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Kalimutu, Putu Krisnawan, Ida Bagus Komang Mahardika i Putri Risa Adriani Anak Agung Sagung. "Antagonism Test of Trichoderma atroviride and Gliocladium sp. Bali Local Isolates As a Disease Control of Blendok Disease (Botryodiplodia theobromae) in Grapefruit (Citrus grandis L. Osbeck)". SEAS (Sustainable Environment Agricultural Science) 4, nr 2 (2.11.2020): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/seas.4.2.2311.102-110.
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This study aims to determine the ability of Trichoderma atroviride and Gliocladium sp. in inhibiting the fungus that causes Gumosis disease Botryodiplodia theobromae. This study used a completely randomized design with two single treatments and was repeated eight times.
In the in-vitro antagonism test Trichoderma atroviride and Gliolcadium sp. can inhibit the fungus Botryodiplodia theobromae as well. The percentage of inhibition was 94.58% in the Trichoderma atroviride antagonism test and 81.67% in the Gliocladium sp. antagonism test. Whereas the Botryodiplodia theobromae Colony Area had no significant effect on both treatments. Each Botryodiplodia theobromae Colony area is 18.34 cm2 with T. atroviride treatments and 22.25 cm2 with Gliocladium sp. treatment. The growth rate of Botryodiplodia Theobroma fungi was superior to that of Trichoderma atroviride and Gliocladium sp.
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ADU-ACHEAMPONG, RICHARD, SIMON ARCHER i SIMON LEATHER. "RESISTANCE TO DIEBACK DISEASE CAUSED BY FUSARIUM AND LASIODIPLODIA SPECIES IN CACAO (THEOBROMA CACAO L.) GENOTYPES". Experimental Agriculture 48, nr 1 (26.09.2011): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479711000883.
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SUMMARYFusarium and Lasiodiplodia species invade feeding lesions caused by mirid bugs (Distantiella theobroma [Dist.] and Sahlbergella singularis Hagl.) and inflict serious damage and yield loss to susceptible cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) varieties in West Africa. As it is the fungal invasion rather than the physical feeding injury by mirids that cause dieback and tree death in cacao, a dieback resistance strategy in cacao crop must take into account resistance to these causal agents. Twenty-nine and 15 cacao genotypes were screened in the laboratory and the greenhouse, respectively, for resistance to isolates of Fusarium decemcellulare and Lasiodiplodia theobromae at Imperial College London's Biological Sciences Campus, UK. Resistance was assessed as the size of necrotic lesions, distance of fungal colonisation in the stem and the proportion of seedlings with dieback symptoms. Genotypic differences were found in both laboratory and greenhouse tests among various cacao genotypes, and the clones showed a wide range of disease reactions from highly resistant to very susceptible. The pathogenicity of F. decemcellulare and L. theobromae were similar in this study, which suggests that a breeding programme for controlling one of the pathogens can have benefit against the other. Direct significant correlations (r = 0.7) were obtained between visual dieback assessment scores and the percentage cross-sectional area of stem necrosis. Moreover, the response of inoculated stem segments corresponded to the reaction of intact plants despite the variation in the used methodology. Three cacao genotypes (CATIE 1000, T85/799 and MXC 67) were resistant or moderately resistant to F. decemcellulare and L. theobromae. These genotypes could be useful sources of resistance to both pathogens and other wilt causing pathogens in cacao.
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Puig, A. S., L. M. Keith, T. K. Matsumoto, O. A. Gutierrez i J. P. Marelli. "Virulence tests of Neofusicoccum parvum, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, and Phytophthora palmivora on Theobroma cacao". European Journal of Plant Pathology 159, nr 4 (10.02.2021): 851–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-021-02210-1.
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AbstractNeofusicoccum parvum is a recently reported pathogen affecting Theobroma cacao L., and has been isolated from symptomatic pods on Oahu and Hawaii Islands. Determining infection routes and virulence are essential for assessing the impact of N. parvum on cacao production and developing effective disease management strategies. Infection routes were determined by inoculating unwounded stems and pods with six isolates of N. parvum alongside Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Phytophthora palmivora. Fifty percent of unwounded stems inoculated with P. palmivora developed lesions, but only a single lesion developed following inoculation with N. parvum (isolate H44). L. theobromae and the remaining N. parvum isolates did not induce lesion development on unwounded stems. In contrast, all N. parvum and L. theobromae isolates produced lesions on 40–100% of unwounded pods of GNV 164 and GNV 360. Low incidences of infection were observed in unwounded pods of ICS 95 (0–66.7%), SHRS 21 (0–75%), and SHRS 33 (0–20%). On wounded pods, all pathogen species produced similar size lesions, ranging from 1.90 to 7.60 cm four days after inoculation. Results from this study show that all three species can produce high rates of pod infection on some clones in the absence of wounds, but stem infection is less likely. In addition, this is the first report of L. theobromae infecting cacao pods and P. palmivora infecting stems in the absence of wounds.
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Ferronato, Edna M. O. "A cápsula da espermateca dos Eumolpinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) associados a Theobroma cacao L. (Sterculiaceae) do Sul da Bahia". Anais da Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil 29, nr 1 (marzec 2000): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0301-80592000000100007.
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Este estudo descreve a forma e as dimensões da cápsula da espermateca em Antytipona epiphania, Bechyné, 1955, Antytipona sp., Cayetunya sp., Colaspis aenea (Fabricius, 1801), Colaspis calcalifera (Bechyné, 1954), Coytiera (Campylochira) pertusa (Lèfevre, 1884), Hermesilla sp., Hylax bahiensis Bechyné, 1950, Leprocolapis adducta (Clavaereau, 1914),Leprocolapis sulcata Lèfevre, 1877, Nycterodina (Nycterodinella) immetalllica Bechyné & Bechyné, 1961,Percolaspis ornata, (Germar, 1824), Plaumannita sp., Podoxenus sp. e Taimbezinhia theobromae (Bryant, 1924) com o objetivo de auxiliar na identificação das espécies associadas às plantações de Theobroma cacao L. na Bahia.
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Iman Santoso, Teguh, Muhammad Miftahudin, Yohana C Sulistyaningsih i Suryo Wiyono. "Analysis of Secondary Metabolites as Potential Phytoalexins, Their Secretion Sites and Proposed Resistance Markers to Vascular Streak Dieback in Theobroma cacao L." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 33, nr 1 (1.04.2017): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v33i1.250.
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Study on resistance mechanism to vascular-streak dieback (VSD) disease in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is limited due to the lack of fungal spores for artificial inoculation. This research was conducted to study the production of secondary metabolites that appear to be evidence of defense signaling in resistant clone of Sca 6 and susceptible clone of TSH 858 to Ceratobasidium theobromae natural infection. A fungal staining method was employed to detect C. theobromae hyphae at early infection stages, before VSD symptoms appear. Metabolite profiling was analyzed using pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GCMS) at pre-, early and late stages of C. theobromae infection. Histochemical and anatomical characteristics of both healthy and infected leaves were also observed to identify the accumulation sites of secondary metabolites on and in cocoa leaf tissues. The results confirmed that fungal staining using trypan blue can detect early stages of C. theobromae infection; at the 14th week (on susceptible seedlings) and the 18th week (on resistant clones), following placement of the seedlings under infected cacao plants. Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, terpenoid biosynthesis, environmental information processing signal transduction pathways, and aromatic biodegradation were detected as important metabolite pathways during defense mechanism. I-limonene (terpenoid), p-ethylguaiacol (phenols) and 2.3 dihidrobenzofuran (heterocyclic compounds) were proposed as an active defense produced by the host after infected by pathogen mainly on late infection of C. theobromae. Terpenoid and phenol compounds were accumulated on the glandular trichomes, idioblast of upper and bottom epidermis, phloem vessel and cortex idioblast of cacao leaves. Epidermis thickness of resistant clone was significantly greater than that of susceptible clone on both surfaces. Leaf epidermis tissue and the accumulated compounds in epidermis idioblast may act as the physical and biochemical markers of cocoa resistance to VSD.
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RODRIGUES, DANIELA F. S., DENISE NAVIA, ANIBAL R. OLIVEIRA, FRANCISCO FERRAGUT i CARLOS H. W. FLECHTMANN. "Two new eriophyoid mite species (Trombidiformes: Eriophyoidea) from the cocoa tree, and a note on Shevtchenkella biseta (Nalepa)". Zootaxa 4237, nr 1 (26.02.2017): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4237.1.6.
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Two new eriophyoid mite species are described from the cocoa tree, Theobroma cacao L. (Malvaceae) – the Diptilomiopidae Davisella trevisani n. sp. Rodrigues, Navia & Oliveira, from Brazil; and the Eriophyidae Tetra theobromae n. sp. Rodrigues, Navia & Oliveira, from Costa Rica. The new Davisella species presents an enlarged subcylindrical tubercle bearing pedipalp genual seta d, a novel structure for eriophyoid mites; its functional morphology was discussed. The new Tetra species is the third in this genus described from plants of the Malvaceae. A closer look at Shevtchenkella biseta (Nalepa), described from the Malvaceae Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L., showed its taxonomic assignment to the Phytoptidae, Sierraphytoptinae and raised a hypothesis on its synonymy.
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Villavicencio Vásquez, Mirian, Rodrigo Espinoza Lozano, Daynet Sosa del Castillo i Simón Pérez Martínez. "Hongos endófitos foliares como candidatos a biocontroladores contra Moniliophthora spp. de Theobroma cacao (Malvaceae) en Ecuador". Acta Biológica Colombiana 23, nr 3 (1.09.2018): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/abc.v23n3.69455.
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La adaptabilidad de los hongos endófitos a sus hospedantes, los beneficios ecológicos que le brinda y los diversos mecanismos antagónicos contra plagas que poseen los convierten en una alternativa para el control biológico de enfermedades. Se determinó el potencial de 17 cepas de hongos endofíticos foliares (FEF) obtenidas de tejido sano de Theobroma cacao como candidatas para el control biológico de Moniliophthora roreri (MR) y M. perniciosa (MP). Se evaluaron: i) el micoparasitismo de los FEF frente a colonias de Moniliophthora spp., ii) la acción de los metabolitos crudos de los FEF en el crecimiento, y iii) la habilidad para recolonizar hojas sanas del hospedante mediante ensayos de hojas sueltas. Tres cepas de Lasiodiplodia theobromae fueron las más promisorias: Ec098, Ec151 and Ec157. Estas cepas inhibieron el crecimiento de MR y MP, tanto en el enfrentamiento de las colonias como mediante sus metabolitos y, adicionalmente, recolonizaron el hospedante entre el 80-100 % de las veces. Otras cepas mostraron valores destacados en un indicador, y no deseables en otros. Por ejemplo, la Ec035 (L. theobromae) mostró los niveles más altos de micoparasitismo contra ambos patógenos en la interacción de las colonias, y el segundo mejor por sus metabolitos, pero no pudo reinfectar el hospedante. La cepa Ec059 (Xylaria feejeensis) reinfectó 100 %, pero no mostró los atributos deseados de antagonismo. Por su parte, los metabolitos de Ec107 (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides s.l.) inhibieron a MR en un 60 %, pero también estimularon el crecimiento de MP. Ninguna cepa logró todas las características deseables para un agente de control biológico.
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Markson, Aniedi Abasi Akpan, Ndukwe Nwaogburu Kalu i Patrick Ishoro Akwaji. "Antifungal Potency of Essential Oil Components of African Ginger - Zingiber officinale (Roscoe)". Sustainable Food Production 4 (grudzień 2018): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/sfp.4.20.
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The antifungal potency of essential oil ofzingiber officinale(Roscoe) (African Ginger) was investigated using the hyphal extension bioassay. The essential oil (vacuum distillate) was obtained through vacuum distillation. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the oil revealed 27 compounds with six compounds (1.8-Cineole, α-Pinene, Camphene, (E,E)-α-Fanesene, Geranial and Zingiberene) showing major biological activity. Results of antifungal screening of the bioactive blend from these compounds and vacuum distillate in comparison with four synthetic fungicides revealed that the bioactive blend was more effective against the test pathogen –Botryodiplodia theobromae(Pat.) in culture allowing the shortest hyphal lengths of 1.12cm, 0.28cm and 0.18cm at 50, 75 and 100μg/ml concentration compared with 3.39cm, 0.77cm and 0.28cm respectively obtained for forcelet (the best fungicide tested). Vacuum distillate was comparable (P<0.05) in performance to the bioactive blend. These two plant-based chemicals were persistent in their action againstB. theobromaeat all levels of concentration throughout the course of the experiment.
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Vanhove, Wouter, Niels Vanhoudt i Patrick Van Damme. "Biocontrol of vascular streak dieback (Ceratobasidium theobromae) on cacao (Theobroma cacao) through induced systemic resistance and direct antagonism". Biocontrol Science and Technology 26, nr 4 (15.01.2016): 492–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2015.1128527.
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Ferreira, Francisco A., Luis A. Maffia i Evander A. Ferreira. "Detecção rápida de Ceratocystis fimbriata em lenho infetado de eucalipto, mangueira e outros hospedeiros lenhosos". Fitopatologia Brasileira 30, nr 5 (październik 2005): 543–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-41582005000500016.
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Desenvolveu-se uma técnica de detecção rápida de Ceratocystis fimbriata em lenho de eucalipto (Eucalyptus spp.) infetado, visualizando-se clamidósporos (aleuroconídios) ao microscópio ótico comum, em vasos do xilema, medula e raios medulares, a partir de cortes histopatológicos à mão livre, feitos com lâmina de barbear, ao microscópio estereoscópico. O tempo médio gasto para a detecção do patógeno, do corte histopatológico tangencial à total visualização dos clamidósporos ao microscópio ótico comum, foi de 3,5 min e bem menos utilizando-se corte longitudinal passando pela medula, contra, no mínimo, quatro a cinco dias, usando-se outras técnicas como o isolamento em BDA, deposição de fragmentos de lenho doente entre fatias de cenoura usadas como isca, ou pedaços de lenhos doentes deixados em câmara úmida. Essa técnica histopatológica é também viável para a detecção do patógeno em outros hospedeiros lenhosos e, inclusive, para a detecção de hifas de Lasiodiplodia theobromae, mesmo quando esses dois fungos estavam num mesmo tecido, como na doença-complexo seca de mangueira investigada no Sultanato de Omã. Além de eucalipto, mangueira (Mangifera indica) e cacaueiro (Theobroma cacao) é provável que essa técnica possa ser estendida para outros hospedeiros lenhosos de C. fimbriata.
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Marelli, Jean-Philippe, David I. Guest, Bryan A. Bailey, Harry C. Evans, Judith K. Brown, Muhammad Junaid, Robert W. Barreto, Daniela O. Lisboa i Alina S. Puig. "Chocolate Under Threat from Old and New Cacao Diseases". Phytopathology® 109, nr 8 (sierpień 2019): 1331–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-12-18-0477-rvw.
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Theobroma cacao, the source of chocolate, is affected by destructive diseases wherever it is grown. Some diseases are endemic; however, as cacao was disseminated from the Amazon rain forest to new cultivation sites it encountered new pathogens. Two well-established diseases cause the greatest losses: black pod rot, caused by several species of Phytophthora, and witches’ broom of cacao, caused by Moniliophthora perniciosa. Phytophthora megakarya causes the severest damage in the main cacao producing countries in West Africa, while P. palmivora causes significant losses globally. M. perniciosa is related to a sister basidiomycete species, M. roreri which causes frosty pod rot. These Moniliophthora species only occur in South and Central America, where they have significantly limited production since the beginnings of cacao cultivation. The basidiomycete Ceratobasidium theobromae causing vascular-streak dieback occurs only in South-East Asia and remains poorly understood. Cacao swollen shoot disease caused by Cacao swollen shoot virus is rapidly spreading in West Africa. This review presents contemporary research on the biology, taxonomy and genomics of what are often new-encounter pathogens, as well as the management of the diseases they cause.
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Ploetz, Randy C. "Cacao Diseases: Important Threats to Chocolate Production Worldwide". Phytopathology® 97, nr 12 (grudzień 2007): 1634–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-97-12-1634.
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Theobroma cacao, cacao, is an ancient, neotropical domesticate. It is now grown throughout the humid, lowland tropics and is the basis of a multibillion dollar confectionary trade. Diverse diseases impact production of the crop. They reduce yields by ca. 20%, but could cause far greater losses if certain highly damaging diseases were to become more widely distributed. Among the most potentially dangerous of these diseases are frosty pod, caused by Moniliophthora roreri, and witches' broom, caused by M. perniciosa (previously Crinipellis perniciosa). These two diseases occur only in the Western Hemisphere, and severe losses would follow their introduction to West Africa and Asia, where ca. 86% of all cacao production occurs. Elsewhere, Cacao swollen shoot virus and the damaging black pod agent, Phytophthora megakarya, are found in Western Africa; whereas vascular streak dieback, caused by Oncobasidium theobromae, is present only in Asia. Breeding programs are challenged by minimal resistance to some of the diseases. Progress that has been made is threatened by the “emergence” of other serious diseases, such as Ceratocystis wilt (Ceratocystis cacaofunesta). During this symposium, new insights are discussed on the biology, origins, pathology and phylogeny of the pathogens; as well as the biological, chemical and genetic management of the diseases that they cause.
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Giyanto, U. R. Hastika, I. Permana i D. Wahyuno. "In vitro growth induction of Ceratobasidium theobromae, the causal agent of cacao Vascular Streak Dieback disease". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 974, nr 1 (1.01.2022): 012070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/974/1/012070.
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Abstract Vascular Streak Dieback (VSD) disease, caused by Ceratobasidium theobromae, has devastated cacao plants in Indonesia and other countries. However, there is limited information on the biology of the fungus, including mass propagation method. This study aimed to find a technique in inducing the growth of C. theobromae as inoculum sources. The stages of research were sampling the plant cacao tissue infected by C. theobromae; induction of mycelia growth on infected cacao tissue using coconut water, glucose, and sucrose; and confirmation C. theobromae by morphology, pathogenicity test on cacao seedling, and genetic. We found characteristic symptoms of VSD disease in cocoa plantations marked by chlorosis in cocoa leaves and blackening of the node on the leaf petiole. The growth induction of C. theobromae could be performed using a 2% glucose solution. The hyaline hyphae, perpendicular branching of hyphae, and a dolipare septate were shown in the hyphae structure. Pathogenicity test of mycelia C. theobromae from infected plant tissue showed typical symptoms of VSD. Genetic confirmation by PCR method successfully amplified specific target DNA of C. theobromae resulted in ± 550 bp amplicon. The result could be performed to propagate C. theobromae inoculum for various purposes in studying VSD disease.
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Xing, Qikai, Yang Cao, Junbo Peng, Wei Zhang, Jiahong Wu, Yueyan Zhou, Xinghong Li i Jiye Yan. "A Putative Effector LtCSEP1 from Lasiodiplodia theobromae Inhibits BAX-Triggered Cell Death and Suppresses Immunity Responses in Nicotiana benthamiana". Plants 11, nr 11 (30.05.2022): 1462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11111462.
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Lasiodiplodia theobromae is a causal agent of grapevine trunk disease, and it poses a significant threat to the grape industry worldwide. Fungal effectors play an essential role in the interaction between plants and pathogens. However, few studies have been conducted to understand the functions of individual effectors in L. theobromae. In this study, we identified and characterized a candidate secreted effector protein, LtCSEP1, in L. theobromae. Gene expression analysis suggested that transcription of LtCSEP1 in L. theobromae was induced at the early infection stages in the grapevine. Yeast secretion assay revealed that LtCSEP1 contains a functional signal peptide. Transient expression of LtCSEP1 in Nicotiana benthamiana suppresses BAX-trigged cell death and significantly inhibits the flg22-induced PTI-associated gene expression. Furthermore, the ectopic expression of LtCSEP1 in N. benthamiana enhanced disease susceptibility to L. theobromae by downregulating the defense-related genes. These results demonstrated that LtCSEP1 is a potential effector of L. theobromae, which contributes to suppressing the plant’s defenses.
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Istikorini, Yunik. "Potensi Cendawan Endofit pada Tanaman Binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) untuk Mengendalikan Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. Penyebab Mati Pucuk pada Bibit Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq)". Journal of Tropical Silviculture 10, nr 2 (5.08.2019): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/j-siltrop.10.2.114-118.
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Endophytic fungi provides potential advantages as biocontrol agents in the plant. Binahong (Anredera cordifolia) is a medicinal plant which can potentially overcome many kinds of diseases. The dieback disease is caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. that may lead the death of the host. The objective of this research was to analyze the potency of endophytic fungi from binahong leaves to control the fungus B. theobromae as causal agent of dieback disease on jabon (Anthocepalus cadamba). The isolates of endophytic fungi from binahong used were bnh1.1, bnh1.2, bnh1.3, bnh4.2, bnh4.5, bnh3.3 and bnh3.4. The antifungal effect of endophytic fungi againts colony growth of virulent B. theobromae were tested in vitro. The results showed that all endophytic fungus (7 isolates) inhibited the colony development of B. theobromae ranging from 28.52%-52.22%. Treatment with endophytic fungi bnh4.5 and bnh4.2 had protected jabon from virulent B. theobromae. It has been expressed by the delay of the incubation period and the decreasing of disease severity (respectively 33.34% and 40.84%. Key words: Anredera cordifolia, Botryodiplodia theobromae, disease incidence, endophytic fungi
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Castillo, Daynet Sosa del, Dercy Parra, Carlos Noceda i Simón Pérez-Martínez. "Co-occurrence of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Fusarium decemcellulare and Lasiodiplodia theobromae isolates in cushion galls disease of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)". Journal of Plant Protection Research 56, nr 2 (1.04.2016): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jppr-2016-0020.
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AbstractFlowery cushion gall of cacao is a disease complex with six types. Fusarium decemcellulare have been isolated from both flowery and green point galls and recognized as the etiological agent of the disease. In the present work we: i) identified by ITS-rDNA sequencing and/or taxonomy the cultivable fungal species or Operative Taxonomic Units (OTUs) associated with the five symptoms of cushion galls in cacao from Venezuela, and ii) determined the gall inducing capacity on cacao peeled seeds after 45 days of inoculation with suspensions of mycelia/ spores from distinct isolate types. The whole isolate collection rendered an abundance of 113 isolates with a richness of 39 OTUs (27) and eight identified at the species or genera levels, respectively, and in unidentified fungi. The dominant recovered species (≈36%) were F. decemcellulare and Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Some isolates of F. decemcellulare, L. theobromae, F. equiseti, Fusarium spp., F. solani, F. incarnatum, Rhizocthonia solani and Penicillium sp. were pathogenic. Some other isolates of the first six mentioned taxa behave as non-pathogenic. Furthermore, pathogenic and non-pathogenic isolates can also co-occur within a single plant and gall type. Moreover, 2-5 species within a single gall symptom in a single tree were identified (not necessarily at the same point in the tree), indicating a broad diversity of co-occurring taxa.
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ALVES, RAFAEL M., ALEXANDRE M. SEBBENN, ANGELA S. ARTERO i ANTONIO FIGUEIRA. "Microsatellite loci transferability from Theobroma cacao to Theobroma grandiflorum". Molecular Ecology Notes 6, nr 4 (24.07.2006): 1219–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01496.x.
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Haase, I., i M. Fischer. "Differenzierung von Theobroma cacao und Theobroma grandiflorum mittels PCR". Journal für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit 2, nr 4 (listopad 2007): 422–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00003-007-0252-1.
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Ali, Shahin S., Asman Asman, Jonathan Shao, Johnny F. Balidion, Mary D. Strem, Alina S. Puig, Lyndel W. Meinhardt i Bryan A. Bailey. "Genome and transcriptome analysis of the latent pathogen Lasiodiplodia theobromae, an emerging threat to the cacao industry". Genome 63, nr 1 (styczeń 2020): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2019-0112.
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Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl., a member of the family Botryosphaeriaceae, is becoming a significant threat to crops and woody plants in many parts of the world, including the major cacao growing areas. While attempting to isolate Ceratobasidium theobromae, a causal agent of vascular streak dieback (VSD), from symptomatic cacao stems, 74% of isolated fungi were Lasiodiplodia spp. Sequence-based identification of 52 putative isolates of L. theobromae indicated that diverse species of Lasiodiplodia were associated with cacao in the studied areas, and the isolates showed variation in aggressiveness when assayed using cacao leaf discs. The present study reports a 43.75 Mb de novo assembled genome of an isolate of L. theobromae from cacao. Ab initio gene prediction generated 13 061 protein-coding genes, of which 2862 are unique to L. theobromae, when compared with other closely related Botryosphaeriaceae. Transcriptome analysis revealed that 11 860 predicted genes were transcriptionally active and 1255 were more highly expressed in planta compared with cultured mycelia. The predicted genes differentially expressed during infection were mainly those involved in carbohydrate, pectin, and lignin catabolism, cytochrome P450, necrosis-inducing proteins, and putative effectors. These findings significantly expand our knowledge of the genome of L. theobromae and the genes involved in virulence and pathogenicity.
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Aji P, Ikhsan Gatot, i Mia Nurkanti. "Efektifitas Ekstrak Lengkuas Merah (Alpinia Purpurata K. Schum) Terhadap Cendawan (Botryodiplodia Thebromae)". Jurnal Inovasi Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi 3, nr 2 (19.10.2022): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32493/jiptek.v3i2.25004.
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Botryodiplodia theobromae merupakan permasalahan utama dalam pertanian jeruk, sehingga perlu dilakukan penanganan dengan memanfaatkan biofungisida yang aman bagi lingkungan pertanian. Penelitian ini mempunyai target/tujuan yaitu untuk mengetahui keeefektifan ekstrak lengkuas merah (Alpinia purpurata K. Schum) dalam menghambat pertumbuhan jamur Botryodiplodia theobromae pada tanaman jeruk. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen dengan jenis metode yaitu desain penelitian RAL (Rangkaian Acak Lengkap) dengan melakukan 6 perlakuan dan 4 pengulangan. Hasil dari analisis data yang sudah dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak lengkuas merah pada konsentrasi 50% mampu menghambat pertumbuhan cendawan Botryodiplodia theobromae, karena pertumbuhan pada konsentrasi 50% lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan EC50% pada control aquades. Hasil dari penelitian ini didapatkan kesimpulan bahwa ekstrak lengkuas merah (Alpinia purpurata K. Schum) efektif dalam menghambat pertumbuhan jamur Botryodiplodia theobromae pada tanaman jeruk.
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Florence, E. J. M., R. Gnanaharan, P. Adya Singh i J. K. Sharma. "Weight Loss and Cell Wall Degradation in Rubberwood Caused by Sapstain Fungus Botryodiplodia theobromae". Holzforschung 56, nr 3 (29.04.2002): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2002.037.
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Summary Botryodiplodia theobromae is the predominant fungus causing sapstain in rubberwood in Kerala, India. The fungus causes up to 12.2 percent weight loss in rubberwood over a period of sixteen weeks. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) of sapstained rubberwood provided evidence on hyphal invasion of cells by B. theobromae through the pit region, facilitated by its ability to degrade pit membranes. The study also revealed that B. theobromae caused degradation of lignified cell walls by erosion of the cell wall surfaces of wood elements.
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Al-Sadi, A. M., A. N. Al-Wehaibi, R. M. Al-Shariqi, M. S. Al-Hammadi, I. A. Al-Hosni, I. H. Al-Mahmooli i A. G. Al-Ghaithi. "Population Genetic Analysis Reveals Diversity in Lasiodiplodia Species Infecting Date Palm, Citrus, and Mango in Oman and the UAE". Plant Disease 97, nr 10 (październik 2013): 1363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-13-0245-re.
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Lasiodiplodia is a common pathogen causing dieback, gummosis, or root necrosis on the three most important fruit crops in Oman and the United Arab Emirates (UAE): date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), Citrus spp., and mango (Mangifera indica). A study was conducted to examine diversity in 64 Lasiodiplodia isolates infecting date palm (24), Citrus (11), and mango (29) in Oman and the UAE. Identification based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA and EF1α gene showed that date palm isolates belonged to L. hormozganensis (75% of isolates) and L. theobromae (25%); Citrus isolates belonged to L. hormozganensis (45%), L. theobromae (45%), and L. iraniensis (10%); and mango isolates belonged to L. theobromae (59%), L. iraniensis (34%), and L. hormozganensis (7%). Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting of the 64 isolates using four primer pair combinations produced 64 genotypes and 972 polymorphic alleles. Cluster analysis separated the isolates into four clusters representing the three species. A higher level of genetic diversity was observed in L. iraniensis (0.3105) compared to L. hormozganensis (0.2503) and L. theobromae (0.2331) in Oman. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated the existence of low levels of genetic differentiation among date palm populations of L. hormozganensis obtained from Oman and the UAE (FST = 0.025) and among populations of L. hormozganensis (0.0485) and L. theobromae (0.0703) from date palm, Citrus, and mango. These findings imply a high rate of movement of L. hormozganensis and L. theobromae isolates among date palm, Citrus, and mango and between the two countries. Findings from the pathogenicity test supported the AMOVA analysis and suggested a lack of host specialization in L. hormozganensis, L. iraniensis, and L. theobromae on date palm, acid lime, and mango. Although this is the first record of L. hormozganensis and L. iraniensis in Oman, the relatively moderate level of genetic diversity in the two species compared to L. theobromae suggests that the two species have been in Oman for a long time but misidentified by morphology and ITS rDNA sequences as L. theobromae. This study is also the first record of date palm and acid lime as natural hosts for L. hormozganensis and the first record of L. hormozganensis in the UAE. The diversity in Lasiodiplodia species affecting date palm, Citrus, and mango in Oman and the UAE should be taken into consideration when planning future management programs for diseases caused by these pathogens.
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Salamiah, Salamiah. "PERANAN TOKSIN YANG DIHASILKAN OLEH BOTRYODIPLODIA THEOBROMAE DALAM MENIMBULKAN PENYAKIT DIPLODIA PADA BEBERAPA JENIS JERUK". Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 9, nr 2 (24.08.2009): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.29158-167.
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Role of toxin produced by Botryodiplodia theobromae causes Diplodia Bark Diseases on some citrus. The purpose of the research was to study the role of toxin produced by Botryodiplodia theobromae causes diplodia bark diseases on some citrus. Research was conducted from March through November 2007. The experiment was done at the laboratory and at a glass house of the Department of Plant Pests and Diseases of the Faculty of Agriculture and the laboratory of the Faculty of Science and Mathematics Lambung Mangkurat University in Banjarbaru. For a leaf-necrosis bioassay of crude toxin production, the surfaces of the leaves were scratched near the center with a needle, and culture filtrate samples (50 µl) were placed on each wounded site. Treated leaves were incubated in a moist chamber with light at 26oC for 4 days, and toxin activity was determined by induction of veinal necrosis on the seven susceptible cultivar of citrus. The results of the experiment showed that the B. theobromae pathogens produced the toxin. The crude toxin was bioassayed for leaf necrosis to determine their ability to produce toxin. Culture filtrates of the isolate were highly toxic only on five susceptible citrus leaves siam Banjar citrus, sweet orange, lime, kaffir lime, and sour lime, indicating that the B. theobromae can produced toxin. Pathogenicity and toxin production of B. theobromae did not differ among different cultivar. While, no necrotic symptom produces on the pummelo and sunkist. Toxin production of B. theobromae produced during spore germination.
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Bena, L. M. Alfin Agushara, Achmad . i Syamsul Falah. "AKTIVITAS ANTIFUNGI EKSTRAK DAUN PICUNG TERHADAP CENDAWAN Botryodiplodia theobromae PENYEBAB MATI PUCUK BIBIT JABON MERAH Antifungal Activity of Picung Leaf Extracts Against Botryodiplodia theobromae A Dieback Fungus of Jabon Merah Seedling". Journal of Tropical Silviculture 8, nr 2 (24.10.2017): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/j-siltrop.8.2.110-115.
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Invasion of Botryodiplodia theobromae as a dieback fungus on jabon merah (Anthocephalus macrophyllus) seedlings is a crucial issues. This pathogenic fungus needs to be controlled precisely. Phytochemical compounds of plant material is one alternative fungicides. Crude extracts of picung (Pangium edule) leaf in water and methanol solvent known to have antifungal potential. However, its activity against B. theobromae need to be revealed. In vitro assay aimed to measuring antifungal activity of water and methanol extracts of picung leaf on controlling growth of B. theobromae pathogenic fungus. Hot water extraction and maceration in methanol was conducted to obtain crude extract materials. In-vitro antifungal assay of water and methanol extracts of picung leaf was conducted by food poisoning method on Potato Dextrose Agar media. The results showed that water and methanol extracts of pangi leaf be able to suppress the growth of B. theobromae on the first day of observation, with the highest antifungal index reached 100% at concentration of 25mg/mL and 50mg/mL, respectively. This indicates that water and methanol extracts of picung leaf have antifungal activity. Generally, there was a trend of decrease in antifungal index over time.Key words: antifungal activity, Botryodiplodia theobromae, jabon merah, picung
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Salvatore, Maria Michela, Artur Alves i Anna Andolfi. "Secondary Metabolites of Lasiodiplodia theobromae: Distribution, Chemical Diversity, Bioactivity, and Implications of Their Occurrence". Toxins 12, nr 7 (17.07.2020): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12070457.
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Lasiodiplodia theobromae is a plant pathogenic fungus from the family Botryosphaeriaceae that is commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions. It has been associated with many hosts, causing diverse diseases and being responsible for serious damages on economically important crops. A diverse array of bioactive low molecular weight compounds has been described as being produced by L. theobromae cultures. In this review, the existing literature on secondary metabolites of L. theobromae, their bioactivity, and the implications of their occurrence are compiled. Moreover, the effects of abiotic factors (e.g., temperature, nutrient availability) on secondary metabolites production are highlighted, and possible avenues for future research are presented. Currently, a total of 134 chemically defined compounds belonging to the classes of secondary metabolites and fatty acids have been reported from over 30 L. theobromae isolates. Compounds reported include cyclohexenes and cyclohexenones, indoles, jasmonates, lactones, melleins, phenols, and others. Most of the existing bioactivity studies of L. theobromae metabolites have assessed their potential phytotoxic, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities. In fact, its host adaptability and its ability to cause diseases in plants as well as in humans may be related to the capacity to produce bioactive compounds directly involved in host–fungus interactions.
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Triasih, Unun, Susi Wuryantini i Dina Agustina. "Characterization of Soil Rhizospheric Fungi on Citrus Plantation and Their Potential to Inhibiting the Growth of Botryodiplodia theobromae and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides". Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia 18, nr 5 (21.12.2022): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14692/jfi.18.5.205-212.
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Tanah rizosfer di sekitar akar tanaman jeruk mempunyai mikroorganisme salah satunya ialah cendawan. Tujuan penelitian ialah mengidentifikasi cendawan rizosfer kebun jeruk siam pontianak organik serta potensinya dalam menghambat pertumbuhan cendawan patogen Botryodiplodia theobromae dan Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Karakterisasi cendawan dilakukan dengan mengevaluasi pertumbuhannya pada suhu, kelembapan, dan tingkat pH yang berbeda, selanjutnya dilakukan uji antagonis terhadap C. gloeosporioides dan B. theobromae. Cendawan yang diperoleh dari rizosfer pertanian organik jeruk siam pontianak ialah Fusarium sp., Fusidium sp., Penicillium sp., dan Trichoderma sp. Seluruh cendawan rizosfer tumbuh optimal pada pH 4.5–5.5, suhu 20–30 ℃, dan kelembapan 60–80%. Cendawan Penicillium sp. mempunyai kemampuan tertinggi menghambat per-tumbuhan C. gloeosporioides (83.66%), sedangkan Trichoderma sp. mampu menghambat pertumbuhan patogen B. theobromae optimal (92.04%). Studi lebih lanjut diperlukan sebelum pengaplikasian isolat cendawan yang diperoleh sebagai agens biokontrol C. gloeosporioides and B. theobromae.
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Kuhn, David N., Antonio Figueira, Uilson Lopes, Juan Carlos Motamayor, Alan W. Meerow, Kathleen Cariaga, Barbie Freeman, Donald S. Livingstone i Raymond J. Schnell. "Evaluating Theobroma grandiflorum for comparative genomic studies with Theobroma cacao". Tree Genetics & Genomes 6, nr 5 (3.06.2010): 783–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11295-010-0291-0.
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Santamaría-Aguilar, Daniel, Reinaldo Aguilar Fernández i Laura P. Lagomarsino. "Theobroma flaviflorum (Malvaceae: Byttnerioideae), a New Species from the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica". Systematic Botany 48, nr 2 (21.06.2023): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1600/036364423x16847773873107.
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Abstract— A new species of Theobroma from the Southern Pacific coast of Costa Rica is described and illustrated. Theobroma flaviflorum is restricted to the Osa Peninsula, where it has been collected on stream banks. The new species shows an unusual combination of characters including yellow flowers and globose mature fruits without ribs that are slightly sunken toward the apex and borne on terminal leafy terminal branches. The new species is compared with T. angustifolium, T. cirmolinae, and T. stipulatum which also have flowers that are yellow or orange; and with T. grandiflorum, T. hylaeum, and T. subincanum, which have similarly shaped fruits. A key for the Mesoamerican species of Theobroma is provided, as well as some notes for two of the species of Theobroma also reported for this region.
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Úrbez-Torres, J. R., G. M. Leavitt, J. C. Guerrero, J. Guevara i W. D. Gubler. "Identification and Pathogenicity of Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Diplodia seriata, the Causal Agents of Bot Canker Disease of Grapevines in Mexico". Plant Disease 92, nr 4 (kwiecień 2008): 519–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-4-0519.
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Perennial cankers and consequent grapevine dieback are a major problem in vineyards of Sonora and Baja California, the most important grape-production areas of Mexico. In order to identify the canker-causing agents, symptomatic arms, cordons, and trunks were collected from 13 and 6 vineyards in Sonora and Baja California, respectively. Two Botryosphaeriaceae spp., Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Diplodia seriata, were isolated frequently from infected wood and identified based on morphological and cultural characters as well as analyses of nucleotide sequences of three genes, the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2), a partial sequence of the β-tubulin gene, and part of the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (EF1-α). Although both L. theobromae and D. seriata were isolated from grapevine cankers in Baja California, only L. theobromae was found in vines in the Sonora region. Pathogenicity of both species was verified by inoculation of rooted cuttings and green shoots of Thompson Seedless and Chardonnay cultivars. Isolates of L. theobromae were more virulent, based on the extent of spread in the secondary wood and green tissue, than those of D. seriata. These findings confirm L. theobromae and D. seriata as the causal agents of dieback and canker formation of grapevines in northern Mexico.
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Silva, Jessé, Maria Santos, Fabrício Mesquita, William Alves i Adauto Pena Junior. "COMPARAÇÃO ENTRE AS CARACTERÍSTICAS BROMATOLÓGICAS DAS AMÊNDOAS DE CACAU (Theobroma cacao), CUPUAÇU (Theobroma grandiflorum) E CUPUÍ (Theobroma subincanum)". Enciclopédia Biosfera 15, nr 28 (3.12.2018): 312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18677/encibio_2018b26.
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Chen, S. F., D. Morgan, R. H. Beede i T. J. Michailides. "First Report of Lasiodiplodia theobromae Associated with Stem Canker of Almond in California". Plant Disease 97, nr 7 (lipiec 2013): 994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-12-1033-pdn.
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California is a major almond (Prunus dulcis) producer in the world. In September 2012, 2-year-old almond trees from an orchard in Fresno Co. with stem cankers were submitted for disease diagnosis. In a survey of the orchard, 12 ha (1,500 Nonpareil and 1,800 Monterey almond trees) of 48 ha trees had been killed apparently due to a stem canker. The cankers developed above the graft union, were covered with amber sap, and often girdled the trunk. Isolations made from tissues at the canker margins onto acidified potato dextrose agar (PDA) yielded two fungi, Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid and Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl (1). M. phaseolina and L. theobromae were isolated from eight and two of 10 cankered trees, respectively. No mixed infections were found. M. phaseolina isolates were characterized by gray hyphae that turned black with developing microsclerotia. L. theobromae isolates were characterized by white, aerial mycelium that turned mouse gray after 5 days. Young conidia were ellipsoidal, thick walled, initially hyaline, granular, and nonseptate; aged conidia were brown, 1-septate with longitudinal striations in the wall. Identity was confirmed by analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), β-tubulin 2 (BT2), and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF-1α) gene regions. BLAST searches at GenBank showed a high identity with reference sequences of type specimens both for M. phaseolina (isolates 7E64 to 7E69: ITS, 100%; BT2, 99%; TEF-1α, 99%) and L. theobromae (isolates 7E86 to 7E88: ITS, 99%; BT2, 99%; TEF-1α, 100%). Sequences of three gene regions were deposited as GenBank accessions KC357271 to KC357279 (ITS); KC357280 to KC357288 (BT2); and KC357289 to KC357297 (TEF-1α). The pathogenicity of M. phaseolina and L. theobromae to P. dulcis cultivars Butte, Carmel, Nonpareil, and Padre was investigated in an orchard at KARE using four isolates of M. phaseolina (7E64, 7E65, 7E66, and 7E69) and two isolates of L. theobromae (7E86 and 7E88). Ten 2-year-old branches per isolate from 7-year-old trees were inoculated with each isolate in late September 2012, after removing the bark with a 7-mm cork borer and placing a 7-day-old 7-mm-diameter agar plug bearing mycelium of each isolate directly into the fresh wound, mycelium side down. Ten additional branches of each of the four cultivars were inoculated with sterile PDA plugs and served as negative controls. Three weeks after inoculation, the average lesion produced by M. phaseolina on Butte, Carmel, Nonpareil, and Padre was 53, 52, 41, and 37 mm in length, respectively. Lesions produced by L. theobromae were 191, 206, 194, and 103 mm in length on the four cultivars, respectively. No disease lesion, only wounds, were produced on negative controls. Lesions produced by both pathogens were longer (P < 0.05) than wounds on the controls (average length 10 mm on all cultivars). Both L. theobromae isolates killed branches of cultivars Butte, Carmel, and Nonpareil in 2 weeks. M. phaseolina and L. theobromae were reisolated from the inoculated branches, and no fungus was reisolated from controls. Based on pathogenicity results, L. theobromae is more virulent to almond branches than M. phaseolina. To our knowledge, this is the second report of M. phaseolina (2) and the first report of L. theobromae as pathogens of P. dulcis trees in California. References: (1) A. Alves et al. Fungal Diversity 28:1, 2008. (2) P. Inderbitzin et al. Mycologia 102:1350, 2010.
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Hasibuan, Syahbudin, Ahmad Rafiqi Tantawi i Gusmeizal Gusmeizal. "Aktivitas Filtrat Cendawan Lasiodiploida theobromae sebagai Inhibitor Pertumbuhan Tanaman Bayam (Amaranthus spp. L.)". Jurnal Agro 2, nr 2 (31.12.2015): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/434.
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Lasiodiploidia theobromae merupakan cendawan patogen yang umum ditemukan pada berbagai inang. Cendawan ini diketahui menghasilkan senyawa metabolik berupa theobroksida yang merupakan senyawa bahan alami epoxy cyclohexene. Theobroksida mampu menginduksi pembungaan, menginduksi tuberisasi tanaman kentang pada lingkungan non-inducing dan berkaitan dengan inhibisi perpanjangan batang tanaman. Sebagai inhibitor alami yang diisolasi dari kultur filtrat cendawan Lasiodiploidia theobromae, aktivitas senyawa theobroksida telah diuji di lahan percobaan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Medan Area sejak bulan Mei sampai bulan Juli 2015. Ekstrak diuji pada tanaman bayam (Amaranthus spp L.) yang percobaannya disusun dalam rancangan acak kelompok sederhana dengan faktor perlakuan yaitu konsentrasi Filtrat Lasiodiploidia theobromae yang terdiri atas tiga taraf yaitu 0, 100, 200 dan 300 ppm. Hasil uji aktivitas menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi theobrokside menghambat pertumbuhan pada peubah tinggi tanaman,luas daun dan jumlah daun tanaman bayam. Lasiodiploidia theobromae is a fungal pathogen which is usually found in various host plants. This fungi is recognized to produce metabolic compounds namely theobroxide, a natural compound of epoxy cyclohexene. Theobroxide has ability to induce flowering initiation, induce tuberisation in potato plants in non-inducing environment also related to inhibition of plant stem elongation. As natural inhibitors isolated from filtrate culture of Lasiodiploidia theobromae, a research to evaluate activities of theobroxide was conducted in experimental station belonged to Faculty of Agriculture, University of Medan Area, started from Mei until July 2015. This Experiment was arranged in simple randomized block design (RBD) with filtrate Lasiodiploidia theobromae concentration as treatment factor. The treatment comprised four levels i.e. 0, 100, 200, and 300 ppm. Results showed that application of theobroxide could significantly inhibit plant height, leave number and leaf area of spinach.
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Abdullah, Shahid Waseem, Bushra Mirza, Ibrar Ahmed i Mohammad Tahir Waheed. "Comparative analyses of chloroplast genomes of Theobroma cacao and Theobroma grandiflorum". Biologia 75, nr 5 (10.12.2019): 761–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11756-019-00388-8.
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Alhuda, Bayu Herdi, Rizki Rahmah Fauzia, Rachma Ghiztha Setiawan i Yoga Nugraha. "TEST FORMULAS AND HEDONIC LIPCREAM CHOCOLATE SEED EXTRACT (THEOBROMA CACAO L.)". Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science 1, nr 8 (25.05.2022): 818–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.55324/ijoms.v1i8.149.
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Cocoa bean (Theobroma cacao L.) contain anthocyanins which can be used as natural dyes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether lip cream preparations with natural dyes cocoa bean extract (Theobroma cacao L.) met the requiretments for good and stable lip cream quality during storage. The method used in this study using the experimental method. This research was made with 3 concentrations, namely lip cream-colored cocoa bean extract (Theobroma cacao L.) with a concentrations of 6% (X1), 10% (X2), and 14% (X3). Cocoa bean extrack was obtained using the maceration method with etanol 70% and acetic acid 2% as solvents. Evaluation was carried out on all formulas including organoleptic test, homogenity test, spreadability test, spreadability test, adhesion test, pH test, stability test, and hedonic test. The lip cream is creamy in color and has a distinctive smell and is unstable in storageCocoa Bean Extract (Theobroma cacao L.), maceration, Lip cream.
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Peixinho, Georgia de Souza, Caio Márcio Guimarães Santos, Valtemir Gonçalves Ribeiro, Edna Peixoto da Rocha Amorim, Valdeir Nunes Carvalho i Jaciara de Souza Bispo. "Extratos de Aroeira, Angico, Umburana e Quebra-faca no controle de Lasiodiplodia theobromae em cachos da videira cv. Itália". Summa Phytopathologica 43, nr 2 (czerwiec 2017): 158–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/2155.
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RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito dos extratos vegetais sobre L. theobromae pela utilização de produtos como método alternativo. Foi analisado o crescimento micelial de L. theobromae em placas de Petri contendo o meio BDA suplementado com os extratos de Aroeira, Angico, Umburana e Quebra-faca nas concentrações de 10, 20 e 30%. Para avaliação do efeito direto dos extratos sobre o desenvolvimento de L. theobromae, cachos da cv Itália foram inoculados com o patógeno e, após 4 h, pulverizados com os diferentes extratos: Angico e Umburana (30%) e Quebra-faca (10%). Água destilada esterilizada (ADE) foi utilizada como testemunha. Posteriormente, para avaliar o potencial dos extratos como indutores de resistência, cachos da cv Itália foram submetidas aos mesmos tratamentos e, inoculados após 4 horas com L. theobromae. Os resultados mostraram que os extratos de Angico e Umburana nas concentrações de 30%, inibiram o crescimento micelial in vitro em 61,66 e 60% respectivamente, contudo os extratos testados não foram eficientes em inibir a incidência e a severidade da doença.
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Tripathi, Pramila. "Efficacies of botanicals in the management of stem end rot disease of mango fruits". Journal of Biopesticides 15, nr 1 (1.07.2022): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.15.1.01-08.
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The phytopathogenic fungus Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat., causes stem end rot disease of mango fruits. Extracts from twenty angiospermic taxa were evaluated for their antifungal activity. The extracts were prepared in water, acetone, ethyl alcohol, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol. Among the selected plants, essential oil (EO) of Adenocalymma alliaceum was found to be effective in controlling the growth of Botryodiplodia theobromae. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the EO was 100ppm. The oil was found to withstand a high inoculum density. Plant extracts of Allamanda cathartica, Lawsonia inermis, Prunus persica and Adenocalymma alliaceum in different solvents showed inhibitory effect on B. theobromae. However, Leaf extract of Adenocalymma alliaceum in all the solvents namely, water, acetone, ethyl alcohol, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol was found to have antifungal activity. An enhancement in the shelf life of mango fruits was recorded under in vivo trial after treatment with aqueous extract and essential oil of A. alliaceum. It is concluded that the aqueous extract and EO of A. alliaceum has a great potential in the management of B. theobromae damage to mango fruits.
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Cardoso, José Emilson, i Michael James Wilkinson. "Development and characterisation of microsatellite markers for the fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae". Summa Phytopathologica 34, nr 1 (luty 2008): 55–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-54052008000100010.
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Lasiodiplodia theobromae is an important fungal pathogen of higher plants from tropical and sub-tropical regions. The fungus infects divergent hosts in a wide range of environmental conditions, suggesting that it is highly variable. The aim of this study was to develop new polymorphic microsatellite markers from a Brazilian isolate of L. theobromae that can be used in population studies of this and related fungi. The nine microsatellite markers developed included six that revealed allelic polymorphisms among nine isolates of the disease collected from infected plants in Brazil. Preliminary evaluation of the markers suggested substantial genetic variability among Brazilian L. theobromae populations. These markers have potential utility for evolutionary and epidemiologic studies of this fungus.
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Li, Zhi, Yanchun Fan, Lei Gao, Xiu Cao, Junli Ye i Guohuai Li. "The Dual Roles of Zinc Sulfate in Mitigating Peach Gummosis". Plant Disease 100, nr 2 (luty 2016): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-15-0131-re.
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Peach gummosis, caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae, is one of the most prevalent diseases that affects peach production. In this study, we investigated the effect of zinc sulfate on inoculated peach shoots, as well as on the growth, morphology, and pathogenicity of L. theobromae in vitro, in the laboratory. Zinc deficiency was detected in diseased peach shoots by micronutrient analysis (Cu, Mn, and Zn) and confirmed by the measurement of transcript levels of zinc transporters (ZIP4, HAM4, and ZAT). The zinc was transferred from the diseased peach shoots to the peach gum. Applying zinc sulfate to the diseased peach shoots reduced the severity of peach gummosis, showing significantly reduced lesion size and gum weight, as well as downregulation of cell wall degradation-related gene (PG and PME) compared with the control. Zinc sulfate also specifically controlled peach gummosis under L. theobromae phytotoxin stress and induced the expression of defense-related genes (PR4, CHI, PAL, PGIP, and GNS3). In addition, in vitro mycelial growth of L. theobromae was significantly inhibited by zinc sulfate compared with the control. Zinc sulfate caused abnormal hyphae at 25 mM and swelling hyphal tips at 50 mM. Exposure of L. theobromae to zinc sulfate for 20 min inhibited the ability of the pathogen to cause peach gummosis. Our physiological and molecular data demonstrated that zinc sulfate has a dual function by reducing susceptibility in the host and by direct inhibition of the pathogen.
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Ko, W. H., I. T. Wang i P. J. Ann. "Lasiodiplodia theobromae as a Causal Agent of Kumquat Dieback in Taiwan". Plant Disease 88, nr 12 (grudzień 2004): 1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.12.1383a.
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Kumquat (Fortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle) is an important citrus fruit crop of Iland County in northeastern Taiwan. Fruit produced in this area are mainly for making preserves, which is a well-known product in Taiwan. Decline of kumquat was first noticed in 1990. Since 1995, it has become an important problem affecting ≈80% of kumquat orchards. The problem was especially serious after the passage of a typhoon. Some orchards were abandoned due to death of many declining trees. Initial symptoms were yellowing and browning of leaves on some branches of affected trees. Abscission of leaves and fruits occurred, subsequently resulting in the appearance of dieback of affected branches. Disease symptoms could progress to other branches of the same tree, gummosis on the trunk, and eventually death of the tree. Previously, Phytophthora citrophthora (Smith & Smith) Leonian was reported to be a causal organism of kumquat decline (1). Recently, isolations from declining kumquat trees in several orchards failed to recover P. citrophthora and instead we isolated Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. (syn. Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.) from tissue taken from the margin of discolored bark and wood on symptomatic branches. The fungus produced grayish black colonies on V8 agar and black ostiolate pycnidia (125 to 650 μm in diameter) with ovoid to elongate conidia (20 to 32 × 12 to 16 μm) on autoclaved whole wheat grains that were placed on V8 agar. Young conidia were hyaline and nonseptate, whereas mature conidia were brown, one septate, and striate. Pathogenicity tests were carried out on healthy kumquat trees located at the Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute experimental farm. Three isolates of L. theobromae were cultured on wheat-oat medium. Colonized grains (≈5 g) were held against a wound made by lightly scrapping a branch (5 to 7 mm in diameter) 200 to 250 cm above the ground by wrapping a sheet of clear plastic around the branch (2). Eighteen branches were used for each isolate, and the same number of branches similarly inoculated with sterile grains as a control. Healthy branches inoculated with L. theobromae showed disease symptoms similar to those observed on naturally infected plants. Discoloration of leaves on inoculated branches occurred within 1 week. Subsequently, all the leaves fell and infected branches died. The numbers of inoculated branches killed by the three isolates of L. theobromae tested were 18, 9, and 14 after 1 month. All control branches remained disease free. L. theobromae was reisolated from symptomatic tissues, completing Koch's postulates. The same isolates were used to inoculate trunks of kumquat trees with the method described above. Six trunks were inoculated with each isolate, and the same number of trunks similarly inoculated with sterile grains was used as the control. Gummosis on inoculated trunks occurred in 1 week. The numbers of inoculated trunks showing gummosis induced by the three isolates of L. theobromae tested were 6, 5, and 6 after 1 month. L. theobromae was reisolated from symptomatic tissue. All control trunks remained free of gummosis. Our results show that in addition to P. citrophthora, L. theobromae can also cause a dieback on kumquat. To our knowledge, this is the first report of disease caused by L. theobromae on kumquat or on any species in the Rutaceae family in Taiwan. References: (1) P. J. Ann et al. Plant Pathol. Bull. (Taiwan) 6:198, 1997. (2) W. H. Ko et al. Plant Pathol. 35:254, 1986.
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C K, Rasmi, Shambhu Kumar i Jose P A. "First report of Lasiodiplodia theobromae causing leaf spot on Flacourtia montana, a wild edible fruit tree of Western Ghats, India". Journal of Horticultural Sciences 17, nr 2 (31.12.2022): 555–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24154/jhs.v17i2.1269.
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Flacourtia montana J. Graham wild edible fruit tree, endemic to the Western Ghats, India was found infected with leaf spot disease. Based on morphological characteristics, molecular analyses (ITS and LSU) and pathogenicity, the pathogen was identified as Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. (Botryosphaeriaceae).This is the first report of L. theobromae causing leaf spots on F. montana from Western Ghats, India.
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Parthasarathy, S., G. Thiribhuvanamala, P. Mohammed Faisal i K. Prabakar. "Partial characterization of toxins associated with stem end rot of mango caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae". Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, nr 2 (1.06.2016): 559–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i2.836.
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In this study, the toxicity of liquid culture media from different isolates of Lasiodiplodia theobromae was characterized and some properties of the toxic metabolites were distinguished. In this work toxin producing ability of L. theobromae was revealed by studying the physical parameters viz., osmotic potential, toxin concentration, pH, temperature and biological parameter like host specificity and wilting index. The obtained results showed that the optimal toxin-production conditions for L. theobromae in potato dextrose broth under pH 6.0, at 25-35°C for 7 days. The liquid culture from all isolates were toxic to mango plants and induced the rapid wilting. The toxin obtained from the liquid culture has thermal, acid base stability and a broad range of toxicity to main host and non-host plants. Moreover, the direct bioassay for two components of the liquid filtrates precipitated by ethanol showed that the active ingredient of the toxin is a kind of non protein substance, which was further endorsed by the papain hydrolysis analysis. Our results confirmed the chemical nature of toxic compound elucidating the favorable environmental conditions for toxin production of L. theobromae and proved potential role of toxic metabolites in the mechanism of disease development.
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Sun, Yanzheng, Liang Shuai, Donglan Luo i Liangjie Ba. "The Inhibitory Mechanism of Eugenol on Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Its Induced Disease Resistance of Passion Fruit". Agronomy 13, nr 5 (19.05.2023): 1408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13051408.
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The inhibitory effects and mechanisms of eugenol were studied in pathogenic fungi that were isolated from passion fruit affected with naturally occurring fruit rot; additionally, the effect of eugenol treatment on fruit rot resistance in passion fruit was investigated. The corresponding results demonstrated that the pathogenic fungus causing passion fruit rot was Lasiodiplodia theobromae and that the minimal inhibitory concentration of eugenol against L. theobromae was 0.30 mg/mL. Eugenol significantly inhibited mycelial growth and spore germination of this fruit rot fungus. Further, nucleic acid release, electrical conductivity, and protein and soluble sugar content of the fruit rot fungus gradually increased with increasing eugenol concentrations. Propidium iodide staining revealed that the cell membrane integrity of L. theobromae hyphae was disrupted when treated with eugenol. In addition, eugenol treatment inhibited the spread of disease spot diameter after inoculation with L. theobromae, effectively increased APX, SOD, CAT, POD, 4CL, C4H, and PAL activities, promoted the accumulation of disease-stage-related proteins CHI and GLU, and increased the total phenol and flavonoid content during storage in passion fruit. Overall, these results suggest that eugenol has good application prospects for the effective control of fruit rot in passion fruit.
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Luo, M., Z. Y. Dong, S. Y. Bin i J. T. Lin. "First Report of Fruit Rot Disease on Pomelo Caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae in China". Plant Disease 95, nr 9 (wrzesień 2011): 1190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-11-0214.
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Pomelo (Citrus grandis) is widely cultivated in MeiZhou Guangdong Province of China. In 2008, a disease on pomelo fruit caused significant economic losses by affecting fruit quality. Diseased fruit was collected in December 2008 from MeiZhou Guangdong, surface sterilized in 75% ethanol for 1 min and internal necrotic tissue was transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 28°C for 5 days. Three single-spore isolates were obtained from different fruit and identified as Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. (synonyms Diplodia natalensis Pole-Evans and Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.; teleomorph Botryosphaeria rhodina (Cooke) Arx) on the basis of morphological and physiological features. The fungus produced dark brown colonies (initially grayish) on PDA. Young hyphae were hyaline and aseptate, whereas mature hyphae were septate with irregular branches. Cultures of L. theobromae produced globular or irregular pycnidia abundantly on PDA (pH 3.5) at 28°C after 1 month. Mature conidia of L. theobromae were 20 to 26 × 12 to 15.5 μm, subovoid to ellipsoid-ovoid, initially hyaline and nonseptate, remaining hyaline for a long time, and finally becoming dark brown and one septate with melanin deposits on the inner surface of the wall arranged longitudinally giving a striate appearance to the conidia. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA was amplified from gDNA using primers ITS1 (5′-TCCGATGGTGAACCTGCGG-3′) and ITS4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′) (1). Amplicons were 542 bp long (GenBank Accession No. JF693024) and had 100% nucleotide identity with the corresponding sequence (GenBank Accession No. EU860391) of L. theobromae isolated from a Pinus sp. (2). To satisfy Koch's postulates, six asymptomatic fruit on potted plants were sprayed until runoff with a spore suspension (1 × 106 spores/ml) prepared from 30-day-old cultures of one isolate. Control fruit received water. Plants were covered with sterile wet gauze to maintain high humidity. Fruit spot symptoms similar to those on diseased field fruit appeared after 15 days on all inoculated fruits. L. theobromae was reisolated from all inoculated test fruit. No symptoms were observed on the fruit of control plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of L. theobromae causing disease on pomelo fruit in China. This pathogen has also been previously reported to be economically important on a number of other hosts by mostly affecting the leaves. References: (1) J. C. Batzer et al. Mycologia 97:1268, 2005. (2) C. A. Pérez et al. Fungal Divers. 41:53,2010.
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Woodward, J. E., D. B. Langston, J. H. Brock, R. C. Kemerait, T. B. Brenneman i G. H. Beard. "First Demonstration of Koch's Postulates for Lasiodiplodia theobromae Fruit Spot on Eggplant (Solanum melongena)". Plant Disease 89, nr 6 (czerwiec 2005): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0687a.
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During October 2004, diseased eggplant fruit from a commercial farm in Colquitt County, Georgia, developed circular, tan, water-soaked lesions. Gray, septate mycelia quickly covered the fruit. Diseased fruit became shriveled, spongy, and mummified. Disease incidence in the field was approximately 1%. Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. (synonym Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.) (2) was isolated from the margins of lesions and cultured on acidified potato dextrose agar. The fungus produced grayish colonies with aerial hyphae and black ostiolate pycnidia massed into stroma. Mature elliptical conidia (25.8 × 15.6 μm) were brown, had a single septation, and longitudinal striations. Isolates obtained from peanut and pecan were included in the pathogenicity tests. Mature fruit cv. Nightshade were surface disinfested for 30 s in 70% ethanol, followed by 60 s in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, rinsed twice in sterile distilled water, and allowed to dry. Inoculations were made by placing an agar plug containing L. theobromae mycelial side down on the surface of the fruit or wounding with a sterile toothpick containing mycelium of the fungus. Fruit similarly inoculated with agar plugs or sterile toothpicks served as controls. There were a total of three replicates. Fruit were placed in plastic containers lined with moistened paper towels. Containers were placed in a dew chamber and incubated (28°C, relative humidity >95%) for 3 days, and then evaluated. Symptoms identical to those observed on naturally infected fruit developed on inoculated fruit. Controls remained disease free. L. theobromae was reisolated from all symptomatic tissue, satisfying Koch's postulates. Disease damage on wounded fruit was twice that of nonwounded fruit. However, seven of nine inoculations with agar plugs containing L. theobromae resulted in infection. Lesion lengths from wound inoculations were 9.8, 7.3, and 5.2 cm for isolates from peanut, pecan, and eggplant, respectively. Generally, L. theobromae is considered a facultative wound pathogen or a secondary invader (3). However, this study suggests that direct infection can occur. Although fruit spot has been reported previously on eggplant (1), to our knowledge, this is the first report verifying L. theobromae as the causal agent. References: (1) S. A. Alfieri et al. Index of Plant Diseases in Florida. Fla. Dep. Agric. Consum. Serv. Bull. 11, 1984. (2) H. L. Barnett and B. B. Hunter. Illustrated Guide of Imperfect Fungi. 4th ed. The American Phytopathological Society St. Paul, MN, 1998. (3) P. M. Phipps and D. M. Porter. Plant Dis. 82:1205, 1998.
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MARTÍNEZ-DÁVILA, Percy, Jorge SOLIGNAC-RUIZ, Ricardo ZÁRATE, Lizardo FACHÍN, José T. MACO-GARCÍA i Anita Rocio JARAMA-VILCARROMERO. "ESTIMACIÓN DE LA BIOMASA CON RELACIONES ALOMÉTRICAS EN DOS ESPECIES DE FRUTALES: THEOBROMA CACAO L. (CACAO) Y THEOBROMA GRANDIFLORUM (WILLD. EX SPRENG.) K.SCHUM. (COPOAZÚ)". Folia Amazónica 22, nr 1-2 (6.12.2013): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24841/fa.v22i1-2.49.
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Se elaboró un modelo alométrico para estimar la biomasa aérea total a partir de la variable altura en dos especies de frutales de dos años de edad: Theobroma cacao L. (cacao) y Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) K.Schum. (copoazú). Estas especies se cultivan, asociadas con otras especies, en sistemas frutales de algunas áreas cercanas a la carretera Iquitos – Nauta. El estudio utilizó un método destructivo con 18 individuos por especie. Se extrajeron submuestras del fuste, hojas, ramas y ramillas que fueron sometidas a un proceso de secado en hornos para obtener su peso seco y finalmente ordenar, tabular y analizar los datos para generar los modelos por especie. A partir de los resultados obtenidos de la biomasa total y por cada componente, se formaron modelos alométricos para cada una de las especies en función de la variable altura total. Las ecuaciones alométricas con el coeficiente de determinación (R2) mayor a 0,80 fueron las cúbicas: Y = 0,16 + (-2,74X2) + 1,52X3, y Y = 0,62 + 4,04X - 0,49X2 + 2,062X3 para Theobroma cacao y Theobroma grandiflorum donde Y es la biomasa aérea (t) y X es la altura total (m). En las dos ecuaciones el coeficiente de determinación (R2) fue mayor a 0,80.
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NWOBODO, David C., Malachy C. UGWU, Peter M. EZE, Ugochukwu M. OKEZIE, Festus B. C. OKOYE i Charles O. ESIMONE. "UV-mediated enhancement of antibacterial secondary metabolites in endophytic Lasiodiplodia theobromae". Notulae Scientia Biologicae 14, nr 4 (28.11.2022): 11284. http://dx.doi.org/10.55779/nsb14411284.
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In the science of drug discovery, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation has been applied to induce mutagenesis in fungi to provide possibilities for the stimulation or enhancement of fungal biosynthetic capabilities. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of UV radiation on the biosynthesis of antibacterial secondary metabolites in an endophytic Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Using standard methods, the fungus was isolated from healthy leaves of Cola acuminata and identified based on PCR amplification and genomic sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Cultures of L. theobromae were exposed to UV radiation at different time intervals of 1, 2 and 5 min. The fungus was subjected to solid-state fermentation in rice medium before and after UV treatments. The fungal secondary metabolites were extracted and tested for antibacterial activity using the agar diffusion method. Compounds present in the obtained extracts were identified by HPLC and GC-MS analysis. At a concentration of 1 mg/ml, the extract of the wild type L. theobromae (untreated) was observed to only inhibit Staphylococcus aureus, with an IZD of 12 mm. However, the extract of UV-treated L. theobromae (2 min) inhibited S. aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with an IZD of 10 and 4 mm respectively. A wide array of compounds in the phenolics, fatty acids, alkaloids and alkanes classes were identified in the UV-treated and untreated fungal extracts. Overall, UV treatments of L. theobromae stimulated the production of seventeen (17) new compounds that were not detected in the untreated strain. The study confirms UV irradiation as an effective method for stimulating microbial biosynthesis of new bioactive compounds, indicating a promising and potentially abundant source of new drug compounds from microorganisms.
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Polanco Florián, Laura Glenys, Omar Guadalupe Alvarado Gómez, Orquídea Pérez González, Ramiro González Garza i Emilio Olivares Sáenz. "Hongos asociados con la muerte regresiva de los cítricos en Nuevo León y Tamaulipas, México". Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas 10, nr 4 (21.06.2019): 757–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v10i4.1417.
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El cultivo de cítricos es afectado por varios hongos fitopatógenos, los cuales pueden causar enfermedades y reducir su producción. El hongo Lasiodiplodia spp. causa muerte regresiva y otros síntomas en cítricos y en otros cultivos en diversos países, incluyendo México. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar cepas fúngicas aisladas de árboles de cítricos con síntomas de muerte regresiva y evaluar su patogenicidad en condiciones de invernadero. Los hongos aislados fueron identificados con base en sus características morfológicas como Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Fomitopsis meliae y Eutypella citricola, confirmados con la amplificación por PCR y secuenciación de la región ITS al comparar con las secuencias del GenBank. En el bioensayo de invernadero se comprobó que L. theobromae y F. meliae provocan síntomas de marchitez, muerte descendente y lesiones necróticas en las áreas inoculadas a partir del cuarto día posterior a la inoculación en plantas de naranjo dulce variedad Valencia. F. meliae + L. theobromae causaron daños más severos, provocando lesiones necróticas de 22 a 27 cm de longitud, marchitez y muerte regresiva y ambos fueron reaislados a partir de las lesiones producidas. E. citricola sólo produjo necrosis alrededor del área inoculada. De acuerdo con los resultados de la prueba de patogenicidad, los hongos L. theobromae y F. meliae causan muerte regresiva de los cítricos.
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Nurafida, Desi, Achmad . i Syamsul Falah. "KEEFEKTIFAN KITOSAN DALAM MENGENDALIKAN Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. PENYEBAB MATI PUCUK PADA BIBIT JABON (Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq) Chitosan’s Effectiveness in Controlling Dieback by Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat on Jabon Seeding". Journal of Tropical Silviculture 8, nr 3 (19.03.2018): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/j-siltrop.8.3.170-176.
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Dieback disease by the fungus Botryodiplodia theobromae in Jabon seedlings (Anthocephalus cadamba) inhibits the regeneration of Jabon plant. Synthetic fungicides utilization to several problems such as residue on the environment and pathogen resistance. Chitosan is a potential natural compound used as an alternative to control plant disease.This research aims to examine the effectiveness of chitosan to control B. theobromae as causal agent of dieback on Jabon seedlings and to examine the effect of chitosan to control the viscosity of dieback disease on Jabon seedlings. The results showed that the chitosan solution can decrease the severity of disease in Jabon seedlings. However, it was different with the disease incidence rate parameter. Chitosan solution was not significantly affecting the disease because B. theobromae caused dieback symptoms on Jabon seedlings. The most effective treatment was chitosan solution with a concentration of 0.1% before inoculation with the severity of the disease by 25%. Chitosan solution viscosity was responsible in affecting the percentage of dieback disease in Jabon seeds. The higher the viscosity of chitosan, the higher the percentage of dieback disease attacks. The best viscosity to suppress the development of dieback disease on Jabon seedlings was 8.80 with 7.90% attack.Key words: Anthocephalus cadamba , Botryodiplodia theobromae, chitosan, dieback.
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Gonçalves, Micael, Rui Nunes, Laurentijn Tilleman, Yves Van de Peer, Dieter Deforce, Filip Van Nieuwerburgh, Ana Esteves i Artur Alves. "Dual RNA Sequencing of Vitis vinifera during Lasiodiplodia theobromae Infection Unveils Host–Pathogen Interactions". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, nr 23 (3.12.2019): 6083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20236083.
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Lasiodiplodia theobromae is one of the most aggressive agents of the grapevine trunk disease Botryosphaeria dieback. Through a dual RNA-sequencing approach, this study aimed to give a broader perspective on the infection strategy deployed by L. theobromae, while understanding grapevine response. Approximately 0.05% and 90% of the reads were mapped to the genomes of L. theobromae and Vitis vinifera, respectively. Over 2500 genes were significantly differentially expressed in infected plants after 10 dpi, many of which are involved in the inducible defense mechanisms of grapevines. Gene expression analysis showed changes in the fungal metabolism of phenolic compounds, carbohydrate metabolism, transmembrane transport, and toxin synthesis. These functions are related to the pathogenicity mechanisms involved in plant cell wall degradation and fungal defense against antimicrobial substances produced by the host. Genes encoding for the degradation of plant phenylpropanoid precursors were up-regulated, suggesting that the fungus could evade the host defense response using the phenylpropanoid pathway. The up-regulation of many distinct components of the phenylpropanoid pathway in plants supports this hypothesis. Moreover, genes related to phytoalexin biosynthesis, hormone metabolism, cell wall modification enzymes, and pathogenesis-related proteins seem to be involved in the host responses observed. This study provides additional insights into the molecular mechanisms of L. theobromae and V. vinifera interactions.
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Úrbez-Torres, José R., Emilie Bruez, José Hurtado i Walter D. Gubler. "Effect of Temperature on Conidial Germination of Botryosphaeriaceae Species Infecting Grapevines". Plant Disease 94, nr 12 (grudzień 2010): 1476–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-10-0423.
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Germination of conidia of eight botryosphaeriaceous fungi infecting grapevines was evaluated after 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h incubation under eight different temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40°C). The effect of temperature on conidial germination was also evaluated in different stages (hyaline versus pigmented conidia) of the species Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Conidial germination of Botryosphaeriaceae species infecting grapevines was significantly affected by temperature. Overall, conidial germination increased significantly with longer incubation times, especially from 2 to 12 h. In most cases, germination of conidia was not significantly different between 12 and 24 h incubation. Conidia of botryosphaeriaceous species did not germinate (with the exception of Botryosphaeria dothidea and Neofusicoccum parvum) at 5°C, and only B. dothidea, Diplodia seriata, and L. theobromae showed high levels of conidial germination at 40°C. Optimum conidial germination temperatures (defined as the temperature in which germination reached at least 50% in the shortest incubation time) were 25°C for B. dothidea and Dothiorella iberica, 25 to 30°C for Spencermartinsia viticola, 30°C for Diplodia corticola, D. mutila, D. seriata, N. parvum, and hyaline L. theobromae, and 40°C for pigmented L. theobromae conidia. Successful conidial germination of species of Botryosphaeriaceae infecting grapevines was always observed between 10 and 35°C with the exception of Dothiorella iberica and pigmented L. theobromae conidia, neither of which germinated at 35 and 10°C, respectively. Results of this study show conidia of botryosphaeriaceous species infecting grapevines to be capable of germination under a broad range of temperatures including those considered to be extreme, which may explain the success of these species as grapevine pathogens throughout most of the grape-growing areas in both Northern and Southern Hemispheres.