Artykuły w czasopismach: „Ti ba”

1

Okamoto, H. "Ba-Ti (Barium-Titanium)". Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion 29, nr 4 (28.05.2008): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11669-008-9339-3.

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2

Zhang, Hui, Xiao Hui Wang, Zheng Bo Shen i Ya Nan Hao. "Influence of Raw Material Ratio of Ba/Ti on Fabrication of Nanocrystalline BaTiO₃ Powder". Key Engineering Materials 602-603 (marzec 2014): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.602-603.3.

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Nanocrystalline BaTiO3 powder was directly synthesized by a convenient one-step solvothermal route. 8~10 nm BaTiO3 with different Ba/Ti ratios are obtained by adjusting the raw material ratios. The optimum raw material ratio of Ba/Ti is obtained. And the as-prepared BaTiO3 nanoparticles are all small and uniform. Influence of the nominal Ba/Ti ratios on diameter of nanocrystalline BaTiO3 powder was investigated by XRD, TEM and XRF analyses. It was found that the Ba/Ti ratios of the raw materials have a great influence on the process of powder fabrication. When the raw material Ba/Ti ratio is low (<0.9), the reaction cannot be finished and strong BaCO3 peaks were founded as the alkalinity of the system at the later reaction stage is too low. Besides, the Ba/Ti ratio of the product rises as the raw material Ba/Ti ratio increases.

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3

Li, Yuan Yuan, Gui Xia Dong, Bi Yan Zhu, Qiu Xiang Liu i Di Wu. "Effect of Sintering Temperatures and Ba/Ti Ratio on Dielectric Properties of BaTiO₃ Ceramic". Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (sierpień 2013): 506–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.506.

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As a research object, the samples with various Ba/Ti ratios (Ba/Ti=0.95~1.05) were synthesized by solid phase reaction method. Effect of sintering temperatures and Ba/Ti ratio on dielectric properties and crystal structure of BaTiO3ceramic were investigated. Crystal structure and crystal phase composition were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The dielectric properties were studied by Agilent 4294A at 1 kHz. The results show that the BaTiO3ceramic has high permittivity and dielectric loss at 1340°C. The permittivity of BaTiO3ceramic with Ba/Ti=0.95 change small as the sintering temperatures vary at 1320°C. With the increasing of Ba/Ti ratio, the Curie temperature first increases and then decreases as the sample sintering at 1320°C. When Ba/Ti=1, the Curie temperature increase with the sintering temperature increasing.

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4

Levin, Igor, Richard D. Leapman i Debra L. Kaiser. "Microstructure and Chemistry of Nonstoichiometric (Ba,Sr)TiO3 Thin Films Deposited by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition". Journal of Materials Research 15, nr 7 (lipiec 2000): 1433–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2000.0207.

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The microstructure and chemistry of (Ba,Sr)TiO3 thin films deposited on Pt/SiO2/Si substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition were studied using highresolution transmission electron microscopy and quantitative spectrum imaging in electron energy loss spectroscopy. The grain boundaries in all films with overall Ti content ranging from 50.7% to 53.4% exhibit a significant increase in Ti/Ba ratio as compared to the grain interiors. The results suggest that the deviations of Ti/(Ba + Sr) ratio from the stoichiometric value of unity are accommodated by the creation of Ba/Sr vacancies, which segregate to the grain boundary regions. The films with Ti contents equal to or greater than 52% additionally contained an amorphous Ti-rich phase at some grain boundaries and multiple grain junctions; the amount of this phase increases with increasing overall Ti content. The analysis indicates that the amorphous phase can only partially account for the significant drop in dielectric permittivity accompanying increases in the Ti/(Ba + Sr) ratio.

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5

Premkumar, S., S. Radhakrishnan i V. L. Mathe. "Understanding A and B-site engineered lead-free Ba(1−x)CaxZryTi(1−y)O3 piezoceramics: a perspective from DFT". Journal of Materials Chemistry C 9, nr 12 (2021): 4248–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tc05724j.

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DFT has been used to investigate the structural and polarization of Ba_(1-x)Ca_xZr_yTi_(1−y)O₃, perovskite solid solutions namely BaTiO₃ (BT), Ba(Zr_0.125Ti_0.875)O₃ (BZT), (Ba_0.875Ca_0.125)TiO₃ (BCT) and Ba_0.875Ca_0.125(Zr_0.125Ti_0.875)O₃ (BCZT).

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Li, W. L., T. D. Zhang, Y. F. Hou, Y. Zhao, D. Xu, W. P. Cao i W. D. Fei. "Giant piezoelectric properties of BZT–0.5BCT thin films induced by nanodomain structure". RSC Adv. 4, nr 100 (2014): 56933–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra08280j.

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Ba(Zr_0.2Ti_0.8)O₃–0.5(Ba_0.7Ca_0.3)TiO₃ (BZT–0.5BCT) thin films were prepared from two ceramics targets, Ba(Zr_0.2Ti_0.8)O₃ and (Ba_0.7Ca_0.3)TiO₃, using dual-magnetron sputtering, and a LaNiO₃ (LNO) seed layer was introduced between the film and Pt(111)/Ti/SiO₂/Si substrates via a sol–gel technique.

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7

Lu, Da Yong, Dan Dan Han, Qiao Li Liu, Yan Dong Wang i Xiu Yun Sun. "Structure and Dielectric Properties of Ce and Ca Co-Doped BaTiO₃ Ceramics". Key Engineering Materials 680 (luty 2016): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.680.184.

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Structure and dielectric properties of 5 % Ce and Ca co-doped BaTiO3 ceramics were investigated. The site occupations and valence states were studied using XRD, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, EPR and dielectric measurements. The Ba/Ti ratio has dramatic effects on ceramic structure and properties. Two single-phase ceramics with Ba/Ti = 1 and 0.937 have tetragonal and cubic structure, showing diffuse phase transition and first-order phase transition behaviors, respectively. The former exhibit the site occupations of mixed Ca2+/Ce3+ at Ba sites and Ca2+/Ce4+ at Ti sites. Ce ions have priority over Ca2+ ions in entering Ti sites as Ce4+ when co-doping in BaTiO3, which will impede Ca2+ ions to be incorporated completely into Ti sites.

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8

Solovova, I. P., i A. V. Girnis. "Silicate–carbonate liquid immiscibility and crystallization of carbonate and K-rich basaltic magma: insights from melt and fluid inclusions". Mineralogical Magazine 76, nr 2 (kwiecień 2012): 411–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2012.076.2.09.

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AbstractThis paper reports an investigation of the crystallization products of K-rich silicate and carbonate melts trapped as melt inclusions in clinopyroxene phenocrysts from the Dunkeldyk alkaline igneous complex in the Tajik Republic. Heating experiments on the melt inclusions suggest that the carbonate melt was formed by liquid immiscibility at 1180°C and ∼0.5 GPa. The carbonate-rich inclusions are dominated by Sr-bearing calcite, and rich in incompatible elements. Most of the silicate minerals are SiO2-poor and rich in K, Ba and Ti. Leucite, kalsilite and aegirine are the earliest magmatic minerals. High Ba and Ti contents in the melt resulted in the crystallization of Ba-rich K-feldspar, titanite, perovskite and Ti-bearing garnet, and the rare Ba-Ti silicates fresnoite and delindeite. The last minerals to crystallize from volatile-rich melts and fluids were aegirine, götzenite, K-Ba- and Ca-Sr-bearing zeolites, fluorite and strontium-rich baryte. Interaction of the early minerals with residual melts and fluids produced Ba-rich phlogopite and Sr-rich apatite.

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9

Cheng, Xuxin, Xiaoming Chen, Xiaoxia Li, Haining Cui i Chao Xiong. "Influence of Ba/Ti ratio on PTCR effect of Bam(Ti1−xNbx)O3 ceramics prepared by the reduction sintering-reoxidation method". Modern Physics Letters B 32, nr 34n36 (30.12.2018): 1840071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984918400717.

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In this work, we investigate the influences of Ba/Ti ratio and sintering conditions on the characteristics of positive temperature coefficient of resistance (PTCR) and electrical properties of Ba[Formula: see text](Ti[Formula: see text]Nb[Formula: see text])O3 (BTN) ceramics. The ceramics were fired at 1190[Formula: see text]C for 0.5–6.0 h in a reducing atmosphere and then reoxidized at 600–650[Formula: see text]C for 0–8 h. The Ba/Ti ratio [Formula: see text] affected the electrical properties and PTCR effect of the BTN specimens. The room-temperature (RT) resistance of the BTN samples initially decreased [Formula: see text] and then increased [Formula: see text] as the Ba/Ti ratio increased. Moreover, BTN ceramics exhibit a pronounced PTCR effect, with a resistance jump greater by 3.0 orders of magnitude and a low 0.1 [Formula: see text] RT resistance at a low reoxidation temperature of 600[Formula: see text]C after sintering under a reducing atmosphere. Furthermore, the average sample grain size increased along with the Ba/Ti ratio. In addition, the influence of the sintering time and the reoxidation time on the electrical properties and the PTCR effect were also investigated.

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10

Ơn, Đỗ Viết, Đỗ Phương Anh, Nguyễn Văn Thịnh, Võ Thanh Tùng i Trương Văn Chương. "ẢNH HƯỞNG CỦA TỈ LỆ Ba/Ti LÊN ĐẶC TRƯNG CỦA HẠT NANO BaTiO3 TỔNG HỢP BẰNG PHƯƠNG PHÁP THỦY NHIỆT". Hue University Journal of Science: Natural Science 130, nr 1A (10.03.2021): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26459/hueunijns.v130i1a.5950.

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Vật liệu BaTiO3 nano hình cầu phân tán cao với kích thước đồng đều được tổng hợp bằng phương pháp thủy nhiệt. Ảnh hưởng của tỉ lệ mol Ba/Ti lên sự hình thành vật liệu được nghiên cứu bằng cách phân tích dữ liệu XRD và SEM. TiO2·nH2O tổng hợp bằng phương pháp axit sunfuric với sự hỗ trợ sóng siêu âm được sử dụng làm nguyên liệu ban đầu. Vật liệu nano BaTiO3 hình cầu với độ phân tán cao và kích thước trung bình khoảng 100 nm đã thu được tại 200 °C trong 12 giờ với tỉ lệ Ba/Ti = 1,5. Tỷ lệ Ba/Ti ảnh hưởng mạnh đến sự hình thành BaTiO3 nano hình cầu với quá trình chuyển pha. Khi tăng tỉ lệ Ba/Ti, kích thước hạt tăng và tính đồng nhất giảm.

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11

Ehre, David, Vera Lyahovitskaya i Igor Lubomirsky. "The influence of the Ti/Ba ratio on the formation of pyroelectric and piezoelectric quasi-amorphous films of BaTiO3". Journal of Materials Research 22, nr 10 (październik 2007): 2742–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2007.0342.

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The influence of the Ti/Ba ratio on the formation of pyroelectric and piezoelectric quasi-amorphous BaTiO3 films was investigated. Three types of films, Ti-rich, Ba-rich, and stoichiometric, were pulled through a temperature gradient or subjected to isothermal heating. The quasi-amorphous polar phase only formed in films pulled through the temperature gradient with Ti/Ba ratio within the broad range of 0.95–1.1. This implies that quasi-amorphous pyroelectric and piezoelectric thin films are significantly more tolerant of a deviation from stoichiometry than their crystalline counterparts.

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12

Guo, Dong Yun, Akihiko Ito, Rong Tu i Takashi Goto. "Ba₂TiO₄ and Ba₄Ti₁₃O₃₀ Thick Films Prepared by Laser Chemical Vapor Deposition and their Microstructure". Key Engineering Materials 508 (marzec 2012): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.508.199.

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Ba2TiO4 and Ba4Ti13O30 Thick Films Were Prepared by Laser Chemical Vapor Deposition Using Ba- and Ti-Dipivaloylmethanate Precursors. Single-Phase Ba2TiO4 Thick Films Were Obtained at 845–946 K and Ba/Ti Source Molar Ratio 2.4. Single-Phase Ba4Ti13O30 Films Were Obtained at 944–1011 K and Ba/Ti Source Molar Ratio 0.38. Ba2TiO4 Thick Films Consisted of Truncated Grains, while Ba4ti13o30 Thick Films Had Shellfish-Like Grains. Ba2TiO4 and Ba4Ti13O30 Thick Films Showed a Columnar Growth and their Deposition Rates Were 72 and 132 μm h−1, Respectively.

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13

Ang, Chen, Zhi Jing i Zhi Yu. "Ferroelectric relaxor Ba(Ti,Ce)O3". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 14, nr 38 (12.09.2002): 8901–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/14/38/313.

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14

Shin, Dong-Jin, Jinhwan Kim, Soon-Jong Jeong i Jung-Hyuk Koh. "Piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties in Ba(Zr,Ti)O3 and CuO-Ba(Zr,Ti)O3 ceramics". Materials Research Bulletin 82 (październik 2016): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2016.03.003.

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15

Alvarez, Alejandra V., i V. M. Fuenzalida. "Evidence of transition metal diffusion during hydrothermal ceramic film growth: Ba(Ti,Zr)O3on layered Ti–Zr alloy". Journal of Materials Research 14, nr 11 (listopad 1999): 4136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1999.0558.

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Ti–Zr alloy thin films of 20–60 nm in thickness were evaporated on Pt-coated silicon wafers. The films exhibited a layered Ti–Zr depth distribution. The films were then treated hydrothermally in 0.25 M Ba(OH)2at 150 and 200 °C for 4–8 h. Films treated at 150 °C did not exhibit reflections from the Ba(TixZr1−x)O3perovskite structure by x-ray diffraction, although a slight barium content was detected by x-ray photoelectron spectrometry. On the other hand, the films treated hydrothermally at 200 °C revealed reflections corresponding to perovskite Ba(TixZr1−x)O3. These films exhibited a homogeneous titanium and zirconium depth distribution, as shown by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Auger depth profiles, proving that either titanium or zirconium ions diffuse during the hydrothemal treatment. The initial Ti–Zr film was completely consumed during the hydrothermal process, leading to a film of homogeneous composition (Ba, Ti, and Zr) up to the interface with the platinum layer.

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16

Lee, Jung-Hyun, i Shi-Woo Rhee. "Chemical vapor deposition of barium strontium titanate thin films using direct liquid injection of a single cocktail solution with Ba(methd)2, Sr(methd)2, and Ti(MPD)(tmhd)2". Journal of Materials Research 14, nr 10 (październik 1999): 3988–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1999.0539.

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Deposition characteristics of (Ba,Sr)TiO3 (BST) thin films by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition with a mixture solution were investigated. Ba(methd)2 (methd = methoxyethoxytetramethylheptanedionate), Sr(methd)2, and Ti(MPD)2(tmhd)2 (MPD = methylpentanedioxy, tmhd = tetramethylheptanedionate) were dissolved together in methanol solvent. Mass spectrometry showed that Ba(methd)2 was less aggregated than Ba(tmhd)2-tetraglyme adduct (tetraglyme = tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether) in the gas phase. Similar results were obtained from Sr precursors. Step coverage and electrical properties of the BST films were investigated as a function of deposition temperature from 350 to 600 °C. With the increase of the deposition temperature up to 500 °C, Ti composition in the films was increased, but Ba and Sr remained almost constant, and the step coverage became poor. Also, leakage current density and SiO2 equivalent oxide thickness was reduced as the deposition temperature increased. Poor incorporation of Ti below the deposition temperature of 500 °C was observed.

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17

Òkédìjí, Mọyọ̀ṣọ́rẹ. "Ẹlẹ́nu Rírì ati Àmù Ìyá Rẹ̀." Yoruba Studies Review 2, nr 2 (21.12.2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/ysr.v2i2.130126.

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Arò ̀ko ̣ yi ̀i ́ se ạ yè wò ̣ ̀ i ̀di ́ abájo ̣ ti ́ orọ̀ , è ̣ rò ̀ atì ́ is̀ e Ẹ ẹ̀ ̀bó fi mú omụ ́ layá ̀ awò n olu ̣ wa ̀ ́di ǎ ti o ̀ mọ̀ we ̀ ̣ í ṣẹ-́ ọnà aláwọ du ̀ ́du ju a ́ s̀ ạ adu ̀ ́lawó lọ̀ , ni ̣ wó n i ̣̀ gba ̀ ̀ ti ́ elẹ nu ri ̣́ rí ̀ ló ni aà mu ̀ ̀ i yà ́ re.̣̀ 2 Kayè é fí ̀ yi ̀i ́ ni ó se Ọ jọ̀ gbo ̣̀ n a ̣́ gba ̀ ̀ Rowland Abió dụ́ n ti ́ wo ́ n fi oju ̣́ sú nnu ̀ ̀kun wo o ̀ rọ̀ sụ̀ nnu ̀ ̀kun la ̀ ti ko ́ ị we ̀ í ̀jiró rò ni ̀ pa ́ àkójo, ạ ̀kosó ̣ ati iru ̀ wa ́ ́ ède ̀ li ́lò ninú ́ iṣẹ-́ ọnà awò n adu ̣ ́lawo ́ , pa ̀ ̣ à pá à ́ jùlo ̣ iṣẹ-́ ọnà awò n Ka ̣ á à ró -o-o ̀ ̣ -ji ̀ ́ire. Kóko ó rò ̣ ti ̣̀ ó jé yọ ni ̣ nú í we ̀ Ba ́ ̀ba Abi ́ ó dụ́ n, ́ lehi ̣́ n i ̀ wa ̀ ́di ti ̌ wo ́ n s ̣́ e fu ̣ n n ́ ̀kan aà ́dota o ̣́ dụ n, ni wi ́ pe ́ ó ś e pa ̣ tà ̀ki là ti ni ́ ran ́ awò n i ̣ ̀jinle ̀ ọ̀ rọ̀ ti ̣̀ ó ́jẹ́ iye ̀kan ati o ̀ mọ ị yà iś ẹ ó nạ à wò n Yoru ̣ ̀ba ni ́ gba ́ tì a ba ́ ́ n peri ́ á won is ̀ ẹ ó nạ ì sè ṇ̀ ̀bayé wo ́ nyi ̀ ̣ . Á rò ̀ko se ̣ ́kéle yi ́ ̀i ji ́ ró rò wí pé ̀ ako ́ ́lòlò iran Yoru ̀ ̀bá ti ń pe baba lati o ́ jọ ́ ̣ alayé ́ ti dayé . Í gba ̀ ̀ wo ni, ati e ̀ è se ti ́ ́ won ̣ wa be ́ rẹ̀ ạ̀ s̀ ạ ̀kasạ là ti ma ́ a fi o ́ wọ ọ́ sì jù we i ́ ṣẹ-́ ọnà ile Ka ̣̀ á à ró -o-o ̀ ̣ -ji ̀ ́ire? Ǹje ọ́ ́ dájú wi ́ pé awò n Yoru ̣ ̀bá ni ́ as̀ ạ ̀lò ewạ ̀ e ̀dè tó selẹ̀ ṇ́ ́ke jọ́ fụ̀ n a ́ yè wò ̣ ̀ iṣẹ-́ ọnà wọnyí ni ̀ ́ ekụ̀ n re ́ rẹ́ ? Bi ̣́ ́ ó bá je be ̣́ é ̣, emi ni a ̣̀ wò n oju ̣ ́lowo ́ ́ ewạ ̀ èdè wonyi ̣ ? ́ Bawo ni a s ́ e le ̣ ̀ mú won lo ̣ ? Ǹ ̀je a tile ̣́ lẹ̀ ̀ ko ̣ igilango ̣ Yorùbá si ́le ni ̣̀ ́ onạ̀ ̀ ti ́ ó kun oju ́ ́ iwo ̀ n, ni ̣̀ ́ ekụ̀ nre ́ rẹ́ ạ́ ti ni ̀ ́ ohun ti ̀ ́ ó fa ogbo ̣ n yo ́ ̣ ̣ fun a ́ gbe ̀ yé wọ̀ ̀ awò n is ̣ ẹ ́ ̣ onạ ti ̀ ó gba ́ mu ́ ś ẹ wo ́ nyi ̣̀ ? Ki ́ ni e ́ rò à wò n a ̣ gba ̀ oni ̀ ś ẹ ọ nạ bi ̀ ́i Bàbá Lami ̀ ́di ̀ Fáké ̣ye ̣ nipa a ́ ̀bá ki ́ á maa fi a ́ s̀ a ạ ti e ̀ rò ̀ Eè ̀bó se ạ ̀kawe ̀ ́ ati a ̀ ̀layè ́ iṣẹ-́ ọnà awò n Yoru ̣ ̀ba? Ń ̀je ọ́ ́ bà ni àbi ́ ó ti bàje tạ́ n porongodo, ti ́ ́ asọ ọ̀ ̀ si ̀ le ba ̀ Ó mọ yẹ́ mo ̣ ? Í ̣ wò nyi ̀ ̣ ni i ̌ wò nba ko ̣̀ ́ko di ́ é ni ̣̀ nú í ̀fomi-jomi-tooro-orọ̀ ti ̣̀ ́ ó jeyọ ̣ ninú ́ arò ̀ko ̣ yi ̀i ́ nipa pabambari ́ ̀ orọ̀ ti ̣̀ ́ Baba Abió dụ́ n so ́ kale ̣̀ ni ̣̀ nú ́ iwe ̀ ́ tuntun yi ̀i.

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LEI, YUQING, HONG WU, DUNMIN LIN, QIAOJI ZHENG, XIAOCHUN WU i XIMING FAN. "PHASE TRANSITION, DIELECTRIC AND PIEZOELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF NaNbO3–Ba0.85Ca0.15(Ti0.9Zr0.1)O3 LEAD-FREE CERAMICS". Functional Materials Letters 05, nr 03 (wrzesień 2012): 1250033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604712500336.

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A new lead-free solid solution of (1–x) NaNbO 3-x Ba 0.85 Ca 0.15( Ti 0.9 Zr 0.1) O 3 was prepared by a traditional sintering method and its phase transition, dielectric and piezoelectric properties were studied. Ba 0.85 Ca 0.15( Ti 0.9 Zr 0.1) O 3 diffuses into NaNbO3 lattices to form a new solid solution with perovskite structure. The addition of Ba 0.85 Ca 0.15( Ti 0.9 Zr 0.1) O 3(x≥0.025) transforms NaNbO3 from antiferroelectric to ferroelectric. The diffusive ferroelectric–paraelectric phase transition is induced in the ceramics with high concentration of Ba 0.85 Ca 0.15( Ti 0.9 Zr 0.1) O 3. The ceramics with x = 0.05–0.125 possess large Pr values of 18.6–25.5 μC/cm2. A morphotropic phase boundary between tetragonal and orthorhombic phases is formed at 0.05 < x < 0.15, leading to a significant enhancement of piezoelectric properties. The ceramic with x = 0.125 situated near the morphotropic phase boundary exhibits the optimum piezoelectric properties: d33 = 151 pC/N and kp = 31.6%.

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ZHANG, QIWEI, JIWEI ZHAI i LING BING KONG. "RELAXOR FERROELECTRIC MATERIALS FOR MICROWAVE TUNABLE APPLICATIONS". Journal of Advanced Dielectrics 02, nr 01 (styczeń 2012): 1230002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010135x12300022.

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With strong dependences of dielectric constant on external applied electric fields, relaxor barium zirconium titanate ( BaZr x Ti 1-x O 3 or BZT) and barium stannate titanate ( BaSn x Ti 1-x O 3 or BTS), in both bulk ceramic and thin film forms, are increasingly being recognized as potential candidates of microwave tunable materials for device applications. This paper is aimed to review the recent progress in understanding the dielectric properties (such as tunability, dielectric loss and dielectric constant) of these relaxor materials. However, due to their relatively high dielectric constant and loss tangent, pure Ba(Zr,Ti)O3 and Ba(Sn,Ti)O3 do not fully satisfy the requirements of practical device applications. Therefore, various strategies have been developed to improve the dielectric properties of these two groups of relaxor materials. In this paper, we first discussed the dielectric tunability characteristics of pure Ba(Zr,Ti)O3 and Ba(Sn,Ti)O3 and then summarized the strategies that have been used, including (i) small amount acceptor or donor doping (such as rare-earth ions and transition metal ions) and (ii) forming composites with low loss and low dielectric constant microwave dielectric materials (such as MgO , MgTiO3 and so on). At the same time, the relationship between relaxor behavior and dielectric tunability was also discussed.

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Kim, Jong Han, i Young Ho Han. "Effects of Y₂O₃ Addition on the Microstructure and Electrical Property of TiO₂-Excess BaTiO₃". Materials Science Forum 534-536 (styczeń 2007): 1025–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.534-536.1025.

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When Y2O3 was added to Ti-excess BaTiO3 ((Ba+Y)/Ti =1), the the area occupied by Y3+ ion was confirmed by its microstructure development, electrical conductivity behavior and lattice constant. Grain growth inhibition was observed when the content of donor dopant exceeded a critical value (x≈0.01) in BaTiO3+x(0.5Y2O3+TiO2) system. A donor-doped behavior was observed at various Y contents (0.2~3.0 mol% Y) when Y2O3 was added to TiO2-excess BaTiO3. As Y content was increased, (002) and (200) peaks shifted to higher angles and the lattice constant (a and c axis) decreased gradually. These results confirms that Y3+ ions preferentially occupy Ba sites when Ba/Ti < 1.

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Butvina, Valentina, Anna Spivak, Tatiana Setkova i Oleg Safonov. "High-Pressure Synthesis, Synchrotron Single-Crystal XRD and Raman Spectroscopy of Synthetic K–Ba Minerals of Magnetoplumbite, Crichtonite and Hollandite Group Indicatory of Mantle Metasomatism". Minerals 13, nr 2 (19.02.2023): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13020292.

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The paper summarizes the results of an experimental study of the formation of K–Ba high-Ti (and Cr) oxides synthesized in the chromite–rutile/ilmenite–K2CO3/BaCO3–H2O–CO2 systems at 1.8–5.0 GPa. Experiments confirm the conclusion that the formation of K–Ba high-Ti oxides characterizes the most advanced or repeated metasomatic stages in upper mantle peridotites, which lead first to the formation of simple Ti oxides and then to the formation of K–Ba high-Ti and Cr oxides. Relations between the oxides is a function of the activity of the K and Ba components in the fluid. The appearance of priderite corresponds to the highest activity of K in the mineral-forming media. Redledgeite is formed only in the Fe-poor chromite–rutile–H2O–CO2–BaCO3 system, and, in the system with ilmenite, minerals of the magnetoplumbite group preferably crystallize. A direct dependence of the Cr content in oxides on pressure is revealed. Raman spectra of K–Ba high-titanium oxides are presented. The structure of a potassium compound of a magnetoplumbite group with the chemical formula K0.90Ti5.16Cr2.94Fe2.54Mg0.87Al0.22Mn0.30O19 is studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction using a synchrotron radiation. The obtained data can be used to specify the nomenclature of the magnetoplumbite mineral group.

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Rai, Radheshyam, M. A. Valente, Anoop Kumar Shukla, Seema Sharma i Andrei L. Kholkin. "Dielectric and magnetic properties of Ba-, La- and Pb-doped Bi0.8Gd0.1M0.1Fe0.9Ti0.1O3 perovskite ceramics". Journal of Advanced Dielectrics 04, nr 02 (kwiecień 2014): 1450010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010135x14500106.

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The multiferroic Bi 0.8 Gd 0.1 M 0.1 Fe 0.9 Ti 0.1 O 3, (where M = Ba (DB), La (DL) and Pb (DP)) has been synthesized by using solid-state reaction technique. Effects of Ba , La and Pb substitution on the structure, electrical and ferroelectric properties of Bi 0.8 Gd 0.1 M 0.1 Fe 0.9 Ti 0.1 O 3 samples have been studied by performing X-ray diffraction, dielectric and magnetic measurements. The crystal structures of the ceramic samples have a tetragonal phase. The vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurement shows a significant change in the magnetic properties of Ba -doped Bi 0.8 Gd 0.1 M 0.1 Fe 0.9 Ti 0.1 O 3 as compared to La - and Pb -doped ceramics. It is seen that coercive field (H C ) and remanent magnetization (M R ) increases with Ba -doped ceramics but decreases for La - and Pb -doped ceramics.

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Malinowska, Elżbieta, i Jan Novak. "Barium, Lithium and Titanium Content in Herbs of Mid-Field Wet Depressions in East-Central Poland". Diversity 14, nr 3 (5.03.2022): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14030189.

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This paper presents the results of research on the Ba, Li and Ti content in six species of herbs sampled from mid-field wet depressions and from the soil. These temporary flooded depressions were surrounded by arable crops, permanent grassland and shrubby vegetation. The research area was located in the eastern part of the Mazovian Voivodeship, east-central Poland. The following plants were used in the experiment: corn mint (Mentha arvensis L.), purple marshlocks (Comarum palustre L.), silverweed (Potentilla anserina L.), yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.), yellow loosestrife (Lysimachia vulgaris L.) and gypsy-wort (Lycopus europaeus L.). The Li, Ba and Ti content of plants, bottom sediment and soil was determined by the ICP-AES method after previous dry mineralization. Of the six herb species, Mentha arvensis L. was with the greatest accumulation potential of the chemical elements. However, no excessive Ba, Li and Ti content was found in herbs growing at different distances from arable fields, permanent grassland and shrubby vegetation. The highest Ba content was found in periodically flooded soil (zone II), while the highest amounts of Li and Ti were recorded in non-flooded soil (zone III).

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On, Do Viet, Le Dai Vuong, Truong Van Chuong, Dao Anh Quang i Vo Thanh Tung. "Study on the synthesis and application of BaTiO3 nanospheres". International Journal of Materials Research 112, nr 6 (1.05.2021): 448–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2020-8054.

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Abstract In the present study, BaTiO3 nanospheres with a uniform particle size of around 100 nm were prepared by a hydrothermal route using Ba(OH)2.8H2O and TiO2 nanoparticles. Experimental results revealed that the main influencing factors for the formation of BaTiO3 nanospheres were molar Ba/Ti ratio (R Ba/Ti), hydrothermal temperature, and time. Highly-dispersed BaTiO3 nanospheres (100 nm) were obtained under the optimum hydrothermal conditions at temperature = 200°C, time = 12 h, and R Ba/Ti = 1.5. Under these optimum conditions, BaTiO3 ceramics were synthesized from the as-prepared BaTiO3 nanospheres, and their structural, microstructural, and electrical properties were investigated. The BaTiO3 ceramics exhibited a high dielectric constant of 7300 at a Curie temperature of 125 °C, great density (ρ), 5.83 g cm–3; large dielectric constant at room temperature er = 3586 and tan d = 0.03, high remanant polarization P r = 10.6 μC cm–2, low coercive field E c = 4.5 kVcm–1.

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ZHANG, JIALIANG, ZONG ZHANG, SHOUFU SHAO, PENG ZHENG i CHUNLEI WANG. "HIGH PIEZOELECTRIC PERFORMANCE AND RELEVANT PHYSICAL MECHANISM OF CuO-MODIFIED Ba(Ti0.96Sn0.04)O3 CERAMICS". Journal of Advanced Dielectrics 01, nr 01 (styczeń 2011): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010135x11000100.

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Ba ( Ti 0.96 Sn 0.04) O 3 and CuO -modified Ba ( Ti 0.96 Sn 0.04) O 3 ceramics were prepared by the solid state reaction technique. Their piezoelectric properties were investigated and compared with those of the recently obtained high-d33 BaTiO 3 ceramic. It has been found that simply substituting Ti 4+ with Sn 4+ worsens severely the piezoelectric properties whereas a combined usage of CuO additive greatly improves the overall piezoelectric performance. CuO -modified Ba ( Ti 0.96 Sn 0.04) O 3 ceramic shows excellent piezoelectric properties of d33 = 390 pC/N , k p = 0.49 and k33 = 0.67 at room temperature. Furthermore, it possesses weak temperature dependences of electromechanical coefficients between -20°C and 55°C and a good thermal aging stability down to a low experimental temperature limit of -50°C and up to 90°C. Detailed analysis suggests that its high piezoelectric performance should be largely ascribed to the ideal microstructure of high relative density and small grains and the corresponding domain configurations.

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Han, Dandan, Dayong Lu i Fanling Meng. "Dielectric and photoluminescence properties of fine-grained BaTiO3 ceramics co-doped with amphoteric Sm and valence-variable Cr". RSC Advances 9, nr 8 (2019): 4469–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra09326a.

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(Ba_1−xSm_x)(Ti_1−xCr_x)O₃ (BSTC) and (Ba_1−xSm_x)(Ti_{1−(x−0.01)}Cr_x−0.01)O₃ (BSTC1) ceramics with a single-phase perovskite structure were prepared using a traditional solid state based method.

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Sanlialp, Mehmet, Vladimir V. Shvartsman, Matias Acosta i Doru C. Lupascu. "Electrocaloric Effect in Ba(Zr,Ti)O3-(Ba,Ca)TiO3Ceramics Measured Directly". Journal of the American Ceramic Society 99, nr 12 (24.08.2016): 4022–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jace.14456.

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Valbjørn, Morten, i Jeroen Gunning. "Sunni-centrisme, shia-islamisme og sekterisme". Babylon Nordisk tidsskrift for Midtøstenstudier, nr 1 (20.01.2022): 72–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/ba.9402.

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Zhu, Xiao Na, Xing Chen, He Tian i Xiang Ming Chen. "Atomic scale investigation of enhanced ferroelectricity in (Ba,Ca)TiO3". RSC Advances 7, nr 36 (2017): 22587–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra00662d.

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Tan, Y. Q., J. L. Zhang i C. L. Wang. "High piezoelectric properties and good temperature stabilities of CuO-modified Ba(Ti0.96SnxZr0.04-x)O3 ceramics". Journal of Advanced Dielectrics 03, nr 02 (kwiecień 2013): 1350014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010135x13500148.

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In order to obtain both high piezoelectric property and good temperature stability in BaTiO 3-based ceramics in the common usage temperature range, Sn 4+ and Zr 4+ are co-doped into BaTiO 3 ceramics according to the formula of Ba ( Ti 0.96 Sn x Zr 0.04-x) O 3 (BTSZ) (x = 0.01–0.4) with 1 mol% CuO being added as sintering-aid in this study. The CuO -modified BTSZ ceramics show both high piezoelectric properties and good temperature stability. Particularly, the CuO -modified Ba ( Ti 0.96 Sn 0.01 Zr 0.03) O 3 ceramic displays the high piezoelectric properties of d33 = 350 pC/N, k p = 49.5% at room-temperature and a weak temperature dependence of kp in the temperature range of -15°C and 60°C. Moreover, the CuO -modified Ba ( Ti 0.96 Sn 0.01 Zr 0.03) O 3 ceramic shows stable thermal aging behavior with the d33 being almost unchanged until the aging temperature of 100°C, which is even higher than its Curie temperature. The high piezoelectric properties of CuO -modified Ba ( Ti 0.96 Sn 0.01 Zr 0.03) O 3 ceramic were ascribed to the dense microstructure with small and uniform grain size distribution. The stable thermal aging behavior can be explained by the aging effect based on the defect dipolar model.

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Zhu, Xiao Na, Xing Xu, Zach Harrell, Ruyan Guo, Amar S. Bhalla, Minghui Zhang, Jiechao Jiang, Chonglin Chen i Xiang Ming Chen. "Ferroelectric domain structure evolution in Ba(Zr0.1Ti0.9)O3/(Ba0.75Ca0.25)TiO3 heterostructures". RSC Advances 5, nr 81 (2015): 65811–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra08672h.

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Hou, Junsheng, Burkay Donderici, David Torres i John Quirein. "Fast determination and characterization of formation resistivity anisotropy, dip, and fracture using multicomponent induction data". Interpretation 3, nr 3 (1.08.2015): ST55—ST71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2014-0223.1.

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Multicomponent induction (MCI) logging measurements have been widely used in the past decade for determining formation resistivity anisotropy (horizontal and vertical resistivities: [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]), dip, and azimuth. Currently, almost all MCI processing and interpretation algorithms of determining [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], dip, and azimuth are based on simplified transversely isotropic (TI) formation models. In most geologic environments, formations are layered or laminated, making the TI model a reasonable assumption. Subsurface formations usually contain different types of fractures (natural or drilling-induced), and exhibit azimuthal resistivity anisotropy in the bedding plane, which leads to formation biaxial anisotropy (BA) in the same bedding plane. (This type of media is usually called orthorhombic or orthotropic in mechanical engineering and geomechanics.) Therefore, MCI data processing based on TI models may not be valid in complex BA formations caused by fractures. MCI processing and interpretation methods based on BA formation models are needed for more accurate descriptions of complex anisotropic formations. Fractures significantly affect fluid flow in formations, and therefore the fracture characterization with MCI logging can provide some useful information for oil/gas development and production, especially in unconventional reservoirs. We have developed a fast and practical integrated method of borehole multiarray MCI data processing for effective determination of formation BA anisotropy (or triaxial resistivities: [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]), dip, and azimuth. The multiple MCI data sets were further applied to fracture evaluation, and they were tested with synthetic and field log data sets. The method has the following components: the inversion algorithm based on the multiple BA models, a fracture identification function for detection of the fracture, and the corresponding approach for estimation of the fracture relative azimuth and dip angle. The application results demonstrated that accurate triaxial formation anisotropy and dip can be obtained based on the BA models compared with the TI processed logs. Furthermore, fractures can be characterized by integrating measurements and processed log data, such as the recovered horizontal resistivities [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], vertical resistivity [Formula: see text], and formation dips based on the BA and TI models.

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V’yunov, Oleg, Leonid Kovalenko i Anatolii Belous. "SYNTHESIS AND INVESTIGATION OF BARIUM TITANATE STANNATE SOLID SOLUTION". Ukrainian Chemistry Journal 85, nr 12 (16.12.2019): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33609/0041-6045.85.11.2019.75-83.

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Solid solutions of barium titanate-stannate, Ba(Ti,Sn)O3 have been investigated. The sequence of phase transformations during the synthesis by solid state reactions technique has been determined, crystallographic and microscopic examinations of polycrystalline ceramics based on Ba(Ti,Sn)O3 solid solutions have been carried out. The laws governing the change in crystallographic parameters and the average grain size as a function of tin content have been shown. Electrophysical investigations of the obtained ceramics have been carried out. It has been found that the dielectric pa-rameters (e and tgd) of Ba(Ti,Sn)O3-based ceramics can be improved and their sintering temperature can be reduced by the addition of 0.5 wt.% manganese oxide(IV) and 2 wt. % of low-melting glass-forming admixture AST (Al2O3–SiO2–TiO2). It has been shown that the obtained materials have promise in creating ceramic capacitors based on them.

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Meneses-Franco, Ariel, Marcelo Campos-Vallette, Sergio Vásquez i Eduardo Soto-Bustamante. "Er-Doped Nanostructured BaTiO3 for NIR to Visible Upconversion". Materials 11, nr 10 (12.10.2018): 1950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11101950.

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Photoluminescent mechanisms in erbium-doped barium titanate nanoparticle systems were studied. Er3+ ions were introduced into the BaTiO3 lattice by the sol-gel method. The resulting Er3+ concentration was between 0% and 5%, with Ba/Ti ratios of 1.008 and 0.993. The stoichiometry of Ba and Ti concentrations in the lattice influenced the doping mechanism and placement of erbium ions in the lattice structure. Our research shows the existence of a strong correlation between Ba/Ti ratios, erbium concentration, phase structure and doping site location on the upconversion photoluminescence mechanisms. Competing upconversion emissions 2H11/2/4S3/2→4I15/2 at 523 and 548 nm respectively and other photoluminescent mechanisms as 4I9/2→4I11/2 around 4000 nm (2500 cm−1) were studied using Raman and emission spectroscopy. The upconversion process is predominant over other photoluminescent decay when the material presents high distortion in the surrounding activator.

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Khomchenko, V. A., D. V. Karpinsky, D. V. Zhaludkevich, S. I. Latushka, A. Franz, V. V. Sikolenko, K. N. Nekludov, S. V. Dubkov, M. V. Silibin i J. A. Paixão. "Temperature-driven structural transformations in Ca/Ti- and Ba/Ti-doped BiFeO3". Materials Letters 254 (listopad 2019): 305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.07.091.

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Bendersky, L. A., R. Maier, J. L. Cohn i J. J. Neumeier. "Structural Studies of Pulsed-laser-deposited Ba4Fe4Ti3O16 Oxide Films". Journal of Materials Research 15, nr 6 (czerwiec 2000): 1389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2000.0201.

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For this paper the pulsed laser deposition on single-crystal MgO substrates of Ba4Fe4Ti3O16 target was studied by transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. The initial stage of the deposition resulted in the formation of the perovskite Ba(Fe, Ti)O3 phase in an epitaxial, cube-on-cube orientation relationship with a substrate. Further growth of the pseudo-cubic phase was interrupted by the formation of oriented grains with a disordered structure. This disordered structure had a mixture of lamellae of the cubic and hexagonal Ba(Fe, Ti)O3 phases. No formation of the Ba4Fe4Ti3O16 (E) phase was observed. Formation of the disordered phase was explained by the higher stability of hexagonal Ba(Fe, Ti)O3 where accommodation of Fe3+ occurred on a twinning plane. The development of the V-shape morphology and a limited number of orientations of the D structure were explained by the faceting and columnar morphology of the perovskite phase.

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37

Matasova, Irina, Marina Modina i Kseniya Tsepordei. "Paragenetic associations of elements in soils of agrolandscapes of the Black Sea coast in Russia". BIO Web of Conferences 103 (2024): 00053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202410300053.

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The results of the study of distribution parameters of a number of elements (Cu, Co, Ni, V, Cr, Ti, Zn, Sn, Pb, Ag, Mo, Ba, Sr, P, Mn) in soils of landscapes of deciduous forests, orchards and vineyards of the Black Sea coast are presented. Geochemical peculiarities of soils of the studied landscapes have been established. The presence of statistically significant interrelations between concentrations of the studied chemical elements in soils of both original natural landscapes and technogenically transformed ones has been revealed. The trend for the increase of a concentration of P, Sr, Cu, Ba, Mn and decrease of V, Cr, Ti in soils of orchards was revealed; in soils of vineyards, it is done for accumulation of P, Sr, Cu, Ba and removal of Mn, V, Cr, Ti. Statistically significant interrelationships between the concentrations of the considered elements (in the soils of deciduous forest, there is Co-Ni, Co-Mn, Zn-Sn; in gardens, there is Ag-Zn, Co-Sn, Ni-Mo, V-Mo, Sn-Ni, Ni-Zn; vineyards contain V-Ti) were revealed, the main paragenetic associations formed in certain landscape-geochemical conditions were determined.

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38

Kliś, Kornelia M., Roger M. Krzyżewski, Borys M. Kwinta, Bartłomiej Łasocha, Paweł Brzegowy, Krzysztof Stachura, Tadeusz J. Popiela, Radosław Borek i Jerzy Gąsowski. "Increased tortuosity of basilar artery might be associated with higher risk of aneurysm development". European Radiology 30, nr 10 (13.05.2020): 5625–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-06917-3.

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Abstract Objectives We analysed tortuosity of basilar artery (BA) to determine its relationship with the presence of aneurysm. Methods We retrospectively analysed 71 patients with BA aneurysms along with 71 age- and risk factors-matched control patients without BA aneurysm. From patients’ medical records, we obtained their history including previous and current diseases and medications. For each patient, we calculated relative length (RL), sum of angle metrics (SOAM), triangular index (TI), product of angle distance (PAD) and inflexion count metrics (ICM). We used t-test and Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables and χ2 test for dichotomised variables. To find independent predictors of BA aneurysm, we employed logistic regression analysis. Results We found significant positive correlation between age and SOAM (R = 0.195, p = 0.02) and PAD (R = 0.199, p = 0.018). Our study also showed that patients with BA aneurysm had significantly higher SOAM (0.21 ± 0.16 vs. 0.11 ± 0.08; p < 0.01), PAD (0.30 ± 0.19 vs. 0.18 ± 0.11; p < 0.01), TI (0.23 ± 0.23 vs. 0.10 ± 0.16; p < 0.01) and ICM (0.20 ± 0.16 vs. 0.15 ± 0.11; p = 0.045). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, after adjustment for all possible confounders, SOAM (OR = 1.086; 95% CI 1.046–1.136; p < 0.01) and TI (OR = 1.004; 95%C: 1.002–1.006; p < 0.01) remained independently associated with higher risk of BA aneurysm. Conclusions Increased tortuosity of BA is associated with higher risk of its aneurysm development. Key Points • Basilar artery sum of angle metrics and product of angle distance are correlated with age. • Basilar artery tortuosity is independently associated with higher risk of its aneurysm development. • Basilar artery tortuosity is positively correlated with its diameter and bifurcation angle.

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Guo, Dong, Kai Cai i Yunli Wang. "A distinct mutual phase transition in a new PVDF based lead-free composite film with enhanced dielectric and energy storage performance and low loss". Journal of Materials Chemistry C 5, nr 10 (2017): 2531–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tc04648g.

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Environment-friendly polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) based composite films were fabricated by using a high permittivity lead-free Ba(Sn,Ti)O₃–(Ba,Ca)TiO₃ (BCTS) ceramic filler with a special ‘tricritical’ phase structure.

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Komatsu, Ai, Takuya Hoshina, Spela Kunej, Hiroaki Takeda i Takaaki Tsurumi. "Fabrication of BaTiO₃ Films on Si Substrate by Inkjet Printing". Key Engineering Materials 485 (lipiec 2011): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.485.187.

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BaTiO3 films were fabricated on Si substrate using inkjet printing technique. To achieve low-temperature fabrication of BaTiO3 films, Ba-Ti-alkoxide ink was prepared. The mixing ratio and sequence of raw materials were optimized for controlling the chemical stability and viscosity of alkoxide ink. The inkjet printing films on Si substrate were annealed at 700 °C, and it resulted in the formation of BaTiO3. It was found that the film quality was improved by adding BaTiO3 nanoparticles into the Ba-Ti-alkoxide ink.

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MORTLEY, DESMOND, V. KHAN, C. BONSI i E. RHODEN. "INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZER PLACEMENT UNDER PLASTIC ON YIELD AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE OF TRANSPLANTED TOMATOES." HortScience 25, nr 8 (sierpień 1990): 857f—857. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.8.857f.

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Fertilizer placement under plastic was studied on 2 tomato cultivars (`TI-130' and `Floradade') during 1989. Treatments were 1, 2 or 3 increments of fertilizer broadcast, banded, broadcast/banded of banded with 1 or 2 sidedressings and a check. Fertilizer applied was NPK at 135-90-84 kg·ha-1 as a ammonium nitrate, triple superphosphate and muriate of potash, 10cm to each side of the plants and 10cm deep. Vine, total, marketable and early yields for lower rates either Br or Ba were as good as those of the full rate Br or Ba with 2 sidedressings (Ba/SD2). Leaf N, P, K, Ca and Mg for `TI-130' were not affected by placement. The Ba/SD2 placement Increased leaf N for `Floradade' but leaf Ca was reduced in all treatments vs the check. Leaf Mn was increased markedly by placements involving broadcasting at all rates.

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Ravinder, D., P. Shalini, P. Mahesh, K. Koteswara Rao, M. Vithal i B. S. Boyanov. "Electrical conductivity of Ba–Co–Ti hexagonal ferrites". Journal of Alloys and Compounds 364, nr 1-2 (luty 2004): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-8388(03)00543-7.

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Shang, Shunli, Zhi-Jie Liu i Zi-Kui Liu. "Thermodynamic modeling of the Ba–Ni–Ti system". Journal of Alloys and Compounds 430, nr 1-2 (marzec 2007): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.03.096.

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Bacsa, R., P. Ravindranathan i J. P. Dougherty. "Electrochemical, hydrothermal, and electrochemical-hydrothermal synthesis of barium titanate thin films on titanium substrates". Journal of Materials Research 7, nr 2 (luty 1992): 423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1992.0423.

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Well-crystallized polycrystalline films of cubic BaTiO3 have been synthesized on Ti metal substrates by electrochemical, hydrothermal, and electrochemical-hydrothermal reaction of a Ti metal with a saturated solution of Ba(OH)2 in the temperature range 80 °C−200 °C. The films can be produced in the electrochemical process by the anodization of a Ti substrate in Ba(OH)2 solution at pH = 13 and current densities of the order of 10–50 mA/cm2. The films can also be synthesized by the hydrothermal reaction of Ba(OH)2 and a Ti substrate without electrical bias. A combination of these two techniques reduces the reaction time to 30–45 min. The films were found to have good adherence on the substrate and films of thickness up to 2 μm could be formed within a reaction time of 45 min. Capacitance measurements have yielded a dielectric constant of 300. The films prepared by the three different techniques have been compared for crystallinity and microstructure. The thickness of the films increased with temperature and time of reaction. The crystallinity decreased with extended time of reaction for a given temperature. It is likely that a reactive intermediate such as Ti(OH)4 (aq.) is formed in all the three cases which leads to the formation of crystalline BaTiO3.

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Carter, M. L., E. R. Vance, D. R. G. Mitchell, J. V. Hanna, Z. Zhang i E. Loi. "Fabrication, characterization, and leach testing of hollandite, (Ba,Cs)(Al,Ti)2Ti6O16". Journal of Materials Research 17, nr 10 (październik 2002): 2578–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2002.0374.

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The dissolution in de-ionized water (DIW) at 90 and 150 °C of Cs and Ba from mechanically polished Cs-doped Ba hollandite samples is essentially congruent. The normalized Ba and Cs release rates were <0.001 g/m2/day after 56 days in DIW at 90 °C, and the Ba normalized release rate of a Cs-free sample was 0.01 g/m2/day after 56 days in DIW at 150 °C. Varying the pH between approximately 2.5 and 12.9 affected only the Ba dissolution rates of hollandite by half an order of magnitude. The dissolution rates of all species decrease with increasing leaching time due to the formation of partly impervious surface coatings of Al- and Ti-rich species. These surface coatings were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, and in some cases by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

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Takeda, Shoichi, Satoshi Yasuda, Chikako Moriyoshi, Yoshihiro Kuroiwa, Atsushi Honda, Noriyuki Inoue, Shin'ichi Higai i Akira Ando. "Substitution Effects of Gd and Mg on Cubic Structure of Barium Titanate". Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (5.08.2014): C77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314099227.

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Barium titanate BaTiO3 is a ferroelectric oxide with low dielectric loss and high permittivity, which makes it a good insulator for industrial uses. However, the pure barium titanate is not always used for electronic devices. Gd- and Mg-doping in barium titanate is effective for the dielectrics in multilayer ceramic capacitors MLCCs, for example, to attain the uniform temperature-variation of dielectric constants in the wide temperature-range where MLCCs are practically used, while the Curie temperature is significantly decreased [1]. In this study, the structural characteristics of Gd- and Mg-substituted barium titanate (Ba,Gd)(Ti,Mg)O3 (BGTM) in the cubic phase were investigated to clarify the effects of Gd- and Mg-substitution on the crystal structure and the chemical bonding. Synchrotron radiation x-ray powder diffraction measurements were carried out using the BGTM samples with the Mg content of x = 0 ~ 0.1. Lattice parameters, substitution sites of the Gd and Mg ions, thermal parameters, and electron charge density distributions in the crystals were analyzed by using the maximum entropy method (MEM)/Rietveld method. The Curie temperature decreased with increasing x. The phase transition did not take place in BGTM with x > 0.05. The Gd ion was confirmed to be substituted for the Ba ion with larger thermal vibration amplitude than that of the Ba ion. The amplitude was almost independent of the Gd content. It was revealed that the Gd ion occupied the off-centered positions slightly form the Ba-site along the <100> directions at lower temperatures. Difference in thermal behaviors of the Gd and Ba ions can be attributed to the size difference between the smaller Gd ion and the larger Ba ion. The Mg ion was observed on the Ti-site. The substitution of the Mg ion for the Ti ion suppresses the ferroactivity of the Ti ion, which causes the lowering of the Curie temperature.

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Lin, Q. R., S. Li i D. Y. Wang. "Built-in electric field in compositionally graded (1 − x)Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3–x(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 thin films". RSC Advances 5, nr 68 (2015): 55453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra06939d.

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The built-in electric field in compositionally graded (1 − x)Ba(Zr_0.2Ti_0.8)O₃–x(Ba_0.7Ca_0.3)TiO₃ (BZT–xBCT) thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition.

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Moriová, Kamila, Zdeněk Tolde, Přemysl Vaněk, Vladimír Starý i Václav Nehasil. "BaTiO₃ FILMS DEPOSITED ONTO TiNb AND Ti SUBSTRATES - AMOUNT AND STABILITY OF BARIUM". Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 8 (30.06.2017): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2017.8.0014.

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BaTiO<sub>3</sub> films deposited onto TiNb and Ti substrates using hydrothermal synthesis method were studied in the presented work. These films are supposed to improve properties of bone implants due to their ferroelectric behaviour, because ferroelectrics induce improved bone formation. A great question is the chemical stability of the used material. It can be crucial for its biocompatibility and possible in vivo application. We studied chemical composition of prepared samples, especially concentration of Ba and Ti and trends of these concentrations stimulated by a solution saline action. The Ba and Ti concentrations were determined by XPS under ultra - high vacuum condition. The BaTiO<sub>3</sub> films were investigated as received after the preparation procedure as well as after a long - time treatment in solution saline. Every sample was introduced to the solution saline at first for 1 and later for 3 weeks. Ti concentration almost does not change during our experiments while a meaningful Ba decrease is observed. Nevertheless, barium release seems to slow down with respect to the time of solution saline action. Stability of barium titanate films in a period of several months and an absolute amount of the released barium will be a subject of the next research.

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Canpolat, Özgür, Kürşad Kadir Eriş i Eyyüp Önder Akkoyun. "Hazar Gölü Sedimentinde Jeolojik Dönemlere Bağlı Olarak Bazı Elementlerin Konsantrasyonlarının Belirlenmesi". Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 8, nr 4 (27.04.2020): 1001–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i4.1001-1011.3319.

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In this study, it was aimed to determine the concentrations of some elements in sediment along depht profile in core collected at the Lake Hazar (Elazıg) and to compared the results according to recent geological periods. For this purpose, the levels of arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), molybdenum (Mo), barium (Ba), uranium (U), tin (Sn), titanium (Ti), lanthanum (La) and beryllium (Be) on every 5 cm of the piston core samples taken as part of a TUBİTAK project (No: 111Y045) from Lake Hazar were detected. The lowest concentrations of Ba, Hg, La, Ti and U were found (111 ppm, 0.01 ppm, 4.4 ppm, 1190 ppm and 0.6 ppm respectively) at 81-83 cm in depth. It was determined that it belonged to 10 000 B.P. and to Holocene Period (10.5 thousand B.P.). The highest concentrations of As, Ba, Hg, Sn, La, Mo, Ti and U were found different depth in the core in Lake Hazar. The highest concentrations of Hg in the core were detected between 4-6 cm that this depth was determined corresponds to present day. The highest levels of As and Ba found that it belonged to Pre-Glacial Period/ Late Pleistocene Period (10.5 thousand B.P.). The highest concentration of other elements (Sn, La, Mo and Ti) determined that it belonged to Last Glacial Maximum Period/Late Pleistocene Period (between 23-16 thousand B.P.). The geological structure of the basin where the lake ecosystem is located, biological and hydrological processes, climatic and anthropogenic factors can be cited as the reasons for these differences.

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Olejníček, J., Zdenek Hubička, M. Čada, P. Virostko, Štepan Kment, P. Adámek, Lubomir Jastrabik i A. Dejneka. "Space Resolved Optical Emission Spectroscopy During Deposition of Ba_xSr_1-xTiO₃ Thin Films by Double Hollow Cathode Plasma Jet System". Materials Science Forum 609 (styczeń 2009): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.609.105.

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Pulse modulated double hollow cathode RF plasma jet system with two separate independent nozzles made of BaTiO3 (BTO) and SrTiO3 (STO) was used for deposition of BSTO thin films on Si and on multi-layer Si/SiO2/TiO2/Pt substrates. Dielectric properties of BSTO layers strongly depend on ratio composition expressed by parameter x = Ba/(Ba+Sr) and on accuracy in presence of other elements. Space resolved optical emission spectroscopy (OES) was used mainly for monitoring of concentration of particles sputtered from the hollow cathode and for feedback correction of power supplied in both nozzles because applied power was responsible for sputtering speed of Ba and Sr particles. Main attention was focused on relation between ratio of spectral intensity of Ba, Ba+, Sr and Sr+ lines close to substrate and ratio of Ba and Sr concentration in the deposited film. 2D map of emission lines intensity distribution for Ba, Ba+, Sr, Sr+, Ti, Ar, and Ar+ for double hollow cathode plasma jet system with BTO and STO nozzles was created. OES was also used for observing of excess of Ti particles in final layer with negative effect on layer properties and for measurement of rotational temperature of OH radicals. Preliminary results of all these optical measurements are published in this paper. Deposited thin films were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, which confirmed presence of BSTO and STO perovskite phase in the films, by atomic force microscopy (AFM), by electron microprobe and by micro-Raman scattering measurement.

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