinc concentrations than in satured soil, at the active tillering. At the panicle differentiation, the maintenance of floodwater provided the highest leaf K concentrations and the lowest leaf Cu, and Mn concentrations. At the anthesis, the leaf K concentration increased with the thickness of the water depth; an opposite effect was determinated for leaf calcium, boron, and manganese concentrations. Changes in the thickness of water depth practically did not influence rice nutrient uptake, following the stability in the production of dry matter. The effects of flooding time on rice nutrition were greater than those of the water depth. Changes in rice 9 nutrition due to alterations on water management do not justify the revision on the indications of fertilization for flooded rice.
Atualmente, a racionalização do uso da água pelo arroz é uma das prioridades do setor produtivo. Em decorrência, a pesquisa tem proposto alternativas de manejo da água para a cultura, visando à redução no uso. Porém, as alterações no manejo da água podem alterar a disponibilidade de nutrientes para o arroz. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a influência da época de início de irrigação e da espessura da lâmina de água sobre o estado nutricional e absorção de nutrientes pelo arroz. Para tanto, realizaram-se dois experimentos, nas safras agrícolas 2007/08 e 2008/09, em Planossolo Háplico, na Estação Experimental Terras Baixas, da Embrapa Clima Temperado, em Capão do Leão, RS. No primeiro experimento, compararam-se o efeito de três épocas de início de irrigação (estádio V2-V3, V4-V5 e V7-V8 ou V6-V7) e no segundo, de três espessuras de lâmina de água (<1cm solo saturado, 5cm e 10cm). Ambos os experimentos foram implantados em sistema convencional de cultivo, utilizando a cultivar BRS Querência. Avaliou-se o estado nutricional da cultura no perfilhamento pleno, diferenciação da panícula e floração e a absorção de nutrientes pelo arroz na maturação. No perfilhamento pleno, os teores foliares de N, P, Ca, Mg, S, Mn e Zn no arroz aumentaram com o atraso no início da irrigação. Na diferenciação da panícula, a antecipação do início da irrigação para V2-V3 proporcionou menores concentrações de K, Mg e S e maior concentração de boro no tecido foliar do arroz. O atraso na irrigação promoveu aumento nas concentrações de Mg e Fe e diminuição nas de P, B, Zn na floração. O atraso da irrigação além do início do perfilhamento diminuiu a absorção de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Fe e Mn. A espessura da lâmina de água exerceu efeito mais discreto sobre o estado nutricional do arroz. A presença de lâmina de água propiciou maior teor foliar de potássio e menores de cobre, manganês e zinco, no perfilhamento pleno. Na diferenciação da panícula, a manutenção de lâmina de água proporcionou maiores concentrações de fósforo e potássio no tecido foliar do arroz, mas promoveu redução nos teores de cobre e manganês. Na floração, a concentração foliar de potássio aumentou com a espessura da lâmina de água, sendo o efeito contrário para cálcio, boro e manganês. A variação na espessura da lâmina de água praticamente não influenciou a absorção de nutrientes pelo arroz irrigado, acompanhando a estabilidade na produção de matéria seca da planta. A época de início de irrigação exerce efeito mais marcante sobre a nutrição do arroz, comparativamente à espessura da lâmina de água. As alterações nutricionais decorrentes de mudanças no manejo da água não justificam revisão nas indicações de adubação para o arroz irrigado.
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Aldag, Daniel J. "The influence of jazz on timbre in selected compositions for solo trombone". Thesis, connect to online resource, 2002. http://www.library.unt.edu/theses/open/20023/aldag%5Fdaniel/index.htm.
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Santos, Marcos Paulo dos. "Produtividade de grãos e características morfofisiológicas de arroz irrigado afetadas por local e época de semeadura". Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/6618.
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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The rice phenology and development are events controlled by environmental and genetic factors, and the yield potential of the crop is defined for your interaction. This study aimed to determine the environmental impacts of sites and sowing period on the morphophysiological characteristics and grain yield of contrasting lowland rice genotypes. The experiments were done in two environments, tropical, in Goianira-GO, and subtropical, Pelotas-RS, and Cachoeirinha-RS during the months of october, november, and december. The cultivars evaluated were BRS Catiana, BRS Jaçanã, BRS Pampa, BRS 7 Taim and Irga 424. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design (RBD), with four repetitions, being as factor genotype, sowing dates and sites. It was evaluated phenological development, biomass accumulation and assimilated partition, radiation use efficiency (EUR) and grain yield. In both environments, cultivars did not showed sensibility to photoperiod. The demand of degrees-day accumulated for flowering decreased for late sowing in Goianira-GO. In Cachoeirinha-RS, this trend was observed, however in a lower scale. The EUR decreased for november sowing in Goianira-GO, while in Cachoeirinha-RS there was no variation in the EUR for sowing dates from october to november. The assimilated partition do not differed among cultivars. For the subtropical environment, highest yields were observed for the period of sowing october to december. Already, in the tropical environment, occured yield decrease for sowing in november. It is probably correlated to lower values of minimum temperature accumulated during the reproductive phase. Higher accumulation of degrees-day and solar radiation in the reproductive stage and grain filling contribute to the achievement of high grain yields in the production environments in Brazil. Thus, the agroclimatic zoning has to indicate the sowing dates that optimize the accumulation degrees-day and solar radiation in these phases.
A fenologia e o desenvolvimento da planta de arroz são eventos controlados por condições ambientais e fatores genéticos, sendo o potencial produtivo da cultura definido pela sua interação. Objetivou-se neste estudo determinar os impactos ambientais de locais de cultivos e do período de semeadura nas características morfofisiológicas e na produtividade de grãos de genótipos contrastantes de arroz irrigado. Os experimentos foram realizados em dois ambientes, tropical, em Goianira-GO, e subtropical, Pelotas-RS e Cachoeirinha-RS durante os meses de outubro, novembro e dezembro. As cultivares avaliadas foram BRS Catiana, BRS Jaçanã, BRS Pampa, BRS 7 Taim e Irga 424. Os ensaios foram implantados em delineamento de blocos completos casualizados (DBC), com quatros repetições, tendo como fatores os genótipos, épocas e locais de semeadura. Avaliou-se o desenvolvimento fenológico, acúmulo de biomassa e partição de assimilados, eficiência no uso da radiação (EUR) e a produtividade de grãos. Em ambos os ambientes, as cultivares não foram sensíveis ao fotoperíodo. A demanda de graus-dia acumulados para o florescimento decresceu para as semeaduras tardias em Goianira-GO. Em Cachoeirinha-RS, essa dinâmica também foi observada, porém em menor escala. A EUR decresceu na semeadura em novembro em Goianira-GO, enquanto que em Cachoeirinha-RS não houve variação na EUR no período outubro-dezembro. A partição de assimilados não diferiu entre cultivares. Para o ambiente subtropical foram obtidas altas produtividades para as semeaduras de outubro a dezembro. Já, no ambiente tropical, ocorreu queda de produtividade na semeadura em novembro. Essa redução provavelmente está correlacionada aos menores acúmulos de temperatura mínima na fase reprodutiva. Maiores acúmulos de graus-dia e de radiação solar na fase reprodutiva e de enchimento de grãos contribuem para o alcance de altas produtividades de grãos nos ambientes de produção de arroz no Brasil. Assim, o zoneamento agroclimático deve buscar indicar períodos de semeadura que otimizem o acúmulo de graus-dia e radiação solar nessas fases.
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Filali, Rania Linda. "Sur la synchronisation et le cryptage de systèmes chaotiques à temps discret utilisant les techniques d'agrégation et la représentation en flèche des matrices". Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00858272.
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L'objectif de cette thèse était de développer une méthode de synthèse de commande par retour d'état puis par observateurs offrant des conditions de synthèse non contraignantes dans le cas de systèmes non linéaires à temps discret. Dans cette méthode, est mise en exergue l'importance du choix de la description des systèmes sur l'étendue des résultats pouvant être obtenus lorsque la méthode d'étude de la stabilité est fixée. Ainsi l'utilisation des normes vectorielles comme fonction d'agrégation et du critère pratique de Borne et Gentina pour l'étude de la stabilité, associée à la description des systèmes par des matrices caractéristiques de forme en flèche de Benrejeb, a conduit à l'élaboration de nouvelles conditions suffisantes de stabilisation de systèmes dynamiques discrets non linéaires, formulées en théorèmes et corollaires. Ces résultats obtenus, sont ensuite exploités, avec succès, pour la formulation de nouvelles conditions suffisantes de vérification des propriétés de synchronisation pour les systèmes hyperchaotiques à temps discrets. Ensuite, le cas de synthèse d'observateur est validé dans deux types de transmission chaotique
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Pizzuti, Luiz Angelo Damian. "SUPLEMENTAÇÃO COM FARELO DE ARROZ INTEGRAL E/OU GORDURA PROTEGIDA NA RECRIA DE NOVILHAS DE CORTE EM PASTAGEM DE AVEIA-PRETA E AZEVÉM". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2011. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10768.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorThe objective of the present study was to evaluate the reflection of supplementation with integral rice bran and/or protected fat in the productive parameters of oat and ryegrass pasture and in the development, reproductive performance and behavior of beef heifers. Twenty-eight heifers, Charolais x Nellore crossbred, with initial average age of 18 moths and initial average weight of 274.9 kg, were distributed into four treatments with three repetitions per area. The animals were kept in oat + ryegrass pasture and distributed into the following treatments: Without supplementation (SS): heifers kept in pasture; Megalac (MEG): supplementation with protected fat; Integral rice bran (FAI): supplementation with integral rice bran; FAI+MEG: supplementation with integral rice bran + protected fat. The pasture intake increased throughout the periods (Y=2.71542+.01665*Day; P=.0023). The animal stocking, stocking rate, loss of forage and pasture intake weren´t influenced by treatments (P>.05). Body condition of heifers increased linearly .012 points every day, correlating positively with the final weight (r=.79; P<.0001). The greatest daily weight gain, 1.395 kg, occurred at the first period and when animals were supplemented with FAI+MEG. At the last period, animals from SS treatment had the lowest daily weight gain, .888 kg. Neutral detergent fiber intake increased linearly .045 kg per day (P<.05) during grazing periods. The supplementation with FAI and FAI+MEG reduced the time spent by heifers with grazing, 49.63%, in relation to animals from SS and MEG treatments, 63.13%. The feeding stations per minute had an increase during grazing periods due to the reduction in time spent in each feeding station and the linear decrease of bit number per feeding station (P<.05), the latter ranging 34.48% lower at the final of grazing period. The supplementation of beef heifers with integral rice bran and/or protected fat doesn‟t alter productive parameters of oat and ryegrass pasture, neither pasture intake and total dry matter intake. Increases in daily accumulation of dry matter and feeding conversion promoted an increase in forage losses. The average daily weight gain is not changed by the supplementation. The use of pasture of temperate climate, supplemented or not, promotes adequate structural and reproductive development of the heifers, given benefiting the zootecnic indices at the first mating at 25/27 months of age. The heifers supplemented with FAI and FAI+MEG require less time for activities of grazing seizure. Grazing and idle times don‟t change with periods of grazing, however rumination time grows with the increase of neutral detergent fiber intake.
O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o reflexo da suplementação com farelo de arroz integral e/ou gordura protegida nos parâmetro produtivos da pastagem de aveia e azevém e no desenvolvimento, desempenho reprodutivo e comportamento de novilhas de corte. Utilizaram-se 28 novilhas cruzas Charolês x Nelore com idade média inicial de 18 meses e peso vivo inicial médio de 274,9 kg, divididas em quatro tratamentos com três repetições por área. Os animais foram mantidos em pastagem de aveia + azevém e distribuídos nos seguintes tratamentos: Sem suplementação (SS): novilhas mantidas exclusivamente em pastagem; Megalac (MEG): suplementação com gordura protegida; Farelo de arroz integral (FAI): suplementação com FAI; FAI+MEG: suplementação FAI mais gordura protegida. O consumo do pasto foi crescente ao longo dos períodos (Y=2,71542+0,01665*Dia; P=0,0023). A carga animal, lotação, perdas de forragem e consumo do pasto não sofreram efeito dos tratamentos (P>0,05). A condição corporal das novilhas aumentou linearmente, com acréscimo a cada dia de 0,012 pontos, correlacionando-se positivamente com o peso final (r=0,79; P<0,0001). O maior ganho de peso diário, 1,395 kg, ocorreu no primeiro período quando os animais foram suplementados com FAI+MEG. No último período os animais SS apresentaram o menor ganho de peso diário, 0,888 kg. O consumo de fibra detergente neutro aumentou linearmente (P<0,05) em 0,045 kg por dia no decorrer dos períodos de pastejo. A suplementação com FAI e FAI+MEG reduziu o tempo despendido pelas novilhas para pastejo, 49,63%, em relação aos animais SS e MEG, 63,13%. As estações alimentares por minuto tiveram aumento crescente no decorrer do período de pastejo com redução no tempo gasto em cada estação alimentar e decréscimo linear no número de bocados por estação alimentar (P<0,05), sendo a variação deste último de 34,48% a menos no final do período de pastejo. A suplementação de novilhas de corte com FAI e/ou gordura protegida não altera os parâmetros produtivos da pastagem de aveia e azevém, nem o consumo do pasto e o consumo total de matéria seca. Aumentos da taxa de acúmulo diário de matéria seca e da carga animal promovem aumento das perdas de forragem. O ganho de peso diário não é alterado por ocasião da suplementação. O uso de pastagem temperada suplementada ou não, promove adequado desenvolvimento estrutural e do trato reprodutivo das novilhas, beneficiando os índices zootécnicos no primeiro acasalamento aos 25/27 meses de idade. Novilhas suplementadas com FAI e FAI+MEG demandam menos tempo para a atividade de pastejo e aumentam seu período de ócio, sem modificar seus padrões de deslocamento dentro do piquete e apreensão do pasto. O tempo de pastejo e ócio não sofrem alterações nos distintos períodos de utilização da pastagem, porém, o tempo de ruminação aumenta com o aumento da ingestão da fibra detergente neutro.
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Costa, Cláudia Militz da. "Efeitos do armazenamento em parâmetros de avaliação de qualidade de grãos de quatro genótipos de arroz". Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2014. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br:8080/handle/prefix/3090.
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Sem bolsa
Em grãos de arroz de duas cultivares híbridas e duas variedades, beneficiadas logo após a colheita e após 6 meses de armazenamento dos grãos em casca na temperatura de 20ºC, foram analisados teores de 18 aminoácidos, proteínas totais, amilose, umidade, temperatura de gelatinização (estimativa), mais os parâmetros de qualidade industrial, de cocção, de textura, de viscosidade e sensorial, preferência e aceitação. Os resultados permitiram concluir que: (a) o aumento do tempo de armazenamento provoca reduções no conteúdo e alterações no perfil de aminoácidos, não havendo diferenças de comportamento entre variedades e híbridos; (b) o conteúdo de proteínas totais do endosperma não define o grau soltabilidade (ou de empapamento) dos grãos e nem está relacionado com a preferência do consumidor pelo arroz após a cocção; (c) a elevação do conteúdo de cisteína provoca aumento na soltabilidade do arroz cozido ao longo do armazenamento; (d) os parâmetros de avaliações texturométricas e reológicas refletem os resultados da análise sensorial e da aceitação do arroz após a cocção; e, (e) o aumento do tempo de armazenamento provoca aumento inicial no rendimento industrial e reduções na brancura e no grau de polimento, mas não altera a transparência do arroz.
In rice grains from two hybrids cultivars and two varieties, milled immediately after harvest and after 6 months of storage of grains with husk at the temperature of 20°C, were analyzed levels of 18 amino acids, total protein, amylose, moisture, gelatinization temperature (estimation), plus the parameters of industrial quality, cooking, texture, viscosity and sensory attributes, also preference and acceptance. The results allowed to conclude that: (a) the increase of storage time causes reductions in the amino acid content and changes in amino acid profile, with no significant differences among varieties and hybrids; (b) total protein content from endosperm does not define the degree of loose cooked grains (or of grain stickiness) and it is not associated with the consumer preference for the rice after cooking, (c) elevation in cysteine content causes an increase in loose cooked grain (reduction of stickiness) during storage; (d) parameters of texturometric and rheological evaluations reflect the results from sensory analysis and acceptance of the rice after cooking; and (e) the increase of storage time causes an initial increasing in industrial yield and leads to reductions in whiteness and polishing degree (milling degree), but does not change the transparency of rice .
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Silva, Michel Rocha da. "Previsão de safra de arroz no estado do Rio Grande do Sul através de modelagem numérica". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2015. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5139.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoThe objective of this study was to define a methodology for monitoring a flooded rice crop forecast for Rio Grande do Sul, and to evaluate the effect of the flood time on growth, development and rice productivity. Two experiments were conducted during the 2013/14 growing season, using a randomized blocks design with four replications. The treatments in Experiment 1 were flooding in V3, V5, V8 and V9, and in Experiment 2 the treatments were flooding in V5, V8, V9 and V10. The onset of flooding did not influence the emission of leaves, the final leaf number, the final number of tillers and crop development. Leaf growth rate is affected by the onset of flooding when rainfall was less than the crop evapotranspiration. It is not clear if kernel yield is or not affected by the time that flooding starts. To define a methodology for monitoring a flooded rice crop forecast for Rio Grande do Sul, the SimulArroz rice model were coupled to regional climate model RegCM4 for generation the daily seasonal forecast. Nine members of RegCM4 model were used, with different parameterization (01, 07, 10, 13, 19, 22, 31, 34 and 37) and four boots (01, 02, 3:04) per month, with daily data of minimum temperature, maximum temperature and solar radiation. Three points with 45 km resolution grid were used for generating data of the minimum temperature (°C) maximum temperature (°C) and solar radiation (MJ m-2 day-1), covering the municipalities of Restinga Seca, Itaqui and Uruguaiana. The predictions were compared with SimulArroz crop monitoring with INMET automatic weather stations data and data collected in three cropping areas in Restinga Seca and 2 in Itaqui. The compared variables were leaf emission (Haun Stage - HS), final leaf number, development stage (COUNCE et al., 2000) and productivity (Mg ha-1). The best predicting irrigated rice crop forecast in Rio Grande do Sul were: member 31 minimum temperature, member 34 maximum temperature and a member 01 solar radiation (M31M34M01); minimum and maximum temperature and solar radiation boot 01 member 19 (M19S01) and; minimum and maximum temperature and solar radiation boot 03 member 01 (M01S03). The seasonal forecast generated by RegCM4 model coupled to SimulArroz rice model made possible the numerical prediction of rice crop in Rio Grande do Sul.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi definir uma metodologia para acompanhamento e previsão de safra de arroz irrigado para o Rio Grande do Sul, e avaliar o efeito da época de inundação sobre variáveis de crescimento, desenvolvimento e produtividade de arroz irrigado. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos durante o ano agrícola 2013/14, em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos no Experimento 1 foram: inundação em V3, V5, V8 e V9, e no Experimento 2 os tratamentos foram: inundação em V5, V8, V9 e V10. A época de inundação não influenciou a emissão de folhas, o número final de folhas, o número final de perfilhos e o desenvolvimento da cultura. A taxa de crescimento foliar quando a precipitação foi menor que a evapotranspiração da cultura do arroz. Não é clara se a produtividade de grãos é ou não afetada pela época de inundação do solo. Para definir uma metodologia para acompanhamento e previsão de safra de arroz irrigado para o Rio Grande do Sul, foi utilizado como modelo de arroz o SimulArroz, acoplado ao modelo climático regional RegCM4 para geração dos dados meteorológicos diários da previsão sazonal. Foram utilizados nove membros do modelo RegCM4, com diferentes parametrizações (01, 07, 10, 13, 19, 22, 31, 34 e 37), e quatro inicializações (01, 02, 03 e 04) por mês, com dados diários de temperatura mínima, temperatura máxima e radiação solar.Três pontos de resolução de 45 km de grade foram utilizados para geração dos dados de temperatura mínima (°C), temperatura máxima (°C) e radiação solar (MJ m-2 dia-1), abrangendo os municípios de Restinga Seca, Itaqui e Uruguaiana. As previsões foram comparadas com o acompanhamento de safra do SimulArroz rodado com dados das estações meteorológicas automáticas do INMET, e com dados observados em 3 lavouras em Restinga Seca e 2 em Itaqui. As variáveis comparadas foram emissão de folhas (Haun Stage - HS), número final de folhas, estádio de desenvolvimento (COUNCE et al., 2000) e produtividade (Mg ha-1). As melhores previsões para realizar previsão de safra de arroz irrigado no Rio Grande do Sul foram: temperatura mínima do membro 31, temperatura máxima do membro 34 e radiação solar do membro 01 (M31M34M01); temperatura mínima, máxima e radiação solar da inicialização 01 do membro 19 (M19S01) e; temperatura mínima, máxima e radiação solar da inicialização 03 do membro 01 (M01S03). A previsão sazonal gerada pelo modelo RegCM4 acoplado ao modelo de arroz SimulArroz possibilitou a previsão numérica de safra de arroz para o Rio Grande do Sul.
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Lania, Bruno Grosselli 1987. "Uso do óleo de arroz na cicatrização de úlceras cutâneas em ratos (Rattus norvegicus albinus)". [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/311636.
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Orientadores: Paulo Eduardo Neves Ferreira Velho, Maria Letícia CintraDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: Introdução: o processo de cicatrização é longo e complexo, dura meses nos humanos, e depende de diversos fatores locais e gerais. Ele pode ser divido em três fases: inflamatória, proliferativa e de remodelação. Para que ocorra, é necessária uma cascata de eventos e a participação de diversos tipos de células, bem como de substâncias por elas secretadas. Entre estas destacam-se as substâncias pró-cicatriciais, como a leptina, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 e o IGF-1, as anti-cicatriciais, como a adiponectina, IL-12, o IFN-?, o IFN-? e, finalmente, o TNF-?, que possui ação variável, de acordo com a concentração circulante desta substância. Muito há para se pesquisar nesse campo, e o desenvolvimento de produtos, com princípios ativos que estimulam a cicatrização, mas de baixo custo, que aproveite matérias-primas encontradas na região, poderia beneficiar um número grande de indivíduos. Foi demonstrado que o uso do óleo do farelo de arroz induz a proliferação de linfócitos, a síntese de citocinas, o aumento da hematopoese e a atividade fagocítica de macrófagos. Objetivos: testar a efetividade do óleo de arroz na cicatrização de feridas cutâneas, e avaliar, tanto no tecido lesado, como no sangue, a sua ação em fatores que atuam na cicatrização. Material e métodos: sobre feridas cirúrgicas circulares produzidas pela exérese da pele, com bisturi, no dorso de ratos, (45 animais, divididos em três grupos) foi aplicado um produto à base de óleo de arroz (patente BR 10 2012 008718 9). O processo de cicatrização foi avaliado por meio do estudo histológico e da quantificação tissular (por meio da PCR real time) e sérica (por meio da técnica Elisa), de fatores que atuam na cicatrização: leptina, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IGF-1, adiponectina, IL-12, IFN-?, IFN- ? e TNF- ?. Resultados e conclusões: comparativamente com o controle, foi encontrada diferença significante na celularidade das feridas e detectada ação sistêmica do produto, face ao aumento dos níveis séricos de adiponectina, leptina, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-? e IFN-?. Os resultados deste trabalho poderão ser úteis para a indústria farmacêutica e cosmecêutica brasileira ou internacional
Abstract: The wound healing process is long and complex, lasts months and depends on many local and general factors. It can be divided into three phases: inflammatory, proliferative and remodeling. For that to occur, it is necessary a cascade of events involving several cell types, as well as substances secreted by them. Among these we highlight the pro-healing substances such as leptin, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and IGF-1, anti-scarring such as IL-12, IFN-?, IFN- ? and, finally, TNF-?, which possesses variable action, according to the circulating concentration of this substance. More research is needed in this field, and the development of products with active ingredients that stimulate healing, but of low cost, which uses raw materials found in the region, could benefit a large number of individuals. It has been shown that the use of rice bran oil induces lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine synthesis, increased hematopoiesis and phagocytic activity of macrophages. The objectives of this study were to test the effectiveness of rice oil topical use and assess both the injured tissue and blood to evaluate its action on factors that act in healing. Methods: Circular surgical wounds were produced by excision of skin with a scalpel in the back of rats (45, divided into three groups), then applied saline solution or essentials fatty acids or rice bran oil (patent BR 10 2012 0087 18 9). The healing process was evaluated by histological examination and quantification of tissue (by real time PCR) and serum (by ELISA technique), factors that act in healing, namely leptin, IL-2, IL -4, IL-6, IGF-1, adiponectin, IL-12, IFN-?, IFN-? and TNF-?. Compared with control, there was significant difference in the cellularity of the wound healing area and systemic action of the product detected by the increases in serum levels of adiponectin, leptin, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-? and IFN -?. The results of this study may be useful to the Brazilian or international pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industry
Mestrado
Clinica Medica
Mestre em Clinica Medica
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Barbosa, Michele Beniti. "Utilização de resíduos de cinza de casca de arroz e borracha de pneus em concreto de alto desempenho /". Ilha Solteira : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91484.
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Orientador: Jorge Luis AkasakiBanca: Marco Antonio Morais Alcantara
Banca: Osny Pellegrino Ferreira
Resumo: Esta dissertação aborda a aplicação da tecnologia dos concretos de alto desempenho (CAD) para a produção de concretos com incorporação dos resíduos: a cinza de casca de arroz-CCA (Amorfa e Cristalina), através da substituição em massa de parte do material aglomerante e borracha de pneu em substituição parcial do agregado miúdo em volume, avaliando suas influências sobre as propriedades mecânicas e durabilidade; através da comparação dos resultados com o uso da sílica ativa e borracha e outro sem incorporação mineral e borracha. Os concretos com incorporação de cinzas (Amorfa e Cristalina) e Borracha apresentaram superioridade das propriedades mecânicas e boa resistência à abrasão e à resistência ao impacto, em relação ao concreto sem incorporação mineral e Borracha. Quanto à forma de ruptura, os CAD com resíduos de borracha apresentaram comportamentos diferenciados. Baseando-se nos valores da relação entre resistência à tração e resistência à compressão e da relação do módulo unitário, para os concretos CCA-A e Borracha e CCA-C e Borracha, foi possível verificar a redução da fragilidade e aumento da capacidade de absorção de energia. A incorporação de resíduos de cinza de casca de arroz e borracha de pneu ao CAD demonstraram viabilidade de uso como função estrutural, devido essencialmente ao bom desempenho das propriedades... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This dissertation broaches the application of high performance concrete (HPC) technology with residue incorporation: the rice husk ash-RHA (Amorphous and Crystalline) through the mass substitution of the gathering material and tire rubber in a partial substitution of the tiny aggregate in volume, evaluating the influence on the mechanic properties and durability through the comparison of the results with using silica fume and rubber and another without mineral incorporation and rubber. The concrete with ashes incorporation (Amorphous and Crystalline) and rubber presented superiority of mechanic properties and good abrasion by strength and impact strength, in relation to concrete without mineral incorporation and rubber As regards to rupture form, the high performance concrete with rubber residue presented different behavior. Based on the values of the relation between the splitting tensile strength and compression strength to and the relation of the unitary module, to the concretes RHA-A and rubber and RHA-C and rubber, it was possible to verify the breakability reduction and the increasing of energy absorption capacity. The incorporation the residues of rice husk ash and of tire rubber he HPC showed the feasibility the use as structure function, essentially due to the good performance... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Barbosa, Michele Beniti [UNESP]. "Utilização de resíduos de cinza de casca de arroz e borracha de pneus em concreto de alto desempenho". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91484.
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barbosa_mb_me_ilha.pdf: 2381622 bytes, checksum: 314a121bac9351c9f13f6e321c25d4fd (MD5)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Araca Renovadora de Pneus
Camargo Correa Cimentos S.A
Cesp
Esta dissertação aborda a aplicação da tecnologia dos concretos de alto desempenho (CAD) para a produção de concretos com incorporação dos resíduos: a cinza de casca de arroz-CCA (Amorfa e Cristalina), através da substituição em massa de parte do material aglomerante e borracha de pneu em substituição parcial do agregado miúdo em volume, avaliando suas influências sobre as propriedades mecânicas e durabilidade; através da comparação dos resultados com o uso da sílica ativa e borracha e outro sem incorporação mineral e borracha. Os concretos com incorporação de cinzas (Amorfa e Cristalina) e Borracha apresentaram superioridade das propriedades mecânicas e boa resistência à abrasão e à resistência ao impacto, em relação ao concreto sem incorporação mineral e Borracha. Quanto à forma de ruptura, os CAD com resíduos de borracha apresentaram comportamentos diferenciados. Baseando-se nos valores da relação entre resistência à tração e resistência à compressão e da relação do módulo unitário, para os concretos CCA-A e Borracha e CCA-C e Borracha, foi possível verificar a redução da fragilidade e aumento da capacidade de absorção de energia. A incorporação de resíduos de cinza de casca de arroz e borracha de pneu ao CAD demonstraram viabilidade de uso como função estrutural, devido essencialmente ao bom desempenho das propriedades...
This dissertation broaches the application of high performance concrete (HPC) technology with residue incorporation: the rice husk ash-RHA (Amorphous and Crystalline) through the mass substitution of the gathering material and tire rubber in a partial substitution of the tiny aggregate in volume, evaluating the influence on the mechanic properties and durability through the comparison of the results with using silica fume and rubber and another without mineral incorporation and rubber. The concrete with ashes incorporation (Amorphous and Crystalline) and rubber presented superiority of mechanic properties and good abrasion by strength and impact strength, in relation to concrete without mineral incorporation and rubber As regards to rupture form, the high performance concrete with rubber residue presented different behavior. Based on the values of the relation between the splitting tensile strength and compression strength to and the relation of the unitary module, to the concretes RHA-A and rubber and RHA-C and rubber, it was possible to verify the breakability reduction and the increasing of energy absorption capacity. The incorporation the residues of rice husk ash and of tire rubber he HPC showed the feasibility the use as structure function, essentially due to the good performance... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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FERREIRA, Leandro Martins. "Caracter?sticas morfol?gicas, fisiol?gicas e transcriptoma em variedades de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) contrastantes quanto a toler?ncia ao estresse h?drico". Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2017. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/2173.
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CAPES
Faperj
CNPq
Among the abiotic stress, drought is a major environmental stress seriously limiting plant growth and crop productivity. Rice is one of the most important staple food crops in the world and requires a larger quantity of water to produce, once it is a crop extremely sensitive to drought stress. For this reason, to obtain rice plants that cope with drought stress without major reduction in productivity is the challenge for breeding programs nowadays. This work aimed: (i) identify upland rice varieties with contrasting drought tolerance through the evaluation of morphological and physiological traits, (ii) analyse root parameters which could explain the differences between tolerant and sensitive varieties to the drought stress and, (iii) identify new biotechnological targets related with the tolerance through transcript profile analysis in the contrasting varieties. Six experiments were performed, two in greenhouse and four in growth chamber conditions. The experimental design adopted was completely randomized. The first experiment started with ten rice varieties submitted to control and stress conditions during the reproductive stage. The contrasting varieties were selected based on morphological and physiological traits. Experiments from II to IV aimed to correlate the tolerance to the drought stress with the root development and morphology. Experiment V aimed to evaluate the regulation of genes related to the drought tolerance and the experiment VI aimed to analyse the differential expression of genes through the RNAseq analysis in rice roots. Data obtained from the productivity components, tolerance index and multivariate analysis through the evaluation of morphological and physiological traits allowed to identify Catet?o and Piau? variety as the most tolerant and Quebra Cacho and Mira as the most sensitive. Drought tolerance was correlated with a lower root angle and increase in the root density and emission of lateral roots by Catet?o variety during drought stress. Moreover, Catet?o variety has showed higher expression levels and early induction of genes and transcription factors related with drought tolerance. The RNAseq analysis allowed to identify several potential genes which can be used in future breeding programs aimimg the improvement of drought tolerance in rice.
Dentre os estresses abi?ticos que podem limitar o crescimento das culturas agr?colas, a seca ? considerada um dos principais, sendo capaz de reduzir consideravelmente a produ??o global de alimentos. O arroz ? uma das mais importantes culturas agr?colas do mundo e sua produ??o demanda grande quantidade de ?gua, pois ? uma esp?cie extremamente sens?vel ao d?ficit h?drico. Portanto, a obten??o de plantas de arroz que lidam com o estresse h?drico, sem redu??o significativa de produtividade ? um desafio para os programas de melhoramento atuais. Este trabalho teve como objetivos: (i) identificar variedades de arroz de sequeiro contrastantes quanto ? toler?ncia ao estresse h?drico por meio da avalia??o de caracter?sticas morfol?gicas e fisiol?gicas, (ii) analisar par?metros radiculares que possam explicar a diferen?a entre variedades tolerantes e sens?veis ao estresse h?drico e, (iii) identificar novos alvos biotecnol?gicos envolvidos com essa toler?ncia por meio da an?lise do perfil de transcritos nas variedades de arroz contrastantes. Foram realizados seis experimentos, sendo dois em casa de vegeta??o e quatro em c?mara de crescimento. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado. O primeiro experimento iniciou com dez variedades de arroz submetidas a condi??o controle e estresse h?drico durante o per?odo reprodutivo. As variedades contrastantes foram selecionadas com base em caracter?sticas morfol?gicas e fisiol?gicas analisadas. Os experimentos II a IV foram realizados a fim de correlacionar a toler?ncia ao estresse com o desenvolvimento e morfologia do sistema radicular. O experimento V foi realizado para avaliar a regula??o de genes relacionados a toler?ncia ao estresse h?drico e o experimento VI teve como objetivo analisar a express?o diferencial de genes por meio da t?cnica de RNA-seq em ra?zes de arroz. Os dados obtidos dos componentes de produtividade, ?ndices de toler?ncia ao estresse e an?lise multivariada das caracter?sticas morfol?gicas e fisiol?gicas permitiram identificar as variedades Catet?o e Piau? como as mais tolerantes ao estresse h?drico, e Quebra Cacho e Mira como as mais sens?veis. Foi observado que a toler?ncia ao estresse h?drico est? correlacionada com o menor ?ngulo radicular, aumento da densidade e emiss?o de ra?zes laterais em condi??es de d?ficit h?drico na variedade Catet?o. Al?m disso, essa variedade mostra indu??o r?pida e elevados n?veis de express?o de genes e fatores de transcri??o relacionados ? toler?ncia ao estresse h?drico em arroz. Por meio do sequenciamento do RNA foi poss?vel identificar diversos genes com potencial para serem utilizados em programas de melhoramento visando o aumento da toler?ncia ao estresse h?drico em arroz.
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Vasconcelos, Antonio Rogério Brizante de. "Análise experimental da durabilidade de concretos de alto desempenho com adição de resíduo de borracha de pneu e cinza da casca de arroz /". Ilha Solteira : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91446.
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Orientador: Jorge Luís AkasakiBanca: Haroldo de Mayo Bernardes
Banca: João Adriano Rossignolo
Resumo: Desde a década de 70 o Brasil vem apresentando uma maior quantidade de estruturas de concreto armado em deterioração. A preocupação com a durabilidade destas estruturas tornou-se motivo de inúmeras pesquisas visando contribuir com a qualidade e com a redução dos custos com manutenção e reparos. Este trabalho avaliou a durabilidade do concreto de alto desempenho com adições, substituindo parte de cimento e agregados presentes no concreto pela cinza da casca de arroz e borracha de pneu respectivamente. Os ensaios de durabilidade submeteram os concretos a diversos processos de degradação, como a ação da água, temperatura, sais e solução ácida. Com a análise dos resultados foi possível verificar a interferência das adições no combate às ações deletérias no concreto para os traços dosados com Sílica Ativa, Cinza da Casca de Arroz e estes dois com a adição de borracha de pneu. Em geral o estudo mostrou que a durabilidade não foi comprometida com adição dos resíduos, além disso, a borracha mostrou-se muito eficaz no combate a ação de agentes químicos, a altas temperaturas e a entrada de água. A CCA mesmo com maior diâmetro de suas partículas conseguiu resultados similares à relação à Sílica Ativa. Os resultados também mostraram os tipos de aplicação para os concretos produzidos, em relação a sua durabilidade. Para obras que necessitam de elevada resistência à compressão, expostas à água sob pressão e com contenção à entrada de íons cloreto, os traços sem borracha foram mais favoráveis. Para obras hidráulicas com baixa pressão hidrostática, que necessitam de resistência ao ataque químico e contenção de fissurações por altas temperaturas, os traços contendo borracha apresentaram melhores resultados
Abstract: Since the decade of 70 Brazil is presenting a growing degradation in their structures of armed concrete. The concern with the durability of these structures became motivate of countless researches seeking to contribute with the quality and with the reduction of the costs with maintenance and repairs. This work evaluated the behavior of the durability of the high-performance concrete with additions, substituting part of cement and aggregates, in the concrete, for the rice husk ash and tire rubber respectively. The rehearsals of durability submitted the concretes to several degradation processes, as the action of the water, temperature, salts and acid solution. With the analysis of the results it was possible to verify the interference of the additions in the combat to the harmful actions in the concrete for the mixes with silica fume, rice husk ash and these two with the addition of tire rubber. In general the study showed that the durability was not committed with addition of the residues, besides, the tire rubber showed very effective in the combat of action of chemical agents, to high temperatures and the entrance of water. Same rice husk ash with larger diameter of their particles had similar results to the silica fume. The results also showed the application types for the produced of those concretes, in relation to durability. For works that need high resistance to the compression, exposed to the water under pressure and with contention to the entrance of chlorides, the lines without tire rubber were more favorable. For hydraulic works with low water pressure, that need resistance to the chemical attack and contention of cracks for high temperatures, the lines containing tire rubber presented better results
Mestre
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Vasconcelos, Antonio Rogério Brizante de [UNESP]. "Análise experimental da durabilidade de concretos de alto desempenho com adição de resíduo de borracha de pneu e cinza da casca de arroz". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91446.
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Desde a década de 70 o Brasil vem apresentando uma maior quantidade de estruturas de concreto armado em deterioração. A preocupação com a durabilidade destas estruturas tornou-se motivo de inúmeras pesquisas visando contribuir com a qualidade e com a redução dos custos com manutenção e reparos. Este trabalho avaliou a durabilidade do concreto de alto desempenho com adições, substituindo parte de cimento e agregados presentes no concreto pela cinza da casca de arroz e borracha de pneu respectivamente. Os ensaios de durabilidade submeteram os concretos a diversos processos de degradação, como a ação da água, temperatura, sais e solução ácida. Com a análise dos resultados foi possível verificar a interferência das adições no combate às ações deletérias no concreto para os traços dosados com Sílica Ativa, Cinza da Casca de Arroz e estes dois com a adição de borracha de pneu. Em geral o estudo mostrou que a durabilidade não foi comprometida com adição dos resíduos, além disso, a borracha mostrou-se muito eficaz no combate a ação de agentes químicos, a altas temperaturas e a entrada de água. A CCA mesmo com maior diâmetro de suas partículas conseguiu resultados similares à relação à Sílica Ativa. Os resultados também mostraram os tipos de aplicação para os concretos produzidos, em relação a sua durabilidade. Para obras que necessitam de elevada resistência à compressão, expostas à água sob pressão e com contenção à entrada de íons cloreto, os traços sem borracha foram mais favoráveis. Para obras hidráulicas com baixa pressão hidrostática, que necessitam de resistência ao ataque químico e contenção de fissurações por altas temperaturas, os traços contendo borracha apresentaram melhores resultados
Since the decade of 70 Brazil is presenting a growing degradation in their structures of armed concrete. The concern with the durability of these structures became motivate of countless researches seeking to contribute with the quality and with the reduction of the costs with maintenance and repairs. This work evaluated the behavior of the durability of the high-performance concrete with additions, substituting part of cement and aggregates, in the concrete, for the rice husk ash and tire rubber respectively. The rehearsals of durability submitted the concretes to several degradation processes, as the action of the water, temperature, salts and acid solution. With the analysis of the results it was possible to verify the interference of the additions in the combat to the harmful actions in the concrete for the mixes with silica fume, rice husk ash and these two with the addition of tire rubber. In general the study showed that the durability was not committed with addition of the residues, besides, the tire rubber showed very effective in the combat of action of chemical agents, to high temperatures and the entrance of water. Same rice husk ash with larger diameter of their particles had similar results to the silica fume. The results also showed the application types for the produced of those concretes, in relation to durability. For works that need high resistance to the compression, exposed to the water under pressure and with contention to the entrance of chlorides, the lines without tire rubber were more favorable. For hydraulic works with low water pressure, that need resistance to the chemical attack and contention of cracks for high temperatures, the lines containing tire rubber presented better results
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Rockenbach, Bruno Artur. "Efeitos do tempo de espera, temperatura de secagem e tempo de armazenamento sobre propriedades tecnológicas e compostos fenólicos de grãos de arroz com pericarpo vermelho". Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2018. http://guaiaca.ufpel.edu.br:8080/handle/prefix/4098.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
O arroz é um dos principais cereais produzidos e consumidos no Brasil e no mundo. A maior parcela do grão cultivado pertence ao arroz de pericarpo marrom, porém nos últimos anos tem crescido a procura dos consumidores a grãos que apresentem o pericarpo pigmentado devido principalmente aos benefícios proporcionados pelos mesmos a saúde. O arroz é colhido com umidade elevada sendo a secagem uma etapa fundamental para a manutenção da qualidade e do valor nutritivo do produto. Objetivou-se, no primeiro estudo, avaliar os efeitos imediatos e latentes provocados pelo tempo de espera para a secagem (imediata, 3 e 6 dias), bem como a temperatura de acondicionamento do material durante o período de espera (15° e 25°C) sobre os principais indicadores da qualidade do produto armazenado durante 12 meses. Os resultados deste primeiro estudo, mostram que o perfil colorimétrico dos grãos sofre alterações significativas como consequência das variações provocadas pelo tempo de espera para a secagem em compostos fenólicos e proantocianidinas. As propriedades químicas, físicas, industriais e de cocção dos grãos também são alteradas negativamente em função do tempo de espera, porém o arrefecimento da massa atenua os seus efeitos. Um segundo estudo teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos imediatos e latentes da temperatura (40°, 60°, 80° e 100°C) empregada na secagem, realizada em secador de leito-fixo, bem como avaliar os efeitos da secagem natural, ao sol e, da secagem intermitente em escala industrial, sobre os principais parâmetros de avaliação da qualidade desses grãos durante 12 meses de armazenamento. Os resultados obtidos no segundo estudo indicam que a utilização de altas temperaturas na secagem provocam distúrbios fisiológicos e causam alterações negativas nos parâmetros químicos, físicos, industriais e de cocção dos grãos. Os compostos bioativos são afetados negativamente nos grãos submetidos a secagem na temperatura de 100°C. A utilização de temperaturas iguais ou inferiores a 60°C melhor preservaram o valor nutritivo e as qualidades industriais e de cocção dos grãos.
Rice is one of the main cereals produced and consumed in Brazil and the world. Most of the grain grown belongs to the brown pericarp rice, but in the last years the demand of the consumers has been increased to the grains that present the pigmented pericarp due mainly to the health benefits provided by them. The rice is harvested with high humidity and drying is a key step in maintaining the quality and nutritional value of the product. The objective of this study was to evaluate the immediate and latent effects caused by the waiting time for drying (immediate, 3 and 6 days), as well as the material storage temperature during the waiting period (15 ° and 25 ° C) on the main indicators of product quality stored for 12 months. The results of this first study show that the colorimetric profile of the grains undergoes significant changes as a consequence of the variations caused by the waiting time for drying in phenolic compounds and proanthocyanidins. The chemical, physical, industrial and cooking properties of the grains are also negatively altered due to the waiting time, but the cooling of the mass attenuates its effects. A second study aimed at evaluating the immediate and latent effects of temperature (40 °, 60 °, 80 ° and 100 ° C) used in drying in a bed-fixed dryer, as well as to evaluate the effects of natural drying, sun and intermittent drying on an industrial scale on the main parameters of evaluation of the quality of these grains during 12 months of storage. The results obtained in the second study indicate that the use of high temperatures in drying causes physiological disturbances and causes negative changes in the chemical, physical, industrial and cooking parameters of the grains. The bioactive compounds are adversely affected in the beans subjected to drying at a temperature of 100 ° C. The use of temperatures equal to or less than 60 ° C better preserved the nutritional value and the industrial and cooking qualities of the grains.
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Popken, Anke. "Drivers’ reliance on lane keeping assistance systems as a function of the level of assistance". Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-201000382.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Fahrerassistenzsysteme werden zunehmend in Fahrzeuge eingebaut mit dem Ziel, den Fahrer beim Fahren zu unterstützen, Fahrfehler zu vermeiden und damit die Fahrsicherheit zu erhöhen. Derzeit sind häufig Systeme im Einsatz, die den Fahrer vor bestimmten Sicherheitsrisiken warnen (z.B. vor einem unbeabsichtigten Verlassen der Fahrspur). Der Trend geht aber hin zu Systemen, die stärker ins Fahrgeschehen eingreifen und somit Teile der Fahraufgabe automatisieren (z.B. selbständig die Spurhaltung des Fahrzeugs übernehmen). Aus der Forschung zur Mensch-Maschine Interaktion ist jedoch bekannt, dass Automatisierung nicht zwangsläufig zur Erhöhung von Sicherheit führt, sondern dass sie vielmehr auch unerwünschte Nebeneffekte für Performanz und Sicherheit mit sich bringen kann in dem Maße, wie Menschen an die veränderten Aufgabenanforderungen adaptieren. Im Straßenverkehr wird insbesondere befürchtet, dass Fahrer sich zu stark auf Fahrerassistenzsysteme verlassen, sich teilweise aus der Fahraufgabe zurückziehen („abschalten“) und ihre Aufmerksamkeit fahrfremden Dingen widmen. Dies kann unter Umständen dazu führen, dass Fahrer im Falle von Systemfehlern oder –ausfällen nicht mehr in der Lage sind rechtzeitig und angemessen einzugreifen bzw. die Kontrolle über das Fahrzeug zu übernehmen. Ziel der Dissertation war es zu untersuchen, inwieweit sich die Involviertheit von Fahrern in die Fahraufgabe verändert je stärker sie durch ein Assistenzsystem unterstützt werden (d.h., je stärker das System Teile der Fahraufgabe automatisiert). Um dies zu untersuchen wurden zwei theoretische Konzepte herangezogen: a) das Verlassen der Fahrer (auf ein System) und b) das Situationsbewusstsein der Fahrer. Basierend auf einer umfassenden Analyse der Forschungsliteratur zum Thema Automatisierung wurde ein theoretisches Rahmenmodell entwickelt, welches Veränderungen in der Involviertheit des Fahrers in die Fahraufgabe auf menschliche Adaptationsprozesse auf verschiedenen Ebenen zurückführt, die sich in Folge der veränderten Aufgabenanforderungen durch zunehmende Automatisierung ergeben. Dazu zählen Veränderungen in Einstellungen, sowie in kognitiven, energetischen, und motivationalen Prozessen. Um Veränderungen in diesen Prozessen zu untersuchen, wurde eine Vielzahl an objektiven und subjektiven Maßen erhoben. Hauptgegenstand der Dissertation ist eine umfangreiche Fahrsimulatorstudie im Fahrsimulator mit Bewegungsplattform bei VTI (Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute) in Linköping, Schweden. Dabei kamen zwei Querführungsassistenzsysteme (ein Heading Control System und ein Lane Departure Warning System) zum Einsatz, die den Fahrer in unterschiedlichem Maße bei der Spurhaltung unterstützten. Im Gegensatz zu einem Großteil der bisherigen Studien wurden prozessorientierte Performanzmaße zur Erfassung des Verlassens der Fahrer auf die Assistenzsysteme und des Situationsbewusstseins der Fahrer verwendet. Das Verlassen der Fahrer auf die Querführungsassistenzsysteme wurde durch Blickverhaltensmaße über die Bereitschaft der Fahrer erfasst, ihre visuelle Aufmerksamkeit von der Straße ab hin zu einer Zweitaufgabe im Fahrzeuginnenraum zu wenden. Zur Messung des Situationsbewusstseins der Fahrer wurden Fahrverhaltensmaße herangezogen welche als Indikator für die Schnelligkeit und Abruptheit der Reaktionen der Fahrer auf unerwartete kritische Fahrsituationen dienten. Ein Hauptbefund der Dissertation war, dass die Fahrer sich signifikant im Ausmaß ihres Verlassens auf einen hohen Grad an Assistenz unterschieden. Diese interindividuelle Varianz im Verlassen der Fahrer auf einen hohen Grad an Assistenz konnte am besten durch das Vertrauen der Fahrer in das Querführungsassistenzsystem und ihr Aktivierungsniveau erklärt werden: Je höher das Vertrauen der Fahrer in das System und je geringer ihr Aktivierungsniveau, desto stärker verließen sie sich auf das System. Individuelle Fahrermerkmale (Fahrstil) erklärten einen signifikanten Anteil der Varianz im Vertrauen der Fahrer in die Spurhalteassistenzsysteme. (ersetzt wegen neuem Herausgeber)Advanced driver assistance systems are increasingly built in vehicles with the aim to support drivers while driving, to reduce driver errors and thereby to increase traffic safety. At present, these systems are often designed to warn drivers of specific safety risks (e.g., of an imminent departure from the driving lane). However, there is a trend towards systems that more strongly intervene in driving and that hence, automate parts of the driving task (e.g., autonomously keep the vehicle within the driving lane). However, research on human-machine interaction has shown that automation does not necessarily increase safety, but that it may also lead to unanticipated side effects on performance and safety to the extent that humans adapt to the changing task demands. A major concern in road traffic is that drivers rely too heavily on driver assistance systems, become less actively involved in the driving task, and divert their attention to things unrelated to driving. Thus, in the case of system malfunctions or failures, drivers possibly may not be prepared to intervene timely and accordingly and to regain control over the vehicle, respectively. The aim of this dissertation was to investigate changes in drivers’ active engagement in the driving task as a function of the degree to which they are supported by a driver assistance system (i.e., as a function of the degree to which the system automates the driving task). Drivers’ active task engagement was studied by referring to two theoretical concepts: a) drivers’ reliance (on a system) and b) drivers’ situation awareness. Based on an extensive review of previous research on automation, a conceptual theoretical framework was developed that links changes in operators’ active task engagement to human adaptation processes on different levels in response to the changing task demands due to automation. Among them are changes in human attitudes as well as in cognitive, motivational and energetic processes. In order to determine the relative influence of these processes, a range of objective and subjective measures was collected. The essential part of the dissertation is an extensive driving simulator study in an advanced moving-base driving simulator at VTI (Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute) in Linköping, Sweden. Two lateral support systems (a Heading Control system and a Lane Departure Warning system) were implemented which assisted drivers to different degrees in lane keeping. Contrary to most previous automation studies, drivers’ reliance on the lane keeping assistance systems and their situation awareness were studied by using process-oriented performance-based measures. Drivers’ reliance on the lane keeping assistance systems was assessed by eye glance behaviour measures indicating drivers’ preparedness to allocate their visual attention away from the road scene to an in-vehicle secondary task. Drivers’ situation awareness was assessed by behavioural measures of the latency and magnitude of drivers’ initial reactions to unexpected critical driving situations. A major finding of the study was that drivers differed significantly in their reliance on a high level of lane keeping assistance. This interindividual variance in drivers’ reliance on higher-level assistance could be best explained by drivers’ trust in the system and their energetic arousal: The greater drivers’ trust in the system and the lower their arousal, the more did they rely on the system. Individual driver variables (driving style) explained a significant proportion of the variance in drivers’ trust in the lane keeping assistance systems. (replaced because a new publisher)
30
Chao, Ching-Pang, i 趙經邦. "Cost-Benefit Analysis with Arrow of Time". Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09500143426723994328.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
碩士國立中興大學
公共行政及政策研究所
85
Because of discounting , the corresponding weight of benefit invested in long-run environmental issues becomes very small . The study questions the logic of discounting for the issues . We find that if there is inconsistency of time preference , traditional cost-benefit analysis based on utility ofsomeone time-point will lose its value of application . In the premise of arrow of time , we divude utility of anyone time-point into real utility and imaginary utility , and assume men will feel different utility to same experience for time-gap of one year . Discounting for future and depreciating for past , the utility of every year of the project or policy is added up to get the cost-benefit analysis with arrow of time .
31
Amer, Ali Mahmoud. "Calibration and performance of the time-of-flight system used in the study of the exclusive [arrow over]np [arrow] pp[pi-] reaction". 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/17491.
Pełny tekst źródła
32
Tsai, Chen-Yu, i 蔡承鈺. "Fabrication of ARROW-B SPR Biosensors and Its Application to Real-Time Immunoassay". Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/20747102193370048293.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
碩士國立交通大學
電子工程系所
96
In this thesis, an ARROW-B SPR sensor used in aqueous environment has been investigated. ARROW-B waveguide with a thick guiding region provides efficient coupling with a single-mode fiber, and the propagation behavior can be modulated by adjusting the structure. Modal characteristics of ARROW-B are analyzed with simulation and designed for obtaining optimum sensitivity in aqueous environment. The waveguides in front and rear of the SPR sensing region have symmetric cladding structure to improve the immunity against environmental changes, and the sensing region is configured with a liquid flow channel which assists bioagents in attaching to the gold surface for reaction. Then we submit the sensors in application to real-time immunoassay, and attain 10-10 g/ml of concentration of mouse IgG in detection limit. The power differences have a approximately linear relation with the concentration of mouse IgG between 10-10 and 10-7 g/ml. Using the Atomic Force Microscopy, the biomolecules binding to the gold surface are visualized. Finally, the specific immunoassay of antibody-antigen conjugate is demonstrated.
33
Lin, Zheng-Wen, i 林政文. "Fabrication of ARROW-B SPR Biosensors for Real-Time Detection of Protein Kinase A Activity". Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/24373859375112653168.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
碩士國立交通大學
電子研究所
100
In this study, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors with antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide of type B (ARROW-B) structure have been investigated. The ARROW-B SPR biosensors was proposed to provide label-free, high-throughput, and highly sensitivity characteristics to detect the biomolecular interaction for the aqueous environment in real time. Moreover, The ARROW-B waveguide with a thick guiding region provides efficient coupling with a single-mode fiber. Modal characteristics of ARROW-B are analyzed with simulation and designed for obtaining optimum sensitivity in aqueous environment. The design and fabrication process of the ARROW-B sensor chips are described and discussed. For the bioassay experiments, the protein kinase A (PKA) activity is detected. PKA is a kind of enzyme, and its function is to catalyze the phosphorylation. The phosphorylation is common and indispensable in metabolism. In summary, the measurement results have shown that the ARROW-B SPR biosensors can be applied to detect the PKA activity quantitatively in real time.
34
Howard, Lucian Hugh. "About Time". Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/101463.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This is a thesis about time. It is also a thesis about how
philosophers argue about time.
In the first part of the thesis I introduce two key positions in
contemporary philosophical debate about time: presentism, and
eternalism. Initially I define these competing positions using
the standard existence-oriented definitions one commonly finds in
the literature. However, I later argue that the standard
definitions lead to confusion, and suggest that new definitions -
based on the notion of concreteness - are to be preferred.
In the second part of the thesis I look at the way that
presentism and eternalism are positioned in the current temporal
debate. I note that the presentist position is considered to be
intuitively compelling, but that eternalism is regarded as being
better supported by special relativity. I examine the place that
common-sense has in philosophy, and explain why presentists
continue to argue for their position despite the unambiguous
scientific (and philosophical) evidence arrayed against it. I
suggest that the standard arguments against presentism, while
compelling, are unlikely to move presentists to reject
presentism, as they fail to engage with presentism's underlying
motivations.
In the final part of the thesis I argue against the presentist
position by demonstrating that presentism is incompatible with
the motivations generally taken to support it. I look at the way
that everyday experience fails to mesh with presentism's account
of the present, and then ask whether presentism's ontology is
rich enough to support the arrow of time. In the end I argue that
presentism is unable to support either everyday experience or a
preferred temporal direction, and that presentism should be
rejected as a result.
35
"Perturbations in The Arrow of Time: Computational and Procedural Dissociations of Timing and Non-Timing Processes". Doctoral diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.51606.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
abstract: Timing performance is sensitive to fluctuations in time and motivation, thus interval timing and motivation are either inseparable or conflated processes. A behavioral systems model (e.g., Timberlake, 2000) of timing performance (Chapter 1) suggests that timing performance in externally-initiated (EI) procedures conflates behavioral modes differentially sensitive to motivation, but that response-initiated (RI) procedures potentially dissociate these behavioral modes. That is, timing performance in RI procedures is expected to not conflate these behavioral modes. According to the discriminative RI hypothesis, as initiating-responses become progressively discriminable from target responses, initiating-responses increasingly dissociate interval timing and motivation. Rats were trained in timing procedures in which a switch from a Short to a Long interval indexes timing performance (a latency-to-switch, LTS), and were then challenged with pre-feeding and extinction probes. In experiments 1 (Chapter 2) and 2 (Chapter 3), discriminability of initiating-responses was varied as a function of time, location, and form for rats trained in a switch-timing procedure. In experiment 3 (Chapter 4), the generalizability of the discriminative RI hypothesis was evaluated in rats trained in a temporal bisection procedure. In experiment 3, but not 1 and 2, RI enhanced temporal control of LTSs relative to EI. In experiments 1 and 2, the robustness of LTS medians to pre-feeding but not extinction increased with the discriminability of initiating-responses from target responses. In experiment 3, the mean LTS was robust to pre-feeding in EI and RI. In all three experiments, pre-feeding increased LTS variability in EI and RI. These results provide moderate support for the discriminative RI hypothesis, indicating that initiating-responses selectively and partially dissociate interval timing and motivation processes. Implications for the study of cognition and motivation processes are discussed (Chapter 5).Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Psychology 2018
36
Li, Chung-Yu, i 李昌昱. "Fabrication of ARROW-B SPR Biosensors and Using the Biosensors for Real-Time Detection of Proteinase Activity". Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84173429325374892270.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
碩士國立交通大學
電子工程系所
98
In this thesis, the fabrication process of ARROW-B SPR sensors used in aqueous environment has been investigated. The sensors are used for real-time detection of proteinase activity. ARROW-B waveguide with a thick guiding region provides efficient coupling with a single-mode fiber. The waveguides in front and rear of the SPR sensing region have symmetric cladding structure to improve the immunity against environmental changes, and the sensing region is configured with a liquid flow channel which enables biomolecules to adhere to the Au surface. Then we apply the sensors in real-time detection of the degradation of gelatin by MMP2. We could tell from the SPR curve that ONO-4817 of 186.88 nM could totally inhibit the activity of 0.5 μl MMP2 of 0.1 μg/μl.
37
Weinert, Friedel. "The Time-Symmetric Gold Universe Reconsidered". 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/10680.
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yesThe present article proposes to re-examine the parity-of-reasoning or double-standard fallacy argument, which favours a time-symmetric Gold universe model over a cosmological arrow of time. There are two reasons for this re-examination. One is empirical: 1) the recent discovery of an expanding and accelerating universe questions the symmetry assumption of the Gold universe on empirical grounds; 2) the other is theoretical: the argument from t-symmetry fails to take into account some important aspects of the topology of phase space and recently developed typicality arguments. If the parity-of-reasoning argument, which depends on the t-symmetry of probability, is reconsidered in terms of the topology of phase space and typicality arguments, the double-standard fallacy argument loses much of its appeal. The Gold universe model itself suffers from unexplained dynamic asymmetries. The upshot of this paper is that the Gold universe model is implausible or far less plausible than asymmetric models.
38
Chang, Su-Wei, i 張書維. "Fabrication of ARROW-B SPR Biosensors and Using the Biosensors for Real-Time Detection of Immunoassay and Proteinase Activity". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59823923732929727781.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
碩士國立交通大學
電子研究所
100
In this study, a Si-based ARROW-B SPR biosensor used in aqueous environment has been investigated. The ARROW-B SPR biosensor was proposed to provide a label-free, real-time detection, and highly surface-sensitive platform to detect the bimolecular interactions. Modal characteristics of ARROW-B were analyzed with simulation and the devices were designed for obtaining optimum sensitivity in aqueous environment. The ARROW-B waveguide with a thick guiding region provides efficient coupling with a single-mode fiber. The waveguide in the front and the rear of the SPR sensing region have a symmetric cladding structure which can improve the immunity against environmental changes and elimmate the effect on the light propagation characteristics. The sensing region was configured with a liquid flow channel which assists bioagents in attaching to the surface for reaction. The sensors were applied in real-time detections of immunoassay and proteinase activity. In the experiments, the real-time immunoassay detection for mouse IgG and anti-mouse IgG antibody as well as the proteinase activity detection for trypsin, MMP2, and MMP7 were performed, which have verified the feasibility of devices.
39
Huang, Chi-Chieh, i 黃繼傑. "Real-Time Detection of α-Thrombin Binding to Single-Strand DNA Aptamers and Dengue Virus DNA Hybridization by ARROW-B SPR Biosensors". Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/73575633967046751075.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
碩士國立交通大學
電子工程系所
96
In this thesis, an antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide of type B (ARROW-B) surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor operating in the aqueous environment has been investigated. The ARROW-B SPR biosensor is proposed to provide a label-free, high-throughput and highly surface-sensitive platform to detect the bimolecular interactions in real time. The design and fabrication process of the ARROW-B SPR sensor chips are described and discussed. Besides, the primary analytes for the bioassay experiments are divided into two categories based on different binding characteristics. First, the real-time detection of α-thrombin binding to ssDNA aptamers was under in-depth investigation. The gold nanoparticles modified with anti-thrombin antibodies were employed to bind to the α-thrombins for signal amplification. The detection limit of this biosensor to α-thrombin was measured at 1 pM level, which was comparable to that of the Biacore 3000 system but at much lower cost. Second, the real-time detection of dengue virus ssDNA hybridization was studied. The dengue virus DNA probe was modified with a thiol group at one end to achieve effective immobilization on the Au surface, while the DNA target utilized the complementary sequence to bind to the immobilized probe. In summary, the measurement results have shown that the ARROW-B SPR biosensors can be applied to detect the ssDNA aptamer/α-thrombin interaction and dengue virus ssDNA hybridization both quantitatively and qualitatively in real time.
40
Micklethwait, Guy Roland. "Models of Time Travel: a comparative study using films". Phd thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/9486.
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This research identifies the way the science of time travel is presented to the public through the medium of feature films, and discovers if this can be used to construct a comprehensive set of models about time travel and its consequences.
There is no universally accepted understanding of what constitutes the nature of time. Even though the fundamental laws of physics do not prohibit time travel, scientists and philosophers do not agree about what would happen if backwards time travel ever became a reality.
I identified models that scientists and philosophers have produced about the nature of time, time travel and other temporal phenomena. I then determined the model of time used in each of the 100 time travel films that I reviewed. I also used a verbal survey to elicit the personal models of time travel for each participant of three focus groups I conducted with members of the movie-going public. I compared these models of time with the personal models used by members of the movie-going public and synthesised them to develop a comprehensive set of 21 models of time. The "guyline" diagrams that I devised proved to be a very useful tool for analysing how the timelines of the time travellers behaved in each film.
My research has shown that an investigation of time travel in films can indeed be used to construct useful models of time based on the evidence of the 21 models that I developed. Furthermore, I showed that both my models of time travel and my guyline diagrams helped to structure conversations about time with members of the movie-going public. The findings of this thesis can be used by scientists, philosophers, filmmakers and the public to help them clarify our thinking about time travel, the nature of time, how it is communicated, and also in future research.
41
Montminy, David. "La flèche du temps : analyse philosophique d'une métaphore scientifique". Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12578.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Le problème de la direction du temps est un problème classique autant en physique qu’en philosophie. Quoiqu’il existe plusieurs façons de s’interroger sur ce problème, l’approche thermodynamique est la plus fréquemment utilisée. Cette approche consiste à considérer la flèche du temps thermodynamique comme la flèche fondamentale de laquelle les autres flèches ne sont que des manifestations. Ce mémoire vise à fournir une analyse philosophique de cette approche. Pour ce faire, nous esquisserons la problématique générale, nous exposerons les différentes approches et théories alternatives visant à résoudre ce problème et nous présenterons la thèse forte soutenant l’approche thermodynamique. Ensuite, nous évaluerons la pertinence du recours à la mécanique statistique et à la cosmologie visant à remédier aux déficiences de cette même approche. Enfin, nous analyserons en quoi cette approche, et plus particulièrement la notion d’entropie, est en mesure de fournir un cadre conceptuel pour la résolution du problème de la flèche du temps.The problem of the direction of time is a classical problem in both physics and philosophy. Although there are various ways to tackle this problem, the thermodynamic approach is the most commonly used. This approach considers the thermodynamic arrow of time as the fundamental arrow of which all others arrows are only manifestations. This essay aims to provide a philosophical analysis of this approach. To do this, we sketch the research question, we introduce various alternate theories and approaches set to answer this problem, and present the strong thesis underlying the thermodynamic approach. Then we will evaluate the use of statistical mechanics and cosmology that are used in attempt to mitigate the deficiencies of this approach. Finally, we will analyze how this approach, and more importantly the notion of entropy, can provide an adequate conceptual scheme to solve the problem of the arrow of time.
42
Gaut, Patricia J., University of Western Sydney i Faculty of Humanities. "The three arrows". 1995. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/31124.
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This thesis is an exploration of the concept of time and its influence on literature. It is presented through an original novel, ‘The three arrows’, a critical reflection on this work, and an essay exploring the catalyst of change generated by the perception of time. The novel is inspired by Stephen Hawking’s ‘A brief history of time’ and his ‘arrows of time’: the thermodynamic arrow, in which entropy increases; the psychological arrow, the direction in which we feel time pass; and the cosmological arrow, the direction of time in which the universe expands. The literary techniques adopted in the writing of the novel are discussed, as is the author’s research into the construction of time in literary discourse and its relationship to religious, philosophical, historical and psychological constructions. The catalytic force of scientific thought and discovery as it resonates through these fields is traced. Modernist and Postmodernist writing is examined, the Modernists with their technique of time-displacement and the Postmodernists with their exploration of randomness and discontinuity in the belief that it is the profound and discernable effect of the entropy and escalating change in a world of scientific uncertainty on the writing process itself.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
43
Weinert, Friedel. "Tracing the Arrows of Time". 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/10668.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
noOver the last century there have been a number of proposals to ground both local and cosmic arrows of time: from the Second law to the Growing Block Universe, from Decoherence to Earman’s time-direction heresy. The latter proposal rejects the traditional association of the Second law of thermodynamics with arrows of time. But it seems that notions like entropy and related notions – phase space volumes and typicality – are not easily banned from discussions of temporal arrows. A close reading of Eddington’s thinking on these questions reveals that his views underwent a considerable development. In particular Eddington abandoned his identification of the arrows of time with the increase in entropy and began to see the Second law as a criterion for temporal arrows. In the process, Eddington also developed an argument against Loschmidt’s reversibility objections, in terms of an expanding universe. This latter argument brings his contribution close to contemporary thinking in terms of Liouville’s theorem, the topology of phase space and typicality arguments. Their reliability to deliver arrows of time will therefore be considered. Are there arrows of time? This question is related to the epistemological views of both Eddington and Wheeler. They insisted on the role of inferences in scientific thinking. Physical reality was to be inferred from data (Eddington) or information (Wheeler) about the physical universe. The paper will conclude that the arrows of time are equally to be regarded as conceptual inferences from various physical criteria – not just entropy – which the universe makes available to us.
44
"Arrows of Time: A Transcription of Richard Peaslee's Trombone Solo for Brass Band". Doctoral diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.17785.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
abstract: This thesis presents a new arrangement of Richard Peaslee's trombone solo "Arrows of Time" for brass band. This arrangement adapts Peaslee's orchestration - and subsequent arrangement by Dr. Joshua Hauser for wind ensemble - for the modern brass band instrumentation and includes a full score. A brief biography of Richard Peaslee and his work accompanies this new arrangement, along with commentary on the orchestration of "Arrows of Time", and discussion of the evolution and adaptation of the work for wind ensemble by Dr. Hauser. The methodology used to adapt these versions for the brass band completes the background information.Dissertation/Thesis
D.M.A. Music 2013
45
Popken, Anke. "Drivers’ reliance on lane keeping assistance systems as a function of the level of assistance". Doctoral thesis, 2009. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A19288.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Fahrerassistenzsysteme werden zunehmend in Fahrzeuge eingebaut mit dem Ziel, den Fahrer beim Fahren zu unterstützen, Fahrfehler zu vermeiden und damit die Fahrsicherheit zu erhöhen. Derzeit sind häufig Systeme im Einsatz, die den Fahrer vor bestimmten Sicherheitsrisiken warnen (z.B. vor einem unbeabsichtigten Verlassen der Fahrspur). Der Trend geht aber hin zu Systemen, die stärker ins Fahrgeschehen eingreifen und somit Teile der Fahraufgabe automatisieren (z.B. selbständig die Spurhaltung des Fahrzeugs übernehmen). Aus der Forschung zur Mensch-Maschine Interaktion ist jedoch bekannt, dass Automatisierung nicht zwangsläufig zur Erhöhung von Sicherheit führt, sondern dass sie vielmehr auch unerwünschte Nebeneffekte für Performanz und Sicherheit mit sich bringen kann in dem Maße, wie Menschen an die veränderten Aufgabenanforderungen adaptieren. Im Straßenverkehr wird insbesondere befürchtet, dass Fahrer sich zu stark auf Fahrerassistenzsysteme verlassen, sich teilweise aus der Fahraufgabe zurückziehen („abschalten“) und ihre Aufmerksamkeit fahrfremden Dingen widmen. Dies kann unter Umständen dazu führen, dass Fahrer im Falle von Systemfehlern oder –ausfällen nicht mehr in der Lage sind rechtzeitig und angemessen einzugreifen bzw. die Kontrolle über das Fahrzeug zu übernehmen.
Ziel der Dissertation war es zu untersuchen, inwieweit sich die Involviertheit von Fahrern in die Fahraufgabe verändert je stärker sie durch ein Assistenzsystem unterstützt werden (d.h., je stärker das System Teile der Fahraufgabe automatisiert). Um dies zu untersuchen wurden zwei theoretische Konzepte herangezogen: a) das Verlassen der Fahrer (auf ein System) und b) das Situationsbewusstsein der Fahrer. Basierend auf einer umfassenden Analyse der Forschungsliteratur zum Thema Automatisierung wurde ein theoretisches Rahmenmodell entwickelt, welches Veränderungen in der Involviertheit des Fahrers in die Fahraufgabe auf menschliche Adaptationsprozesse auf verschiedenen Ebenen zurückführt, die sich in Folge der veränderten Aufgabenanforderungen durch zunehmende Automatisierung ergeben. Dazu zählen Veränderungen in Einstellungen, sowie in kognitiven, energetischen, und motivationalen Prozessen. Um Veränderungen in diesen Prozessen zu untersuchen, wurde eine Vielzahl an objektiven und subjektiven Maßen erhoben.
Hauptgegenstand der Dissertation ist eine umfangreiche Fahrsimulatorstudie im Fahrsimulator mit Bewegungsplattform bei VTI (Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute) in Linköping, Schweden. Dabei kamen zwei Querführungsassistenzsysteme (ein Heading Control System und ein Lane Departure Warning System) zum Einsatz, die den Fahrer in unterschiedlichem Maße bei der Spurhaltung unterstützten. Im Gegensatz zu einem Großteil der bisherigen Studien wurden prozessorientierte Performanzmaße zur Erfassung des Verlassens der Fahrer auf die Assistenzsysteme und des Situationsbewusstseins der Fahrer verwendet. Das Verlassen der Fahrer auf die Querführungsassistenzsysteme wurde durch Blickverhaltensmaße über die Bereitschaft der Fahrer erfasst, ihre visuelle Aufmerksamkeit von der Straße ab hin zu einer Zweitaufgabe im Fahrzeuginnenraum zu wenden. Zur Messung des Situationsbewusstseins der Fahrer wurden Fahrverhaltensmaße herangezogen welche als Indikator für die Schnelligkeit und Abruptheit der Reaktionen der Fahrer auf unerwartete kritische Fahrsituationen dienten.
Ein Hauptbefund der Dissertation war, dass die Fahrer sich signifikant im Ausmaß ihres Verlassens auf einen hohen Grad an Assistenz unterschieden. Diese interindividuelle Varianz im Verlassen der Fahrer auf einen hohen Grad an Assistenz konnte am besten durch das Vertrauen der Fahrer in das Querführungsassistenzsystem und ihr Aktivierungsniveau erklärt werden: Je höher das Vertrauen der Fahrer in das System und je geringer ihr Aktivierungsniveau, desto stärker verließen sie sich auf das System. Individuelle Fahrermerkmale (Fahrstil) erklärten einen signifikanten Anteil der Varianz im Vertrauen der Fahrer in die Spurhalteassistenzsysteme.
(ersetzt wegen neuem Herausgeber)Advanced driver assistance systems are increasingly built in vehicles with the aim to support drivers while driving, to reduce driver errors and thereby to increase traffic safety. At present, these systems are often designed to warn drivers of specific safety risks (e.g., of an imminent departure from the driving lane). However, there is a trend towards systems that more strongly intervene in driving and that hence, automate parts of the driving task (e.g., autonomously keep the vehicle within the driving lane). However, research on human-machine interaction has shown that automation does not necessarily increase safety, but that it may also lead to unanticipated side effects on performance and safety to the extent that humans adapt to the changing task demands. A major concern in road traffic is that drivers rely too heavily on driver assistance systems, become less actively involved in the driving task, and divert their attention to things unrelated to driving. Thus, in the case of system malfunctions or failures, drivers possibly may not be prepared to intervene timely and accordingly and to regain control over the vehicle, respectively. The aim of this dissertation was to investigate changes in drivers’ active engagement in the driving task as a function of the degree to which they are supported by a driver assistance system (i.e., as a function of the degree to which the system automates the driving task). Drivers’ active task engagement was studied by referring to two theoretical concepts: a) drivers’ reliance (on a system) and b) drivers’ situation awareness. Based on an extensive review of previous research on automation, a conceptual theoretical framework was developed that links changes in operators’ active task engagement to human adaptation processes on different levels in response to the changing task demands due to automation. Among them are changes in human attitudes as well as in cognitive, motivational and energetic processes. In order to determine the relative influence of these processes, a range of objective and subjective measures was collected. The essential part of the dissertation is an extensive driving simulator study in an advanced moving-base driving simulator at VTI (Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute) in Linköping, Sweden. Two lateral support systems (a Heading Control system and a Lane Departure Warning system) were implemented which assisted drivers to different degrees in lane keeping. Contrary to most previous automation studies, drivers’ reliance on the lane keeping assistance systems and their situation awareness were studied by using process-oriented performance-based measures. Drivers’ reliance on the lane keeping assistance systems was assessed by eye glance behaviour measures indicating drivers’ preparedness to allocate their visual attention away from the road scene to an in-vehicle secondary task. Drivers’ situation awareness was assessed by behavioural measures of the latency and magnitude of drivers’ initial reactions to unexpected critical driving situations. A major finding of the study was that drivers differed significantly in their reliance on a high level of lane keeping assistance. This interindividual variance in drivers’ reliance on higher-level assistance could be best explained by drivers’ trust in the system and their energetic arousal: The greater drivers’ trust in the system and the lower their arousal, the more did they rely on the system. Individual driver variables (driving style) explained a significant proportion of the variance in drivers’ trust in the lane keeping assistance systems. (replaced because a new publisher)