Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Thermal solar distillation

Spis treści

Artykuły w czasopismach
Rozprawy doktorskie
Książki
Części książek
Streszczenia konferencji

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Thermal solar distillation”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 6 września 2023

Utwórz poprawne odniesienie w stylach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard i wielu innych

Wybierz rodzaj źródła:

Zobacz listy aktualnych artykułów, książek, rozpraw, streszczeń i innych źródeł naukowych na temat „Thermal solar distillation”.

Przycisk „Dodaj do bibliografii” jest dostępny obok każdej pracy w bibliografii. Użyj go – a my automatycznie utworzymy odniesienie bibliograficzne do wybranej pracy w stylu cytowania, którego potrzebujesz: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver itp.

Możesz również pobrać pełny tekst publikacji naukowej w formacie „.pdf” i przeczytać adnotację do pracy online, jeśli odpowiednie parametry są dostępne w metadanych.

Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Thermal solar distillation"

Ho, Chii-Dong. "Solar-Assisted Membrane Distillation". Membranes 12, nr 3 (9.03.2022): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12030304.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

The integration of solar power and solar thermal systems using sunlight as the fuel can work in remote arid areas to meet the freshwater demand with membrane desalination processes, which is important in considering both the low environmental impact and the production cost [...]

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Hadi, Nabil H., Ban Hussein Kassab i Ali Mohammed Ali. "Distillation Using Solar Magnifying Lenses and Solar Panels". Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences 26, nr 4 (31.12.2019): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2019.26.4.010.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Abstract— The process of solar distillation of saline water is an important way to obtain pure water using simple and low-cost technology. Therefore, countries located in hot climates tended some experiments and researches in the solar distillation field. one of the best methods is theory of the thermal cooking by using limited dimension of basin. In this study use the basin dimensions (860 * 520 * 50 mm) with inserts (adding magnifying lenses and using a solar cell system to charge batteries that feed a 150-watt thermal wire to heat the water) to increase the efficiency of thermal cooking. According to the special ambient in the city of Baghdad for the four quarters was calculated the amount of distilled water theoretically and compared with the distillation quantities of the three basins in same at the time and location as follows: a- In the summer season, we get approximately to equal amount of distilled water equal to 3.5 liters / day and 3.75 liters / day from to (no additions effect and thermal wire effect) basin and 4.3 liters / day were obtained for the effected of the magnifying glass. b- In the autumn and spring seasons, the quantity of distilled water equal to 2.75 liters / day was obtained for the basin with no additions and 3.3 liters / day for the basin with addition a thermal wire and 3.5 liters for the basin with affected of magnifying glass effect. c- In the winter season, the quantity of distilled water equal to 1.5 liters / day was obtained for the basin with no additives and 2.2 liters / day for the addition a thermal wire basin and 1.8 liters / day for the basin with affected of the magnifying glass.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Koschikowski, J., M. Wieghaus i M. Rommel. "Solar thermal driven desalination plants based on membrane distillation". Water Supply 3, nr 5-6 (1.12.2003): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0149.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

In arid and semi-arid regions the lack of drinkable water often corresponds with a high solar insolation. These conditions are favourable for the use of solar energy as the driving force for water treatment systems. Especially in remote rural areas with low infrastructure and without connection to a grid, smallscale, stand-alone operating systems for the desalination of brackish water from wells or salt water from the sea are desirable to provide settlements with clean potable water. Fraunhofer Institut für Solare Energiesysteme is currently developing a solar thermally driven stand alone desalination system. The aim is to develop systems for a capacity range of 0.2 to 10 m3/day. Technical simplicity, long maintenance-free operation periods and high quality potable water output are very important aims for successful applications of the systems. The separation technique that the system is based on is membrane distillation. The implemented heat source is a corrosion-free, sea water resistant thermal collector.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Cui, Hong Jiang, Pei Ting Sun i Ming Hai Li. "Experimental and Theoretic Research on Solar Power Membrane Distillation". Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (marzec 2010): 2300–2305. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.2300.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Air gap membrane distillation experiments of different temperature and mass flow rate of working fluid were done for the use of solar power and setting up the mathematical model of AGMD’ heat and mass transfer. The calculation correctness of mathematical model was discussed and the thermal efficiency of membrane distillation system was calculated. The results showed that the experimental flux of membrane distillation reached 49kg/m2•h and the biggest relative error is less than 9% between results of experiment and mathematical model calculation. The mathematical model can be used to forecast the process parameters of membrane distillation. The highest thermal efficiency of this system is 68% and the main influencing factors of thermal efficiency are temperature and mass flow rate of working fluid.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Tiwari, G. N., Pankaj Saxena i K. Thakur. "Thermal analysis of active solar distillation system". Energy Conversion and Management 35, nr 1 (styczeń 1994): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-8904(94)90081-7.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Huang, Jian, Yanwei Hu, Yijie Bai, Yurong He i Jiaqi Zhu. "Solar membrane distillation enhancement through thermal concentration". Energy 211 (listopad 2020): 118720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.118720.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Alessandro, Francesca, Francesca Macedonio i Enrico Drioli. "Plasmonic Phenomena in Membrane Distillation". Membranes 13, nr 3 (21.02.2023): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13030254.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Water scarcity raises important concerns with respect to human sustainability and the preservation of important ecosystem functions. To satisfy water requirements, seawater desalination represents one of the most sustainable solutions. In recent decades, membrane distillation has emerged as a promising thermal desalination process that may help to overcome the drawbacks of traditional desalination processes. Nevertheless, in membrane distillation, the temperature at the feed membrane interface is significantly lower than that of the bulk feed water, due to the latent heat flux associated with water evaporation. This phenomenon, known as temperature polarization, in membrane distillation is a crucial issue that could be responsible for a decay of about 50% in the initial transmembrane water flux. The use of plasmonic nanostructures, acting as thermal hotspots in the conventional membranes, may improve the performance of membrane distillation units by reducing or eliminating the temperature polarization problem. Furthermore, an efficient conversion of light into heat offers new opportunities for the use of solar energy in membrane distillation. This work summarizes recent developments in the field of plasmonic-enhanced solar evaporation with a particular focus on solar-driven membrane distillation applications and its potential prospects.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Getachew, Seyoum, Addisu Bekele i Vivek Pandey. "Performance Investigation of Ethiopian Local Drinking Alcohol Distillation System Using Solar Dish Concentrator". Journal of Energy 2022 (11.04.2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8478276.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

In Ethiopia, in addition to the large quantity of biomass consumption per year for daily cooking, production of the traditional local “Areke” consumes large amounts of fire wood which further accelerates deforestation. This study introduces solar-based technology for distillation of the local “Areke” using an indirect heating system. A solar parabolic dish collector with an aperture diameter of 0.9 m and an improved truncated cone cavity absorber were installed. The heat transfer process is governed by the principle of natural circulation, boiling, and condensation between a receiver and a distillation column. The experiment was conducted in Debre Birhan city at 20°C ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure of 0.722 atm. The surface temperature of the truncated cone cavity absorber attained a maximum temperature of 300.3°C, and the thermal efficiency attained by the collector was 54.6%. The production efficiency of the solar thermal local alcohol “Areke” distillation system was found to increase by 1.67% compared to the traditional firewood distillation system.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Sinha, S., i G. N. Tiwari. "Thermal evaluation of concentrator-assisted solar distillation system". Heat Recovery Systems and CHP 12, nr 6 (listopad 1992): 481–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0890-4332(92)90016-b.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Pisitsungkakarn, Sumol Sae-Heng, i Pichitpon Neamyou. "Efficiency of Semi-Automatic Control Ethanol Distillation Using a Vacuum-Tube Parabolic Solar Collector". Energies 15, nr 13 (26.06.2022): 4688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134688.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Thailand is an agricultural country with several agro-industrial by-products that can be processed into fuels. Although producing ethanol from agro-industrial by-products is an interesting option, the process of distilling ethanol from fermented agricultural products requires a high temperature to increase the ethanol concentration from 10% to 95%. In this research, solar ethanol distillation equipment incorporating a solar parabolic collector with a vacuum heat absorber tube to increase efficiency by reducing heat loss was designed and developed. An electronic device was used to control the distillation process, maintain the required temperature, and make suitable adjustments to the solar radiation acceptance angles of the parabolic solar collector. Ethanol dilution at concentrations of 10%, 15%, and 20%, and Sato (Thai Rice Wine) were used as the reactant in the distillation process. The result of distilling ethanol distillation with a semi-automatic control using a vacuum-tube parabolic solar collector showed that the thermal efficiency of the receiver was 12.61%, 13.93%, 18.58%, and 17.40%, respectively. The thermal efficiency of the heat exchanger was 11.27%, 10.76%, 13.35%, and 12.35%, respectively. The final concentration of ethanol was 67%, 76%, 82%, and 80%, respectively, and the amount of the distilled ethanol was 330 mL, 352 mL, 398 mL, and 360 mL, respectively.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Więcej źródeł

Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Thermal solar distillation"

Hartwig, Gerhard Rudolf. "Grey water reclamation utilising solar thermal energy". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85631.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Thesis (MScEng)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The objective of this research was to obtain clean drinkable water from treated sewage effluent by using a solar-powered distillation cycle. Technologies and concepts were borrowed from the solar desalination industry to propose a unique circular distillation cell design. From the design, a specific mathematical correlation was developed to predict the distillate mass flow rate by using only evaporation and condensation temperature as inputs. This model was incorporated into a simulation model built using Transient System Simulation software. Long-term simulations were carried out to determine the operating capabilities of the design. A prototype was successfully constructed and operated. Experimental results indicated good agreement with the mass flow rate mathematical correlation. Water quality levels were tested against the South African National Standard 241 national drinking water quality standard. Four quality parameters are outside acceptable levels. Evidence suggested that acceptable quality levels could be reached. The circular distillation cell design is a major contribution made by this research. Another contribution is the simulation model capable of predicting an output for different locations. Finally, the proposed prototype is potentially a very valuable device contributing towards the reduction of consumer demand in terms of water and energy as well as the household load on the wastewater treatment system.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie tesis is om te beskryf hoe behandelde rioolwater deur middel van ’n son aangedrewe distillasiesisteem gesuiwer kan word om drinkbare water as eindproduk te lewer. Die nodige tegnologieë en konsepte is oorgeneem uit kommersiële sonaangedrewe ontsoutingsisteme om met ’n unieke ontwerp voorendag te kom wat uit ’n sirkelvormige natuurlike konveksie distillasiesel bestaan. Met behulp van hierdie ontwerp is ’n wiskundige korrelasie ontwikkel om die gesuiwerde water se massavloei te bepaal. Slegs die verdampings- en kondensasietemperature word as insetwaardes gebruik om die massavloei te bereken. ’n Simulasiemodel is met behulp van die Transient System Simulation programmatuur gebou. Die wiskundige korrelasie is by die simulasiemodel geïnkorporeer om langtermynsimulasies te kan uitvoer. Voorts is ’n demonstrasiemodel suksesvol gebou en aangedryf. Eksperimentele resultate toon goeie ooreenstemming met die simulasieresultate. Die gesuiwerde water se gehalte is met die nationale SANS 241 drinkwaterstandaard as maatstaf getoets. Slegs vier gehalteparameters val buite die aanvaarbare vlakke, hoewel dit blyk dat hierdie elemente wel tot aanvaarbare vlakke verlaag kan word. Hierdie navorsing se grootstet bydrae is die ontwerp van die unieke sirkelvormige distillasiesel. ’n Bykomende bydra is die aanpasbaarheid van die simulasiemodel sodat dit produksievermoë op verskillende plekke kan voorspel. Die demonstrasiemodel is ’n potensieel waardevolle ontwerp wat kan bydra tot die verlaging in verbruikersaanvraag na water en energie. ’n Ontwerp van hierdie aard kan die las wat huishoudings op suiweringaanlegte vir rioolwater plaas, verlig.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Alsehli, Mishal B. "A Novel Design for Solar-Powered Thermal Desalination". University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1470008966.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

d’, Souza David. "Experimental Characterisation and Modelling of a Membrane Distillation Module Coupled to aFlat Plate Solar Collector Field". Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energiteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-28186.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

An experimental characterisation of a pre-commercial spiral wound permeate gap membrane distillation module was carried out to test its performance at different operating conditions for the purpose of seawater desalination. The experimental setup consisted of a flat plate solar collector field indirectly coupled to the permeate gap membrane distillation module via an inertia tank. The operating parameters varied were the condenser inlet temperature (from 20 °C to 30 °C), evaporator inlet temperature (from 60 °C to 80 °C) and seawater feed flow rate (from 200 l/h to 400 l/h). Within this operational boundary, it was found that the maximum permeate/distillate flux was 4.135 l/(h∙m2) which equates to a distillate production/flow rate of close to 21.3 l/h. The maximum potential distillate production rate is expected to be significantly higher than this value though as the maximum manufacturer specified feed flow rate is 700 l/h and the maximum evaporator inlet temperature is rated at 90 °C. Both these parameters are positively related to the distillate production rate. The minimum specific thermal energy consumption was found to be 180 kWh/m3. A mathematical model of the overall system was developed, and experimentally validated, to mathematically describe the coupling of the membrane distillation module with a solar collector field. The effectiveness of internal heat recovery of the membrane distillation module was found to be an accurate and simple tool to evaluate the thermal energy demand of the distillation process at a given set of operation parameters. The mathematical model was used to further investigate the experimental findings and provide insights into the operational dynamics of the membrane distillation module. It was also used to determine some external conditions required for steady state operation, at a given distillation operating point, such as the minimum solar irradiation required for operation and the auxiliary cooling required in the solar collector loop for maintaining steady state conditions. Finally, general guidelines are provided toward better operational practices to improve the coupling of a solar thermal collector unit/field with a membrane distillation system using a storage tank or inertia tank.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

LeFevre, Jeremy D. "Modeling of Complex Pentahedron Solar Still Covers to Optimize Distillate". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3663.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

This work shows the results of modeling and optimizing pentahedron-shaped covers for application on a passive solar still. While modeling under the assumption of clear weather in Provo, Utah, United States of America, it was found that two main geometries resulted: A single slope still with fully vertical back and sidewalls and a south face tilted at 37.1°, absorbing a total of 8.98 megajoules of direct solar radiation. A half-pyramid shaped cover with vertical backwall, sidewalls tilted in at 60.6°, and a south face tilted in at 41.5°, absorbing 9.34 megajoules of direct solar radiation.With improved covers, solar radiation absorbed by the basin can be maximized. Maximum radiation absorbed will generally indicate maximum still output.In addition, the internal convection of a passive solar still was modeled in order to compare with existing correlations to find the best convection correlation. The convection was modeled using Fluent 12 (CFD software package) and simulations were run for various geometries and temperatures. It was found that Shruti's correlation agreed the best with the CFD results. However, another possible correlation is suggested here which accommodates a higher range of Grashof numbers. For a correlation of the form Nu=C•(Ra)^n, it was found that C = 1.02, 0.56, and 0.66, and n = 0.19, 0.24, and 0.24 for cover tilt angles of 15°, 30°, and 45° respectively. Also, Grashof number ranges are 4.0 x 10^3 < Gr < 1.9 x 10^7, 4.0 x 10^4 < Gr < 1.9 x 10^8, and 2.1 x 10^5 < Gr < 1.0 x 10^9 respectively.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Hilali, Soukaina. "Thermal solar energy applications on eco-extraction and drying of orange peels and rosemary leaves Deodorization by Solar Steam Distillation of Rosemary Leaves Prior to Solvent Extraction of Rosmarinic, Carnosic, and Ursolic Acids Green Extraction of Essential Oils, Polyphenols, and Pectins from Orange Peel Employing Solar Energy: Toward a Zero waste Biorefinery". Thesis, Avignon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AVIG0281.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Le monde a connu une augmentation exponentielle de l’énergie; ces demandes sont principalement couvertes par les combustibles fossiles. Cependant, compte tenu des conditions non durables d'une telle source telles que la rareté et les effets environnementaux nocifs, les chercheurs ont dirigée leurs attention vers la rechercher de nouvelles sources d'énergie alternatives. L'énergie solaire est une énergie renouvelable propre, abondante et facilement disponible. L'utilisation de l'énergie solaire pour des applications thermiques offre la possibilité de plusieurs études sur l'énergie, les avantages et l'analyse des bio-composés. Dans le présent travail, le séchage solaire et l'extraction solaire ont été envisagés pour une application expérimentale utilisant deux matrices; feuilles de romarin comme plantes aromatiques et médicinales et écorces d'orange comme sous-produit. Pour l'extraction solaire, une unité de distillation couplée à un réflecteur solaire a été utilisée afin de désodoriser les feuilles de romarin par distillation par entrainement à la vapeur et de valoriser les écorces d'orange ciblant une bio-raffinerie zéro déchet par hydro-distillation. Les avantages de l'extraction d'énergie solaire thermique sont remarquables, permettant une diminution d'environ 37% du temps d'extraction pour les deux matrices étudiées par rapport aux procédés conventionnels. En termes de qualité, plusieurs analyses ont été réalisées afin de comparer les systèmes solaires thermiques et conventionnels. Le rendement et la qualité de l'huile essentielle de romarin et d'écorce d'orange obtenus par GC/MS étaient relativement similaires pour les deux processus. Cependant, les antioxydants dosés par HPLC-DAD présents dans les feuilles de romarin étaient mieux conservés après extraction solaire. Dans l'ensemble, les résultats indiquent que la distillation solaire-vapeur (SSD) est une alternative écologique, efficace et économique pour l'extraction des huiles essentielles et la désodorisation des feuilles. La pectine et les flavonoïdes des pelures d'orange (principalement la narirutine et l'hespéridine) ont également été mieux conservés après le processus d'hydro-distillation solaire. Pour le séchage, un processus conventionnel en couche mince a été envisagé, l'étude expérimentale de cette section s'est concentrée sur l'influence des températures de séchage sur la perte en eau des matrices fraîches séchées à différentes températures, 40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C pour les feuilles du romarin et 60 ° C, 65 ° C, 70 ° C, 75 ° C °, 80°C pour les écorces d'orange. Ce travail présente les résultats de l'étude expérimentale de la cinétique de séchage. Les résultats sont utilisés pour déterminer la courbe caractéristique de séchage et simuler par des modèles mathématiques le comportement de séchage des feuilles de romarin ou des écorces d'orange afin de trouver le modèle le mieux adapté. Dans l'ensemble, l'extraction solaire et le séchage par convection se sont révélés être des procédures fiables qui préservent la qualité du produit et peuvent être utilisées efficacement comme alternative aux procédés conventionnels
The world has witnessed an exponential increase of energy; those demands are mainly covered by fossil fuels. However, giving the unsustainable conditions of such source such as scarcity and harmful environmental effects, researchers were required to investigate newer alternative power sources. Solar energy is a clean, abundant and easily available renewable energy. It is also one of the most economical alternatives with outstanding processes and applications diversity machineries. Usage of solar energy for thermal applications provides a scope for several studies on energy, benefits, and bio-compounds analysis. The main objectives of this thesis are to promote the use of solar energy for extraction and drying applications, to confront them with the conventional technique usually used, and to better understand the process, outcomes and benefits of such green and sustainable source. Two matrices were considered: rosemary leaves as aromatic and medicinal plants and, orange peels as by-product. For solar extraction a distillation unit coupled with a solar reflector was used to deodorize rosemary leaves via steam distillation and to valorise orange peels targeting a zero-waste bio-refinery via hydro-distillation. The advantages of thermal solar energy extraction are noteworthy, allowing approximately 37 % decrease of extraction time for both the studied matrices in comparison to conventional processes. Quality wise, several analyses were carried in order to compare thermal solar and conventional systems. The rosemary and orange peels essential oil yield and quality obtained by GC/MS was relatively similar for both processes. However, antioxidants assayed by HPLC-DAD present in rosemary leaves were better preserved after solar extraction. Overall, the results indicate that Solar-Steam-Distillation (SSD) is a green alternative, efficient and economical process for essential oil extraction and leaves deodorization. Orange peels pectin and flavonoids (mainly narirutin and hesperidin) were also better preserved after solar hydro-distillation process. For drying, the study was performed on rosemary leaves and orange peels by thin convective solar drying to valorize these matrices, to increase their shelf-life, and to investigate the impact of solar drying on their antioxidant properties. The experimental study focused on the influence of drying temperatures on water loss and quality of fresh matrices dried at different temperatures: rosemary leaves (40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C) and orange peels (60°C, 65°C, 70°C, 75°C°, 80C). Obtained results showed that Midilli– Kucuk and two terms were the most fitted and appropriate models to describe the convective solar drying kinetics of rosemary leaves and orange peels respectively. For rosemary leaves, it was found that with solar drying (40, 50, 60°C, and sun-dried) an increase of carnosol was observed, coupled with a decrease of carnosic acid values; while at high temperature (70°C) both carnosic acid and carnosol contents decrease. This could imply that high temperature may lead to quality deterioration of rosemary leaves. Moreover, at 70°C Total polyphenols (TPC) values decrease and the IC50 value increased illustrating the negative effect of high drying temperatures on rosemary leaves. Contrary to rosemary leaves, the results showed that TPC and DPPH degradation was elevated in both 60°C, 65°C and the natural shade dried orange peels in comparison to high temperatures 75°C, and 80°C.This may state that the product gives better TPC and DPPH concentration if being dried at high temperature. As for the DPPH analysis, it was found that starting from 75°C, the antioxidant activity improves. This may be due to the new substances formation or precursor that occurs between several molecules via non-enzymatic inter-conversion at 70 °C for citrus fruits. Thus, stating that drying at high temperature may be a way to improve the phenolic extraction of orange peels

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Narayan, Aditya. "Investigations on Air-cooled Air Gap Membrane Distillation and Radial Waveguides for Desalination". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78779.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

This thesis presents investigations on air-cooled air gap membrane distillation for desalination and the application of radial waveguides based on total internal reflection for solar thermal desalination. Using an air-cooled design for an air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) process may result in significantly lower energy requirements for desalination. Experiments were conducted on AGMD module to study the effect of air gap, support mesh conductivity and hydrophobicity, condensing surface hydrophobicity. A novel modular design was used in which modules could be used in a series configuration to increase the flux value for the distillate. The output from the series configuration was found to have about three times the production from a single pass water-cooled system with the same temperature difference between the saline and clear water streams. The results also indicated that the mesh conductivity had a favorable effect on the flux value whereas the hydrophobicity of the mesh had no significant effect. The hydrophobicity of the condensing surface was favorable on two accounts: first, it led to an increase in the flux of the distillate at temperatures below 60 °C and second, the temperature difference of the saline feed when it enters and leaves the module is lower which can lead to energy savings and higher yields when used in a series configuration. The second part of the thesis considers use of low-cost radial waveguides to collect and concentrate solar energy for use in thermal desalination processes. The optical-waveguide-based solar energy concentrators are based on total internal reflection and minimize/eliminate moving parts, tracking structures and cost. The use of optical waveguides for thermal desalination is explored using an analytical closed-form solution for the coupled optical and thermal transport of solar irradiation through a radial planar waveguide concentrator integrated with a central receiver. The analytical model is verified against and supported by computational optical ray tracing simulations. The effects of various design and operating parameters are systematically investigated on the system performance, which is quantified in terms of net thermal power delivered, aperture area required and collection efficiency. Design constraints like thermal stress, maximum continuous operation temperature and structural constraints have been considered to identify realistic waveguide configurations which are suitable for real world applications. The study provides realistic estimates for the performance achievable with radial planar waveguide concentrator-receiver configuration. In addition to this, a cost analysis has been conducted to determine the preferred design configurations that minimize the cost per unit area of the planar waveguide concentrator coupled to the receiver. Considering applications to thermal desalination which is a low temperature application, optimal design configuration of waveguide concentrator-receiver system is identified that result in the minimum levelized cost of power (LCOP).
Master of Science

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Hsieh, Bi Tsung, i 謝璧聰. "Performance Evaluation of the Solar Thermal-Driven Membrane Distillation Systems". Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65636453238313814916.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

碩士
長庚大學
化工與材料工程學系
100
Membrane distillation (MD) is a thermal process in which only vapor molecules, driven by a difference in temperature, transport through porous hydrophobic membranes and condense on the cooler side. Collectors can transfer solar radiation to thermal energy stored by storage tank and used to solar thermal energy systems. The integration of solar thermal energy with the membrane distillation provides a way to solve the energy and water resource problems, so there are many potentially commercial advantages of thermal-driven membrane distillation systems. This work initially analyzes performance of membrane modules and solar thermal energy systems, mathematical models of which are built on MATLAB platform. Permeation flux of two MD modules, i.e., direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) and air gap membrane distillation (AGMD), is compared in the same modules size. Solar thermal energy systems include solar collector, two thermal storage tanks, heat exchanger and auxiliary power. According to surrounding climate data of Taipei city, simulation results and impacts of the circulation flow rate on this device are discussed further. This work finally combines MD modules with solar thermal energy systems, and proposes two feedback PI control loops, i.e., circulation flow rate control and auxiliary power control. For DCMD and AGMD systems, the setpoints of these two control modes are appropriately adjusted to reach their daily production targets. The simulation results demonstrate effective performance of the proposed control loops for the solar powered MD systems.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Anthony, Nikhil J. "Thermal analysis of a solar water distillation and electricity generation system". 2008. http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11102008-185716.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Thesis (M.S.)--Florida State University, 2008.
Advisor: Juan Carlos Ordonez, Florida State University, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Feb. 17, 2009). Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 55 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

WANG, Zheng-Yan, i 王正彥. "Design and analysis of Solar thermal-driven distillation system based on ejector". Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06366572532181119703.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

碩士
國立勤益科技大學
冷凍空調系
98
The Solar thermal-driven distillation system based on ejector is combined with solar thermal and ejector, ejector design is dual-jet intake to improve the entrainment ratio of injector. The nozzle diameter is 5.39 mm, the cross section diameter is 17.1 mm, the entrainment ratio is 0.73, the area ratio A3/At is 10.33. System Theory part of the solar collector to collect solar thermal energy as the drive ejector heat, low pressure way to create flash distilled water. Jet to one-dimensional model, with the other components of the energy conservation system design analysis, design point generator temperature of 100 ℃, the evaporator temperature is 45 ℃, the condenser temperature is 58 ℃, obtained 22.86 kg of distilled water per hour can produce . System experiment part, due to solar heating system, part of the project due to funding and procurement process approved by the time of impact, and fail to build jet distillation system at the same time, so for the time being changed to brine tank replacement heater solar collector system for testing. System design point of measured data, the generator temperature is 100 ℃, the evaporator temperature is 45 ℃, the condenser temperature is 58 ℃, pumping ratio of 0.45 per hour for the manufacture of distilled water, 19.2 kg. Although the theoretical design value 22.86 kg /hr, about 16% lower. However, the use of solar energy has been preliminarily confirmed that combination of injectors for water distillation is feasible.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Książki na temat "Thermal solar distillation"

Gaur, Manoj Kumar, Brian Norton i Gopal Tiwari, red. Solar Thermal Systems: Thermal Analysis and its Application. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/97898150509501220101.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

This book encapsulates current information about the science behind solar energy and the solar thermal systems available to meet domestic needs. Several scholars have contributed to the chapters in the text in an effort to distill research-oriented topics for learners. The book starts with an explainer on the fundamentals of thermodynamics, heat transfer and solar energy in the first 2 chapters. The basics of some solar thermal devices along with their thermal modeling are covered in the next few chapters, along with solar distillation systems. This is followed by information about the design, development and applications of solar cookers along with their thermal modeling. Thermal modeling of semi-transparent PVT systems and their applications are discussed in Chapter 9. Chapter 10 covers the development in solar photovoltaic technology. Chapter 11 and Chapter 12 discusses thermal modeling of greenhouse solar dryers and presents a case study on a hybrid active greenhouse solar dryer. Chapter 13 covers the thermal analysis of photovoltaic thermal (PVT) air heaters employing thermoelectric modules (TEM). The applications of various solar systems in building sectors and the development in this field are covered in Chapter 14. Chapter 15 deals with energy and environ- economics analysis of bio-gas integrated semi-transparent photo-voltaic thermal (Bi-iSPVT) systems for Indian climates. The book has a broad scope and is intended as a resource for students, researchers and teachers in universities, industries, and national and commercial laboratories to help learn the fundamentals and in-depth knowledge of thermal modeling and recent developments in solar heating systems.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

N, Tiwari G., i Lovedeep Sahota. Advanced Solar Distillation Systems: Basic Principles, Thermal Modeling and Applications. Springer, 2017.

Znajdź pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

N, Tiwari G., i Lovedeep Sahota. Advanced Solar-Distillation Systems: Basic Principles, Thermal Modeling, and Its Application. Springer, 2017.

Znajdź pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

N, Tiwari G., i Lovedeep Sahota. Advanced Solar-Distillation Systems: Basic Principles, Thermal Modeling, and Its Application. Springer, 2018.

Znajdź pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Części książek na temat "Thermal solar distillation"

Tiwari, G. N., i Lovedeep Sahota. "Thermal Modeling of Active Solar-Distillation Systems". W Advanced Solar-Distillation Systems, 211–52. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4672-8_5.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Mahavar, Sunita, Ankit Goyal i Boris V. Balakin. "Investigation of a Solar Concentrator for Water Distillation". W Advances in Thermal Engineering, Manufacturing, and Production Management, 209–17. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2347-9_18.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Chitrao, Pradnya Vishwas, Pravin Kumar Bhoyar, Komal Chopra i Rajiv Divekar. "Commercial Viability of Solar Thermal Hyper Distillation of Waste Water—Sainnova, A Case Study". W Information and Communication Technology for Competitive Strategies (ICTCS 2021), 333–40. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0098-3_33.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Hanoin, M. A. H. M., N. M. Mokhtar, N. S. Abu, F. N. Zainuddin, L. K. Yi i M. S. Hadi. "Integration of Parabolic Solar Thermal Collector with Direct Contact Membrane Distillation System for Seawater Desalination". W Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 267–77. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9505-9_26.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Remlaoui, A., i D. Nehari. "Integration of Direct Contact Membrane Distillation and Solar Thermal Systems for Production of Purified Water: Dynamic Simulation". W Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 164–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37207-1_17.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Belessiotis, Vassilis, Soteris Kalogirou i Emmy Delyannis. "Solar Distillation—Solar Stills". W Thermal Solar Desalination, 103–90. Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-809656-7.00003-9.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Belessiotis, Vassilis, Soteris Kalogirou i Emmy Delyannis. "Membrane Distillation". W Thermal Solar Desalination, 191–251. Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-809656-7.00004-0.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Malviya, Rajkumar, Veeresh Vishwakarma, Prashant V. Baredar i Anil Kumar. "Potential of Solar Distillation Plant in India". W Solar Thermal Systems: Thermal Analysis and its Application, 169–90. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815050950122010009.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

With the rising population and continuous depletion of our natural resources, it has become very tough for everyone to meet their basic needs of food and water. Also, at the rate with which the water-stressed area continues to rise, we soon will be facing a huge water crisis. This chapter specifically talks about India and its potential to make a switch from conventional methods of water usage and switch to a renewable energy-based water desalination unit. This chapter presents an elaborate analysis of the Indian peninsular region and talks about the major cities’ comparative performance in the basic design of the solar humidificationdehumidification desalination unit. It can be concluded that the southern-most area has a very large potential for setting up an economically feasible desalination unit. Various parameters are discussed, like humidity ratio, outgoing airstream temperature, and mass rate of evaporated water. As Chennai has the best performance for the particular unit for most of the year, with productivity reaching 44 kg/day, the least favorable site seems to be Puri in Odisha, where productivity remains less and constant at a maximum of 34 kg/day during summers.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Abbas, Zafar, Nasir Hayat, Anwar Khan i Muhammad Irfan. "Modeling of Solar-Powered Desalination". W Distillation Processes - From Conventional to Reactive Distillation Modeling, Simulation and Optimization [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.103934.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

The scarcity, global, and local demand of pure water for SDGs become prominent issue. The global emissions of CO2 and GHGs have put pressure to develop the solar-powered desalination plants. This article discussed the selection of site for the solar thermal desalination in Pakistan keeping the eye on sustainability and modeling and cost analysis of single solar stills technology at Lyari River in Karachi, Pakistan. Pakistan is among the water-deficit countries having 35% of population having lack of pure drinkable water. The plenty of solar irradiance and saline water in Pakistan make it very favorable for solar-powered desalination. The solar stills technology is one of the best technologies to meet the local demand of pure water. The modeling is composed of governing equations based on the law of conservation of mass and law of conservation of energy. The solar irradiance at Lyari River is taken from MERRA–2. The result depicted that the hourly production of distill water is 1 kg/m3 and 8 kg/m3 with and without the FRL lens. The cost of distill water produced from the solar stills having FRL lens is 33% less as compared with solar stills without FRL lens.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Marni Sandid, Abdelfatah, Taieb Nehari, Driss Nehari i Yasser Elhenawy. "Performance Investigation of the Solar Membrane Distillation Process Using TRNSYS Software". W Distillation Processes - From Conventional to Reactive Distillation Modeling, Simulation and Optimization [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100335.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Membrane distillation (MD) is a separation process used for water desalination, which operates at low pressures and feeds temperatures. Air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) is the new MD configuration for desalination where both the hot feed side and the cold permeate side are in indirect contact with the two membrane surfaces. The chapter presents a new approach for the numerical study to investigate various solar thermal systems of the MD process. The various MD solar systems are studied numerically using and including both flat plate collectors (the useful thermal energy reaches 3750 kJ/hr with a total area of 4 m2) and photovoltaic panels, each one has an area of 1.6 m2 by using an energy storage battery (12 V, 200 Ah). Therefore, the power load of solar AGMD systems is calculated and compared for the production of 100 L/day of distillate water. It was found that the developed system consumes less energy (1.2 kW) than other systems by percentage reaches 52.64% and with an average distillate water flow reaches 10 kg/h at the feed inlet temperature of AGMD module 52°C. Then, the developed system has been studied using TRNSYS and PVGIS programs on different days during the year in Ain Temouchent weather, Algeria.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Thermal solar distillation"

Jaladi, Divya, Ehsan Mohseni Languri, Kashif Nawaz i Glenn Cunningham. "INNOVATIVE THERMAL DISTILLATION METHOD USING SOLAR HEAT LOCALIZATION". W 3rd Thermal and Fluids Engineering Conference (TFEC). Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/tfec2018.ewf.024441.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Alzaim, Safa, Aikifa Raza, Jin You Lu i TieJun Zhang. "EFFECTIVE SOLAR DISTILLATION WITH THERMAL CONCENTRATION AND ANTI-FOULING WICK". W International Heat Transfer Conference 16. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ihtc16.nee.024171.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Beitelmal, Abdlmonem, Drazen Fabris i Reece Kiriu. "Solar-Powered Water Distillation System". W ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-63786.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Future water demand is predicted to increase while current resources are continuously depleted. In this paper, a standalone off-the-grid water purification system is designed to provide an economically sustainable model for delivering clean drinking water is presented. This system utilizes concentrated heat generated by solar parabolic troughs to boil brackish water for the distillation process. The water vapor is then condensed into clean drinkable water in a water collection tank. The process of designing and optimizing the solar-powered distillation system (Heat exchanger, boiler, parabolic troughs, tracking and control system, photovoltaic panels and vapor and the heat transfer fluid pumps) and specifically the process of fabricating the parabolic trough is presented and discussed in details. Two troughs were designed and fabricated each with an area of 1.5 m2 (16 ft2). Each trough provides approximately 125 watts/ft. Duratherm 450, a non-toxic, non-hazardous heat transfer fluid (HTF) is selected for the solar trough hot loop. Additional system performance analysis was conducted through experimental testing and through a virtual system model utilizing the Engineering Equation Solver (EES). EES is used to model the heat transfer process of the overall distillation system and a range of optimum HTF flow rates were determined. The experimental results show an increase in water temperature within the boiler for the new range of HTF flow rates. In addition, the results show that the solar troughs are more robust, less expensive to manufacture, operate at a higher temperature and provide a higher performance when compared to a system that utilizes thermal panels. The overall system manufacturing cost is approximately $6000, which includes tracking, a control system and other required distillation components. This system is designed to fit into a standard 20-foot shipping container for ease of transportation worldwide.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Hassen, Dhouha, i Nihel Chekir. "Thermal and exergetic study of multi-effect distillation system coupled with solar thermal energy". W 2021 12th International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irec52758.2021.9624844.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Tiwari, Anil Kr, i G. N. Tiwari. "Evaluating the Performance of Single Slope Passive Solar Still for Different Slope of Cover and Water Depths by Thermal Modeling: In Moderate Climatic Condition". W ASME 2006 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2006-99057.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

In this communication, the comparative performance of three passive solar distillation units is studied simultaneously having three different inclinations of condensing covers namely 15°, 30° and 45° of same basin area of 1m2 for varying water depths lower (0.04m), medium (0.08m) and higher (0.12m) respectively. The convective and evaporative heat transfer coefficients are evaluated by regression analysis and further used in thermal modeling to predict the yield. The effect of inclination at different water depths has been studied by conducting outdoor experiments for Delhi climatic conditions in the month of March 2005. The hourly variations of water, vapor, and cover temperatures along with yield insolation, ambient air velocity for three distillation units at different water depths have been measured as observations. A fair agreement has been observed between theoretical and experimental results by using the evaluated internal heat transfer coefficients based on inner glass cover temperature.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Shabgard, Hamidreza, Ben Xu i Ramkumar Parthasarathy. "Solar Thermal-Driven Multiple-Effect Thermosyphon Distillation System for Waste Water Treatment". W ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-72492.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

A solar thermal-driven multiple-effect thermosyphon distillation (METD) system is proposed for waste-water treatment. The METD system consists of a series of cascaded thermosyphons that are connected by embedding the condenser section of each thermosyphon in the evaporator section of the following device. The input thermal energy is supplied by a solar collector integrated with a latent heat thermal energy storage unit. A thermal network model is developed to predict the heat transfer rates through the METD system and distilled water production rates. METD systems with various number of effects and hot end temperatures are investigated. It is found that the ratio of distilled water production to the input thermal energy increases by increasing the number of effects with no dependence on the hot end temperature. Quantitatively, a METD system with 5 effects can produce 11 kg of fresh water per hour with an input heat of 1.4 kW.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Shukla, S. K. "Experimental Studies on Solar Distillation Systems Under Indian Climatic Conditions". W ASME 2005 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2005-76031.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

In this paper performance studies of five types of solar still systems have been presented. The experiments were carried out in the year 2001 and 2002 at Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India. On the basis of experimental results, it is observed that the double slope multiwick solar still operates at a higher temperature and gives monthly average improvement of 30% to 50% over conventional single slope solar still. This is a result of its very low heat capacity caused by the relatively small thermal mass per unit area in multiwick solar stills. However the annual performance obviously goes down due to the quite less distillate output during July, August and mid September. The reason for the low output is attributed to the cloudy weather and rainy season.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Prasanna, Y. S., i Sandip S. Deshmukh. "Solar Distillation Systems Enriched With Machine Learning Techniques: A Review". W ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-71174.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Abstract Solar stills have the advantage of using solar radiation as they are the simple thermal energy source for saline water and industrial water desalination. This paper focuses on a detailed review of how a solar distillation system performance evaluation can be made with ongoing higher-end Machine learning techniques explicitly helpful in optimising and evaluating the still performance. Complete research on the implementation of ML models is made in this study to draw the feasibility of implementing the appropriate supervised or unsupervised machine learning methods. A comparison of the two of deep learning models applied in the advancement of the solar distillation process is explained in this study. The need for performance assessment of solar distillation system with Machine Learning Techniques is analyzed, and further significant features and components of ML and DL Methods are clearly explained. Keeping the importance of the study in front, a comparative analysis is made from the observations found in the literature review. We conclude that the Classification ML Techniques with ANN are the most appropriate models to predict the solar distillate while the ANN-MLP, ANN-FF models are more accurate than the other models. Instead of a traditional statistical approach, a DNN Hybrid model with more hidden layers can be used in optimising the water depth.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Irki, Sara, Nachida Kasbadji-Merzouk, Salah Hanini i Djamel Ghernaout. "A parametric study of the thermal solar collector coupled with vacuum membrane distillation". W 2023 International Conference on Advances in Electronics, Control and Communication Systems (ICAECCS). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaeccs56710.2023.10104727.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Bamasag, Ahmad, Talal Alqahtani, Shahnawaz Sinha i Patrick Phelan. "Experimental Investigation of a Membrane Distillation System Using Solar Evacuated Tubes". W ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11486.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Abstract Membrane distillation (MD) has been studied as a promising solution in the desalination industry but it has not been widely accepted or commercialized due to energy and cost concerns. MD is considered as a hybrid method that involves phase-change thermal processes and the use of membrane separation. Unlike conventional pressure-driven membrane methods such as reverse osmosis (RO), MD does not require intensive pre-treatment and can operate at lower pressure with higher salinities; but more importantly, it can utilize low-grade heat sources such as solar energy or waste heat for its operation. In this paper, an innovative MD module to directly employ solar thermal energy to assist in desalination is studied. MD systems that use solar energy as an external heater is investigated experimentally and theoretically. The proposed system, however, integrates hollow-fiber distillation membranes inside evacuated tubes solar collectors. As a result, the temperature is more uniformly distributed, minimizing the effect of temperature polarization, one of the key challenges of MD operation, thus can enhance the MD performance. The technical performance of the system is measured experimentally. The results of the proposed system are compared with a conventional MD process to investigate improvements in water production.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Oferujemy zniżki na wszystkie plany premium dla autorów, których prace zostały uwzględnione w tematycznych zestawieniach literatury. Skontaktuj się z nami, aby uzyskać unikalny kod promocyjny!