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Indrijarso, Surat. "Development of pressurized thermogravimetry for in-situ combustion studies". Thesis, University of Salford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261489.
Pełny tekst źródłaXiang, Junjie. "Foutier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Instrumentation and Integration with Thermogravimetry". TopSCHOLAR®, 2018. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2572.
Pełny tekst źródłaWitt, Jason R. "Organic binder removal of multilayer ceramics using a rate-controlled thermogravimetric analyzer". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19059.
Pełny tekst źródłaCrewe, Robert John. "Modelling Plastics Pyrolysis by Thermogravimetry and Measurements of Molecular Weight Distribution". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485181.
Pełny tekst źródłaЗабегалов, И. В., С. Жук, Андрій Васильович Булашенко, Андрей Васильевич Булашенко i Andrii Vasylovych Bulashenko. "Дифференциальная термогравиметрия". Thesis, Издательство СумГУ, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/21044.
Pełny tekst źródłaShao, Rui. "Effect of experimental parameters on simultaneous thermal analysis". Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2007%20Spring%20Theses/SHAO_RUI_44.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaMa, Zijian. "Characterization of Biomass Materials for Understanding the Processing". Digital WPI, 2017. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/309.
Pełny tekst źródłaManzheliy, E. A., N. V. Zyk, A. G. Majouga, E. K. Beloglazkina i E. V. Golubina. "Study of Catalytic Activity of the New Nanohybrid Material Based on Gold Nanoparticles and 1,4-bis(Terpyridine-4'-yl)Benzene". Thesis, Sumy State University, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35121.
Pełny tekst źródłaBu, Jiachuan. "Kinetic analysis of coal and biomass co-gasification with carbon dioxide". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/10457.
Pełny tekst źródłaTitle from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 184 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 82-84).
Egawa, Edgar Yuji. "Caracterização térmica e reológica de blendas de glicerol:colágeno tipo I de diferentes tecidos". Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75132/tde-27032008-094508/.
Pełny tekst źródłaSeveral characteristics make collagen widely applied as a biomaterial. The collagen thermal stability is directly related with its structure changes (triple helix), generally, the better is the thermal stability the better is the biological stability. Several polyols including glycerol, has shown a increasing on type I collagen denaturation. The objective of this work is to study the effect of glycerol when mixed with anionic collagen. Type I anionic collagen was obtained after alkaline treatment (24h) of bovine pericardium, bovine tendon and porcine serosa. FT-IR, thermogravimetry and rheology were used. The results of thermal analysis showed that glycerol indeed increases the collagen decomposition temperature. The reologycal tests, precisely strain sweep, revealed that collagen samples have modulus G\' prevailed on modulus G\'\' independent of tissue origin, and glycerol addiction did not change these. The frequency sweep revealed that collagen and collagen:glycerol samples behave like a gel-like substance since both the storage and loss modulus showed dependence with frequency sweep and G\' > G\'\' in all cases. Flow tests at constant temperature revealed that collagen solution behave like a pseudoplastic substance, and glycerol addiction increase solution viscosity and did not change the pseudoplastic characteristic. Flow tests in function of temperature revealed collagen denaturation temperature, but glycerol addiction alters thermal stability (increase of denaturation temperature) only for collagen obtained from porcine serosa.
Bordignon, Juliany Cristiny Sonda. "Investigação da interação das vitaminas A e D com amido em diferentes condições de processamento térmico". Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2013. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1536.
Pełny tekst źródłaCAPES
Processar os alimentos pode estimular a formação de interações químicas entre nutrientes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a ocorrência de interação das vitaminas A e D com o amido de milho usando as técnicas de análise termogravimétrica (TGA) e espectrometria de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) em diferentes condições de processamento – temperatura, tempo e concentração de vitamina. Dentre um total de 06 (seis) condições avaliadas, foi identificada a ocorrência de interação entre vitamina e amido em 03 (três) amostras. O resultado das análises em FTIR dos sistemas contendo vitamina A e D3 tratados por temperatura e tempo mais elevados apresentou maior diferença, com deslocamento de pico na região entre 3000-3800 cm-1 (-OH), verificando-se inclusive uma inversão na intensidade entre os picos de 1000 cm-1 e 1020 cm-1(C-O-C) em um dos sistemas enriquecidos com vitamina D. Conclui-se, portanto que, essas diferenças indicam possíveis interações entre a vitamina A ou D e o amido.
Processing foods can stimulate the formation of chemical interactions between nutrients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of interaction of vitamins A and D with cornstarch using the techniques of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and infrared spectroscopy Fourier transform (FTIR) at different processing conditions - temperature, time and vitamin concentration. Among a total of 06 (six) conditions evaluated, we identified the occurrence of interaction between vitamin and starch in 03 (three) samples. The results of the FTIR analysis on the systems containing vitamin D3 and treated with higher temperature and time showed greater difference, with peak displacement in the region between 3000-3800 cm-1 (-OH), including verifying an inversion intensity peaks between 1000 cm-1 and 1020 cm-1 (C-O-C) in a system fortified with vitamin D. We conclude, therefore, that these differences indicate possible interactions between vitamin A or D and starch.
5000
Yan, Wei. "Gas phase conversion of sugars to valuable C3 chemicals". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5504.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on July 31, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.
Pires, Ariane Aparecida Felix. "Resíduos lignocelulósicos para biocombustível sólido: caracterização e termogravimetria aplicada". Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/1180.
Pełny tekst źródłaFinanciadora de Estudos e Projetos
The biomass research for use as a biofuel has been increasing worldwide encouraged by the search for viable alternatives of renewable energy. Part of the biomass, lignocellulosic residues can be used to generate bioenergy from its combustion, and a way to use the material and add value to the final product. However, it is necessary to know deeply the properties and physicochemical characteristics of a material before employing it as solid biofuel, thus qualifying it beforehand and understand their behavior during combustion and calorific value. Basically, for application as solid biofuel, a material must have homogeneous particle size, moisture content suitable, low ash content and high calorific value, in addition to substantial market supply and availability of these residues. It is known that the chemical composition of a lignocellulosic material is directly affects its energy performance, high percentages of lignin, α-cellulose and carbon are related to a higher calorific value and combustion slower, increasing the durability of the burning fuel. In the search for materials that meet these requirements, this work studied the sugar cane bagasse and the Eucalyptus sp. and Pinus sp. Sawdust, employing physicochemical analysis and thermogravimetry. From the thermogravimetric analysis of integrals lignocellulosic residues was possible to determine their lignin contents and fixed carbon and relates them to the results obtained by conventional analysis. The TG and DTG curves were studied for better understanding of the behavior of thermal degradation characteristic of integral plant biomass and its major components. The TG curve of lignin extracted from Eucalyptus sp. showed a higher thermal stability compared to other materials lignins. The results obtained for Eucalyptus sp. sawdust were the most satisfactory: lower ash content (0.46%), high lignin content (30.41%), higher carbon content (46.80%) and a higher calorific value (4415.3 kcal.kg-1), corresponding to the requirements necessary for a quality solid biofuel.
A pesquisa de biomassa para aplicação como biocombustível vem se destacando em todo o mundo impulsionada pela busca de alternativas viáveis de fontes renováveis de energia. Parte da biomassa vegetal, os resíduos lignocelulósicos podem ser utilizados na geração de bioenergia a partir da sua combustão, constituindo uma forma de aproveitamento do material e agregação de valor ao produto final. Contudo, necessita-se conhecer profundamente as propriedades e características físico-químicas de um material antes de empregá-lo como biocombustível sólido, para assim qualificá-lo previamente e compreender seu comportamento durante combustão e poder calorífico. Basicamente, para aplicação como biocombustível sólido, um material deve possuir granulometria homogênea, teor de umidade adequado, um baixo teor de cinzas e alto poder calorífico aliados a uma grande oferta no mercado e disponibilidade destes resíduos. Sabe-se que a composição química de um material lignocelulósico afeta diretamente seu desempenho energético, sendo que elevados percentuais de lignina, α-celulose e carbono estão relacionados a um maior poder calorífico e a uma combustão mais lenta, elevando a durabilidade do combustível na queima. Na busca por materiais que atendam a esses requisitos, este trabalho estudou o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e as serragens de Eucalyptus sp. e Pinus sp., empregando análises físico-químicas e termogravimetria. A partir da análise termogravimétrica dos resíduos lignocelulósicos integrais foi possível determinar seus conteúdos de lignina e carbono fixo e relacioná-los com os resultados obtidos pela análise convencional. As curvas TG e DTG foram estudadas para a maior compreensão do comportamento de degradação térmica característico da biomassa vegetal integral e de seus componentes majoritários. A curva TG da lignina extraída do Eucalyptus sp. demonstrou uma maior estabilidade térmica em relação às ligninas dos outros materiais. Os resultados obtidos para a serragem de Eucalyptus sp. foram os mais satisfatórios: menor teor de cinzas (0,46%), alto conteúdo de lignina (30,41%), maior teor de carbono (46,80%) e um maior poder calorífico superior (4415,3 kcal.kg-1), correspondendo aos requisitos necessários a um biocombustível sólido de qualidade.
Plumley, Michael J. "Lubricant oil consumption effects on diesel exhaust ash emissions using a sulfur dioxide trace technique and thermogravimetry". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/33574.
Pełny tekst źródłaIncludes bibliographical references (p. 108-113).
A detailed experimental study was conducted targeting lubricant consumption effects on ,diesel exhaust ash levels using a model year 2002 5.9L diesel engine, high and low Sulfur commercial lubricants, and clean diesel fuels. Regulatory decreases in allowable particulate matter emissions for on road diesel engines are driving industry to develop diesel particulate filters to trap and combust particulate. Remaining ash not combusted in this process clogs filters requiring engine down time and additional cleaning expenses. Recent reductions in fuel Sulfur and ash levels have also made lubricant consumption a significant relative contributor to particulate and ash generation. The goal of this study, a detailed understanding of lubricant contribution to particulate formation and ash transport, is required to enhance future filter design. 'The use of ultra clean fuels enhances accuracy of the Sulfur Dioxide tracer technique for estimating lubricant consumption and increases the relative contribution of lubricant to particulate emission. Results indicate the subject engine lubricant consumption is typical of others reported in literature. Particulate matter emission increases were measured after switching from a relatively low Sulfur, low sulfated ash oil to a high Sulfur, high sulfated ash lubricant.
(cont.) Volatile organic fraction and ash emission rates measured using thermogravimetric analysis indicate exhaust ash increases correlate with increasing sulfated ash content and lubricant consumption. Increased exhaust Sulfur and wear metal debris can also increase relative ash in particulate. Particulate generated using high Sulfur fuels has a higher ash emission rate than that obtained using near zero Sulfur fuel. The consequences of on road emissions improvements will have a significant impact on -the marine industry in coming years. New emissions regulations are reducing allowable particulate emission from marine diesels for the first time, with adaptation of on road ·technologies for these applications expected in the near future.
by Michael J. Plumley.
S.M.
Vallejo, Adriana Cossu [UNESP]. "Síntese, caracterização e estudo do comportamento térmico dos 3-metoxibenzoatos de Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) e Zn(II), no estado sólido". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97870.
Pełny tekst źródłaCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Os 3-metoxibenzoatos de Mn (II), Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II) e de Zn (II), foram preparados fazendo-se reagir os respectivos carbonatos básicos com ácido 3-metoxibenzoico, ambos em suspensão aquosa à temperatura de ebulição. Os compostos assim obtidos foram estudados através da complexometria com EDTA, Termogravimetria (TG) e difratometria de raios X pelo método do pó. As curvas TG foram obtidas em atm de ar sintético e em cadinho de Pt para a amostra e referencia. Os resultados obtidos por termogravimetria (TG), complexometria com EDTA, possibilitaram estabelecer a estequiometria e o grau de hidratação dos compostos, que apresentaram fórmula geral: M(3-MeO-BZ) 2 nH2O com n= 0,5; 1,0;1,5 e 2,0. As curvas TG também permitiram verificar a estabilidade térmica, bem como o processo de decomposição térmica, destes compostos. Os difratogramas de raios X, pelo método do pó, mostraram que todos os compostos possuem estrutura cristalina, com exceção do composto níquel, obtidos no estado não cristalino.
The 3-methoxybenzoates of Mn (II), Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II) and Zn (II) were prepared by reacting the respective basic carbonates with methoxybenzoates acid, both in aqueous suspension in a heating temperature. The compounds therefore obtained were studied by complexometric (EDTA), thermogravimetry, derivative thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG. DTG, DTA) and X-Ray diffractometry. The curves (TG) were obtained in atmosphere synthetic air and in Platinum crucible as samples and references. The results obtained by thermogravimetry (TG) and complexometric (EDTA) enabled to establish the stoichiometry and the hydration degree of these compounds which presented the general formula: M(3-MeO-BZ)2 nH2O with n=0,5; 1,0; 1,5 and 2,0. Also the curves (TG) permitted to verify as the thermal stability as the decomposition process of these compounds. The X-Ray powder patterns made possible to show that all the compounds had crystalline structure, except the Nickel (II) compound, shapeless by itself.
CORREIA, Lidiane Pinto. "Avaliação da qualidade física, química e biológica de pós das drogas vegetais da caraibeira (Tabebuia caraiba), quixabeira (Sideroxylon obtusifolium) e bom-nome (Maytenus rigida) em diferentes tamanhos de partículas". Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2015. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18463.
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O estudo de plantas medicinais como fonte de tratamento das mais diversas enfermidades é milenar, tendo em vista seu vasto uso embasado no conhecimento popular. Estudar essas espécies vegetais, de forma a caracterizá-las fisicamente, quimicamente e biologicamente tem sua importância para que o dito popular seja embasado cientificamente e parâmetros como eficácia e segurança sejam assegurados. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar características físicas, químicas e biológicas de três espécies vegetais (Tabebuia caraiba, Sideroxylon obtusifolium e Maytenus rigida) típicas do semiárido paraibano, com intuito de fornecer informações concretas acerca das suas características e do seu uso. Foram utilizados diferentes faixas de tamanhos de partículas para cada espécie, as quais, posteriormente, foram utilizadas na forma de droga vegetal (pó seco) e derivados (infusos e extrato liofilizado). As amostras utilizadas foram nomeadas: CAR00, CAR01, CAR02 e CAR03; QU00, QU01, QU02 e QU03; e MR00, MR01, MR02, MR03; referindo-se a Tabebuia caraiba, Sideroxylon obtusifolium e Maytenus rigida, respectivamente. Para caracterização física e química utilizaram-se as técnicas analíticas microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) com espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS), técnicas térmicas (Termogravimetria (TG) e Análise Térmica Diferencial (DTA)) e pirólise acoplada à cromatografia gasosa/espectrometria de massa (Pir-CG/EM). Para investigar o efeito da atividade antioxidante, bem como da citotoxicidade das amostras obtidas de pós de diferentes tamanhos de partícula utilizaram-se os seguintes ensaios: sistema de varredura do radical 2,2 difenil-1-pricril-hidrazil (DPPH), capacidade redutora (RP), capacidade de absorção de Radicais de Oxigênio (ORAC) e citotoxicidade (células Caco-2). Para validação do método analítico de identificação e quantificação, utilizou-se um cromatógrafo líquido de alta eficiência (HPLC). Através da termogravimetria utilizando o modelo adaptado de Ozawa foi possível diferenciar através dos parâmetros cinéticos obtidos (Ea, ordem de reação, percentual de perda de massa) as amostras de CAR de diferentes granulometrias. Os tamanhos volumétricos das partícula de QU e MR foram especificados através da MEV. Através dos dados térmicos da TG, DTA e Pir-CG/EM caracterizaram-se as drogas vegetais QU e MR, verificando diferenças dos resultados de acordo com a distribuição do tamanho das partículas. Através dos testes de determinação de resíduo seco, fenólicos e flavonoides verificaram-se diferenças quantitativas dos teores. As capacidades antioxidantes para as três espécies estudadas variaram para as diferentes granulometrias quando avaliadas através dos testes de DPPH, RP e ORAC. Levando-se em consideração o limite de 70% de viabilidade celular,observou-se que as diferentes granulometrias dos pós podem influenciar no dano celular. De acordo com os dados obtidos através das diferentes técnicas analíticas e ensaios biológicos, afirma-se que a propriedade física tamanho de partícula pode influenciar nos parâmetros de qualidade física, química e biológica de drogas vegetais, sendo importante a padronização da matéria-prima vegetal de forma a garantir a homogeneidade dos pré-requisitos que regem um produto de qualidade, segurança e eficácia
Herbal medicine studies as a source of several diseases treatment is age-old, based in its wide use grounded in popular knowledge. To study these species considering its physical, chemical and biological characteristics has its importance to scientifically support the popular herbal medicines use, ensuring parameters such as efficacy and safety to the users. This work aimed to evaluate physical, chemical and biological three typical plant species (Tabebuia caraiba, Sideroxylon obtusifolium and Maytenus rigida) from the semiarid Paraiba region, aiming to provide concrete information about their characteristics and use. Different particle size ranges were used for each species, which were used like herbal medicine (dry powder) and derivatives (infuses and lyophilized extracts). The samples used were named: CAR00, CAR01, CAR02 and CAR03; QU00, QU01, QU02 and QU03; and MR00, MR01, MR02, MR03; referring to Tabebuia caraiba, Sideroxylon obtusifolium and Maytenus rigida, respectively. For physical and chemical characterization we used the analytical techniques scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), thermal techniques (Thermogravimetry (TG) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA)) and pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (Pyr-GC / MS). To investigate the antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity effect of the different particle sizes samples it was used the following tests: scanning radical system of 2,2-diphenyl-1-pricril hydrazyl (DPPH), reducing power (RP), Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC), and cytotoxicity (Caco-2 cells). To the analytical method identification and quantification validation it was used a High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). TG data using adapted Ozawa model allowed differentiate through kinetic parameters obtained (Ea, reaction order, weight loss percentage) the different particle size CAR samples. The volumetric size of QU and MR particles were specified by SEM. Through the thermal data of the TG, DTA and Pyr-GC / MS the herbal medicines QU and MR were characterized and it was checked differences in the results according to its particle size distribution. The determination of dry residue tests, phenolics and flavonoids showed quantitative differences levels. The antioxidant capacities for the three species studied varied to the different powder particle sizes when evaluated through DPPH test, RP and ORAC. Considering the cell viability limit of 70% like the parameter to the determination of citotoxicity, it was observed variations between the obtained results and the different particle sizes could influence in the cellular damage. According to the data obtained through analytical techniques and biological assays, it was evidenced that the physical property particle size may influence the physical, chemical and biological herbal medicine quality parameters. So, it is important to standardize the raw material to ensure the product prerequisites of homogeneity: quality, safety and efficacy.
Camargo, Filho Jose Carlos Silva. "Caracterização da cartilagem articular do joelho de ratos submetidos a esforços de repetição em esteira rolante". [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/312287.
Pełny tekst źródłaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
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Resumo: O objetivo desse estudo, foi investigar qual o efeito produzido pela corrida em esteira rolante não inclinada, durante uma hora diária (cinco dias por semana), por 15, 30 e 60 dias, sobre a cartilagem hialina do joelho de ratos. Foram utilizados 30 animais, divididos em seis grupos, sendo três experimentais (GE), com cinco animais em cada grupo, submetidos à esteira correndo 585 metros, durante 60 minutos por sessão, por cinco dias por semana, e três grupos controle (GC), com cinco animais em cada grupo, não submetidos ao treinamento físico. Os animais do grupo experimental foram sacrificados após 15 (GE-1), 30 (GE-2), e 60 (GE-3) dias de seguimento. Dos 15 animais do grupo controle foram selecionados aleatoriamente sete animais, sendo dois do grupo de 15 dias e de 30 dias e três do grupo de 60 dias para as análises histológicas por microscopia óptica convencional (côndilo lateral do fêmur direito), pela lupa estereotáxica (côndilo lateral do fêmur esquerdo) e pela termogravimetria (côndilo medial do fêmur direito), segundo critérios da International Cartilage Repair Society (2002), modificado. Essas avaliações foram feitas comparando-se o grupo experimental com o grupo controle quanto à desorganização celular, presença rara ou freqüente de ¿cluster¿, mitoses, mensuração da espessura da cartilagem hialina, contagem do número de condrócitos, quantificação do conteúdo de água e aspecto da superfície articular analisadas com 16x e 32x de aumento. Todos os dados obtidos nos grupos controle e experimental foram comparados entre si utilizando-se testes não paramétricos (Prova U de Mann Whitney e teste de Kruskal Wallis) considerando-se significativo os valores de p iguais ou menores do que 0,05. Do ponto de vista histológico houve maior desarranjo celular (p=0,01), maior número de mitoses (p=0,02), maior número de condrócitos (p=0,003) e diminuição da espessura da cartilagem hialina (p=0,01) entre o controle e os animais do grupo de 60 dias. Houve tendência ao aumento do conteúdo da água no grupo de 60 dias (p=0,09) assim como redução da espessura da cartilagem e alterações da forma da superfície articular em relação aos demais grupos em todos os côndilos observados com 60 dias. Conclui-se que a atividade na esteira rolante utilizada durante 60 dias cinco dias por semana, uma hora por dia com percurso de 585 metros produziu alterações degenerativas na cartilagem hialina do côndio lateral do joelho de rato
Abstract: The effects of treadmill running on the knee hyaline cartilage was studied in rats. Thirty rats were divided in to six groups (five animals in each one). Three groups were used as control and three of them ran on the treadmill one hour a day, five days/week, for 15, 30 and 60 days. After this the animals were sacrificed. The hyaline cartilage was studied by optical microscopy (staining HE), by estereotaxic magnifying glass (magnified in 16 and 32X) and by Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy. These analyses were done comparing the control group with the running group, and among the running groups with different times of exercises. In the histological analysis the grade of cellular organization in the layers of the cartilage, the frequency of the clusters and the mitoses and the number of chondrocytes was considered. The measurement of the thickness of the cartilage was done. The quantity of the water in the cartilage was evaluated by the reduction of the mass by evaporation in to 150oC, following the modified International Cartilage Repair Society score (2002). All results were analyzed by non-parametric tests, using Mann Whitney and Kruskal Wallis tests, with p < = 0,05. It was observed in histological analyses that the groups with 60 days of exercise presented cellular layers more disorganized (p=0,01), a higher number of mitoses (p=0,02) and chondrocytes (p=0,003), with hyaline cartilage thinner than the other groups (p=0,01). Besides this, there was a tendency of the 60-day group to have an increase of water content (p=0,09). The examination by magnifying glass showed that the hyaline cartilage was reduced and presented abnormalities on their surfaces. It was concluded that the exercise done by the rats on the treadmill over 60 days produced degenerative signs in the knee hyaline cartilage
Doutorado
Pesquisa Experimental
Doutor em Cirurgia
Alves, Ricardo. "Estudo termoanalítico e de compatibilidade fármaco-excipiente de rifampicina e alguns medicamentos utilizados na terapêutica da tuberculose". Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-31032008-162730/.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis work was aimed at implementing the thermal analysis and other physico-chemical and analytical techniques in the development and quality control of drugs and medicines for the treatment of tuberculosis, especially rifampicin. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry/derivative thermogravimetry(TG/DTG), elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectrometry (IR) were the main tools used. These techniques allowed to: evaluate thermal stability and the process of thermal decomposition of rifampicin and excipients used in pharmaceutical formulations; distinguish the two types of polymorphic forms; develop studies to establish kinetic parameters and evaluate the possible interactions between rifampicin and excipients. The studies were developed using two rifampicin samples, identified as polymorphs I and II. The elemental analysis results showed that both samples have the same composition and stoichiometry (C43H58N4O12), characteristic of the drug in question. IR spectra of both samples are very similar, but with little differences due to variations in the molecular conformation of polymorphic forms. These differences are clear when the absorption bands of ansa-OH, furanone and acetyl groups are compared in both spectra. XRD patterns showed that the two samples are crystalline and that they are two distinct structures. TG/DTG curves showed that polymorph I is more thermally stable than polymorph II. DSC curves confirm the TG/DTG results and allow to clearly differentiate a polymorphic form of the other. DSC curve of the polymorph II shows that initially occur the melting process, followed by crystallization and formation of polymorph I, which then is thermally decomposed. IR spectrum of the product isolated after recrystallization of polymorph II confirms the conversion to polymorph I. After Isothermal and non-isothermal kinetic studies by TG, it was possible to calculate, in both cases, the activation energy envolved in the thermal decomposition of each polymorph. The pre-formulation studies, using physical mixtures in the proportion 1:1 drug/excipient, indicated that there is interaction between the polymorph II and PEG 6000 and Lutrol F68. The excipients melt and dissolve the drug, which is converted to polymorph I. The drug-drug compatibility studies of rifampicin and isoniazid showed that there is interaction with both polymorphs. It appears that the interaction between the species leads to formation of the 3-(isonicotinylhydrazinmethyl) rifamycin compound. The evaluation of thermoanalytical profiles of commercial products allowed the identification of the polymorph was used in the formulation. It was possible to conclude that DSC tests identify the rifampicin polymorph used in association with isoniazid.
Rein, Guillermo. "Computational model of forward and opposed smoldering combustion with improved chemical kinetics". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/1784.
Pełny tekst źródłaVallejo, Adriana Cossu. "Síntese, caracterização e estudo do comportamento térmico dos 3-metoxibenzoatos de Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) e Zn(II), no estado sólido /". Araraquara [s.n.], 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97870.
Pełny tekst źródłaBanca: Salvador Claro Neto
Banca: Mercedes de Moraes
Resumo: Os 3-metoxibenzoatos de Mn (II), Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II) e de Zn (II), foram preparados fazendo-se reagir os respectivos carbonatos básicos com ácido 3-metoxibenzoico, ambos em suspensão aquosa à temperatura de ebulição. Os compostos assim obtidos foram estudados através da complexometria com EDTA, Termogravimetria (TG) e difratometria de raios X pelo método do pó. As curvas TG foram obtidas em atm de ar sintético e em cadinho de Pt para a amostra e referencia. Os resultados obtidos por termogravimetria (TG), complexometria com EDTA, possibilitaram estabelecer a estequiometria e o grau de hidratação dos compostos, que apresentaram fórmula geral: M(3-MeO-BZ) 2 nH2O com n= 0,5; 1,0;1,5 e 2,0. As curvas TG também permitiram verificar a estabilidade térmica, bem como o processo de decomposição térmica, destes compostos. Os difratogramas de raios X, pelo método do pó, mostraram que todos os compostos possuem estrutura cristalina, com exceção do composto níquel, obtidos no estado não cristalino.
Abstract: The 3-methoxybenzoates of Mn (II), Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II) and Zn (II) were prepared by reacting the respective basic carbonates with methoxybenzoates acid, both in aqueous suspension in a heating temperature. The compounds therefore obtained were studied by complexometric (EDTA), thermogravimetry, derivative thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG. DTG, DTA) and X-Ray diffractometry. The curves (TG) were obtained in atmosphere synthetic air and in Platinum crucible as samples and references. The results obtained by thermogravimetry (TG) and complexometric (EDTA) enabled to establish the stoichiometry and the hydration degree of these compounds which presented the general formula: M(3-MeO-BZ)2 nH2O with n=0,5; 1,0; 1,5 and 2,0. Also the curves (TG) permitted to verify as the thermal stability as the decomposition process of these compounds. The X-Ray powder patterns made possible to show that all the compounds had crystalline structure, except the Nickel (II) compound, shapeless by itself.
Mestre
Baroni, Érico de Godois 1989. "Estudo cinético da pirólise do endocarpo de tucumã (Astrocaryum aculeatum G. Meyer) para obtenção de biocombustíveis". [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266040.
Pełny tekst źródłaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química
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Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar o estudo cinético da pirólise do endocarpo do fruto do tucumã mediante termogravimetria em atmosfera de nitrogênio para análise da decomposição térmica, assim como a obtenção dos parâmetros cinéticos, aplicando modelos cinéticos globais e de reações independentes e paralelas. A energia de ativação, fator pré-exponencial e ordem de reação foram calculados utilizando dois conjuntos de experimentos. O primeiro, obtido de Nascimento (2012), utilizando taxas de aquecimento de 5°C/min a 20°C/min e diâmetro médio de 499 µm. O segundo conjunto de dados termogravimétricos foi obtido de modo a avaliar a influência do diâmetro de partícula (de 128,04 µm a 499,55 µm) considerando taxa de aquecimento de 10°C/min e da taxa de aquecimento (de 2,5°C/min a 15°C/min) com diâmetro médio de 128,04 µm. A partir do primeiro conjunto de dados, foram calculados os parâmetros cinéticos por meio de três modelos de reação isoconversionais global (Ozawa-Flynn-Wall, Coats-Redfern modificado e Friedman), em que foram calculadas energias de ativação entre 149 kJ/mol e 159 kJ/mol, fator pré-exponencial de aproximadamente 13 ?1-ns-1 e as ordens de reação de aproximadamente 6. A função de conversão foi definida como correspondente a um mecanismo reacional de n-ésima ordem, baseando-se em onze diferentes equações disponíveis na literatura. Para esse conjunto de dados, o modelo de reações independentes e paralelas (MRIP) foi aplicado considerando reações para hemicelulose, celulose e lignina. Adicionalmente, com o segundo conjunto de dados, o MRIP foi aplicado considerando três e quatro reações, em que foi considerada uma reação adicional associada às reações secundárias de decomposição. A aplicação do MRIP de três reações a partir de dados de Nascimento (2012), gerou desvios relativos próximos aos obtidos com os dados deste trabalho (~4% e ~3%, respectivamente). Entretanto, a aplicação do MRIP de quatro reações gerou desvios relativos ainda menores (~2%), em que energias de ativação, de aproximadamente 128 kJ/mol, 198 kJ/mol, 133 kJ/mol e 150 kJ/mol, foram estimadas para as reações de hemicelulose, celulose, lignina e reações secundárias, respectivamente. As ordens de reação para hemicelulose e celulose foram próximas à unidade, enquanto que para lignina e reações secundárias, variaram de 6 a 8. Com isso, concluiu-se que a aplicação do MRIP de quatro reações descreve favoravelmente o processo de decomposição térmica para cada taxa de aquecimento considerada. Como finalização do trabalho, avaliou-se a capacidade preditiva e descritiva, por meio de curvas simuladas da conversão em função da temperatura. O modelo simulado de quatro reações, utilizando os parâmetros cinéticos com três taxas de aquecimento (5°C/min, 7,5°C/min e 10°C/min), mostrou-se preditivo até a temperatura de 360°C para as taxas de aquecimento de 2,5°C e 15°C/min. Complementarmente, aplicando os parâmetros cinéticos médios com taxas de aquecimento de 2,5°C/min a 15°C/min, a capacidade descritiva demonstrou boa concordância entre dados experimentais e simulados para todo o intervalo de temperatura, denotando a habilidade do modelo em descrever o processo de decomposição do endocarpo do fruto de tucumã
Abstract: This work aims to perform a kinetic study of the pyrolysis of tucumã fruit endocarp by using thermogravimetry in nitrogen atmosphere to analyze the thermal decomposition and to estimate the kinetic parameters through global reaction models and independent parallel reaction models. The activation energy, pre-exponential factor, and reaction order were calculated using two sets of data. The first, obtained by Nascimento (2012), applying heating rates from 5°C/min to 20°C/min and mean diameter of 499 µm. The second thermogravimetry data set was obtained in order to evaluate the influence of the particle diameter (from 128,04 µm to 499,55 µm) considering heating rate of 10°C/min, and heating rates (from 2,5°C/min to 15°C/min) with mean diameter of 128,04 µm. Using the first data set, the kinetic parameters were calculated using three isoconversional global reaction models (Ozawa-Flynn-Wall, modified Coats-Redfern, and Friedman), in which were found activation energies between 149 kJ/mol and 159 kJ/mol, pre-exponential factor of about 13 ?1-ns-1 and reaction orders of about 6. The conversion function was defined, corresponding to an nth order reaction mechanism, based on eleven different equation available in the literature. For this data set, the independent parallel reaction model (IPRM) was applied considering reaction for hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. Additionally, with the second data set, the IPRM was applied considering three and four reactions, in which an additional reaction was associated to the secondary decomposition reactions. By the application of the three reactions IPRM from the data of Nascimento (2012), close relative deviations were obtained with the data from this work (~4% and ~3%, respectively). However, the application of the four reactions IPRM, relative deviations even lower were obtained (~2%), in which activation energies of about 128 kJ/mol, 198 kJ/mol, 133 kJ/mol, and 150 kJ/mol were estimated for the reactions hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, and secondary reactions, respectively. The reaction orders for hemicellulose and cellulose were close to unit, while for lignin and secondary reactions varied from 6 to 8. Therewith, it was observed that the application of the four reactions IPRM describes favorably the thermal decomposition process for each heating rate considered. For this work¿s completion, the predictive and descriptive capacity were evaluated using simulated curves of conversion as a function of temperature. The four reactions simulated model using the kinetic parameters with three heating rates (5°C/min, 7,5°C/min, and 10°C/min) was predictive up to 360°C for the heating rates of 2,5°C/min and 15°C/min. Complementarily, using the mean kinetic parameters obtained at heating rates from 2,5°C/min to 15°C/min, the descriptive capacity showed a good agreement between experimental and simulated data for the whole temperature interval, denoting the model¿s ability in describing the decomposition process of tucumã fruit endocarp
Mestrado
Engenharia Química
Mestre em Engenharia Química
Figueira, Camila Emilia. "Gaseificação de microalgas: estudo termogravimétrico e modelagem matemática do processo em reator solar". Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3137/tde-16062016-092756/.
Pełny tekst źródłaDue to depletion of non-renewable resources and increasing concerns about climate change, the production of renewable fuels from microalgae continues to attract a lot of attention because of its potential for fast growth rates, high oil content, ability to grow in unconventional scenarios, inherent carbon neutrality, and eliminates the concern of the dispute with food crops. As a result, it becomes important to develop a microalgae conversion process fuel gas, highlighted the synthesis gas. Aiming this importance, we studied the gasfication reaction from the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris by TGA experiments to estimate the kinetic parameters of reactions and by simulating a dynamic mathematical model thermochemical process using mass conservation equations and energy coupled to the reaction kinetics. Isothermal and dynamic thermogravimetric analysis were performed using two dfferent types of kinetic models: isoconversional and independent parallel reactions (RPI). In both models, the values of the estimated kinetic parameters showed good fits and remained within those found in the literature. Also the eects of the kinetic parameters of the RPI model on the conversion of microalgae in order to see which is more pronounced on the range of values were analyzed. In the simulation step of the system controlled by the solar reactor, the mathematical model was validated by comparison of temperatures and concentrations of products obtained experimentally measured in literature, showing good approximation values and enabling, together with the experimental phase thermogravimetric , the synthesis gas via the gasification of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris.
Santoro, Diego Monegatto. "Propriedades físico-químicas de emulsões obtidas a partir dos emulsificantes monoestearato de glicerila e cetil fosfato de potássio". Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9139/tde-01102007-084445/.
Pełny tekst źródłalntroduction: The physical stability of emulsions can be evaluated through droplets distribution evaluation, rheological properties, thermal analysis, microscopy and others. Objective: Evaluate the physical stability of emulsions containg different concentrations of anionic (A - potassium cetyl phosphate 3, 5 e 7%) and non-ionic emulsifiers (N - glyceril monostearate, 3, 5 e 7%), and the influence ofthe scale-up processo Methodology: Evaluate the droplets distribution with laser diffraction, rheology analysis, microscopy and thermogravimetry (TG). Results and Conc1usion: The values of 90% of the droplets were below 92.66 µm, 50.28µm and 38.80µm, respectively for 3, 5 and 7% ofN emulsifier. For system A, 90% ofthe droplets were below 3.85µm, 4.89µm and 63.57µm, for 3, 5 and 7%. The scale-up process influenced both systems, with an increase in the viscosity on system A from 6.614 Pa.s to 81.55 Pa.s and from 3.366 Pa.s to 7.153 Pa.s for system N. ln the TG analysis, only bulk water could be detected in system N and, in the system A, both interlamellar and bulk water were detected (initial and stability).
Junca, Eduardo. "Reciclagem de poeira de aciaria: estudo da redução da poeira de aciaria LD, elétrica e ferrita de zinco". Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-29122014-180047/.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe aim of this work was study of the reduction of basic oxygen furnace dust (BOFD), electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) and zinc ferrite. To do this, two different reducing gases were used. Initially, the raw materials were characterized by chemical analysis, X-ray, scanning electron microscope, size analysis and bulk density. Furthermore, thermal characterization was also performed in both BOFD and EAFD. The next step, pellets were made using the raw materials. The reduction tests were carried out on the pellets through two different reducing gases. The first gas used was a mixture between argon (90wt.%) and hydrogen (10wt.%). The last one was a gas simulating reformed natural gas. In this case, it was accomplished a mixture between the first gas with CO. Fluxes at 50, 100, 150 and 200mL/minute were used in this study in both reducing gas. The kinetic investigation was executed through loss mass curve obtained from reduction tests. The method used for kinetic analysis is a method derived from Stepwise Isothermal Analysis (SIA) where the isothermals are controlled by user. The results from characterization showed that EAFD is composed mainly of iron and zinc. The iron´s phase found was magnetite while zinc´s phases detected were zincite and franklinite. The BOFD is composed by iron and calcium. It was verified that the main iron´s phases encountered were wustite and magnetite. The kinetic analysis showed that pellets of BOFD reduced by gaseous mixture at 550 to 650°C was controlled by nucleation. After 700°C, in both reducing gases, the reactions were controlled by diffusion. To zinc ferrite, it was checked out that initially (550 to 650°C) the reaction was controlled by phase boundary reaction. After 700°C, it was concluded that reaction of reduction for zinc ferrite switched to diffusion in both reducing gases. Lastly, reduction of BOFDs pellet was noted (550 to 650°C) that the reduction was controlled by nucleation. Further 700°C, it was observed that the reaction showed a mix control between nucleation and diffusion.
Ferreira, Camila Raiane. "Estudo de propriedades físico-químicas de híbridos argila-PMMA : abordagem experimental por método grafting e abordagem teórica por cálculos ab initio /". Araraquara, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/149912.
Pełny tekst źródłaCoorientador: Pablo Damasceno Borges
Banca: Miguel Ruiz
Banca: Katia Jorge Ciuffi
Resumo: O desafio da produção e aplicação de nanocompósitos poliméricos vêm recebendo grande destaque científico devido ao seu caráter multifuncional. Os materiais híbridos orgânico-inorgânicos apresentam propriedades distintas que não se limitam à soma das propriedades de seus componentes separadamente, mas decorre de um sinergismo entre as fases em nível molecular. Como uma vertente do estudo desses materiais, a modificação de superfícies de argilas minerais se tornou uma forma de melhorar ou criar novas propriedades em materiais híbridos. Um exemplo é o método grafting, que consiste na reação de superfície entre argila e a matriz polimérica. Para tornar compatível a fase orgânica (polímero) e a fase inorgânica (argila) é necessário um agente funcionalizante, no caso, foi usado o TMSM (trimetoxisilil propil metacrilato) ligado a argila por reações com os grupos silanóis/Si-OH. O objetivo é aprimorar a síntese de materiais híbridos orgânico-inorgânicos utilizando o método grafting, sendo a fase orgânica o polímero termoplástico poli(metil metacrilato) (PMMA) e a fase inorgânica será as argilas derivadas da montmorilonita (Cloisite® 15A e Cloisite® 93A) já previamente funcionalizadas com TMSM. A comparação do conjunto de nanocompósitos permitiu analisar a evolução das propriedades térmicas, em como as baixas quantidades de argila em escala nanométrica presentes na matriz polimérica pode influenciar na estabilidade térmica do PMMA. A evolução das propriedades térmicas foi analisada p... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The challenge of the production and application of polymer nanocomposites has been receiving great scientific attention due to its multifunctional character. The organic-inorganic hybrid materials have distinct properties that are not limited to the sum of the properties of their components separately, but derive from a synergism between the phases at the molecular level. As an aspect of the study of these materials, the surface modification of clay minerals has become a way to improve or create new properties in hybrid materials. An example is the grafting method, which consists of the surface reaction between clay and the polymer matrix. In order to make the organic phase (polymer) and the inorganic phase (clay) compatible, a functionalizing agent is required; in this case, the TMSM (trimethoxysilyl propyl methacrylate) bound to clay was used by reactions with the silanols / Si-OH groups. The aim is to improve the synthesis of organic-inorganic hybrid materials using the grafting method, the organic phase being the thermoplastic polymer poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and the inorganic phase will be clays derived from montmorillonite (Cloisite® 15A and Cloisite® 93A) previously functionalized with TMSM. The comparison of the number of nanocomposites allowed to analyze the evolution of the thermal properties, such as low amounts of clay at the nanoscale present in the polymer matrix can influence the thermal stability of PMMA. The evolution of the thermal properties were a... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
Hillier, James L. "Pyrolysis Kinetics and Chemical Structure Considerations of a Green River Oil Shale and Its Derivatives". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2606.
Pełny tekst źródłaBelusso, Anne Caroline. "Determinação de pressão de sublimação de cloridratos de amina através da técnica termogravimétrica". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/178338.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe presence of salts in petroleum causes operational problems related to corrosion, due to the fact that they end up forming hydrochloric acid in the crude oil separation process. In order to mitigate the effects of acid corrosion, amines can be added at the top of the columns to act as neutralizers. However, depending on the operational conditions and the amount of amine added, a deposition of amine hydrochlorides may occur, promoting under-deposit corrosion. Thus, the knowledge of the sublimation pressure of these salts has an extreme importance in trying to predict and to optimize the performance of the additives in the process. Within this context, the purpose of this study is to determine pressure and enthalpy of sublimation of amine hydrochlorides with the thermogravimetric technique. Due to the difficulties encountered to obtain precise pressure data at low temperatures, an extension of the thermogravimetric method was proposed, enabling to measure sublimation pressures in the order of 1 0,5 Pa. The substances studied were: ammonium bromide, ammonium chloride, ethanolamine hydrochloride, methylamine hydrochloride, pyridine hydrochloride, trimethylamine hydrochloride and n-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride. Results of pressure and enthalpy of sublimation obtained with benzoic acid, ammonium bromide and ammonium chloride were validated using literature data. For other solids investigated in this study, experimental data is scarce in the literature. However, as the sublimation reaction of ammonium chloride is analogous to the others amine hydrochlorides, enthalpies of sublimation could be compared with the results found. Since similar values were observed, the results were considered satisfactory. Finally, the measured data were correlated using a modified Clausius-Clapeyron equation. A good correlation was possible for all salts studied, with correlation coefficient always higher than 0.97.
Tsamba, Alberto Júlio. "Fundamental Study of two Selected Tropical Biomasses for Energy : coconut and cashew nut shells". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Energi- och ugnsteknik, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-9138.
Pełny tekst źródłaQC 20100914
Laurenti, Karen Cristina. "Avaliação da presença de gordura em tecido muscular e carnes usando DTA e TG". Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/82/82131/tde-14022008-105743/.
Pełny tekst źródłaOne of the key factors associated to life quality is related to healthy alimentation. Well balanced and healthy nourishment should be made up of a series of nutrients essential to growth and sustenance of tissues and organs. Thus, the objective of the present work is to assess the presence of intramuscular fat by means of Thermogravimetry (TG) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA). The preliminary tests by TG and DTA were performed in the muscles of rabbits, pigs, chickens, fish and cows and their respective fat contents. Experiments were carried out on rats subjected to a diet enriched with 20% fat (experimental group) and a diet with 3,85% fat (control group) and was verified by clinical blood analyses (experimental group: cholesterol 77,75 \'+ OU -\' 5,90 and triglyceride 110,25 \'+ OU -\' 29,95 and the control group: cholesterol 69,43 \'+ OU -\' 10,40 and triglyceride 103,71 \'+ OU -\' 54,96) the calorific value of quadriceps muscles (5615,2 \'+ OU -\' 576,60 for experimental group and 5367 \'+ OU -\' 190,15 for control group) and by differential thermal analysis that there was no alterations due to the experimental diet. The third phase of this study used samples of cow muscle vastus medialis and pure bovine fat from the muscle (vastus medialis) applying thermogravimetric tests. The fourth phase compared cow, pig and chicken muscles. Thermogravimetry (TG) enabled to differentiate and quantify the regions of water loss, collagen decomposition and fat decomposition in muscles. The events of water loss, collagen degradation and fat decomposition are at 26 and 200 ºC, 200 and 390 ºC and at 400 and 480 ºC, respectively. It was concluded that the different types of muscles presented similar thermal behavior; therefore, by this methodology it was not possible to observe intramuscular fat.
Júnior, Marco Antonio Horn. "Estudo das propriedades térmicas e mecânicas de resinas dentárias compostas preparadas com sílica e quitosana". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75135/tde-06072016-143913/.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn this work we studied the influence of the addition of chitosan and silica in dimethacrylic monomers, BisEMA and TEGDMA, by photocalorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and dynamic mechanical analysis. The results of photocalorimetry experiments demonstrated that chitosan can increase the polymerization rate and the degree of conversion for some concentrations. Silica has little effect on photopolymerization reactions of samples. For thermogravimetric experiments, chitosan has little influence on the degradation of samples and does a slightly change the TGA / DTG curves, on the other hand silica accelerated thermal degradation of the samples. The evaluation of mechanical properties showed that chitosan reduces the glass transition temperature and elastic response of the samples but does not affect the values of the storage modulus and loss modulus. Silica showed an effect of increasing glass transition temperature and almost no change in the elastic response of the samples.
Aquino, Fl?via de Medeiros. "S?ntese, caracteriza??o e cin?tica da decomposi??o t?rmica dos materiais cer?micos PrMO3 (M = Ni ou Co)". Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2010. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/12690.
Pełny tekst źródłaCoordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
In this work have been studied the preparation, characterization and kinetic study of decomposition of the polymerizing agent used in the synthesis under non-isothermal condition ceramics PrMO3 of general formula (M = Co and Ni). These materials were obtained starting from the respective metal nitrates, as a cations source, and making use of gelatin as polymerizing agent. The powders were calcined at temperatures of 500?C, 700?C and 900?C and characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG / DTG/ DTA), Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The perovskite phase was detected in all the X-rays patterns. In the infrared spectroscopy observed the oxide formation as the calcination temperature increases with the appearance of the band metal - oxygen. The images of SEM revealed uniform distribution for the PrCoO3 and particles agglomerated as consequence of particle size for PrNiO3. From the data of thermal analysis, the kinetics of decomposition of organic matter was employed using the kinetics methods called Model Free Kinetics and Flynn and Wall, in the heating ratios 10, 20 and 30? C.min-1 between room temperature and 700?C. Finally, been obtained the values of activation energy for the region of greatest decomposition of organic matter in samples that were determined by the degree of conversion (α)
Neste trabalho foi realizado a prepara??o, caracteriza??o e um estudo cin?tico da decomposi??o t?rmica do agente polimerizante utilizado na s?ntese sob condi??o n?o isot?rmica de materiais cer?micos de f?rmula geral PrMO3 (M = Co ou Ni). Esses materiais foram obtidos partindo dos respectivos nitratos met?licos, como fonte de c?tions, e fazendo uso da gelatina como agente polimerizante. Os p?s-obtidos foram calcinados a temperaturas de 500?C, 700?C e 900?C e caracterizados pelas t?cnicas de Difra??o de Raios X (DRX), An?lise Termogravim?trica (TG/DTG/DTA), Espectroscopia na regi?o do infravermelho (FTIR), Redu??o ? Temperatura Programada (RTP) e Microscopia Eletr?nica de Varredura (MEV). A fase perovsquita foi evidenciada em todos os difratogramas de raios X para os materiais de PrCoO3 e PrNiO3. Nos espectros de FTIR foi observado a forma??o do ?xido na medida em que a temperatura de calcina??o aumenta com o aparecimento da banda referente ? liga??o Metal Oxig?nio. As imagens do MEV evidenciaram distribui??o uniforme para o PrCoO3 e part?culas aglomeradas em consequ?ncia do tamanho da part?cula para o PrNiO3. Com os dados da an?lise t?rmica, o estudo ci-n?tico da decomposi??o da mat?ria org?nica foi empregado utilizando-se os m?todos cin?ticos denominados Model Free Kinetics e Flynn e Wall, nas raz?es de aquecimento 10, 20 e 30?C.min-1 entre a temperatura ambiente e 700?C. Foram obtidos os valores das energias de ativa??o para a regi?o de maior decomposi??o da mat?ria org?nica nas amostras que foram determinadas como uma fun??o do grau de convers?o (α)
Akinyi, Caroline J. "Thermal degradation (pyrolysis) and chemical digestion of carbon nanotube polymer composites". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1428065336.
Pełny tekst źródłaTokarski, David [Verfasser], Karsten [Gutachter] Kalbitz, Michael [Gutachter] Sommer i Jens [Gutachter] Leifeld. "Thermogravimetry – a promising technique to assess the status of organic matter supply in agricultural soils / David Tokarski ; Gutachter: Karsten Kalbitz, Michael Sommer, Jens Leifeld". Dresden : Technische Universität Dresden, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1227833172/34.
Pełny tekst źródłaLeiva, Cecilia Rocío Morales. "O emprego da termogravimetria na determinação da energia de ativação no processo de combustão de óleos combustíveis". Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18135/tde-30092005-094638/.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn this work activation energies (Ea) in the combustion of three fuels oils were determined through thermogravimetry. The oil samples, here named A, B and C were supplied by Petrobras-Cenpes. The thermogravimetric experiments were performed in a Shimadzu TGA-51H analyzer. In all the combustion experiments three distinct oxidation regions were observed, identified as low temperature oxidation (LTO), fuel deposition (FD) and high temperature oxidation (HTO). Activation energies were determined as a function of conversion degree ('alfa') and temperature for LTO region, following two different procedures, namely Model Free Kinetics and ASTM E 1641. Transient experiments were performed from room temperature up to 600°C, at heating rates of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0 and 20.0°C for min. Samples of 20.0 ± 0.5 mg and aluminum crucibles were used. The reacting atmosphere was synthetic air, which was continuously blown over the samples, throughout the analyzer furnace, at a volumetric rate of 100 mL/min. The activation energies resulted equal for both considered methods. For oil A, the activation energy resulted 44 ± 7% kJ/mol ('alfa'=0.1 to 0.9). For oil B it resulted in average 48 ± 4% kJ/mol ('alfa'=0.1 to 0.5) and 66 ± 16% kJ/mol ('alfa'=0.5 to 0.9). For oil C the activation energy resulted 58 ± 3% kJ/mol ('alfa'=0.1 to 0.5) e 65 ± 5% kJ/mol ('alfa'=0.5 to 0.9). It is concluded that the oxidation activation energy is a suitable parameter concerning to point out a tendency of behavior and characterizing different oils under combustion process
Handrk, Jiří. "Úprava oxidačních vlastností TiAl intermetalik kovovými multivrstvami na bázi Al-Y". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231716.
Pełny tekst źródłaAkhlas, Junaid. "Petcoke & Coal Exploitation: Development of Environment Friendly Processes". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425848.
Pełny tekst źródłaConsiderato l’attuale divario e le future tendenze dell'offerta e della domanda di energia nel mondo, la minaccia degli impatti dovuti alle crescenti emissioni di gas serra e l'attuale diffusione delle fonti di energia rinnovabili e sostenibili, l'uso responsabile ed efficiente dei combustibili fossili rappresenta oggi una delle principali priorità per la comunità industriale e scientifica. Alla luce di ciò, lo sviluppo e l'ottimizzazione di efficienti sistemi di gassificazione e di processi ausiliari è il principale obiettivo di questo lavoro di tesi. Esso è stato sviluppato secondo un approccio sia sperimentale che di tipo simulation-based. Aspen Plus™ è stato impiegato come strumento di simulazione di base per la modellazione, l'analisi e il confronto di tre nuovi sistemi di gassificazione indiretti. Sono stati dunque sviluppati e simulati tre schemi di processo di gassificazione indiretti originali. Questi schemi sembrano essere compatibili con i processi di gassificazione convenzionali in termini sia di qualità del syngas e che dell'efficienza complessiva del processo. Aspen Plus™ è stato anche utilizzato per la simulazione di processi a valle richiesti per il trattamento del syngas allo scopo di rimuovere contaminanti come catrami ed elementi presenti in tracce. In aggiunta, un altro trattamento studiato e dunque ottimizzato è stato quello di biodegradazione del fenolo che è presente nelle acque reflue prodotte dai trattamenti di lavaggio ad umido del syngas. In aggiunta, l'utilizzo nella gassificazione di materie prime di bassa qualità come la lignite e coke di petrolio è stato considerato. Entrambi questi combustibili sono legati a processi di combustione poveri, sono altamente inquinanti anche se sono relativamente economici rispetto ad altre materie prime quali carbone bituminoso e oli di fornace. Sono stati sottoposti a test sperimentali campioni di lignite provenienti dal Pakistan e coke di petrolio italiano specialmente per quanto riguarda le loro proprietà in regime di pirolisi e combustione. I test sono stati condotti mediante analisi termogravimetrica. Questi combustibili e le loro miscele mostrano un alto potenziale d’uso nel processo di gassificazione per produrre energia o dare sintesi. Il loro comportamento cinetico è stato dunque analizzato mediante un approccio secondo legge di Arrhenius e infine confrontato con lo scopo di fornire dati cinetici utili allo sviluppo del processo di pirolisi e di gassificazione.
Gul, Kiymet Gizem. "Thermal Characterization And Kinetic Analyis Of Sara Fractions Of Crude Oils By Tga And Dsc Methods". Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613614/index.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaC/min) under air atmosphere. Same gas flow rate and same pressure were applied to all samples. The aim is to determine the kinetic analysis and combustion behavior of crude oils and their fractions and also determining the effect of heating rate on all samples. For all samples two main reaction regions were observed in thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermogravimetry (DTG) and DSC curves due to the oxidative degradation of crude oil components. It was deduced that the free moisture, volatile hydrocarbons were evaporated from the crude oils, light hydrocarbons were burned and fuel was formed in the first reaction region. The second reaction region was the main combustion region where the fuel was burned. From the TGA curves, it was detected that the heavier fraction, resins, lost considerable amounts of their initial mass, approximately 35%, while saturates lost only approximately 3% of their initial mass in the second reaction region. DSC curves of the samples were also examined and observed that as the sample got heavier, the heat of the reaction increased. Saturates, lightest part of the crude oil fractions, gave minimum heat of reaction. As the heating rate increased, shift of peak temperatures to high values and higher reaction regions were observed. The kinetic analysis of crude oils and their fractions were also performed using different kinetic methods. Activation energies (E), mean activation energies (Emean) and Arrhenius constants were found for crude oils and fractions. It was deduced that the resins gave the highest activation energy and Arrhenius constant for both reaction regions. Moreover, it was encountered that heating rate has no effect on activation energies.
Oliveira, Levi Ezequiel de. "Análise térmica dos biodieseis obtidos por rota enzimática e suas respectivas matérias-primas". Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/97/97136/tde-03102012-121140/.
Pełny tekst źródłaMost of all energy consumed worldwide comes from oil, coal and natural gas (87% of global energy production). However, these non-renewable resources are expected to exhaust in the near future. Moreover, they are polluters, affecting the environment, prompting the company to seek alternative sources to mitigate these problems. Biodiesel as alternative fuel, that began to be studied in 1937 and today has proved an efficient and non-polluting alternative to the use of mineral diesel. The present study was performed with babassu, palm and tallow biodiesel obtained using enzymatic catalysts. This route has been investigated by several researchers in the country, and has shown that the use of enzyme as catalyst minimizes the problems related to the final stages of purification of biodiesel, it reduces the occurrence of undesirable reactions of saponification and allows for simplification and cost reduction processes by reducing the number of associated operations. To be a substitute, biodiesel must fit in standards, in the case of Brazil, the resolution No. 42 of the ANP (National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels), 2004. Also this biofuel must posses qualities thet might allow the replacement. This work aims to realize the thermal studies using thermogravimetry (TG) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) of babassu, palm and tallow biodiesel obtained by enzymatic route and also their raw materials. With the results of TG in an inert atmosphere, it was possible to analyze the volatility of biodieseis, and also check your guidelines on the parameter of the distillation of Resolution No. 42 of the Brazilian Petroleum Agency (ANP). The TG analysis of biodiesel in oxidative atmosphere turns possible to study their thermo-oxidative stabilities. Also, it was performed a kinetic study of the TG curves, seeking the value of activation energy of the first steps of each curve, using the mathematical model Ozawa. The kinetic study of the TG curves in nitrogen atmosphere showed that the activation energy and temperature of the beginning of degradation have a direct relationship.
Manozzo, Viviane. "Estudo cinético da pirólise das macrófitas: Pistia stratiotes e Eichhornia crassipes". Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2016. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/2907.
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The whole world is experiencing an energy crisis, though a lot of potential is wasted because it is necessary to develop technologies for the utilization of biomass as a raw material capable of producing energy. Municipal waste, wood waste, agricultural crop residues, plants and algae, breeding animal waste, food processing and organic waste are considered the main sources of production and biomass and boost research in the energy sector in search responses to the crises faced. The objective of this study was to obtain experimental data of thermal decomposition of biomass Pistia stratiotes and Eichhornia crassipes to determine the kinetic parameters through the pyrolysis process. Thus, laboratory studies were conducted in order to determine the chemical and physical properties: particle size, moisture, volatile matter, ash, cellulose, lignin and superior calorific value (PCS), to obtain the thermal decomposition curve by thermogravimetric analysis for biomasses studied ; and determine the kinetic parameters during pyrolysis of biomass decomposition methods using non-isothermal differential. The thermogravimetric analysis was performed under an inert nitrogen atmosphere at temperatures ranging from 60ºC to 990ºC for four heating rates of 5, 10, 15 and 20 °C / min. Results as 10.83 MJ / kg and 12, 96 MJ / kg were found for PCS of biomasses Pistia stratiotes and Eichhornia crassipes respectively. The determination of the kinetic parameters we used the methods: Flyn Wall Osawa, Kissinger and Friedman. The mass loss of biomass Pistia stratiots presented in the temperature range 244-823 ° C. The Eichhornia crassipes in the range 241-991°C. To Pistia stratiotes the activation energy calculated by the FWO method foinde 178.60 kJ / mol - 332.79 kJ / mol. Kissinger 155.89 kJ / mol. Friedman in the range of 153.75 kJ / mol - 369.09 kJ / mol. For Eichhornia crassipes the activation energy calculated by the method presented FWO in the range of 156.59 kJ / mol - 531 80 kJ / mol. Kissinger 130.46 kJ / mol. Friedman in the range of 156.53 kJ / mol - 349.47 kJ / mol. The results obtained were of the same order of magnitude. The kinetic data confirm that the molecular structures are represented by different mechanisms thermal decomposition reaction rate and the decomposition rate with the temperature in the pyrolysis showing that this technique is a powerful tool for transforming biomass into products which contribute to generation of energy.
O mundo todo vive uma crise energética, no entanto um grande potencial é desperdiçado, pois é preciso que se desenvolvam tecnologias para o aproveitamento de biomassas como matéria prima capaz de produzir energia. Os resíduos urbanos, restos de madeira, resíduos de culturas agrícolas, plantas e algas, resíduos de criadouros de animais, de processamento de alimentos e de resíduos orgânicos se apresentam como as principais fontes de produção e biomassa e impulsionam as pesquisas no setor energético em busca de respostas para as crises enfrentadas. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi obter dados experimentais de decomposição térmica das biomassas Pistia stratiotes e Eichhornia crassipes visando determinar os parâmetros cinéticos por meio do processo de pirólise. Desta forma, estudo laboratoriais foram desenvolvidos visando determinar as propriedades químicas e físicas: granulometria, umidade, material volátil, cinzas, celulose, lignina e poder calorífico superior (PCS), obter as curvas de decomposição térmica através de análises termogravimétricas para as biomassas em estudo; e determinar os parâmetros cinéticos durante a pirólise de decomposição das biomassas utilizando métodos não isotérmicos diferenciais. A termogravimetria foi realizada em atmosfera inerte de nitrogênio, com temperaturas variando de 60ºC a 990ºC, para quatro taxas de aquecimento: 5, 10, 15 e 20ºC / min. Resultados como 10,83 MJ/kg e 12, 96 MJ/kg foram encontradas para o PCS das biomassas Pistia stratiotes e Eichhornia crassipes respectivamente. A determinação dos parâmetros cinéticos utilizou–se dos métodos: Flyn Wall Osawa, Kissinger e o Friedman. A perda de massa da biomassa Pistia stratiotes apresentou na faixa de temperatura de 244 – 823 °C. A Eichhornia crassipes na faixa de 241 – 991 °C. Para Pistia stratiotes a energia de ativação calculada pelo método FWO foi de 178,60 kJ / mol – 332,79 kJ / mol. Por Kissinger 155,89 kJ / mol. Por Friedman na faixa de 153,75 KJ / mol – 369,09 kJ / mol. Para Eichhornia crassipes a energia de ativação calculada pelo método FWO apresentou na faixa de 156,59 kJ / mol – 531, 80 kJ / mol. Por Kissinger 130,46 kJ / mol. Por Friedman na faixa de 156,53 kJ / mol – 349,47 kJ / mol. Os resultados obtidos foram da mesma ordem de grandeza. Os dados cinéticos obtidos confirmam que as estruturas moleculares são representadas por diferentes mecanismos de decomposição térmica, taxas de reação e taxa de decomposição com a temperatura no processo de pirólise comprovando que a técnica é uma poderosa ferramenta para transformar biomassas em produtos que contribuem para geração de energia.
Souza, Sheila Pricila Marques Cabral de. "Determina??o do teor de c?lcio atrav?s da termogravimetria, em medicamentos utilizados no tratamento da osteoporose: um estudo comparativo". Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2011. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17647.
Pełny tekst źródłaCoordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
The present study utilized the thermogravimetry (TG) and optical emission spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma - ICP / OES to determine the calcium content in tablets of carbonate, citrate and calcium lactate used in the treatment of osteoporosis. The samples were characterized by IR, SEM, TG / DTG, DTA, DSC and XRD. The thermal analysis evaluated the thermal stability and physical-chemical events and showed that the excipients influence the decomposition of active ingredients. The results of thermogravimetry indicated that the decomposition temperature of the active CaCO3 (T = 630.2 ?C) is lower compared to that obtained in samples of the tablets (633.4 to 655.2 ?C) except for sample AM 2 (Ti = 613.8 oC). In 500.0 ?C in the samples of citrate and calcium lactate, as well as their respective active principles had already been formed calcium carbonate. The use of N2 atmosphere resulted in shifting the initial and final temperature related to the decomposition of CaCO3. In the DTA and DSC curves were observed endo and exothermic events for the samples of tablets and active ingredients studied. The infrared spectra identified the main functional groups in all samples of active ingredients, excipients and tablets studied, such as symmetric and asymmetric stretches of the groups OH, CH, C = O. Analysis by X-ray diffraction showed that all samples are crystalline and that the final residue showed peaks indicative of the presence of calcium hydroxide by the reaction of calcium oxide with moisture of the air. Although the samples AM 1, AM 2, AM 3 and AM 6 in their formulations have TiO2 and SiO2 peaks were not observed in X-ray diffractograms of these compounds. The results obtained by TGA to determine the calcium content of the drugs studied were satisfactory when compared with those obtained by ICP-OES. In the AM 1 tablet was obtained the content of 35.37% and 32.62% for TG by ICP-OES, at 6 AM a percentage of 17.77% and 16.82% and for AM 7 results obtained were 8.93% for both techniques, showing that the thermogravimetry can be used to determine the percentage of calcium in tablets. The technique offers speed, economy in the use of samples and procedures eliminating the use of acid reagents in the process of the sample and efficiency results.
O presente trabalho utilizou a termogravimetria (TG) e a espectroscopia de emiss?o ?ptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado ICP/OES para determinar o teor de c?lcio em medicamentos ? base de carbonato, citrato e lactato de c?lcio usados no tratamento da osteoporose. As amostras foram caracterizadas por IV, MEV, TG/DTG, DTA, DSC e DRX. As t?cnicas termoanal?ticas avaliaram a estabilidade t?rmica e os eventos f?sicos-qu?micos e mostraram que os excipientes interferem na decomposi??o dos princ?pios ativos. Os resultados da Termogravimetria indicaram que a temperatura de decomposi??o do CaCO3 princ?pio ativo (T = 630,2 ?C) ? inferior em compara??o as amostras dos comprimidos (633,4 a 655,2 ?C), exceto para a amostra AM 2 (Ti = 613,8 oC). Em 500,0 ?C nas amostras de citrato e lactato de c?lcio, assim como nos seus respectivos princ?pios ativos j? havia sido formado o carbonato de c?lcio. A utiliza??o da atmosfera de N2 provocou deslocamento nas temperaturas inicial e final relacionadas ? decomposi??o do CaCO3. Nas curvas DTA e DSC foram observados eventos endo e exot?rmicos para as amostras dos medicamentos e princ?pios ativos analisados. Os espectros de infravermelho identificaram os principais grupos funcionais existentes em todas as amostras de princ?pios ativos, excipientes e comprimidos estudados, tais como estiramentos sim?tricos e assim?tricos dos grupos O-H, C-H, C=O. As an?lises por difra??o de raios-x mostraram que todas as amostras apresentam cristalinidade e que os res?duos finais mostraram picos indicativos da presen?a de hidr?xido de c?lcio devido ? rea??o do ?xido de c?lcio com a umidade do ar. Embora os medicamentos AM 1, AM 2, AM 3 e AM 6 tenham em suas formula??es TiO2 e SiO2 n?o foram observados picos nos difratogramas de raios-x desses compostos. Os resultados obtidos por TG para determinar o teor de c?lcio dos medicamentos estudados mostraram-se satisfat?rios quando comparados aos obtidos pelo ICP-OES. No comprimido AM 1 foi obtido um teor de 35,37 % pela TG e 32,62 % pelo ICP-OES, na AM 6 obteve-se um percentual de 17,77 % e 16,82 % e para a AM 7 os resultados obtidos foram de 8,93 % para ambas as t?cnicas, mostrando que a termogravimetria pode ser utilizada na determina??o do teor de c?lcio em medicamentos, pois a t?cnica oferece rapidez, economia no uso das amostras e procedimentos, elimina??o do uso de reagentes ?cidos no processo de abertura de amostra e efici?ncia nos resultados.
Gundogar, Sati Asli. "Thermal Characterization And Kinetics Of Crude Oils By Tga And Dsc Methods". Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611502/index.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaC/min) and air is used for combustion and nitrogen for pyrolysis experiments. In combustion experiments, TGA and DSC techniques indicate that the combustion process of crude oils studied is composed of two main reaction regions. These are low-temperature (LTO) and high-temperature oxidation (HTO) regions. In LTO, huge mass loss occurs (from 69 to 87 %) due to high amount of free moisture and volatile hydrocarbons contained in oil samples. Combustion reactions continue up to 900 K. On DSC curves, two exothermic regions of oxidation regimes are detected. Comparing TG/DTG and DSC curves, it can be understood that the mass loss under combustion is accompanied by exothermic peaks because of the oxidative degradation of crude oil components. As in combustion, two distinct reaction regions are revealed under pyrolysis for all samples. The first region indicates distillation and the second one is due to thermal cracking reactions occur at high temperatures and completed up to 840 K. As expected, lighter crude oils have relatively higher amounts of mass loss in distillation region as compared to heavier ones. Besides, residue amount and burn-out temperatures are higher for heavier oils with higher asphaltene content in cracking region. DSC curves for both reactions show endothermic effects. In combustion and pyrolysis experiments, it is noticed that higher heating rates are resulted in higher reaction regions. Distinguishing peaks of samples shift to higher temperatures with an increase in heating rate. Heat of reaction amount under DSC curves is related to asphaltene content and &
#730
API gravity of crude oils. It is deduced that, when &
#730
API gravity of crude oils decreases, the heat value of this reaction increases. The kinetic parameters are evaluated by different kinetic models and mean activation energies (Em) of samples are obtained. At the end, a correlation is established between Em and &
#730
API gravity of oil samples. It is concluded that heavier oils have higher activation energy and Arrhenius constant values for each reaction region. Besides, it is proved that the activation energy is mostly insensitive to the heating rate.
Ertunc, Goker. "Development Of A Software For Determination Of Kinetic Parameters In Thermal Analysis". Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613624/index.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaOliveira, Carlos Eduardo Lima de 1985. "Caracterização do óleo essencial de lippia gracilis schum e de seus principais constituintes por termogravimetria". [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266604.
Pełny tekst źródłaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química
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Resumo: As espécies vegetais Lippia gracilis, popularmente conhecida como "alecrim-da-chapada" ou "alecrim-de-tabuleiro", são arbustos caducifólios, ramificados, com caule quebradiço, de até 2 m de altura...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital
Abstract: The plant species Lippia gracilis, popularly known as "alecrim-da-chapada" or "alecrim-de-tabuleiro", are deciduous shrubs, branched, with brittle stems, up to 2 m tall. Belong to the family Verbenaceae and are widely distributed in America and Africa, mainly in tropical countries. ...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic document
Mestrado
Engenharia de Processos
Mestre em Engenharia Química
Ávila, Ivonete. "Estudo termogravimétrico da absorção de dióxido de enxofre por calcário". Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18135/tde-01082005-152040/.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn this work thermogravimetry is applied to determine the effect of temperature and atmosphere on conversion, kinetics and effectiveness of 'SO IND.2' absorption by limestone. Ranges of temperature and particle size were applied that are typical of the fluidized bed coal combustion process. Isothermal experiments were performed for different temperatures (between 650 and 950 Celius degrees), at local atmospheric pressure (~ 697 mmHg), in dynamic atmospheres of air and nitrogen. The results of sulfation were evaluated using Arrhenius' kinetics. The order of magnitude of the resulting activation energies (4.446 kJ/mol in air and 3.748 kJ/mol in nitrogen) suggest the reaction to be controlled by Knudsen diffusion. Optimum conversion resulted between 800 and 850 Celsius degrees in ar, and around 900 Celsius degrees in nitrogen. Effectiveness was defined as the ratio between the instantaneous reaction rate coefficient and its maximum value, indicating the time decay of reactivity as sulfation advances. The average effectiveness was determined for all the temperatures considering the whole sulfation time interval, which was always around 200 seconds. The highest values of average effectiveness were found at 800 Celsius degrees in air atmosphere (0,2854), and 900 Celsius degrees in nitrogen atmosphere (0,3142)
Filho, Claudionor Gomes da Silva. "Estudo cinético-químico não isotérmico e caracterização da combustão de um carvão CE4500". Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18135/tde-20032017-104446/.
Pełny tekst źródłaCoal is a worldwide fuel for large scale thermoelectric power generation. Whatever the device used for burning coal, the ultimate reaction rate depends on chemical kinetics and mass transport conditions. Chemical kinetics is mainly defined by process temperature, reacting atmosphere, chemical composition and physical structure of the particles, and particulate size. Mass transport external to the reacting particules depends on fluid mechanics, and particulate size and concentration. Mass transport internal to the reacting particles depends on intra-particle fluid mechanics, physical structure of the particles and particulate size. This work aims to contribute for enhancing knowledge regarding the intrinsic or intra-particle controlled combustion rate of a particular CE4500 brazilian coal. A study is carried out regarding coal combustion in thermogravimetric non-isothermal experiments, in air atmosphere. Evaluations are performed on reaction behavior regarding the mass and particle size of the sample, and the BET surface area and the physical structure of the coal and the ashes. Intrinsic reaction rate coefficients are established for combustion in conditions identified as primary and secondary, the first accounting for the combined effect of devolatilization and fixed carbon combustion, and the second accounting for fixed carbon combustion alone.
Mendon?a, C?ndida Maria Soares de. "Estudo de compatibilidade e estabilidade t?rmica do ?cido retin?ico, hidroquinona e excipientes por an?lise t?rmica". Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2014. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/13505.
Pełny tekst źródłaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
Retinoic acid (RA) and hydroquinone (HQ) assets are widely used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations, for having depigmenting properties and are largely produced in drugstores. To assist in the development of formulations containing the active RA and HQ National Forms of Brazilian Pharmacopoeia (2005 and 2012 ) proposes formulations with different excipients such as cetyl alcohol (AC), cetostearyl alcohol (ACT), methylparaben (MTP), propyl paraben ( PPB), glycerin (GLY), dipropylene glycol (DPG), imidazolidinil urea ( IMD ), cyclomethicone (CCM ), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), octyl stearate (ETO), EDTA, decil oleate (ODC) and hydroxipropymethyl celullose (HPMC). One of the difficulties found in most cosmetic formulations is the large number of incompatibilities between the components of the formulations, so the aim this study was to evaluate thermal stability and interactions between these active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients. The depigmenting agents were analyzed by DSC and TG and excipients were analyzed by TG. The dynamic thermogravimetric curves were obtained on a SHIMADZU thermobalance, model DTG-60, using an alumina crucible, at the heating rate of 10?C min-1, in the temperature range of 25-900 ?C, under an atmosphere of nitrogen at 50 mL min-1. The DSC curves were obtained using Shimadzu calorimeter, model DSC-60, using aluminum crucible, at the heating rate of 10?C min-1, in the temperature range of 25-400?C. The thermogravimetric and calorimetric curves were analyzed using TASYS software SHIMADZU. In this study no were found interactions between AR and the following excipients: MTP, PPB, IMD, ODC, EDTA, CCM, ETO, HPMC. However, were found interactions with the following excipients: AC, ACT, BHT, GLI and DPG. For HQ were found interactions with IMD and DPG. Interactions remained even changing proportions of the mixtures and the ternary. Thus, the studies conducted with excipients of National Formulary from 2005 and 2012 showed that these new excipients do not interact by thermogravimetry with the active pharmaceutical ingredients of this study
A Termogravimetria (TG) e a Calorimetria Explorat?ria Diferencial (DSC) s?o t?cnicas usadas em estudos farmac?uticos para a caracteriza??o de f?rmacos, determina??o da pureza, compatibilidade de formula??es, identifica??o de polimorfismo, avalia??o da estabilidade, decomposi??o t?rmica de f?rmacos e formula??es farmac?uticas. A Hidroquinona (HQ) e produtos contendo HQ t?m sido largamente utilizados como agentes despigmentantes para o clareamento da pele. Os retin?ides, que tamb?m exibem propriedades despigmentantes, s?o compostos que apresentam em sua estrutura o n?cleo b?sico da vitamina A. O ?cido retin?ico (AR) ? um exemplo de despigmentante dessa classe e ? muito utilizado em formula??o cosm?ticas. Para auxiliar no desenvolvimento de formula??es contendo os ativos AR e HQ o Formul?rio Nacional da ANVISA (2005 e 2012) prop?e formula??es com diferentes excipientes como: ?lcool cet?lico, ?lcool cetoestear?lico, parabenos (metil e propil), glicerina, dipropilenoglicol, imidazolidinilur?ia, ciclometicona, BHT, estearato de octila, EDTA, oleato de decila, hidroxipropimetilcelulose. Os agentes despigmentantes e excipientes foram analisados por TG e DSC. As curvas din?micas foram obtidas atrav?s de uma termobalan?a SHIMADZU, modelo DTG-60, usando cadinho de alumina, em uma raz?o de aquecimento de 10 ?C min-1 no intervalo de temperatura 25-900 ?C sob a atmosfera de nitrog?nio com fluxo de 50 mL min-1. As massas das amostras foram aproximadamente 10 ? 0,05 mg. As curvas DSC foram obtidas usando o calor?metro SHIMADZU, modelo DSC-60, em cadinho de alum?nio sob raz?o de aquecimento de 10 ?C min-1, em uma temperatura de 25-400 ?C. As curvas termogravim?tricas e calorim?tricas foram analisadas usando o software TASYS da SHIMADZU. Neste estudo n?o foram encontradas intera??es entre AR e os seguintes excipientes: MTP, PPB, IMD, ODC, EDTA, CCM, ETO, HPMC. No entanto, foram encontradas intera??es com os seguintes excipientes: AC, ACT, BHT, GLI e DPG. Para a HQ foram encontradas intera??es com a IMD e DPG. As intera??es permanecem mesmo alterando as propor??es das misturas, bem como nas tern?rias. Desta forma, os estudos realizados com os excipientes do formul?rio nacional de 2012 da ANVISA mostram que esses novos excipientes n?o interagem por termogravimetria com os ativos deste estudo
Marinho, Nelson Potenciano. "Características das fibras do bambu (Dendrocalamus giganteus) e potencial de aplicação em painéis de fibra de média densidade (MDF)". Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2012. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/369.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe increased demand for wood and the reduce on its availability is directing the investigations for alternative, natural and renewable materials use. Formed by fibers with high mechanical resistance and with the highest grow rate, bamboo emerges as a promising alternative for industrial purpose. The panels of medium density fiberboard (MDF) are technologies that aim to maximize use and appreciation of wood. In this context this study had the objective of investigate anatomical and chemical characteristics of bamboo fiber from Dendrocalamus giganteus, and in form of MDF panel, evaluate its physical-mechanical properties, such density, moisture content, thickness swelling, water absorption static bending and tension perpendicular to surface, according with ABTN and EN rules. The chemical composition was evaluated by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and illustrated by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) being the silicon the main component. For fiber production was applied chemical-termomechanical process with four different treatments with the objective of compare it. In panel composition was used Urea Formaldehyde resin (UF) in 10% of resin, 2.5% of catalyst and 2% of paraffin. The highest yield of pulp and highest Kappa number were obtained on panel T-1 with 79.3% and 177.5, respectively. On physical and mechanical properties evaluation, the results of statistical analysis indicate the best performance in T-3 panel. For better comprehension of mechanical behavior, scanning electron microphotography and microtomography in fracture regions were obtained. Thermal analyses (TG) showed resistant fibers with thermal stability in temperature range up 350ºC. The results of this research showed the technological potential of MDF panels produced with bamboo fibers.
MARTINHO, JUNIOR ANTONIO C. "Estudo dos efeitos da radiação ionizante em cartilagem costal humana por meio de termogravimetria e tomografia por coerência óptica". reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2012. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10126.
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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
Carvalho, Cláudio Teodoro de. "Síntese, caracterização e estudo do comportamento térmico dos 2-metoxibenzoatos de Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) e Zn(II) no estado sólido /". Araraquara : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97865.
Pełny tekst źródłaBanca: João Olimpio Tognolli
Banca: Salvador Claro Neto
Resumo: Carbonatos de Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) e Zn(II) foram preparados por adição lenta da solução saturada de hidrogeno carbonato de sódio com gotejamento contínuo às soluções dos respectivos cloretos metálicos, exceto para o cobre, até a total precipitação do íon metálico. Os precipitados foram lavados com água destilada para eliminar os íons cloretos e teste qualitativo com solução de AgNO3/HNO3 foi realizado para confirmar a ausência destes, e após isso, foi mantida em suspensão. Os compostos no estado sólido foram preparados pela mistura dos respectivos carbonatos metálicos com o ácido 2-metoxibenzóico (2-MeO-HBz). A suspensão aquosa foi aquecida lentamente próximo da ebulição até neutralização total dos carbonatos. As soluções resultantes depois de arrefecidas foram mantidas em banho de gelo para recristalizar o ácido em excesso e filtradas. Assim, as soluções aquosas dos metoxibenzoatos metálicos foram concentradas em banho maria e o precipitado seco resultante deste processo colocado em um dessecador contendo cloreto de cálcio. O composto de cobre devido a sua baixa solubilidade foi preparado pela adição lenta com gotejamento contínuo de solução do 2-metoxibenzoato de sódio 0.1 mol L-1 à solução de sulfato de cobre, até a total precipitação do íon cobre e o precipitado lavado com água destilada para eliminação do íon sulfato e teste qualitativo de confirmação realizado com BaCl2 0.1 mol L-1, em seguida filtrada em papel de filtro Whatman 40 e o precipitado após seco foi colocado em dessecador contendo cloreto de cálcio. Os compostos sintetizados foram investigados por meio de espectroscopia de infravermelho, difratometria de raio X pelo método do pó, termogravimetria e análise térmica diferencial simultânea (TG-DTA), termogravimetria, termogravimetria derivada (TG/DTG), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e outros métodos de análise.
Abstract: Carbonates of Mn (II), Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II) and Zn (II) were prepared by adding slowly with continuous stirring saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution to the corresponding metal chloride solutions (except copper), until total precipitation of the metal ions. The precipitates were washed with distilled water until elimination of chloride ions (qualitative test with AgNO3/HNO3 solution) and maintained in aqueous suspension. olid state Mn (II), Co (II), Ni (II) and Zn (II) compounds were prepared by mixing the respective metal carbonates with 2-methoxybenzoic acid 99% (2-MeO-HBz) obtained from Aldrich, in slight excess. The aqueous suspension was heated slowly up to near ebullition, until total neutralization of the respective carbonates. The resulting solutions after cooled were maintained in an ice bath to recrystallize the acid in excess and filtered through a Whatman nº 40 filter paper. Thus, the aqueous solutions of the respective metal 2-methoxybenzoates were evaporated in a water bath until near dryness and kept in a desiccator over calcium chloride. The copper compound due to its low solubility was prepared by adding slowly, with continuous stirring, the aqueous solution of Na-2-MeO-Bz 0.1 mol L-1 to the respective metal sulphate solution, until total precipitation of the metal ions. The precipitate was washed with distilled water until elimination of the sulphate ion, filtered through and dried on Whatman no42 filter paper, and kept in a desiccator over anhydrous calcium chloride, under reduced pressure to constant mass. The compounds were investigated by means of infrared spectroscopy, X-Ray powder diffractometry, simultaneous thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), Thermogravimetry derivative termogravimetry (TG/DTG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and other methods of analysis.
Mestre
LINS, Taynara Batista. "Estudo de correlação dos parâmetros térmicos e difração de raios x de diferentes cristais e dispersões sólidas de atorvastatina". Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2015. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/16563.
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CNPq
Este estudo teve como finalidade desenvolver metodologias analíticas para os estudos de caracterização do estado sólido do fármaco atorvastatina cálcica e, também, das suas dispersões sólidas pelas correlação das técnicas difratometria de Raios X (DRX), espectroscopia de infravermelho (FTIR) e analise térmica (DSC e TG). A atorvastatina cálcica (ATC) é um agente redutor de lipídios sintético, que já tem muitos polimorfos relatados na literatura. No estudo de caracterização no estado sólido do fármaco, foram obtidos cristais da ATC com solventes de graus de polaridade diferentes e foi observado que os solventes clorofórmio, etanol e metanol levaram a formação de uma estrutura cristalina mais amorfa, e essa alteração estrutural foi perceptível no FTIR com alteração na banda do estiramento da hidroxila e pelos dados de DSC como diminuição da entalpia e desaparecimento do pico de fusão. Enquanto que, solventes éter e acetato de etila não levaram a mudança no habito cristalino quando comparado com o fármaco antes do processo de recristalização. As dispersões sólidas foram feitas com 5 surfactantes diferentes (carbopol®, hidroxipropil metil celulose (HPMC), lauril sulfato sódio, polietileno glicol (PEG) 6000 e carbopol-ultrez® 20) e pela correlação do dados DRX, FTIR e DSC foi visto que a dispersão com carbopol-utlrez foi a que apresentou grande interação com mudanças nas banda de absorção e desaparecimento do pico de fusão. Ao avaliarmos a estabilidade das dispersões por termogravimetria, observou-se que todas elas tinham menor estabilidade que a ATC. Esses resultados apontam para a utilidade de técnicas de análise térmica como uma ferramenta de triagem relevante para a caracterização do estado sólido durante o desenvolvimento de formulação. Através da análise multivariada foi possível estabelecer a correlação entre a técnicas estudadas mostrando a relevância da utilização destas na avaliação dos parâmetros de controle qualidade de processos e produtos farmacêuticos.
This study aimed to develop analytical methods for the characterization studies of solid state drug atorvastatin calcium and also their solid dispersions by the correlation of techniques: X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermal analysis (DSC and TG). The atorvastatin calcium (ATC) is a reducing agent synthetic lipids, which already has many polymorphs reported in the literature. In the characterization studies in the solid state of the drug, ATC crystals were obtained with different degrees of polarity solvent and it was observed that the solvents chloroform, ethanol and methanol led to formation of a more amorphous crystal structure, and this structural change was noticeable in FTIR with changes in the band of the hydroxyl stretch and by the DSC data as decreased enthalpy and disappearance of the melting peak. While, ether and ethyl acetate solvents did not lead to change in the crystal habit when compared with the drug before the recrystallization process. Solid dispersions were made with 5 different surfactants (Carbopol®, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), sodium lauryl sulfate, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 and carbopol-ultrez® 20) and by the correlation data of XRD, FTIR and DSC was seen that the dispersion with carbopol-utlrez showed the great interaction with changes in absorption band and disappearance of the melting peak. In evaluating the stability of the dispersions by thermogravimetric analysis, it was observed that all of them had lower stability than ATC. These results point to the utility of thermal analysis techniques as an important screening tool for the characterization of the solid state during the development of formulation. Through multivariate analysis was possible to establish the correlation between the techniques studied shows the importance of using these in the evaluation of the quality control parameters of process and pharmaceuticals.