Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Thermo-fluid management

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Thermo-fluid management”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 6 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Thermo-fluid management"

HIMENO, Takehiro, i Toshinori WATANABE. "Thermo-Fluid Management under Low-gravity Conditions. 1st Report. TCUP Method for the Analysis of Thermo-Fluid Phenomena." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 69, nr 678 (2003): 266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.69.266.

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Fotovvati, Behzad, i Kevin Chou. "Multi-layer thermo-fluid modeling of powder bed fusion (PBF) process". Journal of Manufacturing Processes 83 (listopad 2022): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2022.09.003.

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Di Piazza, I., M. Angelucci, R. Marinari, M. Tarantino i D. Martelli. "Thermo-fluid dynamic transients in the NACIE-UP facility". Nuclear Engineering and Design 352 (październik 2019): 110182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2019.110182.

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Martelli, D., R. Marinari, I. Di Piazza, P. Lorusso i M. Tarantino. "Thermo-fluid dynamic analysis of HLM pool. Circe experiments". Nuclear Engineering and Design 409 (sierpień 2023): 112347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2023.112347.

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Gabrielaitienė, Irena, Rimantas Kačianauskas i Bengt Sunden. "THERMO-HYDRAULIC FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING OF DISTRICT HEATING NETWORK BY THE UNCOUPLED APPROACH". JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 9, nr 3 (30.09.2003): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2003.10531321.

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The modelling of uncoupled fluid flow and heat transfer problems of a district heating network using the finite element method (FEM) is presented. Since the standard thermo-hydraulic pipe elements cannot be directly used for modelling insulation, the main attention was paid to discretisation of multilayered structure of pipes and surrounding by one-dimensional thermal elements. In addition, validity of the finite element method was verified numerically by solving fluid flow and heat transfer problems in district heating pipelines. Verification analysis involves standard single pipe problems and simulation of fragment of district heating in Vilnius. Pressure and temperature results obtained by finite element method are compared with those by other approaches.

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HIMENO, Takehiro, i Toshinori WATANABE. "Thermo-Fluid Management under Low-gravity Conditions (2nd Report, Free-Surface Flows Driven by Surface Forces)". Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 69, nr 687 (2003): 2400–2407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.69.2400.

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Lee, Seung D., Jong K. Lee i Kune Y. Suh. "Natural convection thermo fluid dynamics in a volumetrically heated rectangular pool". Nuclear Engineering and Design 237, nr 5 (marzec 2007): 473–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2006.07.012.

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Tahmasebi, Pejman, i Serveh Kamrava. "A pore-scale mathematical modeling of fluid-particle interactions: Thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling". International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 83 (kwiecień 2019): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2018.12.014.

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Jayaraman, Balaji, Siddharth Thakur i Wei Shyy. "Modeling of Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer Induced by Dielectric Barrier Plasma Actuator". Journal of Heat Transfer 129, nr 4 (2.01.2007): 517–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2709659.

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Glow discharge at atmospheric pressure using a dielectric barrier discharge can induce fluid flow, and can be used for active control of aerodynamics and heat transfer. In the present work, a modeling framework is presented to study the evolution and interaction of such athermal nonequilibrium plasma discharges in conjunction with low Mach number fluid dynamics and heat transfer. The model is self-consistent, coupling the first-principles-based discharge dynamics with the fluid dynamics and heat transfer equations. Under atmospheric pressure, the discharge can be simulated using a plasma–fluid instead of a kinetic model. The plasma and fluid species are treated as a two-fluid system coupled through force and pressure interactions, over decades of length and time scales. The multiple-scale processes such as convection, diffusion, and reaction/ionization mechanisms make the transport equations of the plasma dynamics stiff. To handle the stiffness, a finite-volume operator-split algorithm capable of conserving space charge is employed. A body force treatment is devised to link the plasma dynamics and thermo-fluid dynamics. The potential of the actuator for flow control and thermal management is illustrated using case studies.

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Rinaldi, Claudia, Valerio Bicego i Pier Paolo Colombo. "Validation of CESI Blade Life Management System by Case Histories and in situ NDT". Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 128, nr 1 (1.03.2004): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2056534.

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A life management system was developed for hot components of large industrial gas turbines, in the form of a software tool for predicting component lives under typical operational transients (normal and also abnormal) and steady-state periods. The method utilizes results of previous thermo-mechanical finite element and finite volume fluid mechanics analyses. The basic idea of this method is using data from structural and aero-thermal analyses (pressures and temperatures), blade life theory, and material properties as an input to algorithms, and using operational and historical data to validate the predicted damage amounts. The software developed in this project, of general applicability to all GT models, has been implemented with reference to the geometries, materials, and service conditions of a Fiat-Westinghouse model.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Thermo-fluid management"

Parida, Dipti Ranjan. "On the development of sensible heat storage for concentrated solar power applications: Thermo-fluid management and materials". Thesis, 2022. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/6066.

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Sensible heat storages have extensive use in thermal energy deployment, including concentrated solar power (CSP) applications. Usually, CSP pants demand various techno-economic features in sensible heat storage, such as low-cost, high-capacity, efficiency, and ease of operation. These requirements demand investigations to assess and develop novel strategies to improve the efficacy of sensible heat thermal energy storage (TES) technology. Accordingly, the present study focuses on thermo-fluid management and material characterization for stratified TES. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were employed to analyze near-inlet thermal blending of hot and cold heat transfer fluid (HTF), molten salt, for a single-tank sensible heat TES system. Accordingly, a hemispherical diffuser is developed. In addition, a mathematical index is proposed to quantify the degree of thermal stratification. Further, experiments were conducted for thermosyphon charging of single-tank stratified storage including both continuous and pulsatile charging at low (150 °C) and high (250 and 300 °C) temperatures. Dowtherm-A oil was used as the HTF, and the thermal expansion of HTF was accommodated in an expansion tank via two different designs (top and bottom connections from the storage tank to the expansion tank). From a materials viewpoint, high specific heat capacity (CP ) is essential to improve the energy density of the storage; which can be improved by adding nanoparticles to molten salt. However, the literatures show both increment and decrement in CP . Since difficulties are associated with identifying explicit relations between molten salts and nanoparticles due to complex molecular interactions, we inquired whether there are common patterns/clusters in the nanofluid samples reported in earlier studies by employing unsupervised machine learning methods: Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and Principal component analysis (PCA). Finally, a comparative analysis is presented to capture the measurement variability in nanofluid samples under random sampling. In this analysis, the DSC test is employed on small-sized batches (< 10 mg) and the T-history method on large-sized batches (∼ 20g), and the CP values of both tests are compared using a nonparametric statistical test, Mann-Whitney U Test.

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Części książek na temat "Thermo-fluid management"

Lam, Pak Sui, Pak Yiu Lam, Shahab Sokhansanj, Xiaotao T. Bi, C. Jim Lim i Staffan Melin. "Effect of Steam Explosion Pretreatment on Size Reduction and Pellet Quality of Woody and Agricultural Biomass". W Innovative Solutions in Fluid-Particle Systems and Renewable Energy Management, 27–53. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8711-0.ch002.

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Steam explosion is a thermo-chemical pretreatment widely used to disrupt the ultra-structure of the cell wall of the ligno-cellulosic fiber to improve the fractionation of the major ligno-cellulosic components of the biomass for biochemical conversion. In recent years, steam explosion pretreatment has been applied on the fibers for improving the pellet quality of woody and agricultural biomass for thermo-chemical conversion. The improved qualities include high bulk density, low equilibrium moisture content, higher heating value, mechanical strength and moisture resistance. All of these desirable properties allow the steam exploded pellets to be handled and stored outdoors safely, similar to coal. This also raises lots of interests in considering pellets as preferable feedstock for the thermal power plant or bio-refinery facilities. In this chapter, the state of art of research findings on the effect of steam explosion on size reduction and pellet quality of woody and agriculture biomass will be discussed.

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Fiorini, Cesare, Hélder D. Craveiro, Aldina Santiago, Luís Laim i Luís Simões da Silva. "Microscale fire modelling at the Wildland-Urban Interface". W Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 689–94. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_105.

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The direct and indirect impacts of Wildland-Urban Interface fires on infrastructures and communities have become more severe in the last few decades, mainly due to the disproportionate growth of urban areas lacking planning and management, the abandonment of rural areas and activities, and climate changes. Many regions of the southern Mediterranean, the United States, Australia, and South America have been severely affected with catastrophic losses. Building codes addressing the problem of WUI fires in the vicinity of the built environment are still scarce, but already with a few good examples, namely the Australian Standard AS 3959-2009, Construction of Buildings in Bushfire Prone Areas. But with the increasing risks, nowadays mainly driven by climate change, it is necessary to develop new approaches and codes for existing and new buildings effectively contributing to enhance the resilience of the built environment and communities in the WUI. Moreover, taking advantage of new and ever-evolving computational tools, the use of a performance-based approach, replacing or complementing prescriptive codes, shows great potential to enable a deeper understanding of the complex fire spread mechanisms from forest fires to urban fires, namely radiant heat, direct flame contact and firebrands. Physics-based modelling enables a better understanding of such phenomena, bearing in mind that up to date no accurate and reliable models for firebrands can be found. In this investigation, a performance-based approach is considered, exploring the capabilities of computational fluid dynamics and the software Fire Dynamics Simulation (FDS) to investigate and quantify WUI fire exposures. This was achieved by considering available experimental data on vegetation burning and developing and calibrating the numerical models using FDS. A Particle Method, based on Lagrangian particles was selected for this investigation, since this model is particularly suitable to simulate surface and raised vegetation fire spread. With this strategy all thermo-physical properties of the fuels must be used as input, ensuring that the fire spread can be computed by the model. Based on the calibrated models for a single tree, a new case study scenario was created (structure exposed to wildfire) and investigated aiming to assess in detail WUI fire exposures under different conditions by varying several parameters, such as wind speed and direction, distance to the structure and elevation of the terrain. Since a performance-based approach was selected and considering the basic principles associated with Fire Safety Engineering (FSE), 3 basic components must be assessed, namely the fire modelling, the thermal analysis in the structure and finally the structural analysis considering temperature increase and degradation of mechanical properties of materials. From the fire modelling investigated in this paper, some attention was devoted to assessing Adiabatic Surface Temperatures in the structure and consequently defining in a simple way to couple CFD field models to Finite Element Models (FEM) that will enable the understanding and development of ignition resistant structures in the WUI.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Thermo-fluid management"

Rui Zhang, M. Hodes, N. Lower i R. Wilcoxon. "Thermo-fluid characteristics of a minichannel heat sink cooled with liquid metal". W 2013 IEEE/CPMT 29th Semiconductor Thermal Measurement & Management Symposium (SemiTherm 2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/semi-therm.2013.6526822.

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Grelli, Erica, Fabrizio Ursini, Emanuele Vignati i Andrea Piccolo. "Advanced Thermo-Fluid Dynamic Well Model for RTVFM Flow Rates Estimation". W SPE Reservoir Characterisation and Simulation Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/212685-ms.

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Abstract The availability of a simple and robust flow allocation system is of primary importance for reservoir management since it provides oil, water, and gas production for each well. The low frequency of well separator tests and the difficulties in performing regular maintenance of multiphase flow meters have led to the development of Real Time Virtual Flow Meter (RTVFM) in Eni, a numerical solution to obtain real time flow rate estimation from pressure/temperature gauges measurements. This paper discusses the implementation and application of a novel RTVFM algorithm that increases the accuracy, stability, and robustness of the existing numerical tools even in case of extreme oil field environment with significant uncertainties. Current Virtual Meter algorithms are based on fluid dynamic simulators which calculate the pressure drops through wellbore, choke, and flowlines; the algorithm can be run in real time to find the optimal production rates that minimize the error between physical pressure readings and the calculated ones. In this work, a constraint is added to the system by including the temperature matching in the objective function, further improving the tool reliability. An accurate heat transfer characterization of the well has been implemented to predict the temperature changes along the wellbore during time, as well as the thermal effect due to pressure variations (Joule-Thompson effect). The effectiveness of the implemented algorithm has been proven by its application on a few offshore oil producers. In the chosen wells, equipped with dedicated MPFMs, the production measurements are not always reliable and RTVFM can be a valid support tool for back allocation. However, the flow rate estimation can be affected by significant uncertainties like production parameters variability (water cut and gas oil ratio) and fluid properties variation due to gas re-injection or artificial gas lift. In this scenario, the proposed enthalpy balance model allows to find a unique solution for the flow rate estimation, while the algorithm based only on pressure readings can converge to multiple solution rates. Increasing the accuracy of RTVFM tool is imperative to allow a reliable back allocation process, even in case of MPFM unavailability, poor sensors data quality and highly variable fluid properties. This paper investigated how an advanced thermo-fluid dynamic model can improve Virtual Meter algorithms, thus reducing the uncertainties in the numerical flow rate estimation.

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Guelpa, Elisa, Adriano Sciacovelli i Vittorio Verda. "Thermo-Fluid Dynamic Model of Complex District Heating Networks for the Analysis of Peak Load Reductions in the Thermal Plants". W ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-52315.

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District heating networks are important infrastructures to provide high efficient heating and domestic hot water to buildings located in urban areas. Modern district heating networks may involve the use of waste heat, renewable sources and heat from cogeneration thermal storage systems. In addition, management is operated through advanced ICT solutions able to minimize the global primary energy consumption and to increase end user awareness. Detailed thermo-fluid dynamic simulation tools can be of extreme importance for the optimal management of modern district heating networks. Some of the issues that simulation tools are requested to face are: peak shaving, selection of the operating temperature, operation in the case of malfunctions, storage management. An important requirement consists in the possibility to perform fast simulations, even in the case of complex networks. This paper aims at presenting a detailed simulation approach that can be applied to large district heating networks. The entire network is represented as constituted by the main pipeline, which may be a tree shaped or a looped network, and various tree shaped subnetworks that distribute water from the main network to each single building. The main pipeline is fully modeled considering fluid flow and transient heat transfer. Subnetworks are simulated using a reduced model obtained from the full model. This modeling approach is applied to the analysis of transient operation of the Turin district heating network. The thermal request of the users is obtained from temperature and mass flow rate measurements at the thermal substations, available each six minutes. Thermo-fluid dynamic simulation allows one obtaining the corresponding thermal load profiles at the various thermal plants. Results show that a peak request is caused by the temperature reduction in the entire system due to the small thermal request at night. Due to the advective transport of water in the network and the thermal losses, the shape and amplitude of the peak at the plant is completely different than that at the users. A comparison between simulations and experimental results shows that the model is able to predict the network operation with good accuracy. Using this simulation approach it is therefore possible to examine the effects of variations, obtained through night attenuation or the installation local storage systems, on the thermal request profiles of some of the users on the global thermal load of the network during the start-up transient. The proposed simulation approach is shown to represent a versatile and important tool for the implementation of advanced management to district heating systems.

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Shah, Amip J., i Chandrakant D. Patel. "Designing Environmentally Sustainable Electronic Cooling Systems Using Exergo-Thermo-Volumes". W ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54089.

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Thermo-volumes allow the design engineer to expediently understand the thermal resistance of a given cooling solution (an indicator of performance) along with its flow resistance (an indicator of the pumping power, or energy consumption, which will be required by the fluid handler). In the present work, we expand upon thermo-volumes by including the lifetime exergy cost (in units of Joules of availability destroyed) as a means to enable the consideration of resource consumption (and thus the environmental sustainability) of the cooling solution. To achieve these exergo-thermo-volumes, we reinterpret previous definitions of thermo-volumes in terms of the entropy generated during heat transfer and fluid flow. The Guoy-Stodola theorem is used to convert this entropy generation into an ‘operational’ exergy loss. Next, based on the material choice and assembly processes used in creating the product, an embedded exergy consumption that accounts for the amount of exergy destroyed during extraction, transportation and disposal of the material is attached to the operational exergy loss. Thus, the total ‘cradle-to-cradle’ exergy loss of the solution is devised. In this framework, the optimal solution will be that which destroys the minimal amount of exergy. Correspondingly, instead of relying upon the COP (which is focused on operational consumption), we propose evaluation of cooling solutions in terms of the heat removal capacity per unit lifetime exergy consumption. The paper concludes by illustrating applicability of the method to the design of an enterprise server. It should be noted that although the paper is focused on electronics cooling solutions, the methodology is designed to be sufficiently general for use in any thermal management application.

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Rinaldi, Claudia, Valerio Bicego i Pier Paolo Colombo. "Validation of CESI Blade Life Management System by Case Hstories, On Line Measurements and In Situ NDT". W ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-54217.

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A Life Management System was developed for hot components of large industrial gas turbines, in the form of a software tool for predicting component lives under typical operational transients (normal and also abnormal) and steady-state periods. The method utilises results of previous thermo-mechanical finite element and finite volume fluid mechanics analyses. The basic idea of this method is using data from structural and aero-thermal analyses (pressures and temperatures), blade life theory and material properties as an input to algorithms, and using operational and historical data to validate the predicted damage amounts. The software developed in this project, of general applicability to all GT models, has been implemented with reference to the geometries, materials and service conditions of a Fiat-Westinghouse model.

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Cole, Jim, Ian Bond i Andrew Lawrie. "Active Thermal Management of FRP Composites via Embedded Vascular Networks". W ASME 2019 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2019-5555.

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Abstract Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials are limited in high temperature applications by the matrix glass transition temperature, Tg. At and above this temperature, significant mechanical performance is lost, and degradation processes accelerated. This research explores the use of internal passages, or vascules, within the laminate to carry a coolant fluid, absorbing heat energy and cooling the material. A custom thermal chamber and four-point flexural test fixture were developed to perform in-situ thermo-mechanical testing. Vascular and non-vascular carbon/epoxy specimens were manufactured, containing arrays of four 1.1 mm diameter vascules. Specimens were exposed to temperatures from ambient to 170 °C (Tg = 200 °C). Flexural modulus varied little with temperature across all tests. Non-vascular specimens at 170 °C showed a reduction in ultimate strength of 21 % compared to under ambient conditions. The presence of vascules caused a small improvement in flexural modulus and strength, due to displacement of a small number of 0° fibre tows further from the neutral axis as a result of the manufacturing process. At 15 L·min−1 coolant flow, vascular specimens showed full retention of strength compared to non-vascular specimens at ambient, demonstrating the potential mechanical performance benefits.

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Chiatti, Giancarlo, Ornella Chiavola i Fulvio Palmieri. "Turbocharger Speed Monitoring Based on Vibration Measurements for Diesel Engine Management". W ASME 2019 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2019-7178.

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Abstract Demanding legislation on exhaust emissions and fuel consumption has led great attention to on board control algorithms able to optimize the combustion process in terms of efficiency and pollutants emissions production. Dealing with turbocharged engines, the thermo and fluid dynamic conditions of the exhaust gas are responsible for the turbine rotation; its speed has demonstrated to be related to the combustion process and can be used for the combustion monitoring. This work presents a methodology in which the instantaneous turbocharger speed is obtained by the processing of the signal from an accelerometer mounted on the compressor housing. Experimental tests have been carried out on a small water-cooled, two cylinder, common rail diesel engine installed in the Laboratory of the Engineering Department at ‘ROMA TRE’ University. The methodology has been applied to the signals acquired during steady state and transient tests. The comparison between the estimations provided by the accelerometer and the values obtained by direct measurements highlighted the accuracy of the predictions thus demonstrating the suitability of the accelerometer to be used as feedback signal in algorithms for the engine management in order to maintain the combustion effectiveness in spite of aging and degradation of components, variations of fuel properties.

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Vuksanovich, Brian, Darrell Wallace i Michael Costarell. "Mechanical Engineering Curriculum Improvement Using Product Lifecycle Management (PLM)". W ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-11525.

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This paper discusses the alignment between industry needs and the content of a 4 year ME or MET curriculum by using Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) principles as a bridge. An initial concept for a device is used as an example throughout the 4 year curriculum, allowing the courses to progressively develop the design from concept through end-of-life by using PLM principles. The four-year curriculum discussed begins with an introduction to PLM, where the steps of a manufacturing process are described, from concept, to 3D design, to analysis, to final product to end of life. This provides the basis for a design concept that will be pursued throughout the curriculum. The four-year curriculum is then presented as a traditional engineering program with a superimposed design problem. The freshman curriculum includes the basic 3D modeling of the parts, while the sophomore classes generate the first prototype parts and beginning analyses. The junior classes progress into more involved stress and thermo/fluid analysis of the part, while the senior classes look into the mass manufacture of the part; it’s interaction with the rest of the system and the systems role in serving society. Students are well prepared for industry, with improved knowledge of design methods, manufacturing processes, life cycle issues and how these different areas can work together to make a successful design. The use of PLM as an over-arching theme brings it into the classroom in a practical hands-on way with minimal impact on the existing class content while improving the delivery by bringing continuity to the problems.

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Aranha, Pedro Esteves, Eduardo Schnitzler, Nelson Moreira, Luis Eduardo Duccini, André Leibsohn Martins, Alexandre Brambilla Falchetto i Jorel Lopes Dos Anjos. "Field Life Extension: Real Time Well Integrity Management". W Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31816-ms.

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Abstract This article aims to present the evolution of well design and well integrity monitoring throughout their life cycle and life extension analysis. The motivation comes from the need to make a decision to extend the life of wells, accounting both for Green and Brown Fields. PETROBRAS design practices were updated to meet the Well Integrity National Regulatory requirements and to support the life extension analysis. In order to assess the well integrity during production lifetime, a Digital Twin of the well was developed and is capable of modelling the physics of permanent and transient fluid flow and corresponding behavior of trapped annuli with thermo-structural coupling to the mechanical structure. Also, as part of the monitoring process, additional information will be provided by new sensors to be installed in the A and B annuli, aiming to improve monitoring capability. This paper will present the results of the new well design and life extension analysis practices for retrofit projects. Besides that, a discussion on new challenging scenarios faced by the company is included. The well integrity case study of a deep-water field in Brazilian offshore, through a real time digital twin approach, will highlight the main technological solutions developed to ensure well operation within the envelope during its lifetime. The adoption of this strategy allows the optimization of procedures with the goal of maximizing production or injection rates, still according to safety requirements. The availability of additional annuli sensors can improve the system capability. With the well integrity surveillance digital twin, PETROBRAS successfully implemented a unique monitoring integrity system for offshore production units in Brazil, increasing the understanding of the well structure behavior and, consequentially, the assets operational safety during its lifetime. In addition, this initiative aims to push the industry towards the development of wet X-mas tree according to API RP 17V requirements.

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