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Bellampalli, Praveen Naik, i Roopesh Kaushik. "Identification of the Determinants of Rural Workforce Migration: A Study of Construction Segments in Udupi District, Karnataka, India". Review of Development and Change 25, nr 2 (grudzień 2020): 256–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972266120980187.
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The article critically examines the migration process and the manner in which it affects the livelihood of migrants. Based on a survey in Udupi district of Karnataka, it identifies the status of migrant labourers in the construction sector. It presents evidence on labour market segmentation and the resulting unequal wage distribution between migrants in this segment. Migrants, at their destination, have poor living and working conditions, lack entitlements, have low level of consumption and endure hardship. Migrant households reported higher expenditure on food and non-food consumption and temporary residential housing. Children of migrants have limited access to education in the destination place. The article maps informal practices that violate the legal provisions for these work segments.
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MALYNOVSKA, ОLENA. "How Temporary is Temporary Protection: the Example of Forced Migrants From the Former Yugoslavia". Demography and social economy 1 (23.03.2023): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dse2023.01.053.
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About 5 million Ukrainians, forced to flee from the aggression of the Russian Federation, enjoy temporary protection in European countries. The legal basis for its provision is the Directive adopted by the EU in 2001 based on the experience gained as a result of the mass arrival of war refugees from the former Yugoslavia in the 1990s. Therefore, when studying the prospects of staying abroad and the return of forced migrants as an important component of the post-war recovery of Ukraine, despite the awareness of the vagueness of any historical analogies, it is useful to analyze what happened to war refugees from Yugoslavia after the end of active hostilities in the Balkans, which is the purpose of this article. To achieve it, historical and comparative methods are used, as well as other methods of scientific research. Despite the large volume of literature devoted to forced displacement in Yugoslavia, active analytical and research work on the study of the situation of Ukrainian displaced persons abroad, comparative approach to the analysis of these two phenomena was not applied, which determines the novelty of this work. As a result, it provides grounds for several important conclusions. Firstly, the protection enjoyed by Ukrainians in Europe is temporary and its cancellation or expiration can be sudden and unexpected for refugees. This can lead to an unprepared return or the risk of being abroad in an irregular legal situation. Secondly, after the termination of temporary protection, the situation of Ukrainians in different states may differ radically depending on whether the host country is interested in granting displaced persons the status of permanent residents or not. Thirdly, when deciding the future fate of war refugees, the host country will, of course, take into account humanitarian considerations, but most likely will use a pragmatic selective approach, i.e. will grant the status of permanent resident primarily to those refugees who have successfully integrated, are not a burden, but, on the contrary, an additional resource for the development. Thus, the policy of host countries, as well as the situation in Ukraine and the personal circumstances of particular individuals, will be an important factor in the post-war repatriation of forced migrants, its intensity and timing. In this regard, the foreign policy component of the state’s migration policy, the discussion and joint development with foreign states of measures to promote the return and reintegration of displaced persons, should be significantly intensified.
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Munshi, Naadria. "Lived experiences and local spaces: Bangladeshi migrants in post-apartheid South Africa". New Contree 67 (30.12.2013): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/nc.v67i0.293.
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Migration literature tends to speak of temporary migration as economic migration and therefore the experience of migration is centred on the economy. In South Africa, this economic experience includes violence and crime especially after the 2008 xenophobic attacks. Yet migrants have established and forged relations in South Africa that transcend pure economic relationships. In this paper, I argue that the lived experience of Bangladeshi migrants produce a far more complex picture of migration. While the economy may have been the primary reason these men migrated, they are neither poor nor destitute. Further, this paper looks at how the spaces of the home, work and the social are negotiated in the daily lived experience of Bangladeshi migrants in South Africa. It looks at spaces like Fordsburg Johannesburg where the men socialise and find a sense of community among their countrymen, as well how marriage and social mobility.
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Aricat, Rajiv George. "Is (the study of) mobile phones old wine in a new bottle? A polemic on communication-based acculturation research". Information Technology & People 28, nr 4 (2.11.2015): 806–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/itp-09-2014-0223.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze the discourses on migrant acculturation and migrants’ mobile phone communication, in order to examine the inclusiveness of communication-acculturation research in the recent years. Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on from 102 qualitative interviews (48 Malayali, 26 Bangla, 17 Tamil and 11 Telugu) for a larger research project that investigated the role of mobile phones in migrant acculturation in Singapore. Respondents were selected using a combination of purposive and snowball sampling methods. The respondents had been in Singapore for varying amount of time: from one month to 19 years. Findings – The analysis of the discourses on migrant acculturation and mobile phone communication revealed that labor migrants were excluded on the basis of their temporary status and apprehensions on work productivity. The mobile usage prohibitions that existed in work sites were hinged on similar discourses that stereotyped the labor migrants. The emancipatory metaphor that has been at the center of research on migrants’ mobile phone usage and acculturation needs to be replaced with a critical discourse perspective. Research limitations/implications – The data were originally collected for a research project that approached the phenomena of acculturation and mobile phone appropriation from a positivist perspective, whereas this paper analyzed the data to critically examine the discourses that supported the premise of the project itself. Due to this, the findings presented in this paper have limited scope for generalization. Originality/value – The paper critiques the research trends in migrant acculturation and mobile phone communication and suggests a possible alternative that goes beyond the “transcendental teleology” that underpins discourse and practice.
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Molinero-Gerbeau, Yoan, Ana López-Sala i Monica Șerban. "On the Social Sustainability of Industrial Agriculture Dependent on Migrant Workers. Romanian Workers in Spain’s Seasonal Agriculture". Sustainability 13, nr 3 (20.01.2021): 1062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031062.
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Since the beginning of the 21st century, Romanian migrants have become one of the most significant national groups doing agricultural work in Spain, initially coming via a temporary migration program and later under several different modalities. However, despite their critical importance for the functioning of Europe’s largest agro-industry, the study of this long-term circular mobility is still underdeveloped in migration and agriculture literature. Thanks to extensive fieldwork carried out in the provinces of Huelva and Lleida in Spain and in the counties of Teleorman and Buzău in Romania, this paper has two main objectives: first, to identify some of the most common forms of mobility of these migrants; and second, to discuss whether this industrial agriculture, hugely dependent on migrant work, is socially sustainable. The case of Romanian migrants in Spanish agriculture will serve to show how a critical sector for the EU and for the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development of the United Nations, operates on an unsustainable model based on precariousness and exploitation.
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Gomes, Catherine. "Identity as a strategy for negotiating everyday life in transience: A case study of Asian foreign talent in Singapore". Current Sociology 67, nr 2 (13.09.2018): 225–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011392118792929.
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Singapore is host to approximately 1.7 million transient migrants who either work or study in the city-state. While there has been extensive research on the conditions of low skilled or unskilled workers, little has been written about the experiences of the educated and middle class transnationally mobile workers and students and how they make a home for themselves in the city-state. Through in-depth interviews with 86 international students and educated transnationally mobile workers on their self-perceived identities, social networks, concepts of home, and media and communication use, this article looks at the strategies used by ‘foreign talent’ migrants to feel at home in Singapore. It is observed that while foreign talent migrants develop a combination of creative strategies in order to make Singapore ‘a home away from home’, being transient negatively affects their relationship with Singaporeans. The study also finds that while transient migrants develop close relationships with co-nationals as a strategy for transience, they also maintain/develop class structures while overseas. In other words, international students and white collar workers do not associate with co-nationals who are in low skilled or unskilled work. Drawing on the concept that transient migrants use their self-perceived identities to negotiate everyday life, this article argues that foreign talent migrants use their self-perceived identities to create emerging social and cultural spaces through their versions of reconstructions of home and by their (non)interactions with co-nationals and Singaporeans. In doing so, this article specifically moves away from the literature on time and temporalities which situates the temporary migrant as facing challenges overseas due to the break in their expected life course and connections to home, highlighting instead that transient migrants see their temporality not as a disruption bur rather part of their evolving life course.
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Ryazantsev, Sergey V. "Labour immigration to Russia: myths and contrarguments". RUDN Journal of Economics 26, nr 4 (15.12.2018): 718–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2018-26-4-718-729.
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The article analyzes the role of immigration and labor immigration in the demographic and socio-economic development of Russia in the post-Soviet period. Two main migration flows (immigration for permanent residence and labor immigration) to the country are analyzed on the basis of both absolute numbers and socio-demographic structure. The four most common myths regarding the negative impact of labor migration on the socio-economic situation in Russia are considered in detail: immigration hampers technological re-equipment and the renewal of the Russian economy; immigrants squeeze national labor from the Russian labor market; immigrants contribute to the dumping of wages on the Russian labor market; immigrants are to blame for raising the retirement age in Russia. The author’s counterarguments on each of these myths are cited. A distinctive feature of labor migration to Russia is the clearly expressed labor motivation of migrants. For the most part, migrant workers are people from the countries of the former USSR (primarily citizens of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Ukraine and Kyrgyzstan) who are willing to work actively, many speak Russian, are oriented towards Russia, want and are ready to register honestly, get permits documents and pay taxes. Many migrants have quite successfully adapted to the Russian labor market, some receive a temporary residence permit and a permanent residence permit, and many become citizens of Russia. This is partly evidence of their successful integration into Russian society. Given the demographic situation in which modern Russia is located, labor migration could not only replenish the cohort of labor resources on a temporary basis, but also increase the population of the country on a permanent basis. At the same time, the sociocultural consequences of labor migration for local societies and Russian society as a whole require additional study. In this regard, Russia needs to develop the infrastructure for the adaptation and integration of migrants into Russian society - to ensure access to learning Russian, medical services, education of children and migrants.
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Maury, Olivia. "Between a Promise and a Salary: Student-Migrant-Workers’ Experiences of Precarious Labour Markets". Work, Employment and Society 34, nr 5 (25.11.2019): 809–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017019887097.
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This article examines the experiences of non-EU/EEA student-migrants orienting in precarious labour markets in Finland. Drawing on data from in-depth interviews with working student-migrants holding a temporary legal status, the article examines the incidence of unpaid work within a variety of contractual settings and sectors. The findings suggest that exploitation with regard to the subjective capacity to produce is facilitated through the imposition of unpaid work hours on legally constrained migrants in precarious employment. The findings contribute to the sociological analysis of the increasingly fragmented figures of labour as well as to the study of unpaid work as a driver of precarisation.
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Klassen, Susanna, Fuerza Migrante i Hannah Wittman. "Sharing the struggle for fairness: Exploring possibilities for solidarity & just labour in organic agriculture". Canadian Food Studies / La Revue canadienne des études sur l'alimentation 9, nr 2 (15.07.2022): 147–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cfs-rcea.v9i2.536.
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Despite the organic movement’s early connections to labour advocacy and commitment to the principle of “Fairness”, the evolution of the organic sector has generated questions about the strength of its links to food justice in certified organic farming. Scholar-activists have, in particular, highlighted the problematic nature of labour relations on many organic farms. This article reports on a growing relationship between an organic farming association (the Certified Organic Associations of British Columbia) and a migrant workers justice collective (Fuerza Migrante) with aspirations of alliance building. Drawing from qualitative interviews and participant observation, we examine the extent to which efforts by the organic community towards fairness in labour relations may signal an opening whereby the organic movement may take up the more radical struggle for rights, status and justice for racialized migrant workers. We draw on theoretical work on post-capitalist relations and emancipatory social transformations to provide scaffolding to our assessment, and illuminate the importance of complementary efforts. While the primary demands raised by migrant workers and their allies (e.g. structural changes to temporary foreign worker programs) are not yet mirrored by the organic community’s advocacy, this paper documents preliminary efforts towards centering of migrant worker struggles for justice that may open up spaces for social emancipation for workers in organic farming systems. We also provide recommendations for how the organic community could act in solidarity with migrants and advance migrant justice priorities. En sus inicios, el movimiento orgánico estaba fuertemente vinculado con la defensa de los derechos de los trabajadores y comprometido con el principio de “justicia”. Con el paso del tiempo, la evolución del sector orgánico ha generado cuestionamientos sobre la fuerza de estos vínculos y su relación con la justicia alimentaria en la agricultura orgánica certificada. Académicos-activistas, en particular, han destacado la intrínseca problemática de muchas granjas orgánicas. El presente artículo reporta la creciente relación y aspiración de construir alianzas entre una asociación de agricultura orgánica (Organic BC) y un colectivo de justicia para trabajadores migrantes (Fuerza Migrante). Examinamos hasta qué punto los esfuerzos por parte de la comunidad orgánica hacia la justicia en relaciones laborales puede representar una oportunidad para el movimiento orgánico de asumir una postura más radical por los derechos, estatus y la justicia de los trabajadores migrantes racializados. El análisis se basa en el trabajo teórico sobre relaciones post-capitalistas y las transformaciones sociales emancipatorias que iluminan la importancia de los esfuerzos complementarios. Si bien las principales demandas planteadas por los trabajadores migrantes y sus aliados (por ejemplo, cambios estructurales en los programas de trabajadores extranjeros temporales) aún no se reflejan en la lucha de la comunidad orgánica, vemos esfuerzos preliminares enfocados en la lucha de los trabajadores migrantes por la justicia, los cuales pueden abrir espacios para la emancipación social en sistemas de agricultura orgánica. Concluimos con recomendaciones sobre cómo la comunidad orgánica en Canadá podría actuar en solidaridad con los migrantes y promover prioridades de justicia para migrantes.
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Jirojwong, Sansnee, Piyakorn Chutangkorn i Chintana Leelakraiwan. "Temporary Overseas Migration of Rural Thai Men: Perception of Changes in Health and Social Interactions after Returning to Their Communities". Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 12, nr 1 (styczeń 2000): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053950001200102.
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A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the perceived health effects of temporary overseas migration on rural Thai men and to evaluate the effects of financial gain on their social interactions with others. Houses in five villages in Khonkaen, northeastern Thailand were systematically visited and one returned overseas migrant per household was interviewed. One hundred and sixty one men participated in the study. Half of the respondents (50%) were manual workers. While overseas, 32% reported adverse effects of migration on their psychological health. Only 19% reported one or more physically ill while overseas. Their contribution to their communities increased. Inability to improve their financial status from overseas work is likely to have negative effects on the migrants' interaction with friends rather than their wives, families or relatives. The effects of migration on health are unlikely to persist after migrants return to their home communities. Overseas migration provides indirect health benefits through improvement of community facilities. Asia Pac J Public Health 2000;12(1): 4-11
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Khoo, Siew-Ean, Peter McDonald, Carmen Voigt-Graf i Graeme Hugo. "A Global Labor Market: Factors Motivating the Sponsorship and Temporary Migration of Skilled Workers to Australia". International Migration Review 41, nr 2 (czerwiec 2007): 480–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2007.00076.x.
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The recruitment of skilled foreign workers is becoming increasingly important to many industrialized countries. This paper examines the factors motivating the sponsorship and temporary migration of skilled workers to Australia under the temporary business entry program, a new development in Australia's migration policy. The importance of labor demand in the destination country in stimulating skilled temporary migration is clearly demonstrated by the reasons given by employers in the study while the reasons indicated by skilled temporary migrants for coming to work in Australia show the importance of both economic and non-economic factors in motivating skilled labor migration.
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Verma, SaunJuhi. "State labor sponsorship: The role of nation state regulation in undermining migrant employment standards". Journal of Industrial Relations 62, nr 2 (25.12.2019): 304–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185619886616.
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Temporary worker programs are on the rise both across the globe and particularly within the United States. Established research focuses upon the impact of immigration policies as well as outcomes for migrant communities within the labor market. In contrast, my work draws attention to the population of citizen-workers who participate in cyclical migration patterns within transnational labor markets. My multi-site ethnography, consisting of 109 interviews with US guest workers, oil industry employers, and Indian labor brokers, evaluates the impact of temporary worker programs on migration patterns from India to the Middle East to the United States. (In this article, I use the counter-naming of the Middle East as Southwest Asia and North Africa (SWANA). I avoid use of colonial terminology such as Middle East to refer to the countries in the region of North Africa and West Asia. The language is archaic and perpetuates the historic referencing of Europe as the central geographic reference point.). In particular, the study evaluated a multi-country migrant recruitment chain to address the question: How does the non-citizen visa situate migrants as global labor within the transnational economy? Findings identify that non-citizen visa pathway is a contemporary mode of governance through which labor is traded among third parties. The article outlines the complicity of nation-state regulation in shaping limited economic outcomes for migrants within cyclical multi-country labor markets.
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Helleiner, Jane. "Recruiting the “culturally compatible” migrant: Irish Working Holiday migration and white settler Canadianness". Ethnicities 17, nr 3 (16.10.2015): 299–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468796815610354.
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Working Holiday programs have been identified as an increasingly significant source of temporary migrant labor for several wealthy states. This case study adds to limited work on this phenomenon in the Canadian context by offering a partial chronology of Irish Working Holiday migration to Canada and a critical analysis of Canadian government discourse that positioned Irish migrants as not only “culturally compatible” but also part of white settler Canadianness thus making them desirable workers and potential future immigrants. The Canadian case study raises questions about how Working Holiday and related youth mobility programs may be linked to classed and racialized migration and dominant ideologies of nationalized belonging
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Masso, Jaan, Raul Eamets i Pille Mõtsmees. "Temporary migrants and occupational mobility: evidence from the case of Estonia". International Journal of Manpower 35, nr 6 (26.08.2014): 753–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-06-2013-0138.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of temporary migration on the upward occupational mobility by using a novel database from Estonia. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use a unique data set of the online job search portal of Estonia that includes thousands of employees with foreign work experience. The authors study whether the presence of temporary migration in ones working career is associated with upward movement in the occupational ladder, defined either in terms of wages or required human capital. Findings – The authors did not find any positive effect of temporary migration on upward occupational mobility and in case of females the effect was negative. The results could be related to the short-term nature of migration and the occupational downshifting abroad as well as the functioning of home country labour market. Research limitations/implications – While the uniqueness of the data set is of value, one needs to acknowledge its weaknesses: the job-seekers work histories are self-reported and the authors do not know what information was left out as undesired by applicant. Practical implications – The findings imply that the benefits of temporary migration from Eastern to Western Europe on the sending country via the returnees’ labour market performance might be limited, yet it does not exclude the benefits of return migration through other mechanism. Originality/value – The literature on return migration is not big and there are only a few papers dealing with occupational change or mobility of the return migrants. Compared to earlier studies we have looked at wider set of occupations ranked by different ladders. Using the unique data set the authors have included in the study ca 7,500 return migrants while earlier studies have been based on rather small samples.
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Bhattacharjee, Mala Ray. "Mobility and morbidity of regular and seasonal migrants in India". International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 17, nr 2 (1.03.2021): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-04-2020-0038.
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Purpose Internal migration has grown intensively in India in the present decades, far greater than international migration, though the latter has received far more attention in literature and public policy. Among internal migrants, seasonal movement is another growing phenomenon in India which has received the least attention till now. The purpose of the study is to show the intensities of short-term morbidity and major morbidity among the rural and urban internal migrants and how such disease burdens have affected the health of regular/permanent and temporary/seasonal migrants. Design/methodology/approach This present paper has been developed on the basis of data of India Human Development Survey-II (IHDS-II), 2011–2012, has been availed to find out the intensities of short-term morbidity and major morbidity among the rural and urban migrants as well as the health condition of the seasonal migrants. For the analysis of regular or permanent migrants, a total of 3,288 migrants (of which 1,136 rural migrants and 2,152 urban migrants) were surveyed in IHDS-II, 2011–2012, regarding the persistence of different types of short-term morbidity among the migrant class. Two-sample (rural migrants and urban migrants) “t” test for mean difference with unequal variances with null hypothesis – H0: diff = 0, and alternate hypothesis – Ha: diff < 0; Ha: diff > 0 where diff = mean (rural) – mean (urban) has been executed. For the seasonal migrants a sample of 41,424 migrants of which 2,691 seasonal migrant workers and 38,733 non-seasonal migrant workers were surveyed in IHDS-II, 2011–2012, to find out their health condition. OLS regression on the number of medical treatments undertaken in a month on the nature of migrant workers has been conducted. Socio-economic factors (like adult literacy) and basic amenities required for a healthy living (like indoor piped drinking water, separate kitchen in the household, household having a flush toilet, household having electricity and intake of meals everyday) are taken as control variables in the regression analysis. Findings The results of morbidity analysis in this paper show that the morbidity patterns among the migrants vary with the geographical differences. The short-term morbidity and that of the major morbidity show different proneness to ill health for rural and urban migrants. However, seasonal migrants are more susceptible to ill health than the regular migrants and are also potential for generating health risks. Also lack of provision of basic services creates negative health impact on seasonal migrants. Research limitations/implications The paper is based on secondary data and hence lacks numerous relevant health issues of migrants in rural and urban sectors which could have been possible through primary data survey. Practical implications Migration and migrants are a relevant issue both internationally and nationally. Economic development of a country like India depends to a greater extent on the contributions of migrant labourers as majority of the labourers in India belong to informal sector of which most of the workers are from migrant class. Social implications Migrants contribution to economic development depend on their productive capacity and hence health of these section of people is a relevant issue. This study is based on the morbidity pattern of migrants both regular and seasonal migrants and their susceptibility in various geographical locations and provision of basic amenities. Originality/value This work is original research study by the author.
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Pascaru, Mihai, i Andreea Elena Nicoara. "The Romanian Migrant Communities of Italy. A Case Study in Ostiglia, Lombardy". European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, nr 22 (30.08.2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n22p1.
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The theoretical foundation of the current study consists in the distinction between community and society proposed by Ferdinand Tönnies in a famous 1887 book. Building upon this foundation and upon the results of a qualitative research survey of the Romanian migrants in the city of Ostiglia, Italy, the study will attempt sketching some answers to the following questions: 1) Do Romanian migrants constitute a particular community where they work?; 2) What is the role of the Church in the structure of the community life?; 3) What role do leisure time activities play in the consolidation of the community life?; 4) What role can the constitution of a real community have in its members' decisions to remain abroad on a permanent basis? The data was collected through a series of semi-structured interviews. We found that the Romanian migrants from Ostiglia tend to congregate into a temporary community, their communal ties being enhanced by the existence of a Romanian church in the Italian city. Shared leisure time also fortifies intra-community ties. Nevertheless the community is not a critical factor in migrants' decision to leave or permanently remain in Ostiglia.
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Underhill, Elsa, i Malcolm Rimmer. "Private Governance, State Regulation and Employment Standards: How Political Factors Shape their Nexus in Australian Horticulture". Articles 72, nr 1 (19.04.2017): 33–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1039589ar.
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The global weakness of collective bargaining and state regulation has spawned growing interest in employment protection though private governance. However, scepticism about the efficacy of unsupervised codes of conduct has triggered debate about external discipline through state regulation. This article seeks to contribute to debates about the processes that shape the nexus between private governance and state regulation. It is based on an empirical study of Australian harvest workers who formally benefit from state regulation of pay and occupational health and safety (OHS). However, industry changes have undercut standards. Product market pressures from supermarkets squeeze growers’ capacity to pay. Also, the labour market is increasingly supplied by vulnerable Asian temporary migrants (including undocumented workers), often supplied to growers by unscrupulous temporary work agencies. While pay and OHS practices vary, many harvest workers are exploited. Nor is private governance (which extends to horticulture through the codes of conduct of supermarkets and peak temporary work agency bodies) effective. All codes draw their standards from minimum legal employment conditions, and all possess loopholes allowing breaches to escape attention and rectification. In 2015, media and political attention fell on the working conditions of temporary migrants in horticulture. Government inquiries found evidence of exploitation, but were divided over solutions. Progressive politicians (influenced by unions) favoured stronger state enforcement powers and temporary work agency licensing. Conservative politicians (influenced by business lobbies) claimed these steps would fail, and favoured the status quo. Political reform therefore stalled. This study illustrates the importance of political processes in shaping the nexus between state regulation and private governance. In this case, a political stalemate leaves both regulation and governance deficient. Lacking protection from either source, harvest workers remain exposed to exploitative employment conditions.
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Blaauw, Phillip, Anmar Pretorius, Christie Schoeman i Rinie Schenck. "Explaining Migrant Wages: The Case Of Zimbabwean Day Labourers In South Africa". International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 11, nr 12 (29.11.2012): 1333. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v11i12.7413.
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There has been an increasing inflow of migrants and refugees into South Africa during the last two decades. The origin of these migrants is mainly from South Africas long-established sources of migrant workers, including countries from the Southern African Development Community. Over the last decade, African immigrants have encountered brutal manifestations of resentment at their presence in South Africa. The reasons for this are multifaceted, but one of the pertinent perceptions is that immigrants from the countrys northern borders are taking South Africans jobs. It is often claimed that casual immigrant workers are willing to work for very low daily wages. In doing so, they get temporary employment in the informal and formal economy at the expense of South African workers, who have much higher reservation wages in the same informal labour market. This is the first study to focus on the wages of migrant day labourers in South Africa by investigating the determinants of day labour wages for migrant day labourers from Zimbabwe. The respondents for this study were interviewed during the first countrywide survey of day labourers in South Africa during 2007. The paper concludes that the income from migrant day labourers from Zimbabwe often exceeds that of the average day labourer in South Africa. The Zimbabweans are, in many cases, better qualified than the average day labourer in South Africa. The main determinants of these migrant wages are their formal level of schooling, language proficiency and the completion of vocational training courses.
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Bennachie, Calum, Annah Pickering, Jenny Lee, P. Macioti, Nicola Mai, Anne Fehrenbacher, Calogero Giametta, Heidi Hoefinger i Jennifer Musto. "Unfinished Decriminalization: The Impact of Section 19 of the Prostitution Reform Act 2003 on Migrant Sex Workers’ Rights and Lives in Aotearoa New Zealand". Social Sciences 10, nr 5 (19.05.2021): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10050179.
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In 2003, Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ) passed the Prostitution Reform Act 2003 (PRA), which decriminalized sex work for NZ citizens and holders of permanent residency (PR) while excluding migrant sex workers (MSWs) from its protection. This is due to Section 19 (s19) of the PRA, added at the last minute against advice by the Aotearoa New Zealand Sex Workers’ Collective (NZPC) as an anti-trafficking clause. Because of s19, migrants on temporary visas found to be working as sex workers are liable to deportation by Immigration New Zealand (INZ). Drawing on original ethnographic and interview data gathered over 24 months of fieldwork, our study finds that migrant sex workers in New Zealand are vulnerable to violence and exploitation, and are too afraid to report these to the police for fear of deportation, corroborating earlier studies and studies completed while we were collecting data.
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Kosny, Agnieszka, i Amy R. Allen. "Falling through the cracks? An analysis of health and safety resources for migrant workers in Australia". International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 12, nr 2 (13.06.2016): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-03-2015-0008.
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Purpose – Many migrants coming to Australia end up in poor quality jobs that can lead to injury or illness. The purpose of this paper is to examine work-related resources available to migrants in Australia to determine whether these contain information on employment standards (ES), occupational health and safety (OHS) and workers’ compensation (WC). Design/methodology/approach – National and state-based websites of government, unions, WC boards and community organizations were searched for relevant materials. Resources were analysed and categorized according to location, content, resource type, audience and language. Findings – We found 175 work-related resources that targeted migrants, or those working with them. The greatest numbers of resources were found in New South Wales, Victoria, and at a national level. There was a lack of comprehensive resources, with most resources containing only general work-related information. Those that had information on ES, OHS and WC generally covered only one topic in depth. Few resources were directed at temporary foreign workers. Although there are many resources to help newcomers find employment, these often do not include comprehensive information about rights at work, injury prevention and WC. Practical implications – Improving the comprehensiveness and accessibility of work-related resources could assist migrant workers in understanding ES, OHS and WC in Australia. Originality/value – This study, a first of its kind in Australia, examines work-related resources aimed at recent immigrants and whether these contain information related to health and safety, employment rights and responsibilities or what to do in the event of an injury. The analysis suggests that there is a paucity of comprehensive resources that address these topics. This is significant because recent immigrants, compared to native-born workers are more likely to work in jobs that expose them to hazards and increase their risk of injury. Resources preparing newcomers for work in Australia should include work and health-related information.
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PETROVSKA, K. "IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECT OF SOCIAL SUPPORT FOR THOSE SEEKING TEMPORARY PROTECTION FROM THE WAR IN UKRAINE: THE EXPERIENCE OF GERMANY". Scientific papers of Berdiansk State Pedagogical University Series Pedagogical sciences 1, nr 1 (1.06.2023): 104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31494/2412-9208-2023-1-1-104-114.
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The article analyzes the experience of Germany regarding the implementation of the technological aspect of social support for those seeking temporary protection from the war in Ukraine. It was found that the current military and political situation in the world leads to an increase in the number of migrants and refugees, the expansion of categories of the population that need the provision of social services, which makes it necessary to expand the list of their types, improve the quality of the provision of such services and ensure targeting. Analysis of statistical data showed that Germany is in second place in terms of the number of Ukrainian refugees who have found temporary shelter in this country. It was found that Germany's practice of implementing the technological aspect of social work with those seeking temporary protection from the war in Ukraine needs to be reformed. One of the components of such a reform is the improvement of the system of providing social services. The search for additional resources for social services, in particular from the non-state sector of the economy, becomes important. The results of a study of the level of satisfaction of the requests of refugees from Ukraine with the existing system of social support for temporary protection seekers in Germany are presented. As a result of the study, some problematic issues in the process of implementing social policy regarding asylum seekers that complicate this process were clarified (bureaucratic obstacles, difficulties of integration, emphasis on the great role of language policy in the integration of migrants into the life of the country, mandatory law courses, history and culture of Germany), and in need of improvement (multidisciplinary and coordinated actions between different social institutions, institutions and civil society organizations; identifying the needs of individuals, groups and families; developing an information booklet for new arrivals, which would indicate a clear algorithm for their actions; availability of a sufficient number of aid subjects; unification and reduction of the number of filling out various questionnaires, forms; digitalization of the document flow process; Organization of psychological support). Key words: social support, refugees, migrants, temporary protection seekers, migration, social work.
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Lousa, Teresa Viana, i Malena Hughet. "Case Study First Aid in Art Therapy and its liberating role in Bosnia and Herzegovina Temporary Reception Centers for Migrants and Refugees". Arte, Individuo y Sociedad 34, nr 2 (13.01.2022): 799–816. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/aris.75542.
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First Aid in Art Therapy is a therapeutic approach carried out in Bosnian migrants and refugee camps from October 2019 to the present.. In an extremely challenging context for therapists and beneficiaries, Art Therapy sessions were held according to the methodology of free creative expression, with a high degree of adjustability. A non-directed work prioritizing each participant’s needs, spontaneity, and the factor of transitoriness, either of conditions or of emotions, was revealed to be the appropriate approach within a context of humanitarian crisis. In this study, the theoretical foundations of Carl Jung and Nise da Silveira[1] were used, especially with regard to the concept of Archetype, which is essential for a better understanding of the images produced in these sessions. It could be observed in the migrants and refugees’ work that certain repeated patterns appeared, for example: feminine figures and mandalas: which coincide with two strong archetypes that will be highlighted.
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Ansary, Rabiul, i Krishna Chandra Rath. "Labour out-migration and Covid-19 Pandemic in India: A case study of Murshidabad district of West Bengal". Migration Letters 18, nr 3 (16.05.2021): 319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v18i3.1331.
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This article outlines the patterns of internal migration from Murshidabad district of West Bengal during the Covid-19 Pandemic. We found that seasonal/temporary male migration from the study area has been evolving continuously over time. More than half of the total migrants move within the state boundaries. The inter-state migrants are often destined to economically better off states than the study area. We have shown that landlessness, lack of jobs, low wages, decaying of traditional craftsmanship and household pressure are among the factors leading young males to migrate. These moves are motivated by jobs and income, and movers often shift from agricultural work to building and construction and petty businesses. Migrants and their families are almost exclusively dependent on domestic remittances to meet the household expenditures, repay loans and meet children’s educational expenses. Social networks, especially friends and relatives, are crucial in facilitating the migration process. Covid-19 Pandemic raised essential questions about the future of these vulnerable sections of the population as migration became difficult and remittances dropped significantly.
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Flaim, Amanda, Lindy B. Williams i Daniel B. Ahlquist. "How Statelessness, Citizenship, and Out-migration Contribute to Stratification Among Rural Elderly in the Highlands of Thailand". Social Forces 99, nr 1 (30.10.2019): 333–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/soz133.
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Abstract In rural communities across the Global South, families are relying on temporary and permanent out-migration for work to navigate destabilizing agrarian transformations. While research indicates that success of this household livelihood strategy may depend on the legal status of international migrants, precarious legal status is not solely a problem relegated to people who cross national borders. Indeed, millions worldwide are stateless in the countries of their birth. In this mixed-method study, we assess the importance of legal status for elderly well-being among highlanders in Northern Thailand—rural communities that are experiencing both extensive out-migration and protracted statelessness. We find that elderly wealth and work outcomes are shaped by the legal status of both out-migrants and of the rural elderly themselves. Specifically, we show that when rural elderly or their migrant relatives are stateless, the elderly are more likely to engage in wage work and less likely to gain financial benefits of out-migration to the extent that citizens do. Through ethnographic engagement, we locate the contributions of legal status to rural stratification in its complex entanglements with land access and ethno-nationalism in the region, and in the ways that state and market infrastructures deploy citizenship to surveil highlanders and other minorities in Thailand. Amidst growing calls to resolve statelessness in the Global South, our research suggests that the combination of out-migration and uneven extension of citizenship in rural communities is likely to exacerbate stratification, both for migrants and for those who rarely leave home.
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Roy, Archana K., Pappu Singh i U. N. Roy. "Impact of Rural-urban Labour Migration on Education of Children: A Case Study of Left behind and Accompanied Migrant Children in India". Space and Culture, India 2, nr 4 (9.04.2015): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v2i4.74.
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In developing countries, seasonal labour migration from rural to urban or from backward to developed region is a household livelihood strategy to cope with poverty. In this process, the children of those migrants are the worst affected whether they accompany their parents or are left behind in the villages. The present paper explores the impact of temporary labour migration of parent(s) on school attendance of the children between 6–14 years and their dropping out from the school through an analysis of the cases from both the ends of migration stream in India. Data was collected from thirteen construction sites of Varanasi Uttar Pradesh and nine villages of Bihar by applying both qualitative and quantitative techniques. It is evident from the study that the migrants through remittances improve school accessibility for the left behind children and bridge gender gap in primary school education. However, among the accompanying migrant children of construction workers, many remain out of school and many are forced to drop out and some of them become vulnerable to work as child labour due to seasonal mobility of their parents. Thus, mainstreaming these children in development process is a big challenge in attaining the goal of universal primary education and inclusive growth in the country like India.Key words: School dropout, seasonal labour migration, left behind children, caste system, poverty, Eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, India
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Uddin, Md Sayed. "Poor Income and Unemployment as Determinants of Labour Migration: Empirical Evidence From Bangladeshi Migrant Workers in Klang, Malaysia". International Journal of Human Resource Studies 12, nr 3 (18.07.2022): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v12i3.20088.
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The present work is an empirical study of the causes of labour migration, especially, Bangladeshi temporary migrants to Malaysia. The study is based on the survey of 100 Bangladeshi migrant workers who were selected according to two stage sampling procedure. On one stage, an area where Bangladeshi workers reside was selected through random sampling procedure. On the second stage, 100 respondents were selected from the area according to purposive snowball sampling procedure. The main objective of the study is to find out the causes for migration of Bangladeshi workers to Malaysia. The majority, 66 respondents, leave their country because of poor income. These respondents had some income in their origin country but that was not sufficient to survive their needs to look after their family. It was also found that 31 respondents left the country because of unemployment. Thus, most of the Bangladeshi workers left their country due to poor income and unemployment. Finally, the study suggested that adequate measures should be taken to provide pre-departure training on job and host county’s culture to the expected migrant workers.
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Banerjee, Rupa, Philip Kelly, Ethel Tungohan, Petronila Cleto, Conely de Leon, Mila Garcia, Marco Luciano, Cynthia Palmaria i Chris Sorio. "From “Migrant” to “Citizen”: Labor Market Integration of Former Live-In Caregivers in Canada". ILR Review 71, nr 4 (12.02.2018): 908–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793918758301.
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This study examines the impact of attaining permanent resident status on the employment integration of migrant caregivers in Canada. The authors use survey data from 631 caregivers who arrived as migrants under a temporary foreign worker program before transitioning to permanent residency, as well as data from 47 focus group discussions. The authors find that although most caregivers do switch out of caregiving work over time, they often remain within a few, lower-skilled occupations. Postsecondary education acquired before migration has no impact on occupational mobility. Caregivers’ lack of financial stability and the stigmatization of their employment experience often constrain their labor market options; moreover, an emotional bond and sense of obligation toward employers often hinder their ability to move out into other occupations, even after receiving legal permanent resident status. From the empirical results, the authors provide theoretical insights into the complex relationship between immigration patterns and labor markets.
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Mookerjee, Devalina, Sujoy Chakravarty, Shubhabrata Roy, Anirudh Tagat i Shagata Mukherjee. "A Culture-Centered Approach to Experiences of the Coronavirus Pandemic Lockdown Among Internal Migrants in India". American Behavioral Scientist 65, nr 10 (17.03.2021): 1426–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00027642211000392.
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India’s coronavirus lockdown forced low-wage migrant workers to return from the city to the home towns and villages from which they came. Pre-pandemic living and working conditions were already stressful and difficult for these migrants. The lockdown became an additional burden, since it shut down sources of income with no assurance about when, or if, work and earning to support families could be resumed. This article draws on the lens of the Culture-Centered Approach (CCA) to understand how workers engaged with and navigated these difficult times. A total of 54 migrant workers locked-down at home across the Indian states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal were interviewed for this qualitative study. Financial worries were found to be endemic, with rising debt a major source of stress, and educational qualifications becoming an obstacle to earning. Returning migrants were suspected of bringing the virus from the city, and so stigmatized in their home towns and villages. However, the pandemic lockdown also showed some unexpected healthful consequences. It provided these marginalized, and always busy workers the time and space to stop working for a while, to stay home, eat home food, and take walks in the comparatively green and clean spaces of their home environments. In this, the pandemic lockdown may be seen to have enabled a measure of agency and health in the lives of these workers, an oasis albeit temporary, and ultimately subject to the demands of the globalized cities of India.
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Budaeva, Darima Ts. "Immigrants in the Far Eastern Federal District: Adaptation and Integration Issues". Общество: политика, экономика, право, nr 9 (20.09.2023): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24158/pep.2023.9.2.
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The aim of the article is to study theoretical and methodological approaches and statutory and regulatory pro-visions that reveal the essence of the concepts of “adaptation of foreign migrants”, “integration of foreign mi-grants” and analyze the practical formats regulating the movement of foreign citizens in the regions of the Far Eastern Federal District in the context of the Strategy of State National Policy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025. The work employs analytical and comparative methods of document research, methods of analyzing statistical data. According to the author’s conclusion, clarification of the theoretical, methodological and normative-legal definition of the concepts of “adaptation of foreign migrants” and “integration of foreign migrants” will provide clarification of the immigrant’s status in terms of the purpose and duration of his resi-dence in Russia. This will help to increase the targeting and transparency of political and managerial actions aimed at regulating the flows of foreign migrants, consisting of representatives of different nationalities, preaching different religions, having a different mentality, etc. Differentiation of foreign migrants and the host community by ethno-cultural characteristics creates a platform for the formation of different worldviews for both groups of the population. The results of the study can be used not only in scientific developments devoted to theoretical and methodological issues of the processes of “adaptation of foreign migrants” and “integration of foreign migrants”, but also in political and legal documents regulating the process of adaptation and integration of foreign migrants, differing in their level of motivation. Returning (labor) migrants are not always aimed at entering Russian society, and foreign citizens who have arrived in Russia for temporary and permanent resi-dence are distinguished by the development of intentions for integration.
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Tamara, KORTUKOVA. "PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF UKRAINIAN LABOR MIGRANTS IN EUROPE". Foreign trade: economics, finance, law 117, nr 4 (10.09.2021): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31617/zt.knute.2021(117)05.
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Background. Citizens of Ukraine are one of the largest groups of seasonal workers in the European Union. At the same time, Ukrainian migrant workers often suffer violations of their rights abroad. In this aspect, Ukraine has an urgent task to protect the rights of Ukrainian seasonal migrant workers abroad. For European Union, despite the economic crisis that has led to higher unemployment, there is an urgent need for seasonal workers in the EU Member States, due to the fact that seasonal work is generally not attractive for the EU labor market. The aim of the article is to determine the features of protection of the rights of Ukrainian seasonal migrant workers in the European Union. Materials and methods. The research is carried out on the basis of general and special research methods, in particular, such as: discourse and content analysis, system analysis method, induction and deduction method, historical-legal method, formal-legal method, comparative-legal method, and others. Results. Seasonal work is one of the types of temporary employment, which is limited to a certain period of time. In the European Union, seasonal work is not attractive to citizens of the European Union. In this regard, it should be noted that the Member States of the European Union have a long practice of attracting seasonal migrant workers to their labor market, which was especially intensified in the post-war period, characterized by labor shortages on the European continent, which led to this policy development. Today, with the onset of the global pandemic COVID-19 and the starting of lockdown, the European Union still needs seasonal migrant workers, especially in the agricultural sector, to perform seasonal work. In this area, the EU has developed supranational legislation, which was analyzed in the article. Conclusion. Given that Ukrainians are one of the largest groups of seasonal workers in the European Union, it is important for Ukraine to protect its citizens abroad, which, in particular, can be strengthened by signing bilateral agreements with EU Member States on employment and social protection of Ukrainian citizens; agreements on mutual employment of employees; agreementson employment and cooperation in the field of labor migration, etc. Keywords: labor migration; seasonal migration; the right to equal treatment; Seasonal Workers Directive; bilateral agreements on labor migration.
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Bazić, Jovan, i Elena Maksimović. "INCLUSION OF MIGRANT CHILDREN IN THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM REPUBLIC OF SERBIA". Knowledge International Journal 34, nr 2 (4.10.2019): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij3402329b.
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This paper examines various aspects of the results of the analysis on the inclusion of migrant children in the education system of the Republic of Serbia. The subject of study in this paper are migrants in transit, to whom Serbia is one of the countries on the route to thefinal destination. That is the reason why the education of these children in Serbia had a temporary character and did not had the integration into Serbian society as a final goal, as it was the situation during the migration from the post-Yugoslav territories to which Serbia was the final destination. Since the beginning of the migration crisis in 2015 to the end of 2018, about 720,000 migrants passed through Serbia. Over 20 percent of the migrants were children. The inclusion of migrant children in the education system of the Republic of Serbia was a great challenge for the education system as well as for the migrant children. Between 2013 and 2015, the education of these children was mostly in the form of non-formal education. Since 2015, migrant children have been continuously involved in the institutional education system - in primary and secondary schools, most often in the vicinity of centers for accommodation and reception of migrants. The inclusion in the education system had been done with the support of relevant governmental institutions, non-governmental organizations and international organizations. The large influx of migrant children, along with language, cultural and administrative barriers, and non-inclusion in the education process in the country of origin, were the challenges that required great efforts for their inclusion into the education system of Serbia. The most significant factor is the transit character of their stay in Serbia, which has made it difficult to learn languages and monitor teaching, as well as their integration into the new social environment. The transit factor has also influenced the continuity of teaching, which was very difficult for the children and the schools. Parallel with the inclusion of migrant children in the education system, the procedures for their enrollment in school and the manner of supporting their education were regulated. Through various international projects, teachers have been trained to work with migrant children and additional support has been provided to schools. Special attention has been given to adaptation and overcoming stress, intensive language learning, didactic material, methods and engaging in extracurricular activities with peer support.Schools developed plans to support new students, established teams for inclusive teaching, conducted a preliminary check of the level of education and acquired knowledge directed to determine which class the child would be enrolled in, according to the age. During the education of the children, schools had an adequate communication with parents or guardians. The required documentation was kept on the migrant children involved in the educational process. Because of their discontinuity in teaching, these children were not graded according to the standard system, but with descriptive grades. The student's booklets are given to them mainly because of psychological effect. The school, prior to official withdraw from the school, produced a report in Serbian and English for each child, which is handed over to parents or guardians as the evidence for the purpose of continuing the education in the country of their next or final destination. The outcomes of the education of migrant children in Serbia can also be considered through the effects of intercultural exchange and as contribution to integration into the destination country.
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Nikolaiets, Kateryna, Yurii Umantsiv, Iryna Shtunder, Tatyana Ozhelevskaya i Tamila Shcherbakova. "VIRTUAL LABOR MIGRATION: CURRENT TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS". Financial and credit activity problems of theory and practice 5, nr 52 (31.10.2023): 471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.55643/fcaptp.5.52.2023.4175.
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The purpose of the study is to determine the possible consequences of a sharp increase in the number of virtual labor migrants for the national economy and outline the main threats to information security in connection with the involvement of "hybrid workers". Based on the analysis of open sources, the working conditions of "hybrid workers" are outlined, as well as the possibilities of their cooperation with employers. The influence of regulatory and legal regulation of the work of freelancers on the modernization of their activities is highlighted. The main trends in the development of virtual labor migration in the conditions of increasing speed and volume of information transmission via the INTERNET network have been determined. The mostly temporary nature of labor relations causes a relatively low level of wages for virtual labor migrants, but it is a powerful means of countering the spread of unemployment. Virtual labor migrants, as a rule, are not limited in their work by obligations to a specific employer. Their business interests may also conflict with the national interests of the country where they permanently reside. This nature of work carries the threat of unauthorized dissemination of certain data, as well as the performance of certain tasks by foreign employers, which threaten the economic interests of the country of residence of "digital nomads" or its individual enterprises. This carries a potential threat to the business interests of both individual states and certain transnational corporations, which will require strengthening measures in the field of information security of production.
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Koper, Edyta. "Immigration to Poland in the light of the Act of December 12, 2013 on foreigners". Facta Simonidis 12, nr 1 (31.12.2019): 217–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.56583/fs.106.
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The subject of this study is the analysis of the Act on foreigners from 2013 as the latest legal document regarding immigration to Poland. The Act clearly sets out the rules and conditions for entry of migrants, their stay in Poland, transit and departure from it, as well as the procedure and competent authorities in these matters. Thus, it reflects the essence and specifics of the migration policy undertaken by the Polish government. The most important issues are the consequences of changes in the areas of permanent and temporary residence, work and study as well as amendments. The aim of the study is to present not only the provisions of the Act referring to foreigners, but also its implementation on the formal and pragmatic level.
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Vazhenina, A. A., A. S. Shastin, L. V. Trankovskaya, E. B. Anishchenko, I. L. Ivanova, V. G. Gazimova, T. M. Tsepilova, A. A. Sheparev i V. K. Kovalchuk. "Morbidity of the working population in the Far Eastern Federal District in 2005–2020". Pacific Medical Journal, nr 4 (17.01.2023): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.34215/1609-1175-2022-4-35-42.
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Aim. To study the indicators and regional specifics of morbidity associated with temporary disability in the Subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District (FEFD) of Russia.Materials and methods. A descriptive epidemiological study was performed based on retrospective data on the morbidity associated with temporary disability of the working population in FEFD as of January 01, 2021. A unified inter-agency information and statistical system was used to study the indicators of temporary disability (TD), including the number of TD cases per 100 employees and the number of TD days per 100 employees during 2005–2020. The methods of descriptive statistics were applied to differentially calculate the average annual indicators for the periods of 2005–2014 and 2015–2019 due to the adoption of the Rosstat order No. 723 dated December 25, 2014.Results. The average long-term value of the indicators of morbidity associated with temporary disability in most FEFD subjects was found to be statistically significantly higher than that in the entire Russian Federation, with higher values o bserved in 2005–2014 compared to 2015–2019. The indicators of morbidity associated with temporary disability demonstrated a more stable trend during 2015–2019. The indicators for 2020 were statistically higher than for 2015–2019, largely due to the COVID-19 pandemics.Conclusions. In view of the specific nature of the main economic sectors in FEFD (shift and seasonal work), as well as the lack of a developed social, road transport, and engineering infrastructure, data on temporary disability of the working population (including migrants) should be continuously monitored. The results obtained at this research stage can be used to develop optimal measures aimed at protecting the health of people living in the Far East of Russia.
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Kudak, Krystyna, Kateryna Mashiko i Mykhaylo Pityulych. "EVALUATION OF MIGRATION ATTITUDES AND EXPECTATIONS OF THE POPULATION IN THE CONTEXT OF MILITARY CONFLICT". Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 9, nr 3 (25.08.2023): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2023-9-3-125-136.
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The article analyses the main trends related to migration issues in Ukraine and the EU caused by the military conflict. An analysis of the theoretical basis of the research was carried out in order to determine the main aspects related to the migratory behaviour of the population in the conditions of military conflicts and crisis situations. Based on the results of a sociological study, an assessment was made of the migration attitudes and expectations of internally displaced persons (IDPs) temporarily residing in the border region of the country under martial law. An attempt was made to assess the impact of migration potential on the development of border regions under the conditions of a military crisis (using the Zakarpattia Oblast as an example). The purpose of this article is to assess the attitudes and expectations of migrants in relation to the military conflict in their country of origin. The study focuses on internally displaced persons (IDPs) living temporarily in the country's border regions, particularly in Zakarpattia Oblast. Methodology. The study is based on a sociological survey of Ukrainian migrants, such as IDPs, in new places of temporary stay in the Transcarpathian region. The survey was conducted in the first half of 2022 using the method of sociological interviews according to a random sample. The structure of the sample is 70.5% – female and 29.5% – male respondents. In addition to the sociological survey, the research is based on statistical data analysis and review of literature studies using qualitative descriptive analysis. The results of the study show significant interdependencies, disparities and trends in migration expectations and attitudes in relation to crisis, which could be the basis for further prognosis and forecasting development in the field of migration theory, such as: gender disparities in migration due to military conflicts; the importance of family ties in migration and resettlement; the predominance of the remote form of work and education, which confirms its effectiveness in crisis situations; the high inclination and desire of IDPs to return home and the low activity of IDPs in migration abroad, which is one of the main differences distinguishing IDPs from other types of migrants.
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Foulkes, Nicol. "The Perils of Highly Skilled Mobility: Welfare, Risk, and Temporary Migration from the Nordic Region to India". Journal of Finnish Studies 17, nr 1-2 (1.03.2014): 199–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/28315081.17.1.2.10.
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Abstract European welfare states were founded on the assumption that citizens in need of welfare protection were resident within the national territorial boundaries. Nowadays, jobs are often carried out, wholly or in part, abroad. Citizens and residents incur new social risks as their social and political rights in their home country often diminish as a result of the move. One example of this is what is referred to as international secondment—when, for instance, European firms send abroad employees from European offices to complete work assignments. Taking the example of secondment to India, this article investigates the extent to which both employees and their accompanying partners’ social rights are protected when they move outside of the European Union and the European Economic Area from their country of usual residence—in this case Denmark and Finland. This study is an analysis of how the social rights of seconded employees and their dependents, considered to be privileged migrants, are protected by the state. A key part of this analysis is the comparison of the pre-conditions for entitlement to basic social security while abroad. As well as illuminating the extent of the employees’ dependency on the company and the market for social protection, the findings indicate that temporary migrants incur new social risks (albeit to varying extents) depending on the country of origin, their labor market activity, and the conditions of the contract of employment with the sending company.
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Boersma, Maren. "Filipina domestic workers in Hong Kong: Between permanence and temporariness in everyday life". Current Sociology 67, nr 2 (13.09.2018): 273–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011392118792928.
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Hong Kong is residence to around 200,000 Filipina domestic workers who have migrated to the city in order to earn money for their families and futures. The employment of these migrants is organized through temporary two-year contracts. However, since many women stay for ‘multiple contracts’ in Hong Kong, their situation may be better characterized as permanently temporary. In this respect, scholars have coined the term ‘permanent temporariness’, signifying both a specific experience of temporal or circular migration, as well as a sort of disciplinary mechanism that informs people’s everyday lives. Lacking in these understandings, however, is a solid theoretical exploration of the temporal dimension. Based on ethnographic work, individual and group interviews, this article attempts to further the theoretical discussion on permanence and temporariness by focusing on the ‘lived time’ of Filipina domestic workers in Hong Kong. The article discusses how temporariness and permanence are enacted and experienced in the everyday lives of Filipina workers, how these women reflect on and cope with this, and, how this informs everyday life decisions and negotiations with employers. The study indicates that engaging permanently in temporary labour involves many uncertainties that are reflected in the domestic workers’ experiences and decisions with respect to their migration trajectories.
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Tsymbaliuk, Danylo I. "The Current Determinants of the Integration of Ukrainian Migrants into the EU Labor Market". Business Inform 3, nr 554 (2024): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2024-3-235-242.
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The aim of the publication is to substantiate the modern determinants of the integration of migrants into the labor market of the recipient countries. Based on the study of literary sources, the consequences of migration for the donor country and the recipient country are determined. The contentual characteristics of the concept of «integration» are substantiated and it is proved that integration is not a one-sided process, since it involves the interaction of different parties. The key spheres of integration of migrants are identified, on the basis of which economic, professional, educational, social, cultural, political, and civic kinds of integration are allocated. Indicators of economic integration are defined, which include: status (employed, unoccupied); form of legal regulation of employment; type of employment (employee, independent professional activity, entrepreneurial activity); social status (worker, technical employee, professional/specialist, manager); form of organization of working time (full-time, part-time employment); stability of employment (permanent, temporary, seasonal); form of organization of workplaces (standard, non-standard); salary level; correspondence of work (profession) to the level of qualification (education) and professional mobility (changes in professional career). Based on the comparison of studies conducted by different organizations in different periods of time on the share of employed Ukrainian migrants in the EU countries, it is concluded that there has been progress in economic integration. At the same time, the share of employed people is small in most countries. Among the main problems hindering effective economic integration is the discrepancy between the professions in which Ukrainian migrants work and the level of their qualifications. The prerequisites for the economic integration of Ukrainian migrants into the EU labor market are defined as follows: creation of an appropriate legal framework; improvement of the EU policies and programs; bringing the professional and educational qualifications of Ukrainian citizens in line with the EU qualifications; development of language competencies; creation of conditions for doing business, remote employment.
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Koning, Juliette. "The Impossible Return? The Post-Migration Narratives of Young Women in Rural Java". Asian Journal of Social Science 33, nr 2 (2005): 165–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568531054930839.
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AbstractIn this article, I discuss how young women in a Javanese village try to incorporate the impact of their experiences as circular labour migrants in Jakarta into their rural life worlds. I try to develop a better understanding of how these young daughters combine, in their daily lives as in their aspired futures, the often quite divergent values of their "home-village" and those of their temporary urban work sphere on such issues as marriage and family life. During and after their migration experiences, these young women express that they feel caught between two worlds: between village and city; between childhood and adulthood; between expectation and reality; and between their own aspirations and what their parents expect of them. It is argued that there is a close connection between the changing context in which these young villagers live while in "the urban", and their subsequent frames of reference for managing such situations directly impinging on questions of identity. These frames of reference have become so dissimilar compared to those of their parents that tensions and conflicts between the generations arise over ideas and ideals on personal and family life. It is also argued that these generational conflicts have a gender component to themas daughters are more bound to existing local gender values (concerning marriage and motherhood) while at the same time, these migrating daughters become the agents through which certain gender ideologies are questioned. Based on fieldwork in Java and the post-migration narratives of migrating daughters, the case of these young rural women is explicated to show that gendered labour migration leads to changes in the socioeconomic and socio-cultural environments of personal, family and village life, such as the shift from intergenerational to intragenerational relationships.
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Ab. Wahab, Andika. "Rethinking Refugees as Economically Isolated: The Rohingyas Participation in Informal Economy in Klang Valley, Malaysia". JAS (Journal of ASEAN Studies) 5, nr 2 (28.04.2018): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/jas.v5i2.3664.
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Unlike economic migrants, the refugee population is often portrayed as a burden to hosting governments. They are seen to be economically passive and highly dependent on the hosting government’s generosity and international organizations and donors’ humanitarian assistances. In Malaysia, refugee population including the Rohingyas are no longer living in sprawling tents, isolated villages or any refugee settlement in remote areas. They make their way to semi-urban and major city areas in search of economic opportunities to make a living while waiting for durable solutions accorded to them. The absence of the right to work coupled with the mounting pressure to make a living caused the Rohingyas to engage in informal economy, undertaking a variety of occupations and income-generating activities albeit risks of arrest and exploitation. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the Rohingyas’ participation in informal economy and their livelihood. Resulting from two series of field works engaging the Rohingyas in Klang Valley between 2013 and 2016, the study found that despite the absence of their right to work, the Rohingyas persistently entered into informal labor market as temporary, unskilled and low wage workers in various sectors such as trade, services and automotive. For the self-employed Rohingyas, they tend to engage in small-scale and unregulated income generating activities. Their goods and services are offered beyond the needs of the Rohingyas but to a larger extent of consumers including other migrant groups and local community. The Rohingyas’ active participation in informal economy is an attempt to not dependent or less depend on the UNHCR’s assistance and government’s generosity. This debunks the misconception that the Rohingya population in Malaysia are physically and economically isolated from the domestic economic structure.
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BALABAN, Delia Cristina, i Viviana HUȚULEAC. "Public Measures to Deal with the Negative Effects of Intra-EU Migration. Case Study: Suceava County, Romania". Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, nr 62 E (25.02.2021): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/tras.62e.1.
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"Abstract Romania is one of the EU member states reported to have a high rate of intra-EU migration. There is a temporary labor migration, but also Romanian migrants decide to leave their country for good. This phenomenon has a large economic, cultural, and social impact on society, with the northeastern region of Romania being especially affected. The main objectives of the present research are: (1) to analyze the social measures applied by the local authorities, especially the County Council and DGASPC (Social Work and Child Protection Services) Suceava to strengthen the ties with the diaspora, and to deal with the problem of the children with one or both parents working abroad, and (2) to determine how the local public authorities communicated on this issue. The applied research methods are document analysis, content analysis of the social media accounts of the above-mentioned institutions, and local media, as well as in-depth interviews that were conducted at the Suceava County Council and the Social Work and Child Protection Services. Our findings underlined that Suceava county has a defined strategy to deal with the negative effects of the labor migration phenomenon related to the phenomenon of the children left at home, there was a constant preoccupation during the analyzed period to communicate on this subject and even more, the local authorities took some measures to deal with this relevant issue. As both local authorities and local media acknowledged, more social measures are still needed."
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OSIPOVA, Larisa, i Yurii KRAVCHYK. "LABOR MIGRATION FROM UKRAINE TO THE EU ON THE EXAMPLE OF POLAND: KEY TRENDS AND PROBLEMS ASPECTS IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION". HERALD OF KHMELNYTSKYI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 298, nr 5 Part 1 (4.10.2021): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2021-298-5(1)-3.
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The article summarizes the current state and main trends of external migration of the population from Ukraine to the Republic of Poland, in particular in the aspect of labor migration. The political and legal regime of border crossing between countries is described. The characteristics of key economic and social parameters that determine the migration environment in the Ukraine – Poland system are given. Indicators of border crossing by Ukrainians to Poland, residence of Ukrainian citizens on the territory of Poland, their place in the gender structure of the population of this country, naturalization are given. The results of the analysis of tendency characteristics of external labor migration from Ukraine to the Republic of Poland in terms of the number of submitted applications and received permits for temporary stay and employment of Ukrainians in Poland are reflected. The specifics, as well as problematic aspects of external labor migration from Ukraine to Poland in the context of socio-economic development of countries, as well as European integration of Ukraine. The shortcomings of increasing labor migration from Ukraine to Poland, such as the rapid increase in the number of Ukrainian citizens living in Poland, including in the structure of foreigners, have been identified; increasing the number and increasing the dynamics of applications submitted and permits obtained for temporary stay of Ukrainians in Poland, especially for reasons of work and study; growing intentions of Ukrainians and increasing the number of permits obtained for the right to perform long-term work in Poland; further strengthening the attitudes and attitudes of Ukrainians regarding the intensification of their plans and intentions regarding the implementation of various forms of migration to Poland; increase in the number of naturalization practices of Ukrainian citizens by Poland, which is evidence of the growing threat not only of high migration rates, but also changes in citizenship by domestic migrants. The practical significance of the research results lies in the formation of information and analytical support for the formation and implementation of state policy regulating migration processes in the migration system Ukraine – EU to accelerate Ukraine’s European integration processes and realize the potential of socio-economic development. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the scientific approach to solving the problem of development and realization of migration potential in the Ukraine – EU system on the example of the recipient – the leader in attracting labor migrants from Ukraine – the Republic of Poland.
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Berveno, O., i A. Moskvina. "THE PROBLEM OF ADAPTATION OF UKRAINIAN REFUGEES IN THE UK AND EU LABOUR MARKETS". Series: Economic science 2, nr 183 (5.04.2024): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2024-2-183-2-7.
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In February 2022, the escalating conflict in Ukraine led to a full-blown humanitarian crisis that has displaced more than 5.8 million refugees over the past two years. As of February 2023, more than 4.8 million Ukrainian refugees have registered in the European temporary protection system, with more than 2.1 million in the Eurozone (approximately 0.6% of the Eurozone population). Several Ukrainian research institutes are working on the issue of Ukrainian refugees abroad. International organisations and statistical authorities of receiving countries also pay considerable attention to the study of the Ukrainian wave of migration. However, despite the significant attention to this problem from scientists, it requires further analysis, both taking into account the rapid changes in certain aspects of life and the quantitative composition of Ukrainian refugees and from the point of view of the need for systematic consideration of research results for a deeper understanding of possible measures for the adaptation of forced migrants to local labour markets. The article aims to analyse the main prospects and difficulties of employing Ukrainian migrants abroad and obtaining additional skills and opportunities for their further return to Ukraine. Refugees are people who migrate to another country to escape war, violence, or other conflict or danger because they are unable or unwilling to return to their own country for fear of persecution or danger. A person becomes a refugee in the case of violation of their fundamental human rights or when they are under threat. Today, one of the highest refugee flows in the world is the Ukrainian wave of migration. Most Ukrainian refugees remain in Ukraine’s neighbouring countries: Poland has accepted 1.5 million refugees. The demographic composition of refugees from Ukraine differs from other refugee flows. In almost all host countries, at least 70% of the adult population are women, and more than a third of all refugees are women with children. Unlike previous refugee flows into Europe, newly arrived from Ukraine gained the right to seek work at a comparably early stage: the Temporary Protection Directive, which the EU launched in an unprecedented move at the beginning of March 2022, gives refugees from Ukraine the right to immediate employment and self-employment. Finding gainful employment that matches refugees’ educational and professional qualifications helps newly arrived become self-sufficient and stimulates the local economy. The data shows that Ukrainians account for 0.5% of the Eurozone workforce. As of February 2023, about 40% of Ukrainian refugees were employed or self-employed, corresponding to approximately half of all refugees working in Ukraine. However, a significant portion of primary employment concentrates on low-skilled jobs, and skills mismatch is a common problem for Ukrainian migrants. Insufficient language skills also hinder successful integration into the labour market. Keywords: forced migrants, refugees, employment, qualifications, labour market, living standards, local communities.
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Porumbescu, Alexandra. "To return or to stay? The situation of Romanian badanti in Italy during the Coronavirus pandemic". Social Change Review 20, nr 1 (1.12.2022): 77–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scr-2022-0005.
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Abstract The study explores the situation of Romanian work migrants employed in elderly home care (badanti) in Italy, in the context of temporary restrictions on the freedom of movement within the European Union during the coronavirus pandemic. The general objective of the research consists in contributing to the understanding of how a particular situation of crisis and the subsequent restrictions enforced may impact the socio-professional category in question. In this context, an exploratory investigation was conducted, by the use of semi-structured interviews with people who have or used to have this occupation in Italy. The aim of the interviews was to identify particular, subjective aspects of their experiences, and, at the same time, to investigate their perception of the transformations occurred due to this crisis. The results of the study offer insight on the individual decision-making process in the matter of remaining in Italy, returning to the country of origin or re-migrating, and the ways in which short-time legislative changes affected these decisions, as well as the effects of the pandemic on this specific socio-economic category.
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Melnikova, Tatyana, i Igor Shevchuk. "Tourism in a region: new development opportunities". Socium i vlast 5 (2020): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1996-0522-2020-5-65-77.
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Introduction. Modern times are characterized by independence from financial support for travel due to introducing an ordinary region with its daily surrounding into tourist circulation, focusing not on distance, but on the depth of emotions when choosing a place to visit. The aim of the study is to assess the factors of transforming the tourist environment in a region, which might result in a number of challenges for managing the regional development. Methods. In the framework of the study, both general logical methods and empirical methods are used. In particular, the analysis of approaches to managing a tourist region in the post-tourism era, as well as new tourist practices are based on classification and periodization. When choosing the factors of the tourist region new format, the case method and comparison were applied. The scientific novelty of the study. The authors substantiate that the new era will be determined by changes in the labor–leisure ratio, new tourist practices and new tourist region format. The new tourist region format involves a transition to understanding the tourist as a temporary resident of the region and actualizes the need for coexistence. Results. The state of post-tourism for such a region may be due to the emergence of new residentsowners of second homes and business migrants, as well as the social effect of deliberate tourism practices. The competition of such regions is based on intangible resources. The factors of transforming the tourist environment made it possible to give a new look at assessing the effectiveness of an event for the territory. The authors propose threshold values that will allow making decisions on the co-financing of the event from the regional or local budget. Conclusions. Hybridization of tourism and leisure does not provide a complete answer about a possible reduction in work hours, however, indicates a short-term leisure mobility of individuals. New tourism practices are based on awareness and desire to increase self-efficacy. Such transformations open up new opportunities for the territory development.
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Arnoldi, Emsie, Rachelle Bosua i Vanessa Dirksen. "Mapping themes for the well-being of low-skilled gig workers: Implications for digital platform design". Transitions: Journal of Transient Migration 5, nr 1 (1.03.2021): 55–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/tjtm_00031_1.
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Platform-based work and corresponding business models are redefining the work landscape. The rapid growth in digital platforms has prospered since the start of the pandemic, enabling various service-based gig work tasks such as Amazon, Uber and Deliveroo. Currently, there is scant literature that examines the well-being of gig workers in the platform economy. In this article, we reflect on the well-being of one category of gig workers, low-skilled service-based gig workers. These workers are often migrants or transient workers who face barriers to enter the job market in a foreign country, need a job to generate an income for the family, often transition between jobs or wish to conduct flexible, temporary gigs afforded by many digital platforms. Informed by an overview of the literature and the International Labour Organization’s (ILO) definition of well-being, our study supports the notion that precarity leads to compromised worker well-being. As a consequence, we identify four themes for gig worker well-being that can be incorporated in the design of platforms to improve the well-being of low-skilled service-based workers: (1) regulatory aspects and contracts to protect the worker, (2) job-related appraisal and reward systems, (3) feeling connected in a work-related social network and (4) algorithmic control and organization of tasks and work. Our study opens discourse on digital platform worker well-being, suggesting improvements to digital platform design to support worker well-being for service-based gig workers and potentially all forms of gig work.
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Shnyrkov, Olexandr, Valerii Mazurenko i Roman Stakanov. "LABOUR MIGRATION FROM UKRAINE UNDER THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC TURBULENCE". Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 7, nr 2 (26.03.2021): 240–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2021-7-2-240-249.
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The purpose of the article is to analyse the trends of labour migration from Ukraine under the global economic crisis caused by COVID-19. The subject of the research is international labour migration in Ukraine. The study should predict the consequences of the coronavirus crisis for labour migration and place of Ukraine in the world labour market in the nearest future. Methodological basis of the research comprised the list of theoretical and empirical methods of research; there was provided the analysis of recent research publications subject under the discussion, compared the results obtaining with statistical data, suggested the practical recommendations that were received on the base of survey results. Researches in a number of OECD countries have found that the risk of infection among migrants is at least two times higher as among locals. The number of international migrants is declined in 2020 for the first time in recent history, as the number of new migrants slows down and re-emigration rates substantially increased. Ukraine has the highest rates of permanent immigrants among European countries. In 2019, there was among approximately 5 million people of foreign origin in Ukraine, the largest migration groups were from Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Russia, and Uzbekistan. At the same time, Ukraine ranked 8th in the world and 2nd in Europe for emigration in 2019. Ukraine was the largest country of origin of refugees in Europe amounted to 93 thousand people at the end of 2018. In 2019, as in previous decades, the largest migration corridors in Europe were in Ukraine, including the Russia-Ukraine and Ukraine-Russia corridors, which held the first positions in the volume of migration in this part of the world. The military conflict in the East of Ukraine has strengthened the current trend towards reorienting of Ukrainian migration to the West. The employment structure of Ukrainian labour migrants is mostly inefficient, as only 26.8% of Ukrainian workers are employed abroad according to the qualifications obtained. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected virtually all spheres of public life; it has affected emigration from Ukraine, a crucial factor of which has been the introduction of lockdown in key host countries of Ukrainian labour migration, in particular, in the EU. However, the existence of an unconditional demand for Ukrainian workers in the labour-importer countries has led to the solution of problems with access of workers in an ad hoc manner in the first half of 2020, in particular, through the organization of workers transportation from Ukraine for seasonal work. The results of the study have shown that despite the fact that the structure of permanent migration from Ukraine is dominated by migration to the Russian Federation, trends in long-term and especially in temporary labour migration since 2014 and until now, clearly indicate a change in the vector of labour movement towards the EU. Labour emigration is not able to solve the problem of Ukraine’s economic development; it just solves the task of maintaining the welfare of the migrant families and provides the opportunities to develop the human capital of migrant children, primarily through funding by means of migration capital their education in Ukraine. Analysis of the current global and national economic situation, regulatory measures, both in Ukraine and in the countries of migration destination, which directly or indirectly affect migration flows, indicates that in the medium term we cannot predict that the COVID-19 pandemic will significantly affect large-scale labour migration.
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Kharchenko, Liudmyla, i Nataliia Shabaeva. "Current directions of socio-pedagogical work with families in armed conflict conditions". Social pedagogy: theory and practice, nr 1 (2024): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/1817-3764-2024-1-73-79.
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The article deals with an important problem of today – the search for actual areas of socio-pedagogical work with families in conditions of armed conflict. A special place in the context of this issue is occupied by the figure of a social pedagogue, because a specialist in the socio-pedagogical sphere of activity works with families who have lost relatives, housing, were separated from loved ones or were forced to leave their homes, were under shelling, temporary occupation, suffered torture and violence. Among the current directions of socio-pedagogical work with families in the armed conflict, we included - the study of the potential possibilities of the family and the influence of external factors on it for further work; interaction with various state institutions and public organizations on issues of assistance to victims of armed conflict; informing the participants of the educational process about the activities of formal (state) and informal organizations (charity funds), which help overcome the consequences of the war; control over the education of children and adolescents from the families of forced migrants; teaching parents specific ways and techniques of working with a child in times of crisis and emergency situations (consequences of rocket fire – destruction of residential buildings, infrastructure, fire, power supply restrictions, etc.). Individual and/or family online/offline consultations, lectures, therapy groups, child-parent communication clubs, family group meetings, youth clubs, dialogue groups, training sessions on the development of life skills, telephone counseling should be the forms of implementation of the outlined areas of social and pedagogical work; methods – persuasion, suggestion, example, training, creation of educational situations, encouragement, approval, selfeducation. The advantage of these forms and methods of work is that they are completely independent, depending on the situation, they can be carried out both stationary and remotely.
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Jha, Sunanda, i Dinabandhu Bag. "The service sector: migration, technology and productivity". International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 39, nr 1/2 (11.03.2019): 2–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-10-2017-0141.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the characteristics of the workers in the informal economy and explore the reasons for workers migrating from rural to urban area. The authors also explore and enumerate various reasons why the migrants choose to work informally and study whether internal migrants treat this sector as temporary or transitory before moving to the formal sector. The authors reconnoitre the issues in coverage of factors in unregistered service, this research is carried out at a smaller scale of operations of the service enterprises having a minimum of three (or more) employees, which poses significant issues in the enumeration. This work further emphasises on the reasons why people migrate and choose the informal sector (IS) and to estimate the contribution of technology towards productivity of this sector.Design/methodology/approachBuilding on empirical data collected through interviews with the migrants, who are now part of the informal service enterprises of Delhi and peripheral areas, this paper presents the results of a survey conducted in 2017. This research is based on appropriate scale driven by the instrument of choice by the sampling of units. Data were collected by conducting field survey using structured questionnaire. By performing the estimation at the unit rather than the industry level, the authors reduce difficulties of mis-measured output and inputs, thus, potentially obtaining a more accurate estimate of technologies contributions towards the firm productivity.FindingsThe small service enterprises are making poorer value addition towards measured productivity due to the factors such as lack of equipment or technical know-how. The authors find that marginalisation thesis holds true only partially and the rest are in this sector by choice, considering it as an opportunity. Maximum number of entrants had been attracted by opportunities in this sector itself; actual and potential mobility from the informality towards formalisation is quite low; education is one of the important determinants for entrepreneurs shifting from informality towards formalisation.Research limitations/implicationsThe research is limited only to informal service enterprises located in Delhi, the national capital of India and the peripheral areas.Practical implicationsBy identifying the factors, proper policy measures can be designed which will be in a focused direction to reduce the size of the IS and to improve the working condition of the migrants who are part of this sector. The estimation is at the unit level using primary data.Originality/valueThe estimation is at the unit level using primary data, the research contributes to the literature on informal service sector, and this sector needs more intensive large-scale studies in order to design policies which can result in betterment of the society as a whole, benefiting the segment that needs immediate attention from government and society as well.
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Méndez, Eliana Cárdenas, i Zuemy M. Cahuich Cahuich. "Migración Circular, Gestión y Rentabilidad de la Fuerza de Trabajo: El Caso de la Comunidad Agrícola de José Narciso Rovirosa, Quintana Roo". European Scientific Journal, ESJ 17, nr 27 (31.08.2021): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2021.v17n27p99.
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El propósito de este artículo es presentar las dinámicas de las nuevas formas de gestión y de apropiación de la fuerza de trabajo en el capitalismo global, tomando en cuenta la migración circular de los jornaleros agrícolas temporales de la comunidad de José Narciso Rovirosa, del Estado de Quintana Roo, que migran cíclicamente, mediante el programa de empleo temporal PTAT, a trabajar en las granjas de Canadá. Se parte de una presentación general sobre el concepto de migración circular entendida, en este trabajo, como el patrón de desplazamiento característico del capitalismo global para la maximización y rentabilidad de la fuerza de trabajo proveniente de países en desarrollo. Se afirma que los migrantes circulares encuentran en las comunidades de origen entramados económicos, sociales y políticos, que no permiten que las remesas obtenidas mediante condiciones de sobreexplotación en las granjas canadienses, se conviertan en fuente de desarrollo para la comunidad; pone en discusión la justificación para la gestión de la migración como factor de desarrollo en las comunidades de origen, se reafirma en cambio la migración como dinámica causal acumulativa que obliga a los trabajadores a buscar en la migración el único horizonte de sobrevivencia.
This paper focuses on presenting the dynamics of the new forms of management and appropriation of labour power in global capitalism. It takes into account the circular migration of temporary agricultural labourers from the community of José Narciso Rovirosa, in the state of Quintana Roo, who migrate cyclically, through the temporary employment programme PTAT to work on farms in Canada. The paper begins with a general presentation of the concept of circular migration. This study is considered as the pattern of displacement characteristic of global capitalism for the maximization and profitability of the labour force from developing countries. It is affirmed that circular migrants find in their communities of origin economic, social, and political frameworks. These frameworks do not allow remittances obtained through conditions of overexploitation in Canadian farms to become a source of development for the community. It questions the justification for the management of migration as a factor of development in the communities of origin. It also reaffirms migration as an accumulative causal dynamic that forces workers to seek migration as the only horizon of survival.