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Sun, Yuh-Man. "Cloning and charaterisation of the Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone receptor and Gonadotrophin-relasing hormone receptor from chicken pituitary gland". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26973.
Pełny tekst źródłaDromey, Jasmin Rachel. "Elucidating novel aspects of hypothalamic releasing hormone receptor regulation". University of Western Australia. School of Medicine and Pharmacology, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0133.
Pełny tekst źródłaKaur, Baljit. "The conformational analysis of thyrotropin releasing hormone and its analogues". Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284878.
Pełny tekst źródłaOuafik, L'Houcine. "Etude sur la biosynthèse de la Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) pancréatique". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37608585w.
Pełny tekst źródłaOuafik, L'Houcine. "Etude sur la biosynthèse de la thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) pancréatique". Aix-Marseille 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX22004.
Pełny tekst źródłaXiang, Shi Zhan. "Central control of the rat thyroid axis". Thesis, Brunel University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320216.
Pełny tekst źródłaChen, Junling. "Ligand-independent activation of steroid hormone receptors by gonadotropin-releasing hormone". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/34980.
Pełny tekst źródłaEbiou, Jean-Claude. "Le rôle biologique de la thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) dans le pancréas endocrine". Paris 7, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA077056.
Pełny tekst źródłaMa, Chi-him Eddie. "Molecular studies of gonadotropin releasing hormone receptors and estrogen receptors in goldfish (Carassius auratus)". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B4257531X.
Pełny tekst źródła馬智謙 i Chi-him Eddie Ma. "Molecular studies of gonadotropin releasing hormone receptors and estrogen receptors in goldfish (Carassius auratus)". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4257531X.
Pełny tekst źródłaHart, G. R. "Mechanism of control of growth hormone release from the anterior pituitary : A role for thyrotropin-releasing hormone". Thesis, University of Sussex, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305765.
Pełny tekst źródłaFlanagan, Colleen A. "Gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor ligand interactions". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27029.
Pełny tekst źródłaNguyen, Kim Thoa Thi [Verfasser]. "Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) selectively stimulates human hair follicle pigmentation / Kim Thoa Thi Nguyen". Lübeck : Zentrale Hochschulbibliothek Lübeck, 2017. http://d-nb.info/114120309X/34.
Pełny tekst źródła顔秀慧 i S. W. Ngan. "Transcriptional regulation of the human gonadotropin releasing hormonereceptor gene". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31240847.
Pełny tekst źródłaNgan, S. W. "Transcriptional regulation of the human gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor gene /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21687584.
Pełny tekst źródłaCarter, Rebecca Ann. "Thyroid Status in Exercising Horses and Laminitic Ponies". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35454.
Pełny tekst źródłaMaster of Science
Chan, Koon-wing. "Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a goldfish growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18539683.
Pełny tekst źródłaHoo, L. C., i 何麗莊. "Transcriptional regulation of the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH) II and GnRH receptor genes". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29297011.
Pełny tekst źródłaPapadopoulou, Nikoletta. "Investigation of the biological activity of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors during pregnancy". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400089.
Pełny tekst źródłaSedgley, Kathleen Ruth. "An investigation into the regulation and trafficking of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone receptors". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.431819.
Pełny tekst źródłaHutchinson, Emerentia. "The cloning of novel gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors by polymerase chain reaction". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26968.
Pełny tekst źródłaCheung, Wai-ting, i 張慧婷. "Role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone of metastatic potential of ovarian cancer cells". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41634184.
Pełny tekst źródłaLee, King-yiu. "Molecular cloning and characterization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors in the black seabream (Mylio macrocephalus)". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22823876.
Pełny tekst źródłaFernandes, S. M. (Sandra Maria). "Transcriptional regulation of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) gene by glucocorticoids". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19595.
Pełny tekst źródłaENGLISH ABSTRACT: The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor in the pituitary gonadotropes and is an important control point for reproduction. GnRH binds to the GnRH receptor (GnRHR) resulting in the synthesis and release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The sensitivity of the pituitary to GnRH can be directly correlated with GnRHR levels. The mouse GnRHR promoter contains three cis elements containing binding sites for steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1), namely site 1 (-15/-7), site 2 (-244/- 236) and site 3 (-304/-296) as well as an activator protein-1 (AP-1)-like consensus sequence (TGAGTCA) at position –336/-330. While sites 1 and 2 and the AP-1 site have been previously shown to be involved in regulation of transcription of the mouse GnRHR (mGnRHR) promoter in some cell lines, the role of site 3 has not been previously investigated. This study investigated whether transcription of the mGnRHR gene is regulated by GnRH and glucocorticoids in the LβT2 gonadotrope pituitary cell line, and the role therein of site 3 and the AP-1 site and their cognate proteins, using a combination of in vitro protein- DNA binding studies and promoter-reporter assays. The role played by site 3 and the AP-1 site in basal transcription of the mGnRHR gene in LβT2 cells was the first area of investigation during this study. Luciferase reporter plasmids containing 600 bp of the mGnRHR promoter were used where the site 3 and AP-1 sites were either wild-type or mutated. Two constructs were prepared from the wild-type construct, i.e. wild type (LG), site 3 mutant (m3) and AP-1 mutant (mAP-1). Transfection of LG, m3 and mAP-1 plasmids into LβT2 cells was carried out to determine the effect of these mutations on the basal expression of the mGnRHR gene. Mutation of site 3 resulted in a 1.5 fold increase in the transcriptional activity of the mGnRHR promoter. This suggests that site 3 plays a role in the inhibition of basal transcriptional levels of the mGnRHR promoter in LβT2 cells. Mutation of the AP-1 site resulted in a 50% decrease in basal transcriptional levels of the mGnRHR promoter in LβT2 cells. This suggests that the AP-1 site is involved in positively mediating the basal transcriptional response of the GnRHR promoter in LβT2 cells. Experiments towards the understanding of the mechanism of the cis elements (site 3 and AP-1 site) on the mGnRHR promoter were carried out along with the role of protein kinase A (PKA) pathways, proteins involved and the effect of varying doses for varying times of GnRH, as well as the overexpression of PKA and the SF-1 protein. It was found that site 3 and the AP-1 site are not involved in the GnRH response. Results suggest that site 3 is partially involved in the PKA response in LβT2 cells. Site 3 can bind SF-1 protein as shown via competitive electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA). When EMSA’s were performed on the AP-1 site the findings were that the c-Fos protein was not involved in the activation of the AP-1 site. A factor was found to bind to the AP-1 site, which did not require the intact AP-1 site, suggesting that it could be the c-Jun protein that binds to the AP-1 site under basal conditions. Another area that was investigated was whether the mGnRHR promoter can be regulated by dexamethasone (dex) either via the AP-1 site or site 3. A dose and time-dependent increase in promoter activity was observed with dex. This effect appears to require site 3 and the AP-1 site, as shown by the complete loss of response when these sites were individually mutated, consistent with a functional interaction between site 3 and the AP-1 site in LβT2 cells.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die gonadotropienvrystellings hormoon (GnRH) reseptor is ‘n G-proteïen-gekoppelde reseptor in die pituitêre gonadotrope en is ’n belangrike beheerpunt vir reproduksie. GnRH bind aan die GnRH reseptor (GnRHR) met die gevolg dat follikel stimulerende hormoon (FSH) en luteïeniserende (LH) gesintetiseer en vrygestel word. Die sensitiwiteit van die pituitêre klier vir GnRH kan direk met GnRHR vlakke gekorreleer word. Die muis GnRHR promotor bevat drie cis elemente met bindingssetels vir steroïedogeniese faktor 1 (SF1), naamlik setel 1 (-15/-7), setel 2 (-244/-236) en setel 3 (-304/-296) sowel as ’n aktiveerder proteïen 1 (AP-1) tipe konsensus sekwens (TGAGTCA) in posisie -336/-330. Terwyl setels 1 en 2 en die AP-1 setel voorheen getoon is om by die regulering van transkripsie van die muis GnRHR (mGnRHR) promotor in party sellyne betrokke te wees, is die rol van setel 3 nog nie vantevore bestudeer nie. In hierdie studie is ondersoek of die transkripsie van die mGnRHR geen deur GnRH en glukokortikoïede in die LβT2 gonadotroop pituitêre sellyn gereguleer word, en die rol van setel 3 en die AP-1 setel en hulle binders, deur gebruik te maak van in vitro proteïen-DNA bindings studies en promotor-verslaggewer essais. Die rol wat setel 3 en die AP-1 setel in basale transkripsie van die mGnRHR gene in LβT2 selle gespeel het, was die eerste onderwerp wat in hierdie studie bestudeer is. Lusiferase verslaggewer plasmiede wat die eerste 600 bp van die mGnRHR promotor bevat het en waarin setel 3 en die AP-1 setels óf wilde tipe óf gemuteer was, is gebruik. Two konstrukte is vanaf die wilde tipe konstruk berei, naamlik wilde tipe (LG), ’n setel 3 mutant (m3) en ’n AP-1 mutant (mAP-1). Transfeksie van LG, m3 en mAP-1 plasmiede in LβT2 selle is deurgevoer om te bepaal wat die effek van hierdie mutasies op die basale ekspressie van die mGnRHR gene was. Mutasie van setel 3 het ’n 1.5-voudige toename in die transkripsionele aktiwiteit van die mGnRHR promotor tot gevolg gehad. Dit suggereer dat setel 3 ’n rol in die inhibisie van die basale transkripsievlakke van die mGnRHR promotor in LβT2 selle speel. Mutasie van die AP-1 setel het tot ‘n 50% verlaging in basale transkripsievlakke van die mGnRHR promotor in LβT2 selle gelei. Dit suggereer dat die AP-1 setel betrokke is in die positiewe bemiddeling van die basale transkriptionele respons van die GnRHR promotor in LβT2 selle. Eksperimente wat gemik was om die meganisme van die cis-elemente (setel 3 en die AP-1 setel) op die mGnRHR promotor te verklaar, asook om die rol van proteïen kinase A (PKA) paaie, proteïene daarby betrokke en die effek van varieende dosisse vir verskillende tye van GnRH, sowel as die oorekspressie van PKA en die SF-1 proteïen, is deurgevoer. Dit is gevind dat setel 3 en die AP-1 setel nie betrokke by die GnRH respons is nie. Die resultate suggereer dat setel 3 gedeeltelik betrokke is by die PKA respons van LβT2 selle. Setel 3 kan SF-1 proteïen bind soos getoon deur kompeterence elektroforetiese mobiliteits verskuiwings essais (EMSA). As EMSA’s deurgevoer is op die AP-1 setel is bevind dat die c-Fos proteïen nie betrokke is in die aktivering van die AP-1 setel nie. ’n Faktor is gevind om aan die AP-1 setel te bind wat nie ’n intakte AP-1 setel vereis het nie, wat gesuggereer het dat dit die c-Jun proteïen kan wees wat aan die AP-1 setel onder basale omstandighede bind. ’n Ander area wat ondersoek is, is of die GnRHR promotor gereguleer kan word deur deksametasoon (dex) óf via die AP-1 setel óf via setel 3. ’n Dosis en tyds-afhanklike toename in promotor aktiwiteit is waargeneem met dex. ’n Vereiste vir hierdie effek blyk om die teenwoordigheid van setel 3 en die AP-1 setel te wees, soos aangetoon deur die totale verlies aan response as hierdie twee setels individueel gemuteer is, en wat weereens in ooreenstemming met die funksionele interaksie tussen setel 3 en die AP-1 setel in LβT2 selle is.
He, Mulan, i 何木蘭. "Molecular studies of two functional gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors in goldfish, Carassius auratus". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31240240.
Pełny tekst źródłaKee, Francis. "Aspartic acid scanning mutation analysis of a receptor isolated from goldfish specific to the growth hormone releasing hormone salmon-like peptide /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21827370.
Pełny tekst źródła李景耀 i King-yiu Lee. "Molecular cloning and characterization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors in the black seabream (Mylio macrocephalus)". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31224635.
Pełny tekst źródłaFradinger, Erica Aileen. "Isolation and developmental expression of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GRF), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and their receptors in the zebrafish, Danio rerio". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ62513.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródła陳冠榮 i Koon-wing Chan. "Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a goldfish growthhormone-releasing hormone receptor". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31213923.
Pełny tekst źródłaPithey, Anne Louise. "Autocrine regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in immortalized hypothalamic GT1-7 neurons". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27030.
Pełny tekst źródła紀思思 i Francis Kee. "Aspartic acid scanning mutation analysis of a receptor isolated from goldfish specific to the growth hormone releasing hormone salmon-likepeptide". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31222766.
Pełny tekst źródłaSadie, Hanél. "Transcriptional regulation of the mouse gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene in pituitary gonadotrope cell lines". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1495.
Pełny tekst źródłaGonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), acting via its cognate receptor (GnRHR) is the primary regulator of mammalian reproductive function. Pituitary sensitivity to GnRH can be directly correlated with GnRHR levels on the surface of the pituitary gonadotrope cells, which can be regulated at transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational levels. This study investigated mechanisms of transcriptional regulation of mouse GnRHR expression in two mouse gonadotrope cell lines, αT3-1 and LβT2, using a combination of endogenous mRNA expression studies, promoter-reporter studies, a two-hybrid protein-protein interaction assay, Western blotting, and in vitro protein-DNA binding studies. In the first part of the study, the role of two GnRHR promoter nuclear receptor binding sites (NRSs) and their cognate transcription factors in basal and Protein Kinase A (PKA)-stimulated regulation of GnRHR promoter activity was investigated in αT3-1 cells. The distal NRS was found to be crucial for basal promoter activity in these cells. While the NRSs were not required for the PKA response in these cells, results indicate a modulatory role for the transcription factors Steroidogenic Factor-1 (SF-1) and Nur77 via these promoter elements. The second part of the study focused on elucidating the mechanism of homologous regulation of GnRHR transcription in LβT2 cells, with a view to defining the respective roles of PKA and Protein Kinase C (PKC) in the transcriptional response to GnRH. In addition, the respective roles of the NRSs, the cyclic AMP response element (CRE) and the Activator Protein-1 (AP-1) promoter cis elements, together with their cognate transcription factors, in basal and GnRH-stimulated GnRHR promoter activity, were investigated. Homologous upregulation of transcription of the endogenous gene was confirmed, and was quantified by means of real-time RTPCR. The GnRH response of the endogenous gene and of the transfected promoter-reporter construct required PKA and PKC activity, and the GnRH response of the promoter-reporter construct was found to be dependent on a functional AP-1 site. Furthermore, GnRH treatment resulted in increased binding of phosphorylated cAMP-response element binding protein (phospho-CREB) and decreased expression and binding of SF-1 to their cognate cis elements in vitro, and stimulated a direct interaction between SF-1 and CREB, suggesting that these events are also required for the full transcriptional response to GnRH. This study is the first providing detail regarding the mechanism of transcriptional regulation of GnRHR expression in LβT2 cells by GnRH. Based on results from this study, a model has been proposed which outlines for the first time the kinase pathways, the promoter cis elements and the cognate transcription factors involved in homologous regulation of GnRHR transcription in the LβT2 cell line. As certain aspects of this model have been confirmed for the endogenous GnRHR gene, the model is likely to be physiologically relevant, and provides new ideas and hypotheses to be tested in future studies.
Lee, ChangWoo. "CIS- AND TRANS-ACTIVATION OF HORMONE RECEPTORS: THE LH RECEPTOR". Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2003. http://lib.uky.edu/ETD/ukybiol2003d00082/changwoo.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaTitle from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xix, 74p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 62-72).
Faurholm, Bjarne. "Gene structure, transcripts and transcriptional regulation of primate type II gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3127.
Pełny tekst źródłaVon, Boetticher S. "Investigating the mechanism of transcriptional regulation of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) gene by dexamethasone". Thesis, Link to the online version, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1796.
Pełny tekst źródłaVan, Biljon Wilma. "The mammalian type II gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor : cloning, distribution and role in gonadotropin gene expression". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17333.
Pełny tekst źródłaENGLISH ABSTRACT: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is well known as the central regulator of the reproductive system through its stimulation of gonadotropin synthesis and release from the pituitary via binding to its specific receptor, known as the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor type I (GnRHR-I). The gonadotropins, luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), bind to receptors in the gonads, leading to effects on steroidogenesis and gametogenesis. The recent finding of a second form of the GnRH receptor, known as the type II GnRHR or GnRHR-II, in non-mammalian vertebrates triggered the interest into the possible existence and function of a GnRHR-II in humans. The current study addressed this issue by investigating the presence of transcripts for a GnRHR-II in various human tissues and cells. While it was demonstrated that antisense transcripts for this receptor, containing sequence of only two of the three coding exons, are ubiquitously and abundantly expressed in all tissues examined, potentially full-length (containing all three exons), sense transcripts for a GnRHR-II were detected only in human ejaculate. Further analysis revealed that the subset of cells in the ejaculate expressing these transcripts is mature sperm. These findings, together with the reported role for GnRH in spermatogenesis and reproduction led to the further analysis of the presence of a local GnRH/GnRHR network in human and vervet monkey ejaculate or sperm. Indeed, such a network seems to be present in humans since transcripts for both forms of GnRH present in mammals, as well as transcripts for the GnRHR-I, are expressed in human ejaculate. Furthermore, transcripts for the GnRHR-II are expressed in both human and vervet monkey ejaculate. Thus, it would appear that locally produced GnRH-1 and/or GnRH-2 in the human male reproductive tract might mediate their effects on fertility via a local GnRHR-I, and possibly via GnRHR-II. Remarkably, in the pituitary, LH and FSH are present in the same gonadotropes, yet they are differentially regulated by GnRH under various physiological conditions. While it is well established that post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms occur, the contribution of transcriptional regulation to the differential expression of the LHβ- and FSHβ-subunit genes is unclear. In this study, the role of GnRH-1 and GnRH-2 via the GnRHR-I and the GnRHR-II in transcriptional regulation of mammalian LHβ- and FSHβ genes was determined in the LβT2 mouse pituitary gonadotrope cell-line. It is demonstrated for the first time that GnRH-1 may affect gonadotropin subunit gene expression via GnRHR-II in addition to GnRHR-I, and that GnRH-2 also has the ability to regulate gonadotropin subunit gene expression via both receptors. Similar to other reports, it is shown that the transcriptional response to GnRH-1 of LHβ and FSHβ is low (about 1.4-fold for bLHβLuc and 1.2-fold for oFSHβLuc). In addition, evidence is supplied for the first time that GnRH-2 transcriptional regulation of the gonadotropin β subunits is also low (about 1.5-fold for bLHβLuc and 1.1-fold for oFSHβLuc). It is demonstrated that GnRH-1 is a more potent stimulator of bLHβ promoter activity as compared to GnRH-2 via the GnRHR-I, yet both hormones result in a similar maximum induction of bLHβ. However, GnRH-2 is a more efficacious stimulator of bLHβ transcription via the GnRHR-II than GnRH-1. No discriminatory effect of GnRH-1 vs. GnRH-2 was observed for oFSHβ promoter activity via GnRHR-I or GnRHR-II. By comparison of the ratio of expression of transfected oFSHβ- and bLHβ promoterreporters via GnRH-1 with that of GnRH-2, it is shown that GnRH-2 is a selective regulator of FSHβ gene transcription. This discriminatory effect of GnRH-2 is specific for GnRHR-I, as it is not observed for GnRHR-II, where GnRH-1 results in a greater oFSHβ- to-bLHβ ratio. These opposite selectivities for GnRHR-I and GnRHR-II on the ratios of oFSHβ:bLHβ promoter activity for GnRH-1 vs. GnRH-2 suggest a mechanism for fine control of gonadotropin regulation in the pituitary by variation of relative GnRHR-I vs. GnRHR-II levels. In addition, a concentration-dependent modulatory role for PACAP on GnRH-1- and GnRH-2-mediated regulation of bLHβ promoter activity, via both GnRHR-I and GnRHR-II, and of oFSHβ promoter activity, via GnRHR-I, is indicated. The concentration-dependent effects suggest the involvement of two different signalling pathways for the PACAP response. Together these findings suggest that transcription of the gonadotropin genes in vivo is under extensive hormonal control that can be finetuned in response to varying physiological conditions, which include changing levels of GnRH-1, GnRH-2, GnRHR-I and GnRHR-II as well as PACAP.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gonadotropien-vrystellingshormoon (GnRH) is bekend as die sentrale reguleerder van die voorplantingsisteem deur die stimulasie van gonadotropiensintese en - vrystelling vanaf die pituïtêre klier via binding aan ‘n spesifieke reseptor, die sogenaamde tipe I gonadotropien-vrystellingshormoonreseptor (GnRHR-I). Die gonadotropiene, lutineringshormoon (LH) en follikel-stimuleringshormoon (FSH), bind aan reseptore in die gonades waar dit steroïedogenese en gametogenese beïnvloed. Die onlangse ontdekking van ‘n tweede vorm van die GnRH-reseptor, bekend as die tipe II GnRHR of GnRHR-II, in nie-soogdier vertebrate het belangstelling in die moontlike bestaan en funksie van ‘n GnRHR-II in die mens gewek. Hierdie kwessie is aangeraak deur die teenwoordigheid van transkripte vir ‘n GnRHR-II in verskeie weefsel- en seltipes van die mens te ondersoek. Daar is aangetoon dat nie-sin transkripte vir hierdie reseptor, wat die DNA-opeenvolgings van slegs twee van die drie koderende eksons bevat het, oormatig uitgedruk word in al die weefseltipes wat ondersoek is. Daarteenoor is potensieel vollengte (bevattende al drie eksons) sin transkripte vir ‘n GnRHR-II in die mens slegs in semen gevind. Verdere analise het getoon dat dit volwasse sperma binne die semen is wat laasgenoemde transkripte uitdruk. Hierdie bevindinge, tesame met die aangetoonde rol vir GnRH in spermatogenese en reproduksie het gelei tot die verdere analise van die teenwoordigheid van ‘n lokale GnRH/GnRHR-netwerk in mens- en blouaapsemen of -sperm. So ‘n netwerk blyk om teenwoordig te wees in die mens, aangesien transkripte vir beide vorme van GnRH wat in soogdiere gevind word, asook transkripte vir die GnRHR-I, in menssemen uitgedruk word. Daarbenewens word transkripte vir die GnRHR-II uitgedruk in beide mens- en blouaapsemen. Dit wil dus voorkom asof lokaalgeproduseerde GnRH-1 en/of GnRH-2 in die manlike voortplantingstelsel van die mens hul effek op vrugbaarheid bemiddel via ‘n lokale GnRHR-I, en moontlik ook via GnRHR-II. Dit is opmerklik dat LH en FSH teenwoordig is in dieselfde gonadotroopselle van die pituïtêre klier en tog verskillend gereguleer word deur GnRH tydens verskeie fisiologiese kondisies. Terwyl dit bekend is dat post-transkripsionele reguleringsmeganismes teenwoordig is, is die bydrae van transkripsionele regulering tot die differensiële uitdrukking van die LHβ- en FSHβ-subeenheidgene minder duidelik. In hierdie studie is die rol van GnRH-1 en GnRH-2 via die GnRHR-I en die GnRHR-II in transkripsionele regulering van soogdier-LHβ- en -FSHβ-gene in die LβT2 muis pituïtêre gonadotroopsellyn bepaal. Dit is vir die eerste keer aangetoon dat GnRH-1 ‘n effek mag hê op gonadotropiensubeenheid-geenuitdrukking via GnRHR-II bykomend tot GnRHR-I, en dat GnRH-2 ook die vermoë besit om gonadotropiensubeenheid-geenuitdrukking via beide reseptore te reguleer. Soos deur ander studies aangetoon is die transkripsionele respons van LHβ en FSHβ tot GnRH-1 klein (ongeveer 1.4-voudig vir bLHβLuc en 1.2- voudig vir oFSHβLuc). Verder is daar vir die eerste keer bewys gelewer dat transkripsionele regulering van die gonadotropien β-subeenhede deur GnRH-2 ook gering is (ongeveer 1.5-voudig vir bLHβLuc en 1.1-voudig vir oFSHβLuc). Daar is aangetoon dat GnRH-1 ‘n sterker stimuleerder van bLHβ-promotoraktiwiteit is in vergelyking met GnRH-2 via die GnRHR-I, hoewel beide hormone tot ‘n soortgelyke maksimum induksie van bLHβ lei. GnRH-2 is egter ‘n meer effektiewe stimuleerder van bLHβ-transkripsie as GnRH-1 via die GnRHR-II. Geen verskille is gevind tussen die effekte van GnRH-1 en GnRH-2 op oFSHβ-promotoraktiwiteit via GnRHR-I of GnRHR-II nie. Wanneer die verhouding van uitdrukking van getransfekteerde oFSHβ- en bLHβ- promotor-verslaggewers via GnRH-1 met dié van GnRH-2 vergelyk is, is aangetoon dat GnRH-2 ‘n selektiewe reguleerder van FSHβ-geentranskripsie is. Hierdie diskriminasieeffek van GnRH-2 is spesifiek vir GnRHR-I aangesien dit nie vir GnRHR-II waargeneem word nie. GnRH-1 lei tot ‘n groter oFSHβ tot bLHβ-verhouding via GnRHR-II. Hierdie teenoorgestelde selektiwiteite van GnRHR-I en GnRHR-II op die verhoudings van oFSHβ tot bLHβ-promotoraktiwiteit vir GnRH-1 teenoor GnRH-2 suggereer dat daar ‘n meganisme bestaan vir die fyn regulering van gonadotropiene in die pituïtêre klier, deurdat die relatiewe vlakke van GnRHR-I teenoor GnRHR-II gevarieer word. Daarbenewens is ‘n konsentrasie-afhanklike moduleringsrol vir PACAP op GnRH-1- en GnRH-2-bemiddelde regulering van bLHβ-promotoraktiwiteit aangetoon, via beide GnRHR-I en GnRHR-II, asook op oFSHβ-promotoraktiwiteit via GnRHR-I. Hierdie konsentrasie-afhanklike effekte dui op die betrokkenheid van twee verskillende seinpadweë vir die PACAP-respons. Tesame suggereer hierdie bevindinge dat transkripsie van die gonadotropiengene in vivo onder ekstensiewe hormonale kontrole is wat verfyn kan word in respons to veranderlike fisiologiese kondisies. Laasgenoemde sluit veranderende vlakke van GnRH-1, GnRH-2, GnRHR-I en GnRHR-II asook PACAP in.
Tam, Sau-ping. "Gene expression of hypothalamic somatostatin, growth hormone releasing factor, and their pituitary receptors in hypothyroidism /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17538865.
Pełny tekst źródłaShortridge, Emily. "The Cryptic Peptides, Prepro-Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone 186-199 and 194-199, Suppress Anterior Pituitary Prolactin Secretion in vivo and in vitro". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/221632.
Pełny tekst źródłaPrepro-thyrotropin releasing hormone (ppTRH)-176-199 is one of several peptide fragments cleaved during TRH synthesis and has been implicated as a regulator of neuroendocrine function. ppTRH 176-199 has been shown to acutely inhibit the stress-induced rise in ACTH, corticosterone (CORT), and prolactin (PRL) in the rat. The receptor for ppTRH 176-199 currently remains unknown. In this study we sought to characterize the active domain of ppTRH 176-199 and, using in vivo and in vitro approaches, determine its role in regulating anterior pituitary secretion of PRL. The 186-199, 194-199, and 186-191 amino acid fragments of ppTRH were administered I.P. to adult male Sprague-Dawley rats 15 min. prior to a 20 min restraint stress to determine the peptide’s active moiety in regulating prolactin secretion. Animals were euthanized and plasma was saved for assay of circulating PRL using enzyme immunoassay (EIA). ppTRH 186-199 significantly attenuated the stress-induced rise in prolactin in male rats in a dose-responsive fashion. This effect was mimicked by ppTRH 194-199 but not by ppTRH 186-191. At the highest dose (10 mg/kg BW), ppTRH 194-199 also reduced the stress-induced rise in plasma CORT. Additionally, in vitro studies were performed using the rat growth hormone (GH)/PRL –secreting MMQ cell line. MMQ cells were treated with ppTRH 186-199 and media was assayed for PRL levels. Cells were harvested and examined for changes in PRL mRNA. Within 30 minutes following treatment of estradiol-stimulated MMQ cells with ppTRH 186-199 there was a decrease in media levels of PRL compared to vehicle. Furthermore, in MMQ cells that were primed with 10nM estradiol for 48 hours there was an increase in media PRL levels, which was reduced following ppTRH 186-199 treatment. After 4 hrs of treatment, the inhibitory effect of ppTRH 186-199 on PRL secretion from MMQ cells was only seen on estradiol-stimulated cells. There were no effects of ppTRH 186-199 when examined after 24 hrs of treatment. There were no effects of ppTRH 186-199 or 194-199 of PRL mRNA levels. These data suggest that the carboxy terminal fragment of preproTRH 178-199 contains all the activity of this ppTRH cryptic peptide for regulation of PRL and corticosterone secretion. This suggests a potential moiety responsible for interaction with the peptide’s receptor. The inhibitory effect of ppTRH 186-199 and 194-199 on media PRL levels and not on mRNA synthesis implicates it as an effector of hormone secretion rather than protein synthesis. The short-lived duration of its effects supports a role as 6 an acute effector of the PRL system. The target receptor of the ppTRH 178-199 fragment remains uncertain. However the use of ppTRH 194-199 as a peptide bait may prove useful in identifying the receptor.
Romanowski, Christoph. "The involvement of central corticotropin-releasing hormone and its receptors in sleep-wake regulation of mice". Diss., lmu, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-118519.
Pełny tekst źródłaYamamoto, Akane. "Response of preterm infants with transient hypothyroxinaemia of prematurity to the thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test is characterized by a delayed decrease in thyroid-stimulating hormone after the peak". Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/263539.
Pełny tekst źródłaBertacchini, Eleonora. "Molecular study of stress system in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): cloning of different components and effects of essential oil of Lippia alba during stress situation". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaWang, Ying, i 王莹. "Molecular and functional characterization of the prolactin receptor, prolactin-releasing peptide receptor, and growth hormone-releasinghormone receptor genes in chicken". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39556864.
Pełny tekst źródłaEymin, Cécile. "Étude des récepteurs de la sérotonine et de la thyrotropin-releasing hormone dans l'hippocampe humain normal et pathologique : mort subite du nourrisson et suicide". Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO1T108.
Pełny tekst źródłaLeung, Kin-yue. "Involvement of NF-kB subunit p65 and retinoic acid receptors RARæ and RXRæ in the transcriptional regulation of the human GnRH II gene". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36367035.
Pełny tekst źródłaKarteris, Emmanouil. "Expression and signal transduction characteristics of the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) receptors in human placenta and fetal membranes". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364678.
Pełny tekst źródłaTroskie, Brigitte Elise. "Cloning and characterisation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors from species in non-mammalian vertebrate classes : amphibia and osteichthyes". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26916.
Pełny tekst źródłaLeung, Kin-yue, i 梁建裕. "Involvement of NF-kB subunit p65 and retinoic acid receptors RARæ and RXRæ in the transcriptional regulation of the human GnRH II gene". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B36367035.
Pełny tekst źródłaStyger, Gustav. "The role of steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) in transcriptional regulation of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor gene". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52572.
Pełny tekst źródłaENGLISH ABSTRACT: The GnRH receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor in pituitary gonadotrope cells. Binding of its ligand, GnRH, results in synthesis and release of gonadotropin hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1), a transcription factor, binds to specific sites in the promoter region of gonadotropin genes, and thus regulates transcription of these genes. The promoter region of the GnRHreceptor gene contains two SF-1-like binding sites, one at -14 to -8 (site 1) and another at -247 to -239 (site 2), relative to the methionine start codon. The role played by these two SF-1-like sites in basal transcription of the mouse GnRH receptor (mGnRH-R) gene in a pituitary precursor gonadotrope cell line, aT3 cells, was the first area of investigation during this study. Luciferase reporter constructs containing 580 bp of mGnRH-R gene promoter were prepared, where SF-1-like sites were either wildtype or mutated. Four such constructs were made, i.e. wildtype (LG), site 1 mutant (LGM1), site 2 mutant (LGM2) and mutated site 1 plus site 2 (LGM1/2). These constructs were transfected into aT3 cells to determine the effect of mutations of sites 1 and/or 2 on the basal expression of the mGnRH-R gene. Mutation of either site 1 or site 2 had no effect on basal expression of the mGnRH-R gene. It was found that only upon simultaneous mutation of both sites 1 and 2, a 50% reduction in basal transcription took place. The implications of this is that SF-1 protein seems to only require one intact DNA-binding site, to mediate basal transcription of the mGnRH-R gene, suggesting that these two sites lie in close proximity during basal transcription. The effect of the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway on the endogenous mGnRH-R gene was also investigated by incubating non- , transfected aT3 cells with the PKA activators, forskolin and 8-Br-cAMP. Similar incubations were also performed on the wild type and mutated site 1 constructs transfected into pituitary gonadotrope aT3 cells. It was found that forskolin and 8-Br-cAMP were able to increase endogenous mGnRH-R mRNA levels in a concentration-dependent fashion, showing that endogenous GnRH receptor gene expression is stimulated via a protein kinase A pathway. Similar results were obtained with the wildtype promoter construct, showing that the protein kinase A pathway stimulates transcription of the promoter. This effect was only seen with wild type and not with the mutated site 1. These results are consistent with a role for a SF-1-like transcription factor in mediating the protein kinase A effect via binding to the site 1 at position -14 in the GnRH receptor gene. A separate investigation was performed to determine whether 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-0HC) is a ligand for SF-1, by incubating aT3 cells transfected with the various constructs with 25-0HC. Results show a dose-dependant response, with an increase in gene expression at 1 μM and a decrease at higher concentrations, for both mutant and wild type constructs. This suggests that, if SF-1 is indeed the protein binding to sites 1 and 2, then 25-0HC is not a ligand for SF-1 protein in aT3 cells and that the effect of 25-0HC on the mGnRH-R gene is not mediated via site 1. The results indicate that these decreases of expression at the higher concentrations may be due to cytotoxic effects. Towards the end of the study the laboratory obtained a luminoskan instrument with automatic dispensing features. Optimisation studies on the luciferase and β-Gal assays were performed on the luminoskan in a bid to decrease experimental error. It was found that automation of these assays resulted in a decrease in experimental error, showing that future researchers could benefit substantially from these optimisation studies.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die GnRH reseptor is 'n G proteïen-gekoppelde reseptor in pituitêre gonadotroopselle. Binding van die ligand, GnRH, lei tot die sintese en vrystelling van die gonadotropien hormone, luteïniserende hormoon (LH) en follikel stimulerende hormoon (FSH). Steroidogeniese faktor-t (SF-1) is 'n transkripsie faktor wat aan spesifieke areas in die promotergebied van die gonadotropien hormone bind, en dus transkripsie van hierdie gene reguleer. Die promotergebied van die GnRH reseptor geen bevat twee SF-1 bindings areas, een by -14 to -8 (area 1) asook by -247 to -239 (area 2), relatief to die metionien beginkodon. Die rol wat hierdie twee SF-1 areas speel in basale transkripsie van die muis GnRH reseptor (mGnRH-R) geen in 'n pituïtêre voorloper gonadotroop sellyn, aT3 selle, was die eerste gebied van ondersoek gedurende hierdie studie. Plasmiede bestaande uit die 580 basispaar mGnRH-R promoter verbind aan 'n lusiferase geen is vervaardig, waar SF-1-soortige areas enersyds onveranderd gelaat is, of gemuteer is. Vier sulke plasmiede is vervaardig, nl. onveranderd (LG), area 1 mutant (LGM1), area 2 mutant (LGM2) en gemuteerde area 1 plus area 2 (LGM1/2). Hierdie plasmiede is gebruik om aT3 selle te transfekteer om die effek van mutasies van areas 1 en/of 2 op die basale ekspressie van die mGnRH-R geen te ondersoek. Daar is gevind dat mutasies van areas 1 of 2 geen effek op basale ekspressie op die bogenoemde geen gehad het nie. Slegs tydens gelyktydige mutasie van areas 1 en 2 het 'n 50% vermindering in basale transkripsie plaasgevind. Die implikasies hiervan is dat die SF-1 proteïen blykbaar slegs een volledige DNA-bindingsarea benodig om basale transkripsie van die mGnRH-R geen te reguleer. Dit wil dus voorkom of hierdie twee areas baie na aan mekaar geposisioneer is tydens basale transkripsie. Die effek van die proteïen kinase A (PKA) roete op die natuurlike mGnRH-R geen is ook ondersoek tydens inkubasie van nie-getransfekteerde aT3 selle met die PKA akiveerders, forskolin en 8-Br-cAMP. Soortgelyke inkubasie is ook gedoen op die onveranderde en gemuteerde area 1 plasmiede wat in aT3 selle getransfekteer is. Daar is gevind dat forskolin en 8-Br-cAMP daarin geslaag het om die natuurlike mGnRH-R geen mRNA vlakke op 'n konsentrasie-afhanklike wyse te vermeerder. Hierdie resultaat dui daarop aan dat die natuurlike mGnRH-R geen se ekspressie gestimuleer kan word via 'n proteïen kinase A roete. Soortgelyke resultate is verkry met die onveranderde promoter plasmied en dit wys ook daarop dat proteïen kinase A transkripsie deur die promoter kan stimuleer. Hierdie effek was slegs aanwesig met die onveranderde en nie met die gemuteerde area 1 plasmied nie. Die resultate stem ooreen met 'n rol vir SF-1 transkripsie faktor in die regulering van proteren kinase A effek deur middel van binding aan die area 1 by posisie -14 in die GnRH-R geen. 'n Afsonderlike ondersoek is gedoen om vas te stel of 25-hidroksiecholesterol (25-0HC) 'n ligand vir SF-1 is deur getransfekteerde aT3 selle met 25-0HC te inkubeer. Resultate toon 'n dosis-afhanklike respons met 'n verhoging in geen ekspressie by 1 μM en 'n verlaging met hoër konsentrasies vir beide onveranderde en gemuteerde plasmiede. Dit impliseer dat, indien SF-1 wel die faktor is wat aan areas 1 en 2 bind, 25-0HC nie die ligand vir SF-1 proteren in aT3 selle is nie en dat die effek van 25-0HC op die mGnRH-R geen nie gereguleer word via area 1 nie. Die verlaging in ekspressie gevind by die hoër konsentrasies is dalk die gevolg van sitotoksiese effekte. Teen die einde van die studie het die laboratorium luminoskan toerusting met outomatiese pipettering verkry. Optimiseringstudies van die lusifirase en β-Galtoetse is met die luminoskan gedoen in 'n poging om eksperimentele foute te minimaliseer. Daar is gevind dat outomatisering van hierdie toetse wel gelei het tot 'n verlaging in eksperimentele foute. Toekomstige navorsers kan dus grootliks voordeel trek uit hierdie optimiseringstudies.
Morley, Michelle Gaye. "Cloning and characterisation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors in the cichlid (Haplochromis burtoni) and the zebrafish (Danio rerio)". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6949.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe identification of multiple forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in a single species is becoming a common occurrence. The highly conserved chicken GnRH II is present along with one or two other GnRHs, composing a combination unique to particular species. This multifunctional peptide is widely distributed through the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Also, endogenous GnRHs demonstrate distinct patterns of spatial expression within the brain, suggesting they may have separate functions. In addition to being the primary regulator of gonadotropin secretion in vertebrates, GnRH is also involved in the release of GH and prolactin and may fulfil a possible neuromodulatory role. GnRHs exert their actions through the stimulation of distinct GnRH receptors on pituitary gonadotrophs. The presence of multiple GnRH receptor subtypes has been demonstrated in several species and is likely to be a common characteristic of most vertebrates. This thesis describes the cloning and characterisation of GnRH receptors in two species of teleost fish, Haplochromis burtoni (cichlid) and Dania rerio (zebrafish). A type I GnRH receptor has previously been shown to exist in the cichlid. In the present study degenerate primers designed to extracellular loop three of the mammalian GnRH receptors were used to identify a second putative receptor subtype from cichlid (Haplochramis burtoni) genomic DNA. Furthermore, a near full-length cDNA, encompassing transmembrane domain 1 through to transmembrane domain 7 of the GnRH receptor, was cloned from cichlid RNA by reverse transcriptase PCR. This region of the receptor shares approximately 80% amino acid homology with corresponding regions of type III GnRH receptors previously identified in species of perciform fish. Partial sequences of a type IA and a type lB GnRH receptor have previously been identified in the zebrafish. Two sets of degenerate primers were used to elucidate the possible existence of a third receptor in the zebrafish using both genomic DNA and RNA. However, this strategy failed to result in the amplification of novel receptor subtypes in the zebrafish. Controversy surrounds the developmental origins of GnRH neurons and their temporal expression in relation to GnRH receptors. The zebrafish is a model organism, widely used for the study of reporter gene expression during development. Hence an attempt was made to isolate the zebrafish GnRH receptor genes using a genomic DNA library and identify the promoter regions for use as reporter genes in the study of GnRH and GnRH receptor expression during development. Southern blot analysis revealed six genomic clones with sequences homologous to zebrafish GnRH receptor cDNA. Comparison with genomic and cDNA sequences of other GnRH receptors revealed that those regions of the genomic clones that were sequenced only encoded exons 2 and 3. The presence of large introns in the GnRH receptor gene made it difficult to identify genomic clones containing the entire gene and the promoter region. The cloning of part of the zebrafish GnRH receptor genes will make their complete characterisation somewhat less problematic since an idea of their basic intron/exon structure has been obtained. Exons 2 and 3 of the zebrafish type IA and type IB GnRH receptor genes show a high degree of conservation when compared to the same regions of the goldfish type IA and type IB GnRH receptor cDNAs, demonstrating approximately 90% homology in both cases. In this study sequence information was obtained for the regions between transmembrane domains 4 and 7, and 3 and 7 of the zebrafish type IA and type IB GnRH receptor genes, respectively, and was subsequently used clone zebrafish GnRH receptor full-length cDNAs. This study describes the discovery of a type III GnRH receptor in the cichlid but suggests its presence may be restricted to only certain orders of teleost since a type III receptor was not identified in the zebrafish on this occasion. The information acquired from this study may help to reveal patterns, which relate the presence of particular GnRHs and GnRH receptors in single species to specific reproductive requirements.
Trouslard, Jérôme. "Etude electrophysiologique du couplage excitation-secretion des cellules endocrines du lobe intermediaire de l'hypophyse : mise en evidence d'un effet excitateur medie par la thyrotropin-releasing hormone". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990STR13072.
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