Książki: „Threatened native species”

1

Poole, Jackie M. Endangered, threatened, or protected native plants of Texas. [Austin]: Texas Parks & Wildlife Dept., 1987.

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United States. National Park Service. i United States. Soil Conservation Service., red. Native plants for parks: Cost-effective programs for resource management, revegetation with native plants, threatened or endangered species, historical plants. [Washington, D.C.?]: National Park Service, 1989.

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Centre, World Conservation Monitoring, red. Nature in danger: Threatened habitats and species. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.

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Service, United States Forest. Threatened, endangered & sensitive species recovery & conservation: Action plan. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1990.

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1954-, Terwilliger Karen, Tate John R. 1946- i Woodward, Susan L., 1944 Jan. 20-, red. A guide to endangered and threatened species in Virginia. Blacksburg, Va: McDonald & Woodward Pub., 1995.

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Owen, David. Tasmanian devil: A unique and threatened animal. Crows Nest, N.S.W: Allen & Unwin, 2005.

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David, Owen. Tasmanian devil: A unique and threatened animal. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 2005.

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Hawaii. Division of Forestry and Wildlife. Threatened and endangered species plan for wildlife, plants, and invertebrates. Honolulu, Hawaii: State of Hawaii, Dept. of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, 1988.

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Service, United States Forest. Endangered Species Act review: Threatened, endangered, and sensitive species management course. [Washington, D.C.?]: Forest Service, 1993.

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Art, Wolfe, red. Animals on the edge: Reporting from the frontline of extinction. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2009.

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1938-, Majumdar Shyamal K., Brenner Fred J i Rhoads Ann Fowler, red. Endangered and threatened species programs in Pennsylvania and other states: Causes, issues, and management. Easton, Pa: Pennsylvania Academy of Science, 1986.

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12

J, Crosby M., Stattersfield A. J, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. i BirdLife International, red. Birds to watch 2: The world list of threatened birds : the official source for birds on the IUCN red list. Cambridge: BirdLife International, 1994.

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Collar, N. J. Birds to watch 2: The world list of threatened birds : the official source for birds on the IUCN Red List. Cambridge, U.K: BirdLife International, 1994.

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Curtis, Lee K. Queensland's Threatened Animals. Redaktorzy Andrew J. Dennis, Keith R. McDonald, Peter M. Kyne i Stephen JS Debus. CSIRO Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643104563.

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Queensland is home to 70% of Australia’s native mammals (226 species), over 70% of native birds (630 species), just over half of the nation’s native reptiles (485) and native frogs (127), and more than 11 000 native plant species. Hundreds of these have a threatened status in Queensland. In order for Queensland to maintain and recover a healthy biodiversity we must address the serious problems faced by our natural environment – habitat loss, inappropriate land management, change in fire regimes, pollution of natural resources, proliferation of invasive species and climate change. This book features up-to-date distribution data, photos and maps for most of Queensland’s threatened animals. It also includes a comprehensive list of resources, with key state, national and international organisations involved in the recovery and management of threatened species. Queensland's Threatened Animals will provide vital information to scientists, educators, business entities, government agencies, students, community groups, environmental NGOs, regional NRMs and potential volunteers.

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United States. National Park Service. i United States. Soil Conservation Service., red. Native plants for parks: Cost-effective programs for resource management, revegetation with native plants, threatened or endangered species, historical plants. [Washington, D.C.?]: National Park Service, 2000.

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United States. National Park Service. i United States. Soil Conservation Service., red. Native plants for parks: Cost-effective programs for resource management, revegetation with native plants, threatened or endangered species, historical plants. [Washington, D.C.?]: National Park Service, 2000.

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United States. National Park Service i United States. Soil Conservation Service, red. Native plants for parks: Cost-effective programs for resource management, revegetation with native plants, threatened or endangered species, historical plants. [Washington, D.C.?]: National Park Service, 2000.

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Recovery plan for the native fishes of the Warner Basin and Alkali Subbasin: Warner sucker (threatened) Catostomus warnerensis, Hutton tui chub (threatened) Gila bicolor ssp., Foskett speckled dace (threatened) Rhinichthys osculus ssp. Portland, Or: The Region, 1998.

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Alaska. Dept. of Fish and Game., red. Alaska's threatened and endangered species. [Juneau, Alaska?]: Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, 1994.

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Threatened Species (Issues Series vol. 78). INDEPENDENCE EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHERS, 2004.

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Garnett, Stephen, Peter Latch, David Lindenmayer i John Woinarski, red. Recovering Australian Threatened Species. CSIRO Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486307425.

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Australia’s nature is exceptional, wonderful and important. But much has been lost, and the ongoing existence of many species now hangs by a thread. Against a relentless tide of threats to our biodiversity, many Australians, and government and non-government agencies, have devoted themselves to the challenge of conserving and recovering plant and animal species that now need our help to survive. This dedication has been rewarded with some outstanding and inspiring successes: of extinctions averted, of populations increasing, of communities actively involved in recovery efforts. Recovering Australian Threatened Species showcases successful conservation stories and identifies approaches and implementation methods that have been most effective in recovering threatened species. These diverse accounts – dealing with threatened plants, invertebrates, fish, reptiles, birds and mammals – show that the conservation of threatened species is achievable: that it can be done and should be done. They collectively serve to inform, guide and inspire other conservation efforts. This is a book of hope and inspiration. It shows that with dedication, knowledge and support, we can retain and restore our marvellous natural heritage, and gift to our descendants a world that is as diverse, healthy and beautiful as that which we have inherited. Joint recipient of the 2018 Whitley Certificate of Commendation for Conservation Zoology

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22

Pemberton, David, i Owen David. Tasmanian Devil: A Unique and Threatened Species. Allen & Unwin, 2012.

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Dixon, Kingsley. Coastal Plants. CSIRO Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486311385.

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The greater Perth coast is a biodiverse and ecologically vulnerable region, with its unique native plant species threatened by clearing, invasive species, fire and climate change. This second edition of Coastal Plants has been updated and expanded to provide a definitive guide to 128 of the most common plants of the Perth coastal region. It includes the key species used in coastal restoration, along with important weeds. The description of each species is accompanied by a distribution map and diagnostic photographs of the whole plant, flowers, seeds and fruits. The book also contains introductory chapters on the biology and ecology of the coastal plants, their biogeography, and practical approaches to the restoration of coastal dune vegetation. Coastal Plants is distinctive in its focus on restoration, which makes it valuable for community groups and individuals interested or involved in coastal natural history or restoration activities.

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Gibbons, Philip, i David Lindenmayer. Tree Hollows and Wildlife Conservation in Australia. CSIRO Publishing, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643090033.

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More than 300 species of Australian native animals — mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians — use tree hollows, but there has never been a complete inventory of them. Many of these species are threatened, or are in decline, because of land-use practices such as grazing, timber production and firewood collection. All forest management agencies in Australia attempt to reduce the impact of logging on hollow-dependent fauna, but the nature of our eucalypt forests presents a considerable challenge. In some cases, tree hollows suitable for vertebrate fauna may take up to 250 years to develop, which makes recruiting and perpetuating this resource very difficult within the typical cycle of human-induced disturbance regimes. Tree Hollows and Wildlife Conservation in Australia is the first comprehensive account of the hollow-dependent fauna of Australia and introduces a considerable amount of new data on this subject. It not only presents a review and analysis of the literature, but also provides practical approaches for land management.

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Threatened Habitats (Green Alert). Raintree, 2004.

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Rogers, Kerrylee, i Timothy J. Ralph, red. Floodplain Wetland Biota in the Murray-Darling Basin. CSIRO Publishing, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643100992.

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Floodplain wetlands of the Murray-Darling Basin provide critical habitat for numerous species of flora and fauna, yet the ecology of these wetlands is threatened by a range of environmental issues. This book addresses the urgent need for an improved ecohydrological understanding of the biota of Australian freshwater wetlands. It synthesises key water and habitat requirements for 35 species of plants, 48 species of waterbirds, 17 native and four introduced species of fish, 15 species of frogs, and 16 species of crustaceans and molluscs found in floodplain wetlands of the Murray-Darling Basin. Each species profile includes: the influence of water regimes on the survival, health and condition of the species; key stimuli for reproduction and germination; habitat and dietary preferences; as well as major knowledge gaps for the species. Floodplain Wetland Biota in the Murray-Darling Basin also provides an overview of the likely impacts of hydrological change on wetland ecosystems and biota, in the context of climate change and variability, with implications for environmental management. This important book provides an essential baseline for further education, scientific research and management of floodplain wetland biota in the Murray-Darling Basin.

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Sachidhanandam, Uma. Threatened Habitats (Green Alert). Raintree Publishers, 2005.

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28

Setting priorities for the conservation of New Zealand's threatened plants and animals. Wyd. 2. Wellington, N.Z: Dept. of Conservation, 1995.

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Robin, Spahr, i United States. Forest Service. Intermountain Region., red. Threatened, endangered, and sensitive species of the Intermountain region. Ogden, Utah: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Region, 1991.

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Woinarski, John, Sarah Legge i Chris Dickman. Cats in Australia. CSIRO Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486308446.

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Across the world, cats are loved as pets or are kept or tolerated for their role in controlling some animal pests. But cats, both pets and feral, also kill many native animals and this toll can be enormous. Cats have been remarkably successful in Australia, spreading pervasively across the continent and many islands, occurring in all environments, and proving to be adept and adaptable hunters. A large proportion of Australia’s distinctive fauna is threatened and recent research highlights the significant role that cats play in the decline and extinction of native species. Cats in Australia brings this research together, documenting the extent to which cats have subverted, and are continuing to subvert, Australia’s biodiversity. But the book does much more than spotlight the impacts of cats on Australian nature. It describes the origins of cats and their global spread, their long-standing and varying relationship with people, their global impacts and their ecology. It also seeks to describe the challenge of managing cats, and the options available to constrain their impacts.

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The Guinness Guide to Nature in Danger: Threatened Habitats and Species. Guinness World Records Ltd, 1993.

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32

Robertson, Peter, i A. John Coventry. Reptiles of Victoria. CSIRO Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486309993.

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Victoria's reptiles are not often encountered by urban dwellers, with many species now threatened. You may have glimpsed a skink darting into the undergrowth, a snake slithering along a walking path or a blue-tongued lizard sunning itself near your garden shed. Yet the turtles, skinks, geckos, goannas, snakes and other reptiles that call Victoria home are fascinating and important members of urban and rural ecosystems. Reptiles of Victoria is the first regional guide to all reptiles known to occur in Victoria. It contains keys and illustrated descriptions to allow identification of the 123 native, introduced and vagrant reptile species and describes their biology, ecology, distributions and the habitats in which they live. It also indicates the level of risk that the venomous snakes pose to humans and includes a brief section on first aid for snake bites. Natural history enthusiasts and professional and amateur herpetologists will find this an essential guide.

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A Less Green And Pleasant Land Our Threatened Wildlife. Cambridge University Press, 2014.

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Majumdar, Shyamal K., i Fred J. Brenner. Endangered and Threatened Species Programs in Pennsylvania and Other States: Causes, Issues, and Management. Pennsylvania Academy of Science, 1986.

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Woinarski, John, Andrew Burbidge i Peter Harrison. Action Plan for Australian Mammals 2012. CSIRO Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643108745.

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The Action Plan for Australian Mammals 2012 is the first review to assess the conservation status of all Australian mammals. It complements The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2010 (Garnett et al. 2011, CSIRO Publishing), and although the number of Australian mammal taxa is marginally fewer than for birds, the proportion of endemic, extinct and threatened mammal taxa is far greater. These authoritative reviews represent an important foundation for understanding the current status, fate and future of the nature of Australia. This book considers all species and subspecies of Australian mammals, including those of external territories and territorial seas. For all the mammal taxa (about 300 species and subspecies) considered Extinct, Threatened, Near Threatened or Data Deficient, the size and trend of their population is presented along with information on geographic range and trend, and relevant biological and ecological data. The book also presents the current conservation status of each taxon under Australian legislation, what additional information is needed for managers, and the required management actions. Recovery plans, where they exist, are evaluated. The voluntary participation of more than 200 mammal experts has ensured that the conservation status and information are as accurate as possible, and allowed considerable unpublished data to be included. All accounts include maps based on the latest data from Australian state and territory agencies, from published scientific literature and other sources. The Action Plan concludes that 29 Australian mammal species have become extinct and 63 species are threatened and require urgent conservation action. However, it also shows that, where guided by sound knowledge, management capability and resourcing, and longer-term commitment, there have been some notable conservation success stories, and the conservation status of some species has greatly improved over the past few decades. The Action Plan for Australian Mammals 2012 makes a major contribution to the conservation of a wonderful legacy that is a significant part of Australia’s heritage. For such a legacy to endure, our society must be more aware of and empathetic with our distinctively Australian environment, and particularly its marvellous mammal fauna; relevant information must be readily accessible; environmental policy and law must be based on sound evidence; those with responsibility for environmental management must be aware of what priority actions they should take; the urgency for action (and consequences of inaction) must be clear; and the opportunity for hope and success must be recognised. It is in this spirit that this account is offered. Winner of a 2015 Whitley Awards Certificate of Commendation for Zoological Resource.

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McKenzie, Ross. Australia's Poisonous Plants, Fungi and Cyanobacteria. CSIRO Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486313877.

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Australia's Poisonous Plants, Fungi and Cyanobacteria is the first full-colour, comprehensive guide to the major natural threats to health in Australia affecting domestic and native animals and humans. The overriding aim of the book is to prevent poisoning, as there are few effective treatments available, particularly in domestic animals. The species have been chosen because of their capacity to threaten life or damage important organs, their relative abundance or wide distribution in native and naturalised Australian flora, or because of their extensive cultivation as crops, pastures or in gardens. These include flowering plants, ferns and cone-bearing plants, macrofungi, ergot fungi and cyanobacteria. The plant species are grouped by life form such as herbs, grasses and sedges, shrubs, trees, and for flowering plants by flower type and colour for ease of identification. Species described have colour photographs, distribution maps and notes on confusing species, habitats, toxins, animals affected, conditions of poisoning, clinical signs and symptoms, post mortem changes, therapy, prevention and control. Symbols are used for quick reference to poisoning duration and available ways of managing poisoning. As further aids to understanding, poisoning hot-spots are highlighted and the book lists plants under the headings of animals affected and organs affected. A Digest gives brief details for all poisonous species in Australia. This book is written in a straightforward style making it accessible to a wide audience including farmers, veterinarians, agricultural advisors, gardeners, horticulturists, botanists and park rangers, medical practitioners and paramedics, teachers, parents and pet owners.

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Veech, Joseph A. Habitat Ecology and Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829287.001.0001.

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Habitat is crucial to the survival and reproduction of individual organisms as well as persistence of populations. As such, species-habitat relationships have long been studied, particularly in the field of wildlife ecology and to a lesser extent in the more encompassing discipline of ecology. The habitat requirements of a species largely determine its spatial distribution and abundance in nature. One way to recognize and appreciate the over-riding importance of habitat is to consider that a young organism must find and settle into the appropriate type of habitat as one of the first challenges of life. This process can be cast in a probabilistic framework and used to better understand the mechanisms behind habitat preferences and selection. There are at least six distinctly different statistical approaches to conducting a habitat analysis – that is, identifying and quantifying the environmental variables that a species most strongly associates with. These are (1) comparison among group means (e.g., ANOVA), (2) multiple linear regression, (3) multiple logistic regression, (4) classification and regression trees, (5) multivariate techniques (Principal Components Analysis and Discriminant Function Analysis), and (6) occupancy modelling. Each of these is lucidly explained and demonstrated by application to a hypothetical dataset. The strengths and weaknesses of each method are discussed. Given the ongoing biodiversity crisis largely caused by habitat destruction, there is a crucial and general need to better characterize and understand the habitat requirements of many different species, particularly those that are threatened and endangered.

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Tzaros, Chris. Wildlife of the Box-Ironbark Country. CSIRO Publishing, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643092211.

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The forests and woodlands of Victoria’s Box-Ironbark Region are one of the most important areas of animal diversity and significance in southern Australia. They provide critical habitat for a diverse array of woodland-dependant animals, including many threatened species such as the Squirrel Glider, Brush-tailed Phascogale, Regent Honeyeater, Swift Parrot, Pink-tailed Worm-lizard and the Woodland Blind Snake. Wildlife of the Box-Ironbark Country gives a comprehensive overview of the ecology of the box-ironbark habitats and their wildlife. It covers all of the mammals, birds, reptiles and frogs that occur in the region, with a brief description of their distribution, status and ecology, together with a distribution map and superb colour photograph for each species. The book includes a ‘Where to Watch’ section, featuring a selection of national parks, state parks and nature conservation reserves as places where people can experience the ecosystem and its wildlife for themselves. Wildlife of the Box-Ironbark Country is intended for land-managers, conservation and wildlife workers, land-holders, teachers, students, naturalists and all those interested in some way in learning about and appreciating the wildlife of this fascinating and endangered ecosystem.

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Tzaros, Chris. Wildlife of the Box-Ironbark Country. CSIRO Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486313167.

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Victoria's Box–Ironbark region is one of the most important areas of animal diversity and significance in southern Australia. The forests and woodlands of this region provide critical habitat for a diverse array of woodland-dependent animals, including many threatened and declining species such as the Squirrel Glider, Brush-tailed Phascogale, Regent Honeyeater, Swift Parrot, Pink-tailed Worm-Lizard, Woodland Blind Snake, Tree Goanna and Bibron's Toadlet. Wildlife of the Box–Ironbark Country gives a comprehensive overview of the ecology of the Box–Ironbark habitats and their wildlife, and how climate change is having a major influence. This extensively revised second edition covers all of the mammals, birds, reptiles and frogs that occur in the region, with a brief description of their distribution, status, ecology and identification, together with a detailed distribution map and superb colour photograph for each species. The book includes a 'Where to watch' section, featuring a selection of national parks, state parks and nature conservation reserves where people can experience the ecosystem and its wildlife for themselves. This book is intended for land managers, conservation and wildlife workers, fauna consultants, landholders, teachers, students, naturalists and all those interested in learning about and appreciating the wildlife of this fascinating and endangered ecosystem.

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Moll, Don, i Edward O. Moll. The Ecology, Exploitation and Conservation of River Turtles. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195102291.001.0001.

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The underlying theme of this book is that a widespread, taxonomically diverse group of animals, important both from ecological and human resource perspectives, remains poorly understood and in delcine, while receiving scant attention from the ecological and conservation community. This volume proposes a comprehensive overview of the world's river turtles' ecology, conservation, and management. It begins with a categorization of taxa which inhabit flowing water habitats followed by information on their evolutionary and physical diversity and biogeography. Within the framework of ecology, the authors discuss the composition of river turtle communities in different types of lotic habitats and regions, population dynamics, movements, reproductive characteristics and behavior, predators, and feeding relationships. In a conservation and management section, the authors identify and evaluate the nature and intensity of factors which threaten river turtle survival--almost all of which involve direct human exploitation or indirect effects of human induced habitat alteration and degradation. They then list and evaluate the various schemes which have been proposed or employed to halt declines and restore populations, and make recommendations for future management plans for specific species and regions. In closing, they state their viewpoint concerning future research directions and priorities, and an evaluation of future prospects for survival of the world's river turtle species.

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Akande, Dapo, Jaakko Kuosmanen, Helen McDermott i Dominic Roser, red. Human Rights and 21st Century Challenges. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824770.001.0001.

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The world faces significant and interrelated challenges in the twenty-first century which threaten human rights in a number of ways. This book examines the relationship between human rights and three of the largest challenges of the twenty-first century: conflict and security, environment, and poverty. Technological advances in fighting wars have led to the introduction of new weapons which threaten to transform the very nature of conflict. In addition, states confront threats to security which arise from a new set of international actors not clearly defined and which operate globally. Climate change, with its potentially catastrophic impacts, features a combination of characteristics which are novel for humanity. The problem is caused by the sum of innumerable individual actions across the globe and over time, and similarly involves risks that are geographically and temporally diffuse. In recent decades, the challenges involved in addressing global and national poverty have also changed. For example, the relative share of the poor in the world population has decreased significantly while the relative share of the poor who live in countries with significant domestic capacity has increased strongly. Overcoming these global and interlocking threats constitutes this century’s core political and moral task. This book examines how these challenges may be addressed using a human rights framework. It considers how these challenges threaten human rights and seeks to reassess our understanding of human rights in the light of these challenges. The analysis considers both foundational and applied questions. The approach is multidisciplinary and contributors include some of the most prominent lawyers, philosophers, and political theorists in the debate. The authors not only include leading academics but also those who have played important roles in shaping the policy debates on these questions. Each Part includes contributions by those who have served as Special Rapporteurs within the United Nations human rights system on the challenges under consideration.

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Dunaway, Finis. Defending the Arctic Refuge. University of North Carolina Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469661100.001.0001.

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Tucked away in the northeastern corner of Alaska is one of the most contested landscapes in all of North America: the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Considered sacred by Indigenous peoples in Alaska and Canada and treasured by environmentalists, the refuge provides life-sustaining habitat for caribou, polar bears, migratory birds, and other species. For decades, though, the fossil fuel industry and powerful politicians have sought to turn this unique ecosystem into an oil field. Defending the Arctic Refuge tells the improbable story of how the people fought back. At the center of the story is the unlikely figure of Lenny Kohm (1939–2014), a former jazz drummer and aspiring photographer who passionately committed himself to Arctic Refuge activism. With the aid of a trusty slide show, Kohm and representatives of the Gwich’in Nation traveled across the United States to mobilize grassroots opposition to oil drilling. From Indigenous villages north of the Arctic Circle to Capitol Hill and many places in between, this book shows how Kohm and Gwich’in leaders and environmental activists helped build a political movement that transformed the debate into a struggle for environmental justice. In its final weeks, the Trump administration fulfilled a long-sought dream of drilling proponents: leasing much of the Arctic Refuge coastal plain for fossil fuel development. Yet the fight to protect this place is certainly not over. Defending the Arctic Refuge traces the history of a movement that is alive today—and that will continue to galvanize diverse groups to safeguard this threatened land.

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Cantor, Paul A. Pop Culture and the Dark Side of the American Dream. University Press of Kentucky, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813177304.001.0001.

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What is the American dream, and why has it proven so elusive for many people? By examining popular culture’s portrayal of the dark side of the American dream, this book seeks to answer these questions. Only when we see people fail in their pursuit of the American dream do we begin to understand its limitations and its inner contradictions. This book explores five representative examples of the American dream gone awry: (1) Huckleberry Finn; (2) the films of W. C. Fields; (3) the Godfather films;(4) Breaking Bad; and (5) The Walking Dead (and other “end-of-the-world” narratives). As these cases suggest, America, as the fresh-start nation, always threatens to become the land of the false start. America gives its people the freedom to reinvent themselves, but that easily turns into a license to imposture. The American ideal of the self-made man is shadowed by the specter of the con man, and the line between legitimate business and criminal activity sometimes becomes hard to draw clearly. Although the American dream is to achieve success in both family and business, the Godfather films and Breaking Bad show these goals tragically at odds. With its Hollywood endings, American popular culture is often thought to be naively optimistic; this book demonstrates that film and television creators have been capable of raising thoughtful questions about the validity and viability of the American dream, thus deepening our understanding of America itself.

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Walen, Alec D. The Mechanics of Claims and Permissible Killing in War. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190872045.001.0001.

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This book operates on two levels. On the more practical level, its overarching concern is to answer the question, When is it permissible to use lethal force to defend people against threats? The deeper concern of the book, however, is to lay out and defend a new account of rights, the mechanics of claims. This framework constructs rights from the premise that rights provide a normative space in which people can pursue their own ends while treating each other as free and equal fellow-agents whose welfare morally matters. According to the mechanics of claims, rights result from first weighing competing patient-claims on an agent, then determining if the agent has a strong enough agent-claim to act contrary to the balance of patient-claims on her, and then looking to see if special claims limit her freedom. The strength of claims in this framework reflects not just the interest in play but the nature of the claims. Threats who have no right to threaten have weaker claims not to be harmed than bystanders who might be harmed as a side effect, all else equal. With this model, a central problem in just war theory can be pushed to the margins: determining when people have forfeited their rights and are liable to harm. Threats may lack a right not to be killed even if they have done nothing to forfeit it.

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