Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Ternera”

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Capes
Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de processar a berinjela (Solanum melongena L.) utilizando técnicas combinadas de desidratação osmótica e secagem convectiva, visando à obtenção de um novo produto para a indústria alimentícia. As fatias de berinjela “in natura’’, osmodesidratado e secas foram caracterizadas quanto aos parâmetros físico-quimicos (sólidos solúveis totais, cinzas, sólidos totais, acidez total titulável, pH e sódio), físico (teor de água, atividade de água, cor e textura) e químico (minerais). As fatias de berinjela “in natura” se apresentaram pouco ácidas, com o pH bem mais próximo do neutro em comparação às fatias de berinjela osmodesidratada e secas, com predominância do aumento no teor de cinza ao decorrer do processo. A melhor condição de processo encontrada para a desidratação osmótica das fatias de berinjela foi na temperatura de desidratação osmótica 30 °C; 3% da concentração de NaCl e tempo de imersão de 120 min. A secagem convectiva foi realizada em secador de bandejas nas temperaturas de 50, 60 e 70 ºC, com velocidade do ar de 1,2 m/s. Os dados experimentais obtidos na secagem proporcionaram a avaliação das curvas de secagem, às quais foram ajustadas segundo os modelos de Page, Henderson e Pabis, Lewis, Midilli e Cavalcanti Mata. Os modelos de Midilli e Cavalcanti Mata foram os que melhor se ajustaram à de cinética de secagem das fatias de berinjela osmodesidratadas. As microestruturas das fatias de berinjelas sem desidratação e também as fatias osmodesidratadas e secadas a 70 °C foram analisadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, onde foi possível observar que a combinação de processos nas fatias de berinjela provocou uma maior destruição das estruturas celulares, bem como uma maior desorganização das células, resultado do colapso, tornando-se um produto tipicamente amorfo. A amostra de conserva de berinjela osmodesidratada (azeite, pimenta calabresa, salsa e alecrim), obteve maior aceitação em relação a aparência, aroma, cor, sabor e textura das amostras de conservas de berinjela superiores às demais amostras de conservas.
This work was developed with the objective of processing the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) using combined techniques of osmotic dehydration and convective drying, aiming at obtaining a new product for the food industry. The "in natura" eggplant slices, dried and dried were characterized as physical-chemical parameters (total soluble solids, ash, total solids, titratable total acidity, pH and sodium), physical (water content, water activity, color and texture) and chemical (minerals). The slices of eggplant "in natura" presented little acid, with the pH much closer to the neutral one compared to the slices of eggplant, the dried and dried, with predominance of the increase in the ash content in the course of the process. The best process condition found for osmotic dehydration of eggplant slices was at the osmotic dehydration temperature 30 ° C; 3% NaCl concentration and immersion time of 120 min. The convective drying was carried out in a tray dryer at temperatures of 50, 60 and 70 ºC, with air velocity of 1.2 m / s. The experimental data obtained in the drying provided the evaluation of the drying curves, which were adjusted according to the models of Page, Henderson and Pabis, Lewis, Midilli and Cavalcanti Mata. The models of Midilli and Cavalcanti Mata were the ones that best fit the drying kinetics of eggplant slices. The microstructures of slices of eggplants without dehydration and also the slices modified and dried at 70 ° C were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, where it was possible to observe that the combination of processes in the eggplant slices caused a greater destruction of the cellular structures, as well as a greater disorganization of the cells, resulting from the collapse, becoming a typically amorphous product. The sample of preserved eggplant (olive oil, chilli pepper, parsley and rosemary) was more widely accepted for the appearance, aroma, color, flavor and texture of the eggplant preserves samples than the other canned samples.

El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto del sexo, mes de nacimiento y raza sobre el peso al nacimiento (PN) y peso al destete (PD) de terneros nacidos en un establolechero comercial del Valle de Mexicali, Baja California, México (36º 26’ N, 115º11’ O y altitud de 14 msnm), el clima es árido y extremoso. Se utilizaron 49terneros 38 fueron raza Holstein (24 Hembras y 14 Machos) y 11 raza Jersey (5 Hembras y 6 Machos), nacidos en (agosto y septiembre). Estas crías fueron producto de hembras Holstein y Jersey inseminadas con semen de su raza de las empresas ABS, SEMEX, Accelerated Genetics y solo 5 del semental Holstein del Establo. Se tomó el peso al nacimiento, el peso al destete a los 65 días promedio, se determinó la ganancia diaria de peso, ganancia total de peso, así mismo el Índice de estrés calórico (ITH) utilizando la fórmula propuesta por Hahn et al. (1999): ITH= 0.81 (TA) + HR (TA - 14.4) + 46.4. En agosto y septiembre ocurrieron los nacimientos, en octubre y noviembre se realizó el destete. Las temperaturas presentadas en el área del experimento fueron superiores en el mes de agosto. El ITH promedio más alto lo presentó el mes de septiembre, logrando un valor de 76.6 unidades. La información local de las condiciones climáticas fue obtenida de la estación experimental climática del Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas de la Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (ICA-UABC), ubicada en el valle de Mexicali, a 6 km de la unidad experimental. Las variables registradas fueron temperatura ambiental (TA) máxima y mínima por día, y humedad relativa (HR) máxima y mínima por día. Las variables de respuesta fueron: peso al nacimiento (PN), peso al destete (PD), ganancia diaria de peso del nacimiento al destete (GDPND) y ganancia de peso total del nacimiento al destete (GPTND). Estas variables se analizaron bajo un arreglo factorial de tratamientos 2x2x2 en un diseño completamente al azar. Los factores fueron sexo (hembras y machos), raza (Jersey y Holstein) y mes de nacimiento (agosto y septiembre), así como las distintas interacciones dobles y la interacción triple. Ninguna interacción (dobles o triple) resultó significativa (P>0.05), de tal forma que se presentan resultados de los efectos principales significativos de los modelos. Los análisis se realizaron usando el PROC GLM de SAS (SAS, 2004) y las medias ajustadas se compararon mediante pruebas de “t” student para parejas de medias utilizando un nivel de error de 5%. Los animales nacidos en agosto fueron menos pesados y tuvieron menor ganancia diaria y total de peso que los nacidos en septiembre, lo que se atribuye a las drásticas variables climáticas presentes durante su posparto-nacimientodestete, presentando un ITH >72 unidades. Se observó efecto de la raza en el peso al destete. Los terneros de la raza Holstein obtuvieron mayor peso al destete, mayor ganancia diaria y total de peso que los de raza Jersey. No existió efecto del sexo en las razas en las variables productivas, tampoco se observó efecto por el ITH. Se recomienda realizar modificaciones de manejo en los meses más cálidos para evitar mermas en el crecimiento de becerros lecheros en la zona de estudio.

Ternary codes for unequal error protection is a part of a communication system where different parts of the information to be transmitted can receive different amount of error protection. There are a lot of applications where the channel conditions fluctuate so that reliable or acceptable communication can not be guaranteed. Regardless whether the fluctuations of the channel are intentional or not the idea is to let the coderate decrease so that the error correcting capability can increase for the part of the information to be more protected.

By using the support, the nonzero positions of the ternary code, a new binary code can be extracted with properties different from the ternary code in the sense of cardinality and minimum Hamming distance. When the channel conditions are good the receiver decodes the message using ternary decisions and receives all information included in the codeword. When the channel conditions drops the receiver decodes the message using binary decisions to assimilate the information in the support. What the properties of the ternary code should be like to give a good ternary error correcting capability and best possible error correcting capability for the support is one of the questions this thesis will look at. A number of ternary codes used in this thesis are constructed from Mattias Svanströms dissertation “Ternary Codes with Weight Constraints”, [4]. The properties of the support have been studied and modified in that sense it has given a new binary code with better error correctingcapability and an acceptable coderate.

The unequal error protection lies in the modulation scheme. By using knowledge of the weight distribution and the error correcting capability of the ternary code the signal points in the modulation scheme can be optimized in the sense of error probability for ternary or binary decoding. When optimal error probability for the complete system is required optimal signal points for both modulations schemes needs to be considered and the final signal points placed thereafter.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Subdivision is an important and e cient tool for rendering smooth curves and surfaces in computer graphics, by repeatedly applying a subdivision (re ning) scheme to a given set of points. In the literature, attention has been mostly restricted to developing binary subdivision schemes. The primary emphasis of this thesis is on ternary subdivision, and in particular on the interpolatory case. We will derive a symmetric ternary interpolatory subdivision scheme for the rendering of curves, satisfying analogous properties to the Dubuc-Deslauriers binary scheme. Explicit construction methods, as well as a corresponding convergence analysis, will be presented. Graphical illustrations of the results will also be provided.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Subdivisie bied 'n belangrike en doeltre ende metode om gladde krommes en oppervlakke in rekenaargra ka te genereer. Hierdie metode behels dat 'n subdivisieskema (of verfyningskema) herhaaldelik toegepas word op 'n gegewe versameling punte. In die literatuur word daar hoofsaaklik gefokus op die ont- wikkeling van bin^ere subdivisieskemas. In hierdie tesis word die klem gel^e op tern^ere subdivisieskemas, en in die besonder op interpolerende skemas. Ons sal 'n simmetriese tern^ere interpolerende subdivisieskema, wat analo e eienskappe as di e van die Dubuc-Deslauriers bin^ere skema bevredig, ontwikkel, om krom- mes te lewer. Eksplisiete konstruksiemetodes en ooreenkomstige konvergensie- analise, asook gra ese illustrasies van die resultate, sal getoon word.

The application of Moore's Law would not be feasible by using the computing systems fabrication principles that are prevalent today. Fundamental changes in the field of computing are needed to keep Moore's Law operational. Different quantum technologies are available to take the advancement of computing into the future. Logic in quantum technology uses gates that are very different from those used in contemporary technology. Limiting itself to reversible operations, this thesis presents different methods to realize these logic gates. Two methods using Generalized Ternary Gates and Muthukrishnan Stroud Gates are presented for synthesis of ternary logic gates. Realizations of well-known quantum gates like the Feynman gate, Toffoli Gate, 2-qudit and 3-qudit SW AP gates are shown. In addition a new gate, the Inverse SW AP gate, is proposed and its realization is also presented.

Este trabalho pretende analisar o romance João Ternura, de Aníbal Machado, do ponto de vista das contradições entre os projetos ideológicos do primeiro Modernismo e os problemas trazidos pelo processo histórico nacional. No momento em que inicia a escrita de seu único romance, em 1926, Aníbal Machado partilha dos objetivos libertários e dos pressupostos ideológicos que animavam a vanguarda artística brasileira. Como, no entanto, o romance continua a ser escrito até 1964, é possível ver no movimento de sua forma um embate entre matéria narrativa e dinâmica histórica da nação. Tal conflito acaba por fazer com que protagonista e obra entrem em um processo de dissolução que os condena a subsistirem parcialmente inconclusos. A análise de João Ternura traz à tona uma reflexão sobre as possibilidades de constituição do Brasil como nação autônoma e independente
This work aims to analyze the novel João Ternura, by Aníbal Machado, in relation to the contradictions between the ideological project of early Brazilian Modernism and the problems of the national historical process. When he starts writing his only novel, in 1926, Aníbal Machado shares the libertarian goals and ideological assumptions of the Brazilian artistic avant-garde. However, as the novel continues to be written until 1964, the year of the military coup, its very form and style document the collision between the narrative material and the national historical process around it. These conflicts culminate in a process of dissolution that condemn both the novel and its protagonist to a state of inconclusiveness. Analyzing João Ternura brings to light reflections on the possibilities of Brazilian formation as an autonomous and independent nation

La tesina es una investigación documental que plantea la formación ciudadana en distintos momentos históricos influyentes en la educación del ciudadano en Perú. Los elementos más resaltantes de la formación ciudadana como el derecho, la participación, la moral y la democracia se abordaron desde una perspectiva humanista, debido a su importancia en la incidencia en problemáticas sociales Asimismo, la pedagogía de la ternura se muestra como una pedagogía de restitución de la justicia social y las relaciones afectivo-sociales desde la concepción de los principales autores como Cussiánovich, Turner y Pita, Betancourt y Restrepo. La presente investigación está orientada a identificar el aporte de la pedagogía de la ternura a la formación ciudadana del Perú, respecto al contexto histórico-social. Ante ello, los principios de la pedagogía de la ternura, los cuales forman la base para la recepción de elementos constitutivos de la ciudadanía, sostienen el desarrollo de una moral íntegra, a partir de ciertos conceptos inherentes al ser humano, como las emociones y sentimientos

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri--Rolla, 2007.
Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed November 27, 2007) Includes bibliographical references (p. 55-56).

Ternary structures in Hilbert spaces arose in the study of in nite dimensional manifolds in di erential geometry. In this thesis, we develop a structure theory of Hilbert ternary algebras and Jordan Hilbert triples which are Hilbert spaces equipped with a ternary product. We obtain several new results on the classi - cation of these structures. Some results have been published in [2]. A Hilbert ternary algebra is a real Hilbert space (V; h ; i) equipped with a ternary product [ ; ; ] satisfying h[a; b; x]; yi = hx; [b; a; y]i for a; b; x and y in V . A Jordan Hilbert triple is a real Hilbert space in which the ternary product f ; ; g is a Jordan triple product. It is called a JH-triple if the identity hfa; b; xg; xi = hx; fb; a; xgi holds in V . JH-triples correspond to a class of Lie algebras which play an important role in symmetric Riemannian manifolds. We begin by proving new structure results on ideals, centralizers and derivations of Hilbert ternary algebras. We characterize primitive tripotents in Hilbert ternary algebras and use them as coordinates to classify abelian Hilbert ternary algebras. We show that they are direct sums of simple ones, and each simple abelian Hilbert ternary algebra is ternary isomorphic to the algebra C2(H;K) of Hilbert-Schmidt operators between real, complex or quaternion Hilbert spaces H and K. Further, we describe completely the ternary isomorphisms and ternary antiisomorphisms between abelian Hilbert ternary algebras. We show that each ternary isomorphism between simple algebras C2(H;K) and C2(H0;K0) is of the form (x) = Jxj where j : H0 ! H and J : K ! K0 are isometries. A ternary anti-isomorphism is of the form (x) = Jx j where j : H0 ! K and J : H ! K0 are isometries. The structures of Hilbert ternary algebras and JH-triples are closely related. Indeed, we show that each JH-triple (V; f ; ; g) admits a decomposi- 6 tion V = Vs L V ? s where (Vs; f ; ; g) is a Hilbert ternary algebra which is usually nonabelian and unless V = Vs, the orthogonal complement V ? s is always a nonabelian Hilbert ternary algebra in the derived ternary product [a; b; c]d = fa; b; cg fb; a; cg. Hence JH-triples provide important examples of nonabelian Hilbert ternary algebras. We determine exactly when Vs and V ? s are Jordan triple ideals of V . We show, in each dimension at least 2, there is a JH-triple (V; f ; ; g) for which V 6= Vs, equivalently, (V; f ; ; g) is not a Hilbert ternary algebra. 7

The primary focus of this thesis is to develop new synthesis routes for core-shell copper indium di-sulphide (CuInS₂)–zinc sulphide (ZnS), and core-only silver indium di-sulphide (AgInS₂) nanocrystals with enhanced photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and study their application in luminescent concentrators. CuInS₂-ZnS nanocrystal photoluminescence (PL) properties were investigated using different synthesis conditions. Through a combination of PL, absorption (Abs), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the importance of relative stoichiometry between the two cations (copper and indium) are understood. To further study this effect, different injection temperatures and precursor ratios were employed. It was determined that with increasing indium (In) content, the PL blue shifted while increased PLQY was noted. Optimal synthesis conditions for monodispersed nanocrystals was found to be at an injection temperature of 30°C with a 1:4 Cu:In ratio, which achieved a PLQY of 40%. By using various halide precursor combinations of fluoride, chloride, bromide, and iodide, 16 combinations were evaluated in the control of the reactivity of the two cation precursors. Overall, this study demonstrated that the reactivity of Cu and In can be regulated to a certain extent. Additionally, the halide precursor counter ions potentially provided surface passivation, which enhanced PLQY by up to 60%. The synthesis method established was repeated with replacement of the easily oxidised Cu with more stable Ag to form AgInS₂ nanocrystals. It was shown that by-products of Ag and Ag₂S nanocrystals were observed, which reduced the overall PLQY. With in-situ PL, synthesis dynamics were examined. Ag₂S nanocrystals were formed from the Ag nanocrystals formed prior to sulfur injection. Through changes in reduction temperature and halide precursor combinations, the by-product quantity was reduced and a high PLQY of 89% was achieved. Using AgInS₂, the first ternary nanocrystal luminescent concentrator for visible light communication (VLC) was fabricated. Modifying the polymer and nanocrystal concentrations resulted in changes in transmittance and reflectance properties. It was determined that the best combination used was ethyl cellulose 8wt% with 9mg/ml AgInS₂ (AIS) nanocrystals. With the addition of a mirror and a low refractive polymer layer, the gain, when compared to a single photodiode (PD), was seven times higher.

This study focuses on the architectural modification of pin-type small-molecule organic solar cells, in particular on the absorption layer and its influence on the key solar cell parameters, such as short circuit current density, fill factor and open circuit voltage. Three different approaches have been applied to improve the match between the solar spectrum and the spectral sensitivity of organic solar cells. In the first part, deposition parameters such as substrate temperature, gradient strength and (graded) absorption layer thickness are evaluated and compared to organic solar cells with homogeneously deposited absorption layers. Moreover, the gradient-like distribution of the absorption layer is characterized optically and morphological effects have been extensively studied. In order to isolate the origin of the efficiency improvement due to the graded architecture, voltage-dependent spectral response measurements have been performed and gave new insights. The second part concentrates on the efficient in-coupling of converted UV light, which is usually lost because of the cut off properties of organic light in-coupling layers. Via Förster resonance energy transfer, the absorbed UV light is re-emitted as red light and contributes significantly to higher short circuit current densities. The correlation between doping concentration, simple stack architecture modifications and the performance improvement is duly presented. In the third and last part, the impact of tri-component bulk heterojunction absorption layers is investigated, as these have potential to broaden the sensitivity spectrum of organic solar cells without chemical modification of designated absorber molecules. Along with the possibility to easily increase the photocurrent, an interesting behavior of the open circuit voltage has been observed. Knowledge about the impact of slight modifications within the solar stack architecture is important in order to be able to improve the device efficiency for the production of cheap and clean energy.

Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
In this work the synthesis of MgCdS ternary semiconductor nanocrystal alloys has been carried out by aqueous route through a bottom-up approach, using conventional hydrothermal heating as well as in situ onto graphene matrices. In the synthesis of MgCdS nanocrystals, the effect of each reaction parameter on the spectroscopic properties was studied aiming to understand the possibilities to control the optical properties. Emission spectra of MgCdS samples obtained in the experiments designed to optimize reaction parameters exhibited a single emission band reflecting nanocrystal growth, with quantum yields as high as 85%. Based on the presence of two bands in absorption spectra as well as atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) data it was possible to propose that nanocrystals are composed of Cd and Mg. Concerning the structural architecture, it has been proposed that nanocrystals show a core-shell structure with a diffuse interface. Data from AAS also showed that the final composition of nanocrystals is generally different from the initial reaction Cd:Mg proportion, as the metal precursors have distinct reactivities. Morphological analyses by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of nanocrystals evidenced the predominance of spherical shapes and sizes below 4 nm. Studies of the formation of nanocrystal alloys with Mg1-xCdxS and Cd1-xMgxS composition, by ion exchange from the binary components MgS and CdS helped the discussion of spectroscopic behavior of the ternary system MgCdS. It was possible to confirm that the introduction of a second cation (Cd2+ or Mg2+) into each binary structure (MgS or CdS) is consistent with the observation of two absorption bands and only one emission band. The addition of graphene derivatives during the synthesis of MgCdS nanocrystals was carried out aiming to improve the properties of the materials, as well as providing a physical support to the nanocrystals, favoring future applications. The presence of graphene induced shifts in the emission bands to larger wavelengths concomitant with intensity reduction, which can be taken as evidence of interactions between the materials. The morphologies of composites were characterized by typical graphene sheets decorated with spherical nanocrystals.
Neste trabalho foram realizadas as sínteses de nanocristais (NCs) semicondutores ternários de MgCdS via síntese aquosa através da metodologia bottom-up, assistida por tratamento térmico hidrotermal convencional, além da síntese in situ de nanocompósitos de MgCdS em matrizes de grafeno. A síntese do nanocristal de MgCdS foi avaliada através do efeito da variação de cada parâmetro de síntese sobre as propriedades espectroscópicas do material, a fim de se compreender as possibilidades de controle das propriedades ópticas. Os espectros de emissão dos NCs de MgCdS, referente ao estudo de otimização dos parâmetros de síntese, apresentaram uma única banda de emissão intensa que reflete o crescimento do nanocristal, com rendimentos quânticos de fotoluminescência elevados, chegando a 85%. Com base na presença de duas bandas de absorção no espectro de UV-visível, bem como de dados de espectrofotometria de absorção atômica (AAS), pode-se inferir que os nanocristais são compostos pelos metais de Cd e Mg, propondo-se a hipótese de uma arquitetura caroço-casca com interface difusa. Os dados obtidos através de AAS mostraram também que, como os precursores tem reatividades distintas, a composição dos materiais formados tende a diferir da proporção Cd2+:Mg2+ utilizada na reação. As análises morfológicas realizadas por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM) permitiram verificar o contorno esférico e uniforme das nanoesferas e estimar o tamanho dos nanocristais, sendo abaixo de 4 nm. Estudos de formação de ligas do tipo Mg1-xCdxS e Cd1-xMgxS, por troca iônica a partir dos componentes binários MgS e CdS permitiram compreender melhor os dados espectroscópicos dos nanocristais formados introduzindo ambos precursores simultaneamente. Confirmou-se que a introdução do segundo cátion (Cd2+ ou Mg2+) em cada estrutura binária (MgS ou CdS) de fato causa a formação de duas bandas de absorção e somente uma de emissão. A implementação de derivados de grafeno na síntese do MgCdS foi realizada a fim de aprimorar as propriedades gerais do material, bem como de propiciar um suporte físico aos nanocristais de MgCdS, favorecendo aplicações. A presença do grafeno na síntese do nanocristal proporcionou deslocamento da banda de emissão para maiores comprimentos de onda com redução da intensidade luminescente, evidenciando interações entre os materiais. As morfologias dos compósitos apresentam folhas de grafeno decoradas com nanocristais esféricos.
São Cristóvão, SE

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Médico Veterinario
La asfixia fetal tiene como consecuencia una disminución de la oxigenación, lo que genera un descenso del aporte sanguíneo en los órganos que no son imperativos para la sobrevivencia inmediata, donde comienza a emplearse la glicólisis anaeróbica para producir energía. Esta vía metabólica es menos eficiente, debido a que la energía producida es reducida y las reservas de carbohidratos son rápidamente agotadas, desarrollándose finalmente una acidosis metabólica por la acumulación de acido láctico. Esta ha sido asociada con disminución de la absorción de inmunoglobulinas y falla en la transferencia de inmunidad pasiva. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la relación entre la lactatemia de terneras neonatas, con la concentración de PST y la predisposición a enfermar durante su primer mes de vida. Se realizó entre mayo y agosto de 2014 en una lechería de la zona central e incluyó a 38 terneras Holstein-Friesian. Se tomaron muestras de sangre para medir el lactato sanguíneo con un analizador portátil y estimar las PST por refractometría. Además se registraron los eventos clínicos producidos durante el primer mes de vida. La comparación estadística entre las medias de los parámetros evaluados se realizó con la prueba t de Student. Se relacionó el lactato con las PST por medio de análisis de regresión y se evaluó la habilidad predictiva de la lactatemia en la morbilidad de las terneras con análisis de ROC. Terneras provenientes de distocias tenían mayores concentraciones de lactato sanguíneo (p<0,1) y menores niveles de PST (p<0,05), que terneras nacidas de partos eutócicos. Las terneras que enfermaron presentaron mayores concentraciones de lactato, en comparación con las terneras sanas (p<0,05). No hubo diferencias significativas entre las concentraciones de PST entre sanas y enfermas. Si bien el lactato sanguíneo y las PST evidenciaron una asociación negativa (p<0,1), no hubo una relación estadística entre ambos parámetros baja (r2=0,1). El análisis ROC demostró que la medición de la lactatemia posee cierto valor predictivo de enfermedades, con un punto de corte de 4,5 mmol/l para distinguir entre terneras sanas y aquellas que tienen más probabilidades de enfermar. Por lo tanto, el uso de analizadores portátiles de lactato sanguíneo, constituye una herramienta útil para ser usada en terreno en la detección temprana de terneras con una mayor susceptibilidad de enfermar

InGaN based blue and near-ultraviolet light emitting diodes and laser diodes have been successfully commercialized for many applications such as general lighting, display backlighting and high density optical storage devices. Despite having a comparably high defect density, these devices are known for their efficient operation, which is attributed to localization in potential fluctuations preventing carriers from reaching the centers of nonradiative recombination. Nitride research is currently headed towards improving deep ultraviolet AlGaN and green InGaN emitters with higher Al and In molar fractions. The efficiency of these devices trails behind the blue counterparts as the carrier localization does not seem to aid in supressing nonradiative losses. In addition, the operation of ternary nitride heterostructure based devices is further complicated by the presence of large built-in electric fields. Although the problem can be ameliorated by growing structures in nonpolar or semipolar directions, the step from research to production still awaits. In this thesis, carrier dynamics and localization effects have been studied in three different nitride ternary compounds: AlGaN epitaxial layers and quantum wells with high Al content, nonpolar m-plane InGaN/GaN quantum wells and lattice matched AlInN/GaN heterostructures. The experimental methods of this work mainly consist of spectroscopy techniques such as time-resolved photoluminescence and differential transmission pump-probe measurements as well as spatial photoluminescence mapping by means of scanning near-field microscopy. The comparison of luminescence and differential transmission measurements has allowed estimating the localization depth in AlGaN quantum wells. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that the polarization degree of luminescence from m-InGaN quantum wells decreases as carriers diffuse to localization centers.What is more, dual-scale localization potential has been evidenced by near-field measurements in both AlGaN and m-InGaN. Larger scale potential fluctuation have been observed directly and the depth of nanoscopic localization has been estimated theoretically from the recorded linewidth of the near-field spectra. Lastly, efficient carrier transport has been observed through AlInN layer despite large alloy inhomogeneities evidenced by broad luminescence spectra and the huge Stokes shift. Inhomogeneous luminescence from the underlying GaN layer has been linked to the fluctuations of the built-in electric field at the AlInN/GaN interface.

QC 20121101

In recent years ternary reversible logic has caught the attention of researchers because of its enormous potential in different fields, in particular quantum computing. It is desirable that any future reversible technology should be fault tolerant and have low power consumption; hence developing testing techniques in this area is of great importance. In this work we propose a design for an online testable ternary reversible circuit. The proposed design can implement almost all of the ternary logic operations and is also capable of testing the reversible ternary network in real time (online). The error detection unit is also constructed in a reversible manner, which results in an overall circuit which meets the requirements of reversible computing. We have also proposed an upgrade of the initial design to make the design more optimized. Several ternary benchmark circuits have been implemented using the proposed approaches. The number of gates required to implement the benchmarks for each approach have also been compared. To our knowledge this is the first such circuit in ternary with integrated online testability feature.
xii, 92 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 66-70).
As the demand of sustainable energy technologies increases in recent years, thermoelectric materials can potentially become a solution by increasing energy efficiency in certain systems, such as waste heat recovery system. Skutterudites is a popular group of thermoelectric materials because they show low thermal conductivity with filled voids in their structures. To investigate the potential of ternary skutterudites as thermoelectric materials, first-principles calculations are performed on filled and unfilled CoSn1.S1.S5, CoSn1.5Se1.5, CoSn1.5Te1.5, CoGe1.5S1.5, CoGe1.5Se1.5, and CoGe1.5Te1.5. Alkaline-earth metal and Lanthanum are used as void fillers in this study. Transport properties, including Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity, are obtained from Boltzmann transport theory. The calculation results show high Seebeck coefficients and low electrical conductivities. Future work will focus on increasing the electrical conductivity while reducing the thermal conductivity with appropriate filling.
by An Li..
M.Eng.

Excess molar volumes have been determined for four ternary chlorobenzene + dibutyl ether + alkane mixtures at 25°C. Results of these measurements are used to test the applications and limitations of BAB, Redlich-Kister, Kohler and Hwang et al. cubic models. For the systems studied, Redlich- Kister, Kohler and Cubic models were found to provide reasonable predictions. Differences between experimental and predicted ΔV^ex_123 values were about ±0.020 cm^3mol^-1 or less at most ternary compositions. Solubilities are reported for anthracene in binary mixtures containing propanol and butanol with alkanes at 25°C. Results of these measurements are used to test the NIBS/Redlich-Kister expression. The three-parameter form of this expression is found to provide reasonable mathematical representation with deviations between experimental and back-calculated values being less than ±1%.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This work aimed to utilize the combined osmotic dehydration and convective drying process to obtain eggplant chips by a non-conventional healthier and more low cost way. The combined process was studied through a factorial experimental design having as independent variables the temperature (30-50°C), sucrose (27,5 to 42,5% w/w) and sodium chloride (3,75 to 6,25% w/w) solution concentrations and immersion time (142,5 to 247,5 min.). The dependent ones were the water loss (PA), sucrose gain (GSac), sodium gain (GSódio), and the GSac/GSódio ratio. Samples from each osmotic condition were dried at 60°C for 4 hours in a convective dryer with a 1m/s air velocity. The objective was to obtain a maximum water loss with a minimum sucrose and sodium impregnation. Statistic models were well fitted according to the Response Surface Methodology. Once PA was above 90% and water activity was less than 0,4 for all samples, it was used the GSac/GSódio ratio as a parameter for choosing the best process condition which should be maximum. Thus, from this analysis, the best way to obtain eggplant chips was at 50°C, with a sucrose and sodium chloride concentrations of 45% and 7,5%, respectively, for 127,5 minutes. This independent variables combination led to a final product with its sodium content sensory attenuated due the sucrose presence and based on this point of view, it could be considered a healthier product compared with similar commercial, as well as by non-use of conventional frying process.
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a utilização da tecnologia combinada de desidratação osmótica e secagem para obtenção de berinjela seca em forma de chips , de modo a aproveitar esta matéria-prima e obter um produto final, por vias não convencionais, mais saudável e de baixo custo. O processo de desidratação osmótica seguida de secagem convectiva foi realizado através de um delineamento experimental, tendo como variáveis independentes a temperatura (30 50°C), concentração de sacarose (27,5 42,5% p/p) e concentração de cloreto de sódio (3,75 6,25% p/p) da solução osmótica e o tempo de imersão (142,5 247,5 min.), e como variáveis dependentes PA, GSac, GSódio, GSac/GSódio e aw, secas numa temperatura e tempo de 60°C e 4 horas, respectivamente, a uma velocidade de 1m/s, onde o objetivo foi obter uma máxima perda de água com uma mínima incorporação de sacarose e sódio. Foram ajustados modelos de primeira ordem segundo a metodologia de superfície de resposta. Uma vez que PA foi acima de 90% e a aw foi menor que 0,4 para todos os ensaios, utilizou-se como parâmetro de escolha da melhor condição do processo, a análise do agente osmótico, mediante a razão GSac/GSódio, a qual deveria ser máxima, segundo a composição de amostras de batata chips comerciais. A condição ideal para obtenção de berinjela seca em forma de chips foi T=50ºC, CSac=45%, CSal=7,5%, t=127,5 minutos, onde tal fato implica em um produto final com um teor de sódio sensorialmente atenuado devido à presença da sacarose e sendo considerado, portanto, mais saudável em função dos menores teores de sódio e sacarose, quando comparado com os similares comerciais, assim como também, pela não utilização do processo de fritura convencional.

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Universidade Estadual da Paraíba
Introducing itself by means of a language loaded with significance and punctuated by marks of oppression and exclusion, African-Brazilian literature, by conveying the word, ensures the black community breaking a silence for a long time by the subjugation and subservience proportioned by enslavement. Such texts increasingly affirm themselves in the scenery of the Brazilian literary canon, when they turn to the way of the fights that impel the black population to seek for their personal affirmation and for the guarantee of their rights as citizens. Under this angle we´ll analyze here the works A cor da ternura (1998), by Geni Guimarães and Ponciá Vicêncio (2003), by Conceição Evaristo, in a comparative study of the protagonist´s discourses in what concerns the issues of identity, presented through a plot of memoirs in which the life experiences exposed by them suggest actions of combat against and resistance to racial prejudice and oppression on the part of the dominant society. In this work we use as theoretical basis the studies made by Anna Freud (1976); Halbwachs (1990); Bergson (1999); Landowski (2002); Giddens (2002); Bauman (2005); Seligmann-Silva (2005); Hall (2006/2013); Fanon (2008); (2010); Castells (2010) and Candau (2012), among others.
Apresentando-se por meio de uma linguagem carregada de significados, marcas de opressão e exclusão, a literatura afro-brasileira, através da veiculação da palavra, garante a comunidade negra o rompimento de um silêncio pontuado pela subjugação e subserviência advindas da escravização. Tais textos cada vez mais se firmam no panorama das letras brasileiras ao enveredar pelos caminhos das lutas que impulsionam a população negra em busca da sua afirmação pessoal e da garantia de seus direitos enquanto cidadãos. Sob este viés analisamos aqui as obras A cor da ternura (1998), de Geni Guimarães e Ponciá Vicêncio (2003), de Conceição Evaristo, por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica constituída por um estudo comparatista dos discursos das protagonistas quanto às questões identitárias, apresentadas por meio de um enredo memorialístico, em que as vivências por elas expostas sugerem ações de combate e resistência à discriminação e à opressão por parte da sociedade dominante. Neste trabalho utilizamos como aporte teórico os estudos de Anna Freud (1976); Halbwachs (1990); Bergson (1999); Landowski (2002); Giddens (2002); Bauman (2005); Seligmann-Silva (2005); Hall (2006/2013); Fanon (2008); (2010); Castells (2010) e Candau (2012), dentre outros.

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Médico Veterinario.
La diarrea neonatal (DN) es la patología más frecuente y la primera causa de muerte en terneros, generando altas pérdidas en la industria. Los tratamientos más utilizados incluyen el uso de antibióticos de amplio espectro. El uso de antibacterianos específicos podría contribuir al control de esta patología. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de un producto comercial formulado a base de bacteriófagos específicos para el control de E.coli y Salmonella spp., sobre la presentación de DN y peso al destete en terneras Holstein de la zona central de Chile. Para ello, se trabajó en dos lecherías comerciales ubicadas en las regiones de Valparaíso y Metropolitana, donde se asignaron aleatoriamente 80 terneras recién nacidas a dos grupos en cada predio, un grupo control y un grupo experimental. El grupo experimental recibió 0,5 gramos de un controlador microbiológico (Milkeeper S®, Phage Technologies, Santiago, Chile) a base de bacteriófagos específicos contra E. coli, Salmonella panama, S. dublin, S. mbandaka y S. typhimurium, disueltos en la leche o sustituto, dos veces al día hasta el destete. El grupo control recibió, 0,5 gramos de un placebo a base de almidón disuelto en la leche o sustituto, dos veces al día hasta el destete. Se evaluó en cada ternera el peso al nacimiento, proteínas séricas totales (PST) entre el 3er a 5to día de vida, peso a los 30, 60 y 75 días aproximadamente, como también se registraron los casos de enfermedad y muertes. Las incidencias de diarrea no fueron diferentes (p=0,79) entre el grupo control (50%) y el grupo experimental (42,5%). Tampoco se observaron diferencias en la mortalidad registrada en el periodo, siendo de 7,5% en el grupo control y de 5% en el grupo experimental. Por otro lado, la duración de los cuadros fue significativamente menor (p=0,03) en las terneras tratadas con el bacteriófago (5,9±1,81 días) que en el grupo control (8,5 ± 4,24 días) y se observó una tendencia a una menor severidad de las diarreas en las terneras tratadas. Las terneras del grupo experimental tuvieron una tendencia a una mayor ganancia diaria de peso que las del grupo control (628gr/día y 578gr/día, respectivamente; p=0,07), y un mayor peso al destete que las del grupo control (82,0 kg y 78,0 kg, respectivamente; p=0,03). Se concluye que el producto testeado no disminuye en forma significativa la incidencia de DN en terneras, pero sí la duración y la severidad de estas, mejorando significativamente el peso al destete.
The neonatal diarrhea (ND) is the most common disease and the main cause of death in calves, generating high losses in the industry. The most widely used treatments include the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. The use of specific antibacterials could help to control this disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a commercial product formulated with specific bacteriophages for control of E. coli and Salmonella spp., on the presentation of ND and weaning weight in Holstein calves of central Chile. The study was conducted in two commercial dairies located in Valparaiso and Metropolitan regions, where 80 newborn calves were randomly assigned to two groups on each farm, a control group and an experimental group. The experimental group received 0.5 grams of a microbiological controller (Milkeeper S®, Phage Technologies, Santiago, Chile) based on specific bacteriophages against E. coli, Salmonella panama, S. dublin, S. Mbandaka and S. typhimurium, dissolved in milk or substitute, twice a day until weaning. The control group received 0.5 grams of a placebo based on starch dissolved in the milk replacer, twice a day until weaning. Birth weight, total serum protein (TSP) from the 3rd to 5th day of life, weight at about 30, 60 and 75 days, and illness and deaths frequencies were also registered. The incidences of diarrhea were not different (p = 0.79) between the control group (50%) and the experimental group (42.5%). No differences were observed in mortality rates during the period, with 7.5% in the control group and 5% in the experimental group. On the other side, the duration of the episodes of diarrhea was significantly lower (p = 0.03) in calves treated with bacteriophage (5.9 ± 1.81 days) than in the control group (8.5 ± 4.24 days ) and a trend toward a lower severity of diarrhea in treated calves was observed. The calves of the experimental group had a trend to greater daily weight gain than the control group (628gr / day and 578gr / day, respectively; p = 0.07), and increased weaning weight than the control group (82.0 kg and 78.0 kg, respectively; p = 0.03). It is concluded that the tested product does not significantly decrease the incidence of DN in calves, but affects the duration and severity of that, significantly improving weaning weight.
Financiamiento: VETNOVO, EIP-2014.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine certain questions concerning the Cantor ternary set. The second chapter deals with proving that the Cantor ternary set is equivalent to the middle thirds set of [0,1], closed, compact, and has Lebesgue measure zero. Further a proof that the Cantor ternary set is a locally compact, Hausdorff topological group is given. The third chapter is concerned with establishing the existence of a Haar integral on certain topological groups. In particular if G is a locally compact and Hausdorff topological group, then there is a non-zero translation invariant positive linear form on G. The fourth chapter deals with proving that for any Haar integral I on G there exists a unique Haar measure on G that represents I.

The objective of this research was to explore the possibility of developing novel Magnesium-Tin alloys with improved mechanical properties by micro-alloying. Magnesium is the lightest of all structural metals. It can be machined faster and with almost half the power required for aluminum. There is a limitless supply of magnesium in sea water and it can also be recycled at 5% of initial energy requirements. These properties make magnesium an ideal green alternative to replace metals and polymers in automotive, aerospace, biomedical and defense sectors. The potential weight reduction in the US automotive market alone, leads to 100 billion gallons of gas saved and 6.5 billion gallons of CO2 emissions reduced per year. In defense and aerospace markets, China is the leading foreign supplier of rare earth metals necessary for fabrication of current high-performance Mg alloys, making core defense technologies vulnerable to the interruption of Chinese imports. In the past, China has used its control over mining, application and import of rare earth metals as a strategic leverage. These new Magnesium-Tin ternary alloys offer an alternative that can be made from domestic resources improving national security and minimizing foreign dependence on rare earth metals import. Our results establish that microalloying can tackle issues arising from sluggish precipitate formation kinetics and precipitate size distribution in binary Magnesium-Tin alloys. These new alloys also offer an order of magnitude reduction in heat treatment time (from approximately 1000 hours to less than 100 hours), which makes the benefits of their application two-fold by decreasing manufacturing energy costs and production time. This can also open the route for development of new age-hardenable wrought Magnesium alloys.

The research work involved in this study can be described in two aspects: the experimental determination of excess enthalpies, H$\rm\sp{E},$ for some binary and ternary liquid mixtures; and a theoretical study of various approaches for the representation of experimental H$\rm\sp{E}$ data. To determine the excess enthalpies of desired systems, a series of calorimetric experiments have been carried out for 15 binary and six ternary mixtures with an LKB flow microcalorimeter. A new model, based on statistical thermodynamic principles, has been developed for representing and predicting the excess enthalpy of a ternary mixture from correlation of the H$\rm\sp{E}$ values of its constituent binaries. The analyses of experimental results were carried out with several solution models, such as the Flory theory model, an association model, the DISQUAC model, the NRTL model, the UNIQUAC model, and the model developed in this study. The applicability of the proposed model for predicting ternary H$\rm\sp{E}$ values was further investigated. In addition to the six ternary systems experimentally studied in this work, six more ternary systems were selected from the literature. For comparison, the same calculations were also carried out with the 3-parameter NRTL and 2-parameter UNIQUAC models.

This thesis presents a systematic approach for the synthesis of reaction-separation-recycle flowsheets including ternary heterogeneous azeotropic mixtures. The methodology incorporates three main components. Firstly, a shortcut distillation model for heterogeneous azeotropic distillation columns is developed. Secondly, a synthesis methodology is proposed for generating, evaluating and screening separation flowsheet alternatives. Finally, the separation flowsheet synthesis methodology is systematically integrated with an existing reactor network design methodology to generate feasible and cost-effective reaction-separation-recycle flowsheets. Heterogeneous azeotropic distillation systems include distillation and decanting operations. Columns with stand-alone decanters and with integrated decanters are considered for separation. A shortcut distillation model is proposed, based on Underwood's method, which is modified to calculate the minimum reflux ratio in ternary heterogeneous distillation columns for direct and indirect splits. The new model requires determination of the controlling fixed point for a given type of split. Case studies demonstrate the applicability of the model for various ternary heterogeneous azeotropic systems. The minimum reflux requirements predicted by the model are in good agreement with those of the more rigorous boundary value method results using commercial software DISTIL and rigorous simulation results using HYSYS. A systematic procedure for synthesising and screening economically promising distillation sequences separating ternary heterogeneous azeotropic mixtures is proposed. The algorithm of Tao et al. (2003) to generate high-purity separation alternatives using distillation and stand-alone decanters is extended to include integrated distillation-decanting configurations. High recoveries of these high-purity products are obtained by recycling non-product streams to suitable destinations within the flowsheet. The recycle destination selection heuristics proposed by Tao et al. (2003) are extended to eliminate uneconomical alternatives. The minimum vapour load of the sequence calculated using the new shortcut model is used as a cost indicator to evaluate and screen separation alternatives. Case studies illustrate the applicability of the synthesis approach and show advantages to integrating distillation and decanting within the separation sequence. A systematic methodology is proposed for synthesising feasible and economically attractive reaction-separation-recycle flowsheets including ternary heterogeneous azeotropic mixtures. Using the separation flowsheet synthesis procedure, flowsheet alternatives are generated and evaluated for separation feed compositions lying in various regions of the ternary composition space. These separation flowsheets are used to construct cost functions in terms of the feed conditions, such as flow rates and compositions. The cost functions are applied within an optimisation framework to explore reaction-separation trade-offs. The reaction-separation-recycle synthesis problem is formulated mathematically with continuous and discrete variables. Economically attractive flowsheets are synthesised by optimisation, using the stochastic optimisation technique of simulated annealing. Two industrially important case studies, vinyl acetate and di-isopropyl ether production, demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach.

In this research, a temperature dependent tribological investigation of selected ternary oxides was undertaken. Based on the promising results of previous studies on silver based ternary oxides, copper based ternary oxides were selected to conduct a comparative study since both copper and silver are located in the same group in the periodic table of the elements. Two methods were used to create ternary oxides: (i) solid chemical synthesis to create powders and (ii) sputtering to produce thin films. X-ray diffraction was used to explore the evolution of phases, chemical properties, and structural properties of the coatings before and after tribotesting. Scanning electron microscopy, Auger scanning nanoprobe spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to investigate the chemical and morphological properties of these materials after sliding tests. These techniques revealed that chameleon coatings of copper ternary oxides produce a friction coefficient of 0.23 when wear tested at 430 °C. The low friction is due to the formation of copper tantalate phase and copper in the coatings. All sputtering coatings showed similar tribological properties up to 430 °C.

The partition of radionuclides between solid and solution phase has been studied in humic/quartz sand ternary systems. Data have been recorded under ambient (air) and inert (O2 and CO2 free) atmospheres. For Eu (III) and Th (IV), the systems show simple ternary behaviour, with sorption decreasing (and mobility increasing) in the presence of humic, whilst for U (VI), the behaviour is more complex, with the humic enhancing sorption and reducing mobility. There is also evidence that the sorbed humic has an enhanced affinity for the uranyl, which is probably due to fractionation of the humic. Further, the behaviour of plutonium has also been studied in these systems. Pu (IV) showed the simple ternary characteristics, which had been observed for Eu (III) and Th (IV). Pu (V) and Pu (VI) systems exhibited more complex behaviour, with low concentrations of humic actually enhancing sorption, probably due to ternary complex formation. A simple mathematical model has been developed to predict the behaviour of both metal ion and humic acid. The model performs well in predicting the partition of the humic and that of the metal ions in the systems that show simpler ternary behaviour.

We begin by introducing knots and links generally and identifying various geometric, polynomial, and integer-based knot and link invariants. Of particular importance to this paper are ternary operations and Niebrzydowski tribrackets defined in [12], [10]. We then introduce multi-tribrackets, ternary algebraic structures following the specified region coloring rules with di↵erent operations at multi-component and single component crossings. We will explore examples of each of the invariants and conclude with remarks on the direction of the introduced multi-tribracket theory.

Thesis (M.S.)--George Mason University, 2009.
Vita: p. 164. Thesis director: Daniel Anderson. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Mathematics. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Oct. 12, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 163). Also issued in print.

El sistema de producción de carne de vacuno en España es muy específico. Es un sistema totalmente desligado de la tierra, con animales sacrificados jóvenes y alimentados durante todo el engorde a base de piensos concentrados ricos en cereales, produciendo la característica carne rosada. En los últimos años, ha cobrado interés la inclusión de leguminosas grano en estas dietas, con el problema de que estos suplementos están relativamente poco caracterizados en estas condiciones alimentarias, ya que la degradabilidad de suplementos proteicos puede reducirse en dietas concentradas. Por otra parte, la cebada y el maíz son los cereales más utilizados y aunque tienen diferentes velocidades de degradación ruminal del almidón, se han realizado pocos esfuerzos para sincronizar su degradación con fuentes proteicas de similares características y así maximizar la eficiencia de la fermentación ruminal.
En el marco de la falta de información sobre la fermentación ruminal de terneros jóvenes alimentados con dietas concentradas nos planteamos los siguientes objetivos:
a) Caracterizar la fermentación ruminal y la degradabilidad de la proteína de suplementos vegetales durante todo el engorde.
b) Estudiar los efectos de la sincronización de la degradabilidad ruminal del almidón de la cebada y el maíz con dos fuentes proteicas, sobre la fermentación ruminal y sobre los parámetros productivos y el comportamiento de ingestión.
En el primer experimento con un diseño de medidas repetidas estudiamos como evolucionaba la fermentación ruminal y la degradación de la proteína de 4 suplementos vegetales (dos leguminosas y dos subproductos de la extracción de aceite) en 6 terneras en crecimiento entre los 80 y los 250 kg alimentadas con dietas concentradas con distinta proporción de fibra. Una dieta contenía un 12% de paja de cebada y la otra un 30% de alfalfa deshidratada, y ambas eran isoenergéticas e isoproteicas. Observamos que aunque en ambas dietas la actividad celulolítica, estimada a través de la degradación ruminal de la FND de una muestra de heno de alfalfa incubada in situ, era muy baja, fue ligeramente superior en la dieta que tenía mayor proporción de forraje. La dieta con un 30% de alfalfa deshidratada también presentó mayor degradabilidad ruminal de las dos leguminosas grano (guisante y altramuz) incubadas in situ. Con la edad aumentó la ingestión total de carbohidratos no fibrosos y la fermentación se volvió más amilolítica y proteolítica, aumentando la concentración de AGV totales, la proporción de propionato y la degradabilidad efectiva de la proteína de los suplementos incubados, a excepción de la harina de soja. Estas mismas dietas se administraron en el segundo experimento a 4 terneras de 300 kg de peso vivo, asignadas a un diseño de cross-over para estudiar el efecto del nivel de fibra de la dieta sobre la fermentación ruminal y la degradación proteica de 7 suplementos proteicos de origen vegetal en la última fase de engorde. El perfil de fermentación ruminal no se vio afectado por el nivel de fibra de la dieta, siendo un perfil básicamente amilolítico. La degradación de la FND del heno de alfalfa también fue muy baja (25,5%) y la degradación de las leguminosas grano fue más baja que los valores aportados por los sistemas de referencia, siendo los valores obtenidos más adecuados para estas condiciones de producción. Los valores de degradación de la harina de soja y la harina de girasol fueron similares a los aportados por las tablas de referencia, sin verse afectados por el nivel de fibra de la dieta.
Para el estudio de la sincronización de la degradabilidad ruminal entre fuentes de energía y de proteína, combinamos la cebada y el maíz con dos fuentes proteicas, harina de soja y harina de girasol, que demostraron tener diferente velocidad de degradación ruminal en los experimentos 1 y 2. De estas combinaciones resultó una dieta sincronizada para una fermentación rápida (cebada-girasol); una dieta sincronizada para una fermentación lenta (maíz-soja) y dos dietas desincronizadas con un componente de fermentación rápida y uno de fermentación lenta (cebada-soja y maíz-girasol). Las 4 dietas eran isoproteicas e isoenergéticas y con una relación forraje:concentrado cercana a 10:90. In vitro, con el sistema de fermentadores de doble flujo continuo observamos una potenciación de la fermentación ruminal por efecto de la sincronización, sin que se viera afectada por el pH ruminal que se mantuvo constante a 6,2 o fluctuante, 12 h a 5,8 y 12 h a 6,4, simulando una acidosis crónica, frecuente en este tipo de dietas. In vivo, estas dietas fueron asignadas a 4 terneras de 132 kg en un diseño de cuadrado latino 4 x 4, sin observar ningún efecto de la sincronización sobre la fermentación ruminal ni sobre la digestibilidad de todo el tracto. El tipo de carbohidrato afectó a la ingestión, siendo mayor en los tratamientos que contenían maíz. Los animales que recibían la dieta sincronizada para una fermentación rápida (cebada-girasol) redujeron su ingestión y rumiaron durante más tiempo el forraje sin que sufrieran problemas de acidosis ruminal.
Beef production in Spain is very specific. The production system is completely detached from the land and calves are fed high concentrate diets based on cereals from weaning to slaughtering at a young age, producing a tender and pink meat. The use of legume seeds in these high concentrate diets is increasing, although these protein supplements are poorly characterized in these feeding conditions and protein degradation can be reduced in such diets. Moreover, barley and corn are the main cereal grains used in high concentrate beef cattle diets. These cereals differ in their starch content and in their fermentation rate and extent of rumen degradation, but few efforts have been made to synchronize their degradation with protein supplements of similar degradation characteristics and maximize the efficiency of ruminal fermentation.
Due to the lack of information about ruminal fermentation in young beef cattle fed high concentrate diets, the following objectives were proposed:
a) To characterize ruminal fermentation and estimate ruminal nitrogen degradability of plant protein supplements during the fattening period.
b) To study the effects of synchrony of ruminal degradability of corn and barley starch with protein sources of different rates and extents of degradation, on ruminal fermentation, animal performance and feeding behavior.
In the first experiment, six Holstein heifers growing from 80 to 250 kg were used in a repeated measures trial to study the changes in ruminal fermentation and protein degradation of four plant protein supplements (two legume seeds and two by products from the oil industry). Heifers were fed two isoenergetic and isonitrogenous high concentrate diets with different fiber content. One diet contained 12% barley straw and the other 30% dehydrated alfalfa as forage source. Cellulolytic activity, estimated as NDF degradation of alfalfa hay incubated in situ, was very low in both diets, but it was slightly higher in the diet with 30% dehydrated alfalfa. In situ nitrogen degradability of legume seeds (peas and lupin seeds) was also higher in the diet with a higher proportion of forage. With age, gross nonstructural carbohydrate intake increased and ruminal fermentation became more amilolytic and proteolitic, increasing total VFA concentration, propionate proportion and nitrogen effective degradability of protein supplements, except for soybean meal. These two diets were assigned in the second experiment to four 300-kg growing heifers in a cross-over design to study the effect of dietary fiber level on ruminal fermentation and in situ nitrogen degradability of seven protein supplements (5 legume seeds) at the end of the fattening period. The ruminal fermentation pattern was basically amilolytic in both diets, and was not affected by dietary fiber content. Neutral detergent fiber degradation of alfalfa hay was also very low (25.5%) and values of effective degradation on legume seeds were lower than values reported by reference feeding systems, the values obtained in the present experiment being more adequate for beef cattle fed high concentrate diets. Effective degradation of soybean meal and sunflower meal were similar to values reported by feeding systems and not affected by NDF content of diets.
To study the effects of synchrony of rumen degradability between energy and protein sources, barley and corn and two protein sources, soybean meal, SBM, and sunflower meal, SFM, differing in their rate and extent of rumen degradation were combined. This resulted in a synchronized rapid fermentation diet (barley-SFM), a synchronized slow fermentation diet (corn-SBM) and two unsynchronized diets with a rapidly and slowly fermenting component (barley-SBM and corn-SFM). All diets were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous with a forage to concentrate ratio close to 10:90. In vitro, with a dual flow continuous culture system, ruminal fermentation was enhanced in synchronized diets (Barley-SFM and corn-SBM). No effect of ruminal pH, which was held constant at 6.2 or fluctuant 12 h at 5.8 and 12 h at 6.4, simulating subclinical acidosis frequently associated with these diets, was observed. In vivo, these diets were fed to four 132-kg heifers assigned to a 4 x 4 Latin square design, but synchronization had no effect on ruminal fermentation or on apparent total tract digestibility. The type of carbohydrate affected intake, being higher for corn than barley based diets. Heifers fed the rapid synchronized diet (barley-SFM) reduced intake and increased time spent chewing per unit of forage intake, avoiding problems of ruminal acidosis.

The III-V semiconductor compounds (i.e. In Ga As x 1-x , 1 x x InAs Sb - , In Ga Sb x 1-x and Al Ga As x 1-x ) have been studied using room temperature Raman spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction has been used as a complementary characterization technique. In this study all the III-V semiconductor compounds were grown by metal organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) on GaAs and GaSb substrates. The layers were studied with respect to composition, strain variation and critical thickness. Raman spectroscopy has been employed to assess the composition dependence of optical phonons in the layers. The alloy composition was varied, while the thickness was kept constant in order to investigate compositional effects. A significant frequency shift of the phonon modes were observed as the composition changed. The composition dependence of the phonon frequencies were described by linear and polynomial expressions. The results of this study were compared with previous Raman and infrared work on III-V semiconductor compounds. Strain relaxation in InGaAs and InGaSb has been investigated by Raman and X-ray diffraction. Measurements were performed on several series of layers. For each series, the thickness was varied, while keeping the composition constant. For a given composition, the layer thicknesses were such that some layers should be fully strained, some partially relaxed and some fully relaxed. The Raman peak shifts and XRD confirm that a layer grows up to the critical thickness and then releases the strain as the thickness increases. Critical layer thickness values measured in this study were compared with published data, in which various techniques had been used to estimate the critical thickness.

The physics of phase separated water soluble biopolymer solutions is of great importance both academically and commercially. Of particular importance is the nature of the interface between the two aqueous biopolymer systems. The interface between phase separated water soluble biopolymers has considerable influence over the physical behaviour and properties of mixed biopolymer systems. Knowledge of the nature, and ultimately the ability to control, the aqueous biopolymerlbiopolymer interface is the aim ofthis research. This research examines a protein/polysaccharide biopolymer system: gelatin (a protein that under certain conditions forms a gel) and dextran (a non-gelling polysaccharide). It is known (from small angle light scattering) that the interface between 4.2% aqueous gelatin and dextran solutions is broad:::: 200nm. The phase diagram and the interfacial width of the aqueous gelatin/dextran system have been investigated in this thesis. The phase diagram of this system has been determined using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. A slight temperature dependence ofxwas found. Spectroscopic and angular ellipsometry have been used in order to try to measure the interfacial width in this system. The aqueous gelatin/dextran system is a liquid/liquid system. A special cell has been designed to enable the two liquids to be confined, but still enable the interface to be studied. A number of test systems (small molecule and macromolecular) have been used in order to test the liquid/liquid experimental cell and the data analysis program. No light was observed to reflect from the interface between aqueous solutions of gelatin and dextran. This is due to the width of the interface being too broad. For the interface between phase separated aqueous solutions (gelatin-rich phase/dextran-rich phase) no light was observed to reflect from the interface due to the width being to broad and the refractive index contrast being too small.

Compact architectures, ternary weights and binary activations are two methods suitable for making neural networks more efficient. We introduce a) a dithering binary activation which improves accuracy of ternary weight networks with binary activations by randomizing quantization error, and b) a method of implementing ternary weight networks with binary activations using binary operations. Despite these new approaches, training a compact SqueezeNet architecture with ternary weights and full precision activations on ImageNet degrades classification accuracy significantly more than when training a less compact architecture the same way. Therefore ternary weights in their current form cannot be called the best method for reducing network size. However, the effect of weight decay on ternary weight network training should be investigated more in order to have more certainty in this finding.
Kompakta arkitekturer, ternära vikter och binära aktiveringar är två metoder som är lämpliga för att göra neurala nätverk effektivare. Vi introducerar a) en dithering binär aktivering som förbättrar noggrannheten av ternärviktsnätverk med binära aktiveringar genom randomisering av kvantiseringsfel, och b) en metod för genomförande ternärviktsnätverk med binära aktiveringar med användning av binära operationer. Trots dessa nya metoder, att träna en kompakt SqueezeNet-arkitektur med ternära vikter och fullprecisionaktiveringar på ImageNet försämrar klassificeringsnoggrannheten betydligt mer än om man tränar en mindre kompakt arkitektur på samma sätt. Därför kan ternära vikter i deras nuvarande form inte kallas bästa sättet att minska nätverksstorleken. Emellertid, effekten av weight decay på träning av ternärviktsnätverk bör undersökas mer för att få större säkerhet i detta resultat.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on November 6, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.