Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Tensioning

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Tensioning”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 20 lutego 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Tensioning"

1

Liu, Xuechun, Yiwen Zhang, Ailin Zhang i Liang Wu. "Model test for the tensioning construction process of a large-span prestressed suspended dome". Advances in Structural Engineering 20, nr 4 (5.07.2016): 504–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433216655920.

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Before being tensioned, the stiffness of the upper reticulated shell of a prestressed suspended dome is small, and the lower cable–strut system is completely flexible. The shape and stiffness of the structure constantly change during the construction process; therefore, a construction experiment needed to be performed to ensure the success and safety of the tensioning process for practical engineering. A tensioning experiment was performed on a reduced scale model of a large-span suspended dome. The safety, internal forces, joint displacements, and cable tensions during the tensioning process were studied. The effects of the sequence, times, and magnitudes of the loop cable tensioning were studied. The unfavorable factors of friction loss at the cable–strut joint, tensioning sequence loss, and out-of-sync tensioning on the tensioning points were evaluated, and measures to reduce the friction loss were then proposed. Two tensioning schemes were tested, compared, and used to predict the potential difficulties in practical engineering construction. An optimized tensioning scheme was developed for practical engineering.
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Liu, Zhansheng, Guoliang Shi, Anshan Zhang i Chun Huang. "Intelligent Tensioning Method for Prestressed Cables Based on Digital Twins and Artificial Intelligence". Sensors 20, nr 24 (8.12.2020): 7006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20247006.

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In this study, to address the problems of multiple dimensions, large scales, complex tension resource scheduling, and strict quality control requirements in the tensioning process of cables in prestressed steel structures, the technical characteristics of digital twins (DTs) and artificial intelligence (AI) are analyzed. An intelligent tensioning of prestressed cables method driven by the integration of DTs and AI is proposed. Based on the current research status of cable tensioning and DTs, combined with the goal of intelligent tensioning, a fusion mechanism for DTs and AI is established and their integration to drive intelligent tensioning of prestressed cables technology is analyzed. In addition, the key issues involved in the construction of an intelligent control center driven by the integration of DTs and AI are discussed. By considering the construction elements of space and time dimensions, the tensioning process is controlled at multiple levels, thereby realizing the intelligent tensioning of prestressed cables. Driven by intelligent tensioning methods, the safety performance evaluation of the intelligent tensioning process is analyzed. Combined with sensing equipment and intelligent algorithms, a high-fidelity twin model and three-dimensional integrated data model are constructed to realize closed-loop control of the intelligent tensioning safety evaluation. Through the study of digital twins and artificial intelligence fusion to drive the intelligent tensioning method for prestressed cables, this study focuses on the analysis of the intelligent evaluation of safety performance. This study provides a reference for fusion applications with DTs and AI in intelligent tensioning of prestressed cables.
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Moatshe, Gilbert, Jorge Chahla, Alex Brady, Grant Dornan, Kyle Muckenhirn, Bradley Kruckeberg, Lars Engebretsen i Robert F. LaPrade. "The Influence of Graft Tensioning Sequence on Tibiofemoral Orientation during Bicruciate and Posterolateral Corner Knee Ligament Reconstruction: A Biomechanical Study". Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 6, nr 7_suppl4 (1.07.2018): 2325967118S0006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967118s00066.

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Objectives: During a multiple knee ligament reconstruction, the graft tensioning order may influence the final tibiofemoral orientation and corresponding knee kinematics. Therefore, the objective of this study was to biomechanically evaluate the effect of different graft tensioning sequences on knee tibiofemoral orientation following multiple knee ligament reconstruction in a bicruciate ligament (anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] and posterior cruciate ligament [PCL]) with posterolateral corner [PLC] injured knee. Methods: Ten non-paired, fresh-frozen human cadaveric knees were utilized for this study. Following reconstruction of both cruciate and posterolateral corner ligaments and proximal graft fixation, each knee was randomly assigned to each of four graft tensioning order groups: (1) PCL → ACL → PLC, (2) PCL → PLC → ACL, (3) PLC → ACL → PCL and (4) ACL → PCL → PLC. The tibiofemoral orientation after graft tensioning was measured and compared to the intact states. Results: Tensioning the ACL first (tensioning order 4) resulted in posterior displacement of the tibia at 0° by 1.7 ± 1.3 mm compared to the intact state (p=0.002) (Figure 1). All tensioning orders resulted in significantly increased anterior tibial translation compared to the intact state at higher flexion angles ranging from 2.7 mm to 3.2 mm at 60° and 3.1 mm to 3.4 mm at 90° for tensioning orders 1 and 2 respectively (all p<0.001). There was no significant difference in tibiofemoral orientation in the sagittal plane between the tensioning orders at higher flexion angles. All tensioning orders resulted in increased internal tibial rotation (all p<0.001). Tensioning and fixing the PLC first (tensioning order 3) resulted in the most increases in internal rotation of the tibia; 2.4° ± 1.9°, 2.7° ± 1.8° and 2.0° ± 2.0° at 0°, 30° and 60° respectively (Table 1). Conclusion: None of the tensioning orders restored intact knee tibiofemoral orientation. Tensioning the posterolateral corner first should be avoided in bicruciate knee ligament reconstruction with a concurrent posterolateral corner reconstruction because it significantly increased tibial internal rotation. We recommend that the PCL be tensioned first, followed by the ACL to avoid posterior translation of the tibia in extension where the knee is primarily loaded with most activities and finally the PLC. [Figure: see text][Table: see text]
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4

Li, Bo, i Zhankuan Zhang. "Analysis and Optimization of the Tensioning Effect on a Wood-Cutting Circular Saw Blade Tensioned by Multispot Pressure". Forest Products Journal 69, nr 1 (1.01.2019): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-17-00063.

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Abstract In recent years, a multispot pressure tensioning process appeared in the field of circular saw blade manufacturing. Due to the insufficient understanding about the formation and evolution of the tensioning effect of this process, this study aimed to analyze and optimize the tensioning effect on a circular saw blade tensioned by multispot pressure. It could provide a theoretical basis and key technical parameters for regulating and controlling the tensioning effect of this process. In this article, the natural frequency and the tensioning stress field of a circular saw blade tensioned by multispot pressure were calculated by ABAQUS software. The simulated tensioning stress field was in agreement with the experimental results, which confirmed the accuracy of the simulation model. The influence of process parameters on the natural frequency and tangential tensile stress in the edge of the circular saw blade was examined and compared based on the orthogonal method. Simulation results show that the parameters of the multispot pressure tensioning process have different degrees of influence on the tensioning effect of a circular saw blade. Considering the natural frequency and tangential tensile stress in the edge of a circular saw blade synthetically, optimal process parameters for multispot pressure tensioning were obtained.
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5

Moatshe, Gilbert, Jorge Chahla, Alex W. Brady, Grant J. Dornan, Kyle J. Muckenhirn, Bradley M. Kruckeberg, Mark E. Cinque, Travis Lee Turnbull, Lars Engebretsen i Robert F. LaPrade. "The Influence of Graft Tensioning Sequence on Tibiofemoral Orientation During Bicruciate and Posterolateral Corner Knee Ligament Reconstruction: A Biomechanical Study". American Journal of Sports Medicine 46, nr 8 (28.06.2018): 1863–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546517751917.

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Background: During multiple knee ligament reconstructions, the graft tensioning order may influence the final tibiofemoral orientation and corresponding knee kinematics. Nonanatomic tibiofemoral orientation may result in residual knee instability, altered joint loading, and an increased propensity for graft failure. Purpose: To biomechanically evaluate the effect of different graft tensioning sequences on knee tibiofemoral orientation after multiple knee ligament reconstructions in a bicruciate ligament (anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] and posterior cruciate ligament [PCL]) with a posterolateral corner (PLC)–injured knee. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Ten nonpaired, fresh-frozen human cadaveric knees were utilized for this study. After reconstruction of both cruciate ligaments and the PLC and proximal graft fixation, each knee was randomly assigned to each of 4 graft tensioning order groups: (1) PCL → ACL → PLC, (2) PCL → PLC → ACL, (3) PLC → ACL → PCL, and (4) ACL → PCL → PLC. Tibiofemoral orientation after graft tensioning was measured and compared with the intact state. Results: Tensioning the ACL first (tensioning order 4) resulted in posterior displacement of the tibia at 0° by 1.7 ± 1.3 mm compared with the intact state ( P = .002). All tensioning orders resulted in significantly increased tibial anterior translation compared with the intact state at higher flexion angles ranging from 2.7 mm to 3.2 mm at 60° and from 3.1 mm to 3.4 mm at 90° for tensioning orders 1 and 2, respectively (all P < .001). There was no significant difference in tibiofemoral orientation in the sagittal plane between the tensioning orders at higher flexion angles. All tensioning orders resulted in increased tibial internal rotation (all P < .001). Tensioning and fixing the PLC first (tensioning order 3) resulted in the most increases in internal rotation of the tibia: 2.4° ± 1.9°, 2.7° ± 1.8°, and 2.0° ± 2.0° at 0°, 30°, and 60°, respectively. Conclusion: None of the tensioning orders restored intact knee tibiofemoral orientation. Tensioning the PLC first should be avoided in bicruciate knee ligament reconstruction with concurrent PLC reconstruction because it significantly increased tibial internal rotation. We recommend that the PCL be tensioned first, followed by the ACL, to avoid posterior translation of the tibia in extension where the knee is primarily loaded during most activities. The PLC should be tensioned last. Clinical Relevance: This study will help guide surgeons in decision making for the graft tensioning order during multiple knee ligament reconstructions.
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Kulinowski, Piotr, Piotr Kasza i Jacek Zarzycki. "The Analysis of Effectiveness of Conveyor Belt Tensioning Systems". New Trends in Production Engineering 3, nr 1 (1.08.2020): 283–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ntpe-2020-0023.

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AbstractThe publication presents the evaluation of the effectiveness of belt tensioning systems based on the results of model laboratory tests. The types of tensioning devices most commonly used in industry were selected for testing: winch, gravity, pneumatic and follower. The evaluation of the efficiency of belt tensioning devices is complex, as the tensioning system is not autonomous and is only part of the belt conveyor equipment. Therefore, the publication presents the impact of belt tension force on the durability of basic conveyor components such as the belt and its joints, and drums. The characteristics of the tested belt tensioning devices are presented and the construction and research capabilities of the laboratory model of the belt conveyor are described. Measuring systems mounted on the conveyor are described in detail, enabling recording of variable conveyor operating conditions, measuring belt speed, driving force and belt stress. The results of the research are the experimental static characteristics of the most commonly used tensioning devices, which show the relationship between the drive moment and the belt tensioning force. Obtained characteristics will allow the development of guidelines for the design and selection of the most effective belt tensioning devices.
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Shen, Sheng, Yao Wang, Sheng-Lan Ma, Di Huang, Zhi-Hong Wu i Xiao Guo. "Evaluation of Prestress Loss Distribution during Pre-Tensioning and Post-Tensioning Using Long-Gauge Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors". Sensors 18, nr 12 (23.11.2018): 4106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124106.

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Prestress loss evaluation in prestressed strands is essential for prestressed structures. However, the sensors installed outside the duct can only measure the total prestress loss. The sensors attached on strands inside the duct also have several problems, such as inadequate durability in an aggressive environment and vulnerability to damage during tensioning. This paper proposes a new installation method for long-gauge fiber Bragg grating (LFBG) sensors to prevent accidental damage. Then the itemized prestress losses were determined in each stage of the pre-tensioning and post-tensioning according to the LFBG measurements. We verified the applicability of the LFBG sensors for prestress monitoring and the accuracy of the proposed prestress loss calculation method during pre-tensioning and post-tensioning. In the pre-tensioning case, the calculated prestress losses had less deviation from the true losses than those obtained from foil-strain gauges, and the durability of the LFBG sensors was better than foil-strain gauges, whereas in post-tensioning case, the calculated prestress losses were close to those derived from theoretical predictions. Finally, we monitored prestress variation in the strand for 90 days. The itemized prestress losses at each stages of post-tensioning were obtained by the proposed calculation method to show the prospect of the LFBG sensors in practical evaluation.
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Alekseev, Alexandr E., Igor O. Dumanskij i Alexey V. Prokhorov. "Plate Dampers in the Tensioning Plate Dampers in the Tensioning". Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), nr 5 (15.10.2021): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2021-5-142-149.

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The article analyses strengths and weaknesses of bandsaw machines. While analysing we have found the relationship between the weaknesses and the tension of a band saw. Its use as a cutting tool leads to a decrease in the lateral rigidity and stability of the cutting section on the pulling chain. This leads to fluctuations in the cutting width, a decrease in the geometric accuracy of sawn timber and an increase in the roughness of the side surfaces of a kirf. The main types of tensioning unit mechanisms, which strengthen the tension and maintain its stability during operation, are defined, and common design flaws are described. Oil-filled metal plate dampers promote space-saving and low-inertia dampers for bandsaw machines with any basic saw blade tensioning mechanisms. The influence of the device on the level of dynamic fluctuations of the tensile force caused by the artificial eccentricity of the tension pulley was studied. The efficiency was evaluated by computer oscillography of the tensile load sensor signal and subsequent computer processing of the obtained oscillograms. The effectiveness of using damper devices is confirmed by the quality of sawing, which is characterized by a lower level of roughness of the lateral surfaces of the cut while reducing the variation in thickness of a workpiece. Methods of eliminating flaws with different types of tensioning units are reviewed, and the effectiveness of using oil-filled plate dampers is evaluated. The article presents the research technique and parameters of the experimental unit as well as the conclusions on the effectiveness of damping devices. For citation: Alekseev A.E., Dumanskij I.O., Prokhorov A.V. Plate Dampers in the Tensioning Units of Bandsaw Machines. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 5, pp. 142–149. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-5-142-149
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Mo, Qiu Yun, Zhan Kuan Zhang i Hao Li. "The Study on the Residual Stresses of Circular Sawblades with Spherical Surface Pressed Many Spots". Applied Mechanics and Materials 29-32 (sierpień 2010): 1323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.29-32.1323.

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This paper is a comprehensive analysis about circular saws exerted the inertia stresses, thermal stresses and residual stresses inducted roll and hammer tensioning in working procedures. And analyze the weaknesses and the advantages of two methods of roll tensioning and hammer tensioning. In order to take advantages to compensate the weaknesses to bring forward a new tensioning method compressed many areas i.e. the tensioning spots compressed by using the roll-head whose surface is spherical, cylindrical or cone. The X-ray stress-checking instrument is used to test the residual stresses in the tensioned circular sawblades compressed on many spots. The result explains the stress distribution curve is very ideal and the residual stresses by tensioning almost offset the total inertia and thermal stresses inducted in the work. This explains it is a new circular tensioning method with developing value by compressing many spots. It exists in certain residual stresses on the rim of the sawblade’s central bore, outside and the areas near the slot bore because of the influence of the machine processes.
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He, Jia Yuan, Yan Wang i Nabil Gindy. "Investigation of Fixture Design Exploring Pre-Tensioning Forces". Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (marzec 2010): 3252–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.3252.

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Pre-tensioning forces are, in essence, the selective application of clamping forces applied prior to processess to create a “stress field” envelope that aids the processes of components. There are many potential functions of applying pre-tensioning forces, such as improvement of component rigidity, reduction of machining deflection, and holding of components to counteract the machining forces etc. However, the use of pre-tensioning forces has not been extensively and comprehensively investigated. The aim of this paper is to strengthen the understanding of the impact of applying pre-tensioning forces firstly on simple parts and specifically on the fixture design development by establishing a methodology of using pre-tensioning forces. To investigate the optimised fixture layout and clamping strategy, Finite Element Analyses (FEA) were established to show the effect of applying pre-tensioning forces on machining deflection. Meanwhile, the relevant model validation experiments were applied to verify the FEA models in this study appropriately. Eventually, the results show that the FEA simulations are sufficient and the use of pre-tensioning forces effectively reduces the machining deflection by using optimised clamping strategy.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Tensioning"

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Xu, Jun. "Dynamic thermal tensioning for welding induced distortion control /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7145.

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Nilimaa, Jonny. "Upgrading concrete bridges : post-tensioning for higher loads". Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Byggkonstruktion och -produktion, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-25964.

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There are a great number of old structures around the world, some of which were designed for completely different purposes than in their current application. Swedish railway bridges were for example only designed for maximum axle loads of 200 kN in the beginning of the 20th century, while the highest axle loads of today are twice as high. The traffic intensities have also increased dramatically and the velocities are now higher than ever before. Reinforced concrete trough bridges were typically designed and built in the mid-20th century and it is still one of the most frequent railway bridge types in Sweden. The trough bridges were normally designed for traffic loads which were smaller than the loads today and in order to maintain an old structure as the loads increases, structural upgrading of the load bearing capacity might be necessary. Upgrading the load carrying capacity can be performed in two ways, namely administrative upgrading or strengthening. Administrative upgrading refers to refined design calculations, using real material data, geometry and loads, which provides a higher capacity than the original design and the bridge can thereby be upgrading with minor physical impact. Upgrading by strengthening on the other hand, refers to, often, larger physical alteration of the structure in order to enhance the original load carrying capacity.Upgrading methods for increased flexural resistance of concrete trough bridges has been developed and tested previously, but strengthening methods for increased shear resistance in the bridge deck are still absent. The objective of this thesis is therefore to find an existing- or develop a new strengthening method which can be applied in order to enhance the shear resistance of concrete trough bridge decks. The difficulties associated to strengthening of existing railway bridges include traffic during the strengthening work and concrete surfaces concealed by the ballast.The State-of-the-Art indicated that none of the existing strengthening techniques were sufficient for this application and internal unbonded post-tensioning in the transverse direction was nominated as the most promising method. The research was thereafter focused on testing the possibilities and strengthening effects of post-tensioning. Two laboratory investigations were performed during the research project and the method was finally tested in a field test on a 50 years old trough bridge in Haparanda, Sweden. The strengthening procedure of internal unbonded post-tensioning consists of four consecutive steps:1.Transverse drilling of the horizontal holes through the bottom slab.2.Installation of the prestressing system.3.Post-tensioning of the system.4.Sealing of the prestressing system.The laboratory and field tests were successful and the results proved that the internal steel reinforcement within the concrete was compressed when the trough bridge was post-tensioned. Due to the compression, a higher load could be carried by the bridge deck before the tensile reinforcement yields and the bridge fails. In other words, the flexural capacity of the bridge deck was increased. The field test actually showed that eight steel bars, post-tensioned with 430 kN per bar on the Haparanda Bridge, completely counteracted the tensile stresses caused by a train with 215 kN axle loads. The effect on the shear resistance was however not as easy to measure, but the laboratory test recorded a significant strain reduction in the tensile reinforcement which was bent up at the transition zone between the bridge deck and the main girders. The reduced strain might be interpreted as lower shear stresses and post-tensioning can thereby be considered to have a positive effect on the shear resistance of the bridge deck. Shear design according to the protocol of Eurocode 2 or BBK was however found to be restrictive in predicting the post-tensionings effect on the shear capacity and further research is proposed in chapter 8.
Det finns ett stort antal gamla konstruktioner runtom i världen och många byggdes för helt andra användningsområden än vad de numera används till. Som ett exempel kan nämnas att svenska järnvägsbroar i början av 1900-talet byggdes för att klara av att bära axellaster på maximalt 200 kN, medan några av våra nybyggda broar är konstruerade för dubbelt så stora axellaster. Även traffikmängden har mångdubblats och tåghastigheterna är nu högre än någonsin. Trågbroar i armerad betong är en typisk bro som byggdes i Sverige framförallt på 50-talet och den är fortfarande en av de vanligaste brotyperna i Sverige. Trågbroarna konstruerades normalt för att bära lägre laster än vad vi har idag och för att kunna ha kvar dessa broar när lasterna ökar kan det krävas någon form av uppgradering av bärförmågan. Det finns två sätt att förbättra bärförmågan på en gammal bro, nämligen administrativ uppgradering eller förstärkning. Administrativ uppgradering innebär att nya förbättrade beräkningsmetoder används tillsammans med verkliga materialhållfastheter, geometrier och laster för att mer noggrant räkna ut brons bärförmåga. Normalt visar det sig att bärförmågan är högre än vad de ursprungliga beräkningarna antydde. På så vis höjs kapaciteten med minimal fysisk åverkan på bron. Uppgradering genom förstärkning innebär däremot att konstruktionens bärförmåga höjs genom att förändra bron ur ett rent fysiskt perspektiv. Metoder för att öka böjkapaciteten på trågbroar i betong har utvecklats och testats tidigare, men förstärkningsmetoder för att höja tvärkraftskapaciteten saknas däremot fortfarande. Målet för denna avhandling ligger därför i att utveckla en förstärkningsmetod som kan användas för att förbättra tvärkraftskapaciteten för bottenplattan på trågbroar i betong. Det finns dock några svårigheter sammankopplade med förstärkning av befintliga järnvägsbroar, t.ex. tågtraffik under förstärkningsförfarandet och att viktiga betongytor är skyddade av ballast.Inga befintliga förstärkningsmetoder bedömdes däremot som lämpliga för det avsedda användningsområdet vid ”State-of-the-Art’’ studien. Invändig efterspänning av broplattan i tvärledd bedömdes som den bäst lämpade förstärkningsmetoden och efterföljande forskning fokuserades på att reda ut möjligheter för och förstärkningseffekter av efterspänning. Två olika laboratorieförsök genomfördes under forskningsprojektet och förstärkningsmetoden testades slutligen vid ett fältförsök på en 50 år gammal järnvägsbro i Haparanda.Själva tillvägagångssättet för förstärkningsmetoden består av fyra viktigaoch sammanhängande arbetssteg:1. Borrning av horisontella hål tvärs igenom trågbrons bottenplatta.2. Installation av själva försstärkningssystemet.3. Efterspänning av förstärkningssystemet.4. Förslutning av förstärkningssystemet.Både laboratorie och fältförsöken blev lyckade och resultaten visade att stålarmeringen inuti betongen trycktes ihop när trågbron efterspänndes. Tack vare denna kompression så kan broplattan bära högre laster innan dragarmeringen börjar flyta och bron slutligen går sönder. Med andra ord så höjdes brons böjkapacitet. Fältförsöket visade att de åtta spännstagen, efterspännda med 430 kN per stag, helt och hållet motverkade dragarmeringens påkänningar av ett tåg med axellasten 215 kN. Förstärkningsmetodens effekt på tvärkraftskapaciteten är däremot inte lika lätt att påvisa men laboratorieförsöken visade att töjningen reducerades betydligt i den uppbockade dragarmeringen, i zonen där plattan fäster i huvudbalkarna. De lägre töjningsnivåerna kan tolkas som lägre skjuvpåkänningar och efterspänningen kan därmed ha en positiv effekt på broplattans tvärkraftskapacitet. Laboratorieförsöken visade däremot att både Eurokod 2 och BBK är restriktiva när det gäller att uppskatta efterspänningens effekt på tvärkraftskapaciteten. En ny förstärkningsmetod för trågbroar i betong har därmed föreslagits i och med denna avhandling, men en del frågetecken kvarstår och i kapitel 8 ges därför förslag på fortsatta forskningsområden.
Godkänd; 2013; 20130107 (jonnil); LICENTIATSEMINARIUM Ämne: Konstruktionsteknik/Structural Enginering Examinator: Professor Björn Täljsten, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Professor Mohammad Al-Emrani, Chalmers tekniska högskola, Göteborg Tid: Tisdag den 5 februari 2013 kl 13.00 Plats: F1031, Luleå tekniska universitet
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3

Hutchison, Michael John. "Corrosion of Post-Tensioning Strands in Ungrouted Ducts - Unstressed Condition". Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4905.

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Recent failures and severe corrosion distress of post-tensioned (PT) bridges in Florida have revealed corrosion of the 7-wire strands in tendons. Post-tensioned duct assemblies are fitted with multiple 7-wire steel strands and ducts are subsequently filled with grout. During construction, the length of time from the moment in which the strands have been inserted into the ducts, until the ducts are grouted, is referred to as the `ungrouted' period. During this phase, the steel strands are vulnerable to corrosion and consequently the length of this period is restricted (typically to 7 days) by construction guidelines. This investigation focuses on determining the extent of corrosion that may take place during that period, but limited to strands that were in the unstressed condition. Visual inspections and tensile testing were used to identify trends in corrosion development. Corrosion induced cracking mechanisms were also investigated via wire bending and metallographic cross section evaluation. Corrosion damage on unstressed strands during ungrouted periods of durations in the order of those otherwise currently prescribed did not appear to seriously degrade mechanical performance as measured by standardized tests. However the presence of stress in the ungrouted period, as is normally the case, may activate other mechanisms (e.g., EAC) that require further investigation. As expected in the unstressed condition, no evidence of transverse cracking was observed.
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4

Bruce, Trevor Louis. "Behavior of Post-Tensioning Systems Subjected to Inelastic Cyclic Loading". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49111.

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Post-tensioning (PT) strands have been employed in a number of self-centering seismic force resisting systems as part of the restoring force mechanism which virtually eliminates residual building drifts following seismic loading. As a result of the PT strands large elastic deformation capability, they have been proven to work efficiently in these types of systems. Although typically designed to stay elastic during design basis earthquake events, strands may experience inelastic cyclic loading during extreme earthquakes. Furthermore, the yielding and fracture behavior of PT strand systems is central to the collapse behavior of self-centering systems. The loading conditions to which PT strands are typically subjected in prestressed/post-tensioned concrete applications are vastly dissimilar, and only limited research has explored the behavior of PT strands as subjected to inelastic cyclic loading. The testing program conducted to characterize the behavior of PT strand systems as they might be applied in self-centering applications incorporated more than fifty tests, including monotonic and cyclic tests to failure. Variations in the test configuration included strand obtained from two manufacturers, single-use and multiple-use anchorage systems, and variations in initial post-tensioning strand stress. Characteristics of the response that were investigated included seating losses, deformation capacity prior to initial fracture, additional deformation capacity after initial fracture, and the overall load-deformation behavior. Data was analyzed to provide recommendations for PT strand system usage in self-centering seismic force resisting systems. It was concluded that significant strength and ductility allow PT strand systems to consistently provide self-centering systems with reliable restoring force capability.
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Yang, Xiong. "Use of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite Cable for Post-tensioning Application". FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2259.

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Corrosion of steel tendons is a major problem for post-tensioned concrete, especially because corrosion of the steel strands is often hard to detect inside grouted ducts. Non-metallic tendons can serve as an alternative material to steel for post-tensioning applications. Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), given its higher strength and elastic modulus, as well as excellent durability and fatigue strength, is the most practical option for post-tensioning applications. The primary objective of this research project was to assess the feasibility of the use of innovative carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) tendons and to develop guidelines for CFRP in post-tensioned bridge applications, including segmental bridges and pier caps. An experimental investigation and a numerical simulation were conducted to compare the performance of a scaled segmental bridge model, post-tensioned with two types of carbon fiber strands and steel strands. The model was tested at different prestress levels and at different loading configurations. While the study confirms feasibility of both types of carbon fiber strands for segmental bridge applications, and their similar serviceability behavior, strands with higher elastic modulus could improve structural performance and minimize displacements beyond service loads. As the second component of the project, a side-by-side comparison of two types of carbon fiber strands against steel strands was conducted in a scaled pier cap model. Two different strand arrangements were used for post-tensioning, with eight and six strands, respectively representing an over-design and a slight under-design relative to the factored demand. The model was tested under service and factored loads. The investigation confirmed the feasibility of using carbon fiber strands in unbonded post-tensioning of pier caps. Considering both serviceability and overload conditions, the general performance of the pier cap model was deemed acceptable using either type of carbon fiber strands and quite comparable to that of steel strands. In another component of this research, creep stress tests were conducted with carbon fiber composite cable (CFCC). The anchorages for all the specimens were prepared using a commercially available expansive grout. Specimens withstood 95% of the guaranteed capacity provided by the manufacturer for a period of five months, without any sign of rupture.
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Tofangchi, Mahyari Abbas-Ali. "Static and seismic rehabilitation of concrete gravity dams by post-tensioning". Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26430.

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Post-tensioning rehabilitation technique is often used to improve the static and dynamic stability of concrete gravity dams. The required post-tensioning force has often been estimated from the gravity method using simple static rigid body equilibrium. However, the application of linear and nonlinear (fracture) analysis techniques using the finite element method could be advantageous to optimize the design of post-tensioning strengthening schemes, specially under seismic loads where controlled damage is an acceptable performance criterion.
In this study, the flood and seismic safety evaluations of prestressed dams were carried out using the gravity method, and linear and fracture finite element methods. Two typical concrete gravity dam models, 35 m and 90 m in heights, were examined. The performance of different post-tensioning modelling techniques such as the equivalent force method, and bonded/unbonded cable elements was examined in finite element analyses. A new nonlinear analysis methodology using displacement control was studied to determine the required amount of post-tensioning forces under flood condition. Sliding stability (local and global), overstressing, and controlled damage requirements were considered to develop post-tensioning design criteria in rehabilitation of concrete gravity dams. Various schemes of post-tensioning cable layouts were examined in seismic analyses.
The different prestressing modelling techniques present almost identical static and seismic structural behaviours. The material properties of the horizontal joint at the dam-foundation interface, and the tendon layouts were found the key prestressing design parameters. Linear finite element analyses predict higher required prestressing forces compared to other analysis methods. In general, flood resistant: design of prestressing also presents adequate seismic performance for small dams. However, additional partial prestressing is required near the downstream face of higher dams to prevent cracking at this location.
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Mortazavi, A. A. "Behaviour of confined concrete columns with and without lateral pre-tensioning". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.524999.

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Lazzarini, Daniel Louis. "Seismic Performance of Unreinforced Masonry Walls Retrofitted with Post-Tensioning Tendons". DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2009. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/143.

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Unreinforced masonry (URM) structures have historically been regarded as structurally unsound in response to seismic events. The tendency for URM walls to collapse out-of-plane in a brittle manner is continually cause for concern. Retrofit of these walls is necessary in order to prevent severe damage and injury to occupants. This paper is concerned with the retrofit of unreinforced masonry (URM) walls in response to out-of-plane loading. A retrofit design was developed and verified through structural testing. The selected retrofit technique incorporates vertical coring of URM walls to allow for the insertion of a single post-tensioning (PT) tendon. Tendons are spaced at a regular interval and anchored at the top of the wall parapet and at the lower diaphragm level. Tensioning of the tendons imparts a compressive stress to the wall that effectively increases the wall cracking moment strength, ultimate moment strength and displacement capacity. Additionally, the insertion of PT tendons allows the wall to behave in a ductile manner in response to out-of-plane ground motion. Extensive research was conducted in order to accurately portray the material properties and construction methods of unreinforced masonry walls in San Luis Obispo, California. Various mortar mix designs were generated and tested so that a mix design could be selected to best reflect the target URM structures. Seismic parameters were generated to reflect a URM structure in San Luis Obispo. An unreinforced masonry wall was constructed by a professional mason using the established mortar mix proportions and salvaged bricks from the 1920 era. Having a pin-pin unsupported height of 11 feet, the wall constructed for testing was reflective of the configuration of URM walls in many downtown San Luis Obispo structures. The wall was loaded in the out-of-plane direction by 4 equal point loads mimicking a uniformly distributed load. The testing program consisted of cycling the wall through target internal moments and target displacements. It was verified through testing that post-tensioning tendons can be successfully introduced in URM walls to resist out-of-plane bending. Testing showed that the addition of PT tendons significantly increased the wall’s cracking moment capacity, giving it the elastic strength to resist twice the forces imposed by the design-level ground motion. PT tendons also increased the nominal strength of the wall, allowing the wall to achieve large displacements without collapse. It was also found that PT tendons provided a restoring force to the wall returning it to almost no residual displacement after each displacement cycle. Thus, the URM wall retrofitted with PT tendons demonstrated significant integrity as a structural system, providing for improved strength and ductility with no residual displacement.
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Kajewski, Stephen L. "Post-tensioning and its effect on multi-level formwork load distribution". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1998. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36033/8/36033_Digitised_Thesis.pdf.

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Multi-level concrete buildings requrre substantial temporary formwork structures to support the slabs during construction. The primary function of this formwork is to safely disperse the applied loads so that the slab being constructed, or the portion of the permanent structure already constructed, is not overloaded. Multi-level formwork is a procedure in which a limited number of formwork and shoring sets are cycled up the building as construction progresses. In this process, each new slab is supported by a number of lower level slabs. The new slab load is, essentially, distributed to these supporting slabs in direct proportion to their relative stiffness. When a slab is post-tensioned using draped tendons, slab lift occurs as a portion of the slab self-weight is balanced. The formwork and shores supporting that slab are unloaded by an amount equivalent to the load balanced by the post-tensioning. This produces a load distribution inherently different from that of a conventionally reinforced slab. Through , theoretical modelling and extensive on-site shore load measurement, this research examines the effects of post-tensioning on multilevel formwork load distribution. The research demonstrates that the load distribution process for post-tensioned slabs allows for improvements to current construction practice. These enhancements include a shortening of the construction period; an improvement in the safety of multi-level form work operations; and a reduction in the quantity of form work materials required for a project. These enhancements are achieved through the general improvement in safety offered by post-tensioning during the various formwork operations. The research demonstrates that there is generally a significant improvement in the factors of safety over those for conventionally reinforced slabs. This improvement in the factor of safety occurs at all stages of the multi-level formwork operation. The general improvement in the factors of safety with post-tensioned slabs allows for a shortening of the slab construction cycle time. Further, the low level of load redistribution that occurs during the stripping operations makes post-tensioned slabs ideally suited to reshoring procedures. Provided the overall number of interconnected levels remains unaltered, it is possible to increase the number of reshored levels while reducing the number of undisturbed shoring levels without altering the factors of safety, thereby, reducing the overall quantity of formwork and shoring materials.
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Taha, Mahmoud Reda. "A new non-metallic anchorage system for post-tensioning applications using CFRP tendons". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0022/NQ49541.pdf.

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Książki na temat "Tensioning"

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Tensioning of tendons: Force-elongation relationship. London: T. Telford, 1986.

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O'Brien, J. Scott. Very early post-tensioning of prestressed concrete pavements. Austin, Tex: Center for Transportation Research, Bureau of Engineering Research, University of Texas at Austin, 1985.

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Fédération internationale de la précontrainte. Commission on Prestressing Materials and Systems. Recommendations for the acceptance of post-tensioning systems. London: SETO, 1993.

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Hurlebaus, Stefan, Mary Beth D. Hueste, Madhu M. Karthik i Tevfik Terzioglu. Inspection Guidelines for Bridge Post-Tensioning and Stay Cable Systems Using NDE Methods. Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/24779.

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Theryo, Teddy S. Guidelines for sampling, assessing, and restoring defective grout in prestressed concrete bridge post-tensioning ducts. McLean, VA: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Research, Development, and Technology, Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, 2013.

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Zappettini, Gianfranco. Gianfranco Zappettini: Tensioni nel colore. Firenze: Santo Ficara, 2009.

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Meta, Beqir. Tensioni greko-shqiptar, 1939-1949. Tiranë: Shtëpia Botuese "Geer", 2002.

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Zappettini, Gianfranco. Gianfranco Zappettini: Tensioni nel colore. Firenze: Santo Ficara, 2009.

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Tang, Man-Chung. The Story of the Koror Bridge. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/cs001.

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<p>Koror Babeldaob Bridge, also called Koror Babelthuap Bridge or simply Koror Bridge, connects the islands of Koror and Babeldaob in the Republic of Palau. The design of the bridge began in 1974 and was based on the prevailing AASHO Standard Specifications at that time and was supplemented by ACI and CEB-FIP design recommendations on an as-needed basis. When the Koror Bridge was opened to traffic in April 1977, it was the world's longest concrete girder span. A few years later, the bridge began to deflect more than had been anticipated. The owner commissioned a Japanese engineering firm in 1985 and then a US engineering firm in 1993 to conduct in-depth investigations of the structure. Both firms came to the same conclusion that the bridge was structurally safe and that the excessive deflection was an unexplainable phenomenon. Nevertheless, in order to improve the driving quality of the bridge deck, the owner decided to repair the bridge. The repair scheme made changes to the structural system and added a large amount of post-tensioning force to the bridge. Unfortunately, less than three months after the repair, late in the afternoon on 26 September, 1996,nineteen and a half years after it was opened to traffic, the bridge collapsed. Thereafter, most of the documents were sealed as a result of litigation between the various parties and the debris was cleared. For a long time, it was impossible to study the facts surrounding the bridge's collapse. Only recently, through continuous probing by a group of engineers, were these documents made accessible to researchers.</p>
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Casadio, Franco A. Diplomazia multilaterale: Tensioni, crisi e negoziato, 1945-1964. Napoli: Edizioni scientifiche italiane, 1991.

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Części książek na temat "Tensioning"

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Mae, Tatsuo, i Braden C. Fleming. "ACL Graft Tensioning". W Controversies in the Technical Aspects of ACL Reconstruction, 289–99. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-52742-9_27.

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Libby, James R. "Post-tensioning Systems and Procedures". W Modern Prestressed Concrete, 665–95. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3918-6_16.

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Scheffler, Sven U. "Tensioning of Grafts: Any Evidence?" W Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction, 209–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45349-6_23.

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Mae, Tatsuo, i Konsei Shino. "Tensioning and Fixation of the Graft". W ACL Injury and Its Treatment, 211–20. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55858-3_18.

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Lozano-Galant, Jose Antonio, Dong Xu i Jose Turmo. "Tensioning Process Update for Cable Stayed Bridges". W Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 283–87. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6713-6_27.

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Fanelli, Gregory C. "Mechanical Graft Tensioning in Multiple Ligament Knee Surgery". W The Multiple Ligament Injured Knee, 335–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05396-3_22.

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Fanelli, Gregory C. "Mechanical Graft Tensioning in Multiple Ligament Knee Surgery". W The Multiple Ligament Injured Knee, 323–30. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-49289-6_22.

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Fanelli, Gregory C. "Mechanical Graft Tensioning in Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction". W Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries, 263–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12072-0_21.

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Vonk, E., A. Schwarz i A. Bonetto. "Latest developments in replacing external post-tensioning tendons". W Bridge Safety, Maintenance, Management, Life-Cycle, Resilience and Sustainability, 2479–86. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003322641-309.

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Gläser, Christian, i Kay Löffler. "Post-tensioning Systems for the Strengthening of Structures". W High Tech Concrete: Where Technology and Engineering Meet, 1994–2003. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59471-2_228.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Tensioning"

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Potvin, M. J., i J. C. Heald. "SAR Membrane Tensioning". W 10th Biennial International Conference on Engineering, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environments and Second NASA/ARO/ASCE Workshop on Granular Materials in Lunar and Martian Exploration. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40830(188)9.

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de Paiva Leite, A. J., E. F. Paiva Filho i David Cardellini. "Grid Tensioning System: A New Approach To Deepwater Riser Tensioning". W Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/7261-ms.

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Senthil Kumar, R. R., i K. Sooryaprakash. "Industrial drive belt tensioning optimization". W 2013 International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Technology (ICCTET). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icctet.2013.6675971.

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Elnakhat, Hassan, i Roger Raymond. "Repair of PCCP by Post Tensioning". W Pipeline Division Specialty Conference 2006. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40854(211)47.

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Geyer, Silvia, Daniela Lombardini i Claudio Pin. "Lagen Bridge Cables installation and tensioning". W IABSE Congress, Stockholm 2016: Challenges in Design and Construction of an Innovative and Sustainable Built Environment. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/stockholm.2016.2607.

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Chevelcha, Elena, Clemens Josef Langbauer i Herbert Hofstaetter. "Buckling Prevention Using the Tensioning Device". W SPE Artificial Lift Conference-Americas. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/165013-ms.

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Wu, Yin. "Enhanced Active Heave Compensation Control Design for New Riser Hybrid Tensioning System in Deepwater Drilling". W ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-41675.

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This research paper presents the active heave compensation control design using a novel hybrid riser tensioning system by integrating an electrically powered riser tensioning system into existing hydro-pneumatic tensioners. This is a further control design development paper following the previous framework introduction paper of riser hybrid tensioning system. The realization of the active heave compensation operation mode using this novel hybrid tensioning system is analyzed. A mathematical model for describing this operation mode is built integrating electrical and hydro-pneumatic tensioning systems. As a multi-input multi-output system, one Linear Quadratic Gaussian control design is proposed and implemented in both Matlab simulation and hardware realization. The simulation results and the experimental study have confirmed that the riser hybrid tensioning system is a feasible concept with better control accuracy and improves riser reliability compared to the traditional hydro-pneumatic system. The main benefit of the electrical tensioning system is its ability to deliver dynamically changed tension within milliseconds. The actualization of this principle control mode gives us confidence to carry on for further riser dynamic control using this riser hybrid tensioning system.
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Wanvik, Leiv, i John Koos. "Two Tier Well Riser Top Tensioning System". W Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/11904-ms.

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Mcguire, J., M. Menafra, K. Reighard i A. Rella. "Evaluation of posterior cruciate Ligament Tensioning device". W 2009 IEEE 35th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nebc.2009.4967821.

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Stevenson, John. "External Post-Tensioning Evaluation After 20 Years". W IABSE Conference, Copenhagen 2018: Engineering the Past, to Meet the Needs of the Future. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/copenhagen.2018.024.

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A multifaceted program was undertaken to assess the external post-tensioning system used on the Confederation Bridge. The program included duct sounding, displacement load testing, and design assessment of the significance of each tendon.
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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Tensioning"

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Jenkins, Ryan, Michael Kreger i Robert Frosch. Post-Tensioning Technologies. Purdue University, październik 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284315186.

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Burke, D. Specification Report for TACOM Track Tensioning Programme. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, maj 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada252824.

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Ramirez, Julio, i Gerardo Aguilar. Experimental Evaluation and Implementation of Post-Tensioning in Concrete Bridge Decks. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314245.

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Spagliardi, Fabio. Developing Light Collection Enhancements and Wire Tensioning Methods for LArTPC Neutrino Detectors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), styczeń 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1408207.

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Roesler, Jeffery, Sachindra Dahal, Dan Zollinger i W. Jason Weiss. Summary Findings of Re-engineered Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement: Volume 1. Illinois Center for Transportation, maj 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-011.

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This research project conducted laboratory testing on the design and impact of internal curing on concrete paving mixtures with supplementary cementitious materials and evaluated field test sections for the performance of crack properties and CRCP structure under environmental and FWD loading. Three experimental CRCP sections on Illinois Route 390 near Itasca, IL and two continuously reinforced concrete beams at UIUC ATREL test facilities were constructed and monitored. Erodibility testing was performed on foundation materials to determine the likelihood of certain combinations of materials as suitable base/subbase layers. A new post-tensioning system for CRCP was also evaluated for increased performance and cost-effectiveness. This report volume summarizes the three year research effort evaluating design, material, and construction features that have the potential for reducing the initial cost of CRCP without compromising its long-term performance.
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EFFECT OF RANDOM PRE-STRESSED FRICTION LOSS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A SUSPEN-DOME STRUCTURE. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, marzec 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2022.18.1.5.

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The key to the high-efficiency performance of the suspen-dome structure is to apply the pre-stressed design value to the structure accurately. However, engineering practice has found that the use of tensioning hoop cables to apply the pre-stress will produce noticeable pre-stressed friction loss (PFL), which significantly affects the safety performance of the structure. In this paper, based on a 1:10 scaled-down experiment model of a suspen-dome structure with rolling cable-strut joint installed, the random PFL (RPFL) effect of the suspen-dome on structure performance was analyzed through a probability statistics theory. First, aiming at the unequal tensioning force at both sides of the tensioned hoop cable during the tensioning process, a pre-stressed force calculation method is proposed that considers the unequal tensioning control force and RPFL at all cable–strut joints, and the reliability of this method is verified through a tension test. Then, based on the cable-joint tension test carried out in the early stage of the research group, a random mathematical model of the friction coefficient (FC) at the rolling cable–strut joint is established. And then, the cable force calculation method is used to establish the random finite element model, and independent and random changes in the FC at each rolling cable–strut joint can be considered. Subsequently, the Monte Carlo method is used to calculate the random mathematical characteristics of the mechanical performance parameters such as the member stress and joint deformation, and the obtained results are verified through a static loading experiment. In addition, to investigate the effect of random defects on structural stability, other random defects, such as the initial curvature and installation deviation, were continuously introduce based on the random finite element model. As such, we could obtain the law of the effect of multi-defect random variation coupling on the structure’s ultimate bearing capacity.
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Overview of NIST research on seismic performance of moment resisting precast concrete beam-column joints containing post-tensioning. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.5257.

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