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Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 10 lutego 2022

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1

Holland, Scott D. Mach 10 experimental database of a three-dimensional scramjet inlet flow field. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1995.

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2

Hall, Philip. Wave interactions in a three-dimensional attachment line boundary layer. Hampton, VA: NASA Langley Research Center, 1988.

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3

Furue, Ryo. Importance of local interactions within the small-scale oceanic internal wave spectrum for transferring energy to dissipation scales: A three-dimensional numerical study. Tokyo: Center for Climat System Research, University of Tokyo, 1998.

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4

3-D sound for virtual reality and multimedia. Boston: AP Professional, 1994.

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Begault, Durand R. 3-D sound for virtual reality and multimedia. Moffett Field, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 2000.

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Begault, Durand R. 3-D sound for virtual reality and multimedia. Moffett Field, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 2000.

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7

Begault, Durand R. 3-D sound for virtual reality and multimedia. Moffett Field, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 2000.

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8

Simulation of glancing shock wave and boundary layer interaction. Moffett Field, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1989.

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9

C, Horstman C., i Ames Research Center, red. Documentation of two- and three-dimensional hypersonic shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction flows. Moffett Field, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1989.

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10

C, Horstman K., i Ames Research Center, red. Documentation of two- and three-dimensional shock-wave/turbulentboundary-layer interaction flows at Mach 8.2. Moffett Field, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1991.

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11

G, Danabasoglu, i United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. Numerical simulation of particle-wave interaction in boudary layers: Final report for NAG-1-798. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1991.

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12

Simpson, Harry Jay. Interaction of sound with sound by novel mechanisms: Ultrasonic four-wave mixing mediated by a suspension and ultrasonic three-wave mixing at a free surface. 1992.

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13

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. Validation of the RPLUS3D code for supersonic inlet applications involving three-dimensional shock wave boundary layer interactions. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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14

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. Validation of the RPLUS3D code for supersonic inlet applications involving three-dimensional shock wave boundary layer interactions. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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15

3-D Navier-Stokes analysis of crossing, glancing shocks/turbulent boundary layer interactions. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1991.

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16

3-D Navier-Stokes analysis of crossing, glancing shocks/turbulent boundary layer interactions. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1991.

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17

3-D Navier-Stokes analysis of crossing, glancing shocks/turbulent boundary layer interactions. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1991.

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18

Center, Langley Research, red. Internal aerodynamics of a generic three-dimensional scramjet inlet at Mach 10. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1995.

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19

Center, Langley Research, red. Mach 10 computational study of a three-dimensional scramjet inlet flow field. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1995.

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20

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. Numerical simulation of shock/turbulent boundary layer interaction: Final year report for NASA grant NAG-1-1472. Boulder, Colo: Dept. of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, 1993.

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21

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. Numerical simulation of shock/turbulent boundary layer interaction: Final year report for NASA grant NAG-1-1472. Boulder, Colo: Dept. of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, 1993.

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22

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. Numerical simulation of shock/turbulent boundary layer interaction: Final year report for NASA grant NAG-1-1472. Boulder, Colo: Dept. of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, 1993.

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23

Center, Langley Research, red. Mach 10 experimental database of a three-dimensional scramjet inlet flow field. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1995.

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24

Center, Ames Research, red. Computation of three-dimensional shock wave and boundary-layer interactions. Moffett Field, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1985.

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25

Center, Ames Research, red. Computation of three-dimensional shock wave and boundary-layer interactions. Moffett Field, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1985.

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26

Computation of three-dimensional shock wave and boundary-layer interactions. Moffett Field, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1985.

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27

Fluctuations and massive separation in three-dimensional shock-wave boundary-layer interactions. Moffett Field, Calif: NASA Ames Research Center, 1988.

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28

D, Saunders J., i United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. 3D Navier-Stokes analysis of a Mach 2.68 bifurcated rectangular mixed-compression inlet. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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29

D, Saunders J., i United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. 3D Navier-Stokes analysis of a Mach 2.68 bifurcated rectangular mixed-compression inlet. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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30

D, Saunders J., i United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. 3D Navier-Stokes analysis of a Mach 2.68 bifurcated rectangular mixed-compression inlet. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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31

D, Saunders J., i United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. 3D Navier-Stokes analysis of a Mach 2.68 bifurcated rectangular mixed-compression inlet. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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32

Isett, Philip. Basic Technical Outline. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691174822.003.0003.

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This chapter provides a more technical outline of the construction, starting with a solution to the Euler-Reynolds system and a correction v₁ = v + V, p₁ = p + P. The correction V is a divergence free vector field which oscillates rapidly compared to v. In the construction, there will always be a bounded number of waves Vsubscript I (at most 192) which are nonzero at any given time t. Each individual wave Vsubscript I composing V is a complex-valued, divergence free vector field that oscillates rapidly in only one direction. The chapter introduces several ways in which to represent each Vsubscript I. Finally, it presents five main error terms: the Transport term, the High–Low Interaction term, the High–High Interference terms, the Stress term, and the Mollification terms.
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33

Brown, Kate Pride. Baikal Goes Global. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190660949.003.0003.

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This chapter traces the relational position of civil society through the history of three key organizations: Baikal Environmental Wave, the Tahoe-Baikal Institute, and the Great Baikal Trail. The development of local environmental civil society around Lake Baikal in the post-Soviet years was conditioned by two important changes. First, the Soviet collapse opened the door to global interaction. Local civil society was inextricably linked to global networks and forces that shaped the course of its development. Second, civil society’s strength and independence shifted along with the status of other power holders in the larger field. In the 1990s, the economy and the state were in crisis and collapse. Civil society was then most free to define itself and take aggressive positions. As the two opposing powers recover in the 2000s, accommodation to economic and political power is preferred.
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34

Waylen, Georgina. Democracy, Democratization, and Gender. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.383.

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Democracies and the processes surrounding recent transitions to democracy are gendered in a variety of ways. Recently, feminist scholars have questioned the exclusionary ways in which democracy is both theorized and operationalized and how these have resulted in women and men being incorporated into democratic polities. They have demonstrated how processes of democratization, particularly the third wave of democratization that has taken place over the last three decades, are gendered. They have also shown that women’s movements were key actors in the broad opposition coalitions against many nondemocratic regimes. In order both to understand the differing role of organized women in the subsequent transitions to democracy and the ways in which transition paths affect gender outcomes, feminist scholars have begun to focus on the complex and sometimes contradictory interaction of four variables: the transition; women activists; political parties and politicians involved in the transition; and the institutional legacy of the nondemocratic regime. Two main areas that have been explored in relation to the political outcomes of transitions to democracy are women’s participation in competitive electoral politics and major changes in gender policy. In order to expand one important emerging area of research that is looking at how attempts to establish democracy in post-conflict settings are gendered, feminist scholars with expertise in third wave transitions to democracy need to analyze not only women’s roles in post-conflict institution building but also the ways that the outcomes have gendered implications more systematically.
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35

Zagare, Frank C., i Branislav L. Slantchev. Game Theory and Other Modeling Approaches. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.401.

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Game theory is the science of interactive decision making. It has been used in the field of international relations (IR) for over 50 years. Almost all of the early applications of game theory in international relations drew upon the theory of zero-sum games, but the first generation of applications was also developed during the most intense period of the Cold War. The theoretical foundations for the second wave of the game theory literature in international relations were laid by a mathematician, John Nash, a co-recipient of the 1994 Nobel Prize in economics. His major achievement was to generalize the minimax solution which emerged from the first wave. The result is the now famous Nash equilibrium—the accepted measure of rational behavior in strategic form games. During the third wave, from roughly the early to mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, there was a distinct move away from static strategic form games toward dynamic games depicted in extensive form. The assumption of complete information also fell by the wayside; games of incomplete information became the norm. Technical refinements of Nash’s equilibrium concept both encouraged and facilitated these important developments. In the fourth and final wave, which can be dated, roughly, from around the middle of the 1990s, extensive form games of incomplete information appeared regularly in the strategic literature. The fourth wave is a period in which game theory was no longer considered a niche methodology, having finally emerged as a mainstream theoretical tool.
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36

Steward, David R. Analytic Element Method. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856788.001.0001.

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The Analytic Element Method provides a foundation to solve boundary value problems commonly encountered in engineering and science. The goals are: to introduce readers to the basic principles of the AEM, to provide a template for those interested in pursuing these methods, and to empower readers to extend the AEM paradigm to an even broader range of problems. A comprehensive paradigm: place an element within its landscape, formulate its interactions with other elements using linear series of influence functions, and then solve for its coefficients to match its boundary and interface conditions with nearly exact precision. Collectively, sets of elements interact to transform their environment, and these synergistic interactions are expanded upon for three common types of problems. The first problem studies a vector field that is directed from high to low values of a function, and applications include: groundwater flow, vadose zone seepage, incompressible fluid flow, thermal conduction and electrostatics. A second type of problem studies the interactions of elements with waves, with applications including water waves and acoustics. A third type of problem studies the interactions of elements with stresses and displacements, with applications in elasticity for structures and geomechanics. The Analytic Element Method paradigm comprehensively employs a background of existing methodology using complex functions, separation of variables and singular integral equations. This text puts forth new methods to solving important problems across engineering and science, and has a tremendous potential to broaden perspective and change the way problems are formulated.
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Center, Ames Research, red. 3-D sound for virtual reality and multimedia. Moffett Field, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 2000.

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38

van den Dool, Huug. Empirical Methods in Short-Term Climate Prediction. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199202782.001.0001.

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This clear and accessible text describes the methods underlying short-term climate prediction at time scales of 2 weeks to a year. Although a difficult range to forecast accurately, there have been several important advances in the last ten years, most notably in understanding ocean-atmosphere interaction (El Nino for example), the release of global coverage data sets, and in prediction methods themselves. With an emphasis on the empirical approach, the text covers in detail empirical wave propagation, teleconnections, empirical orthogonal functions, and constructed analogue. It also provides a detailed description of nearly all methods used operationally in long-lead seasonal forecasts, with new examples and illustrations. The challenges of making a real time forecast are discussed, including protocol, format, and perceptions about users. Based where possible on global data sets, illustrations are not limited to the Northern Hemisphere, but include several examples from the Southern Hemisphere.
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Muggleton, Stephen, i Nicholas Chater, red. Human-Like Machine Intelligence. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862536.001.0001.

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In recent years there has been increasing excitement concerning the potential of Artificial Intelligence to transform human society. This book addresses the leading edge of research in this area. The research described aims to address present incompatibilities of Human and Machine reasoning and learning approaches. According to the influential US funding agency DARPA (originator of the Internet and Self-Driving Cars) this new area represents the Third Wave of Artificial Intelligence (3AI, 2020s–2030s), and is being actively investigated in the US, Europe and China. The EPSRC’s UK network on Human-Like Computing (HLC) was one of the first internationally to initiate and support research specifically in this area. Starting activities in 2018, the network represents around sixty leading UK groups Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Scientists involved in the development of the inter-disciplinary area of HLC. The research of network groups aims to address key unsolved problems at the interface between Psychology and Computer Science. The chapters of this book have been authored by a mixture of these UK and other international specialists based on recent workshops and discussions at the Machine Intelligence 20 and 21 workshops (2016,2019) and the Third Wave Artificial Intelligence workshop (2019). Some of the key questions addressed by the Human-Like Computing programme include how AI systems might 1) explain their decisions effectively, 2) interact with human beings in natural language, 3) learn from small numbers of examples and 4) learn with minimal supervision. Solving such fundamental problems involves new foundational research in both the Psychology of perception and interaction as well as the development of novel algorithmic approaches in Artificial Intelligence.
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40

Mercer, Jonathan. Psychology and Security. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.282.

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Psychology plays a key role in the success of strategy and is therefore important to the study of international security. There are four general approaches to the psychology of strategy. The first focuses on personality, and more specifically on individual differences, cognition, and the use of evolutionary psychology and neuroscience to investigate human nature. The second approach draws on deterrence theory, which considers how an actor can keep a target from doing something it would otherwise do. A political psychological perspective on deterrence consists of three elements. First, psychological approaches to deterrence reject stimulus–response models and instead lay emphasis on understanding cognition and emotion. Second, deterrence is a policy rather than a philosophy. Third, whereas normative theories explain how one ought to behave (and thus cannot be disconfirmed by evidence), psychological theories change in response to new evidence, such as with the development of prospect theory. The third aspect of strategic interaction involves learning and intelligence assessments. Based on this approach, how people learn, what they are likely to learn, and the problems of assessing the intentions and capabilities of others are central to strategy. The fourth and final approach is concerned with the strategy of group conflict, which has generated two waves of research: the first analyzed how material inequality or competition for resources gives rise to psychological forces that result in group cooperation and between-group competition, and the second added nonmaterial causes to explain group relations.
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41

Walker, Stephen G., i Mark Schafer. Operational Code Theory: Beliefs and Foreign Policy Decisions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.411.

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The process of foreign policy decision making is influenced in large part by beliefs, along with the strategic interaction between actors engendered by their decisions and the resulting political outcomes. In this context, beliefs encompass three kinds of effects: the mirroring effects associated with the decision making situation, the steering effects that arise from this situation, and the learning effects of feedback. These effects are modeled using operational code analysis, although “operational code theory” more accurately describes an alliance of attribution and schema theories from psychology and game theory from economics applied to the domain of politics. This “theory complex” specifies belief-based solutions to the puzzles posed by diagnostic, decision making, and learning processes in world politics. The major social and intellectual dimensions of operational code theory can be traced to Nathan Leites’s seminal research on the Bolshevik operational code, The Operational Code of the Politburo. In the last half of the twentieth century, applications of operational code analysis have emphasized different cognitive, emotional, and motivational mechanisms as intellectual dimensions in explaining foreign policy decisions. The literature on operational code theory may be divided into four general waves of research: idiographic-interpretive studies, nomothetic-typological studies, quantitative-statistical studies, and formal modeling studies. The present trajectory of studies on operational code points to a number of important trends that straddle political psychology and game theory. For example, the psychological processes of mirroring, steering, and learning associated with operational code analysis have the potential to enrich our understanding of game-theoretic models of strategic interaction.
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42

Wang, Bin. Intraseasonal Modulation of the Indian Summer Monsoon. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.616.

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The strongest Indian summer monsoon (ISM) on the planet features prolonged clustered spells of wet and dry conditions often lasting for two to three weeks, known as active and break monsoons. The active and break monsoons are attributed to a quasi-periodic intraseasonal oscillation (ISO), which is an extremely important form of the ISM variability bridging weather and climate variation. The ISO over India is part of the ISO in global tropics. The latter is one of the most important meteorological phenomena discovered during the 20th century (Madden & Julian, 1971, 1972). The extreme dry and wet events are regulated by the boreal summer ISO (BSISO). The BSISO over Indian monsoon region consists of northward propagating 30–60 day and westward propagating 10–20 day modes. The “clustering” of synoptic activity was separately modulated by both the 30–60 day and 10–20 day BSISO modes in approximately equal amounts. The clustering is particularly strong when the enhancement effect from both modes acts in concert. The northward propagation of BSISO is primarily originated from the easterly vertical shear (increasing easterly winds with height) of the monsoon flows, which by interacting with the BSISO convective system can generate boundary layer convergence to the north of the convective system that promotes its northward movement. The BSISO-ocean interaction through wind-evaporation feedback and cloud-radiation feedback can also contribute to the northward propagation of BSISO from the equator. The 10–20 day oscillation is primarily produced by convectively coupled Rossby waves modified by the monsoon mean flows. Using coupled general circulation models (GCMs) for ISO prediction is an important advance in subseasonal forecasts. The major modes of ISO over Indian monsoon region are potentially predictable up to 40–45 days as estimated by multiple GCM ensemble hindcast experiments. The current dynamical models’ prediction skills for the large initial amplitude cases are approximately 20–25 days, but the prediction of developing BSISO disturbance is much more difficult than the prediction of the mature BSISO disturbances. This article provides a synthesis of our current knowledge on the observed spatial and temporal structure of the ISO over India and the important physical processes through which the BSISO regulates the ISM active-break cycles and severe weather events. Our present capability and shortcomings in simulating and predicting the monsoon ISO and outstanding issues are also discussed.
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43

Kenyon, Ian R. Quantum 20/20. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808350.001.0001.

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This text reviews fundametals and incorporates key themes of quantum physics. One theme contrasts boson condensation and fermion exclusivity. Bose–Einstein condensation is basic to superconductivity, superfluidity and gaseous BEC. Fermion exclusivity leads to compact stars and to atomic structure, and thence to the band structure of metals and semiconductors with applications in material science, modern optics and electronics. A second theme is that a wavefunction at a point, and in particular its phase is unique (ignoring a global phase change). If there are symmetries, conservation laws follow and quantum states which are eigenfunctions of the conserved quantities. By contrast with no particular symmetry topological effects occur such as the Bohm–Aharonov effect: also stable vortex formation in superfluids, superconductors and BEC, all these having quantized circulation of some sort. The quantum Hall effect and quantum spin Hall effect are ab initio topological. A third theme is entanglement: a feature that distinguishes the quantum world from the classical world. This property led Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen to the view that quantum mechanics is an incomplete physical theory. Bell proposed the way that any underlying local hidden variable theory could be, and was experimentally rejected. Powerful tools in quantum optics, including near-term secure communications, rely on entanglement. It was exploited in the the measurement of CP violation in the decay of beauty mesons. A fourth theme is the limitations on measurement precision set by quantum mechanics. These can be circumvented by quantum non-demolition techniques and by squeezing phase space so that the uncertainty is moved to a variable conjugate to that being measured. The boundaries of precision are explored in the measurement of g-2 for the electron, and in the detection of gravitational waves by LIGO; the latter achievement has opened a new window on the Universe. The fifth and last theme is quantum field theory. This is based on local conservation of charges. It reaches its most impressive form in the quantum gauge theories of the strong, electromagnetic and weak interactions, culminating in the discovery of the Higgs. Where particle physics has particles condensed matter has a galaxy of pseudoparticles that exist only in matter and are always in some sense special to particular states of matter. Emergent phenomena in matter are successfully modelled and analysed using quasiparticles and quantum theory. Lessons learned in that way on spontaneous symmetry breaking in superconductivity were the key to constructing a consistent quantum gauge theory of electroweak processes in particle physics.
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