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Data publikacji: 27 lipca 2024

Data aktualizacji: 29 lipca 2024

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1

Adams, Neil. "Another Hellenistic Royal Portrait from the Temple of Apollo at Cyrene?" Libyan Studies 33 (2002): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900005100.

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AbstractDuring their second campaign at the temple of Apollo in August 1861, Robert Murdoch Smith and Edwin Porcher discovered a large marble female head along the northern edge of the building's peristasis. The sculpture was subsequently sent to the British Museum. A recent re-examination of the head suggests that it deserves serious more attention than it has hitherto merited, principally for its quality, and the fact that it displays characteristics highly indicative of Hellenistic royal portraiture. Furthermore, comparison with a similarly sized and modelled male head discovered inside the temple presently identified as ‘Ptolemy Apion’ suggests the two should be considered as companion pieces. This paper attempts to identify the subject of the female head within the context of other sculpture originating from the temple, together with epigraphy relating to the Ptolemaic family at Cyrene. It also explores the possibility of a royal portrait group erected inside Cyrene's primary sacred space.

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White, Donald, i Philip Kenrick. "Applebaum's Hillside Stairs at Cyrene". Libyan Studies 42 (2011): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900004775.

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AbstractA set of monumental stone stairs on the hillside south of Cyrene's Wadi Bel Gadir Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone were first detected by Shi'mon Applebaum during World War 2 on a now lost aerial photograph. Today his theory that the stairs connected a hilltop structure (now partially covered by a modern farm installation), with the still unidentified Demeter Sanctuary and that all three elements belonged to a Jewish temple complex is no longer sustainable, at least as far as the Demeter Sanctuary goes. But the stairs still exist, still unexcavated and largely unrecorded. What remains visible suggests that they may have been partially covered with a wooden roof and that they served as a ceremonial link between two important components of the suburban city analogous to that played by the porticoed Via Sacra leading to Cyrene's Sanctuary of Apollo. A plea is made for their excavation.

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3

Teichner, Felix. "Signa Venerandae Christianae Religionis: On the Conversion of Pagan Sanctuaries in the Dioceses of Africa and Ægyptus". Libyan Studies 27 (1996): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900002387.

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AbstractThe edict of the emperors Theodosius II and Valentinian III of AD 435 laid down the laws on the juridical dissolution of pagan sanctuaries and the annexation of the temple property. The probability of tallying such historically confirmed situations with archaeological finds always poses a difficult methodical question. A small number of interesting examples from the late antique Dioceses Africa and Ægyptus therefore deserve the author's closer attention: the temple of Apollo at Cyrene, the three-aisled Christian basilica at the ‘Vetus Forum’ of Lepcis Magna, the Jupiter Dolichenus Temple at the port of the same city (all in Libya), and the basilicas in Sbeitla (Sufetula), Djebel Oust (both in Tunisia) and Tipasa (Algeria).Unfortunately, in none of these cases, could the exact date of rebuilding be established. But even so, it is obvious that the edict of Theodosius II cannot be considered as a definitive terminus ad quem. Archaeological as well as historical facts indicate that the process of destroying pagan cults and transforming temples into Christian sites lasted for almost a century (early fourth up to the mid-fifth). Theodosius Il's edict thus legalised a custom that had already been in practice for decades.

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4

Thorn, James Copland. "Warrington's 1827 Discoveries in the Apollo Sanctuary at Cyrene". Libyan Studies 24 (1993): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900001977.

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AbstractIn the summer of 1827 Colonel Hanmer Warrington, British Consul General in Tripoli, sent his son H. G. Warrington to Cyrene to search for antiquities which the Bashaw of Tripoli had offered to Britain. The article contains copies of the original letters on this subject and gives a description of the antiquities which were discovered during his excavations in the Apollo Sanctuary. Also given is the subsequent history of their journey from Cyrene to London, and then to Edinburgh, where they are now exhibited.

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5

Adams, Neil. "A Statue of Dionysos from the Sanctuary of Apollo at Cyrene: a Recent Join". Libyan Studies 32 (2001): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026371890000577x.

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AbstractThis brief report presents the reunification of a hand in the British Museum to a marble statue of Dionysos now in Edinburgh and originally discovered in the sanctuary of Apollo at Cyrene by Robert Murdoch Smith and Edwin Porcher in August 1861.

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6

Thorn, Dorothy. "ΑΡΧΙΠΠΑ: A Lost Statue Rediscovered". Libyan Studies 30 (1999): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026371890000279x.

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AbstractSome hitherto forgotten documents from Smith and Porcher's exploits at Cyrene were discovered in Edinburgh. These consisted of draft copies of despatches and a collection of their photographs, one of which showed the only contemporary view of the marble seated figure they identified as ‘Archippe’ on the grounds of an inscription on the base, but left in Cyrene on their departure. A resemblance was noticed between the ‘Archippe’ photographed in 1861 and an enigmatic seated figure now situated near the Apollo Sanctuary. The two-line inscription subsequently found on this statue identifies it as the one described by Smith and Porcher, and also by previous explorers.

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7

Ates, Alper K., i Glenn Maffia. "The Temple of Apollo in Didyma". Journal of Skyscape Archaeology 9, nr 2 (5.02.2024): 181–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jsa.23277.

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The Temple of Apollo in Didyma, located on the Aegean coast of southwestern Turkey, is not aligned towards the cardinal directions: GPS measurements and satellite imagery indicate that the azimuth of the temple is 55.117°. Lack of prominent geological features in the surrounding landscape raise the idea of a probable celestial orientation. Various orientation studies have suggested bright stars of Gemini, sunrise direction during the summer solstice or the heliacal rising direction of Cygnus and Lyra during the winter solstice as potential vantage directions, and we propose that the temple is aligned towards the heliacal rising direction of Castor (a Geminorum). During the Hellenistic period Castor’s heliacal rise also coincided with the summer solstice, and we believe this alignment serves calendrical and symbolic purposes. We rest our case on astronomical computations, classical texts, archaeological evidence and the unique architectural plan of the temple.

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8

KORKUT, Taner, Ş. Recai TEKOĞLU i M. Ertan YILDIZ. "Tlos Tiyatro Tapınağı’ndan İki Yeni Yazıt". Gephyra 25 (15.05.2023): 139–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.1276831.

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This article presents the theatre temple of Tlos and two inscriptions carved on the walls of this temple. The temple was built on the central axis of the summa cavea of the Tlos theatre. The façade of the temple faces east. An inscription dated to the 2nd half of the 1st century BC was carved on the west-facing wall of the temple. According to this inscription, Aithon dedicated a golden wreath to Apollo and Demos. Thus, it is understood that the temple belonged to Apollo. The inscription states that Aithon belonged to the astikos demos. For this reason, some interpretations of the inscriptions found in Tlos and containing the names of demoi are included in the paper. All of such inscriptions are dated to the Hellenistic Period. From the Early Imperial Period onwards, demos names are no longer found in the inscriptions. In addition, all of these inscriptions were found in the city centre. Therefore, these demoi indicate a topographical division of citizens in the city settlement plan. The second inscription carved on the southeast wall of the Apollo temple is an astragal inscription. The main function of this inscription is to give a prophecy for those who are going on a journey or travelling. This prophecy inscription consists of 56 stanzas. However, the inscription presented here has not survived as a whole. Only the verses of 25 of these stanzas have survived as fragments. The translation of the 1st inscription is as follows: Aithon, son of Polemon, of the astikos (demos), after becoming gymnasiarkhos and agonothetes, offered this golden wreath as an offering to Apollo and the demos.

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9

Kane, Susan, i Donald White. "Recent developments in Cyrene's chora south of the Wadi bel Gadir". Libyan Studies 38 (2007): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900004234.

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AbstractRecent work in the Wadi bel Gadir in the southern chora region of Cyrene, in particular the discovery of two temple precincts by the Italian Mission (Missione Archeologica a Cirene della Università degli Studi di Urbino) as well as an intensive topographic survey by the newly reconstituted University of Pennsylvania Expedition (now the Cyrenaica Archaeological Project) is providing important information about urban development to the west and southwest of the city of Cyrene. This paper offers an overview of the previous work in the area and some thoughts on the potential implications of the recent discoveries by the Italian Mission led by Professor Mario Luni and the Cyrenaican Archaeological Project (CAP) directed by Professor Susan Kane.

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10

Bookidis, Nancy, i Ronald S. Stroud. "Apollo and the Archaic Temple at Corinth". Hesperia 73, nr 3 (styczeń 2004): 401–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2972/hesp.2004.73.3.401.

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11

Kelly, Nancy. "The Archaic Temple of Apollo at Bassai: Correspondences to the Classical Temple". Hesperia 64, nr 2 (kwiecień 1995): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/148056.

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12

Coulton, J. J., i Frederick A. Cooper. "The Temple of Apollo Bassitas I: The Architecture". American Journal of Archaeology 101, nr 4 (październik 1997): 796. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/506852.

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13

Bookidis, Nancy. "Corinthian Terracotta Sculpture and the Temple of Apollo". Hesperia 69, nr 4 (październik 2000): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/148383.

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14

Wiseman, T. P. "The Temple of Apollo and Diana in Rome". Oxford Journal of Archaeology 33, nr 3 (7.07.2014): 327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ojoa.12040.

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15

Wright, G. R. H. "A Note on the Temple of Zeus at Cyrene and its Re-Erection". Libyan Studies 25 (styczeń 1994): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900006336.

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During the course of work in Cyrenaica extending over the 1950s and 1960s I was asked by the late Richard Goodchild, then Controller of Antiquities, to note and comment on any architectural features which I felt to have special significance. In this way, across the years, I handed over to him various short notes with drawings of miscellaneous items that I had observed. Of one such observation a copy has come to hand recently among old papers.While working with the Michigan Expedition to Apollonia (1965–68) I visited the late Professor Stucchi's project for re-erecting the remains of the Temple of Zeus at Cyrene, begun in 1967. During the visit I was interested to observe the detailing of a triglyph block from the peristyle entablature. This seemed to conflict with, or rather to add somewhat to the then accepted building history of the temple — i.e. a (late) Archaic Greek Temple overthrown during the Jewish Revolt and subsequently refurbished minus the peristyle.Work on Professor Stucchi's project is not yet completed; and although he published both progress reports and some discussion of the findings, he has not, to my knowledge, given us a detailed account of the evidence for the history of the building; so perhaps my note made in 1968 remains of interest. I have left the argument as it stood, but some updating material has been added to the footnotes.G.R.H.W.Avignon, December 1993.

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16

Macedo, José Marcos. "THE MONTH NAME ΑΓΑΓΥΛΙΟΣ, ARTEMIS ΑΓΑΓΥΛΑΙΑ AND HOMERIC PHRASEOLOGY". Classical Quarterly 65, nr 2 (7.09.2015): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838815000300.

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The month name Ἀγαγύλιος is attested in Thessaly and Achaia Phthiotis. Recently, excavations at a Thessalian temple of Apollo in Pythion, at the foot of Olympus, have brought to light numerous ex-votos dedicated to Apollo, Poseidon and to an Artemis whose epiclesis is Agagylaia. Neither the month name nor the epiclesis, which is certainly to be connected with the month name, has yet received an explanation.

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17

Nalimova, Nadezhda Anatol'evna. "Sculptural Display of the Smintheion in Troas: visual rhetoric in the context of a Hellenistic sanctuary". RUDN Journal of World History 14, nr 3 (15.12.2022): 338–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8127-2022-14-3-338-348.

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The temple of Apollo Smintheus near the village of Gülpınar (north-western Turkey, Troas) is undoubtedly among the most important monuments of the Hellenistic Age. The latest publications on the temple and sanctuary complex allow a more accurate and precise assessment of this remarkable building. Apollo bearing the epithet “Smintheus” (“Lord of mice”) appears in the opening lines of the Iliad and the very place of action is localized in the vicinity of Chrysa - an ancient town found near modern Göztepe, not far from Smintheion. These “Homeric” associations are reflected in the sculptural decoration of the temple: its frieze depicts scenes from the Iliad and later epic poems. Such a representation of the Trojan cycle, as a continuous narrative with direct reference to Homer and post-Homeric texts, has no precedent in earlier temple sculptures. In addition to the continuous frieze in the entablature, the sculptural decoration of the temple included columnae caelatae of two types - ornamental and figurative ones. Being placed on the top of the columns they formed a single semantic and visual unit with the frieze. In the present article the reach sculptural display of the temple is carefully analyzed. The author demonstrates the way in which various visual languages - narrative, associative, and symbolic - were involved in the mechanisms of creating memory, maintaining the aristocratic ideology and specific aspects of the local cult.

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18

Ward-Perkins, J. B., i S. C. Gibson. "The ‘Market Theatre’ Complex and Associated Structures, Cyrene". Libyan Studies 18 (1987): 43–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026371890000683x.

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AbstractThis is a summary account, based on a detailed report first published in Libya Antiqua, of the so-called ‘Market Theatre’ complex. This complex comprises a number of closely linked structures situated near the heart of ancient Cyrene and was excavated by the late R. G. Goodchild in the 1950s. After his death, it was resurveyed for publication in 1971. The various component structures (the ‘Market’, the Stepped Street, the ‘Forehall’, the Valley Street frontage, the Propylon, the Building with the Windswept Capitals and the Theatre) are described in the context of three broad periods of construction observed in this area.Goodchild's original interpretation of the main porticoed building as a market, rather than as a temple precinct is defended, as is his belief that the late Roman theatre exhibited only one period of construction. The single closely datable structure is the Severan propylon, but, from observed structural relationships and architectural similarities, some suggestions are made as to the chronology of development in this quarter of Cyrene.

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19

Winter, F. E., i Frederick A. Cooper. "The Temple of Apollo Bassitas Vol. 1: The Architecture". Phoenix 51, nr 3/4 (1997): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1192563.

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Hedrick, Charles W. "The Temple and Cult of Apollo Patroos in Athens". American Journal of Archaeology 92, nr 2 (kwiecień 1988): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/505629.

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Walsh, J. R., i L. Walsh. "The orientation of the Greek temple of Epicurean Apollo". Astronomy & Geophysics 47, nr 4 (1.08.2006): 4.8—b—4.8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/astrog/47.4.4.8-b.

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&NA;. "Gateway to the Temple of Apollo, Naxos, Cyclades Greece". Spine 31, nr 17 (sierpień 2006): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200608010-00001.

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Negri, Sergio, i Giovanni Leucci. "Geophysical investigation of the Temple of Apollo (Hierapolis, Turkey)". Journal of Archaeological Science 33, nr 11 (listopad 2006): 1505–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2006.02.003.

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Zink, Stephan. "Reconstructing the Palatine temple of Apollo: a case study in early Augustan temple design". Journal of Roman Archaeology 21 (2008): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759400004372.

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Kanellopoulos, Chrysanthos, i Manolis Petrakis. "Cella alignment and 4th century BC Doric peripteral temple architecture in Mainland Greece". Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome 11 (listopad 2018): 169–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-11-09.

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This article examines 4th-century BC Doric architecture, dealing with the cella position in relation to the design of the peristasis. Divergences from the theoretical principles are recorded and the reasons dictating the aesthetics as well the traditions are examined. A categorization of Doric peripteral temples is put forward and five peripteral temples are discussed in detail, with new drawings offered; the temple on the Leprean acropolis, the Temple of Asclepios at Gortyn, the Temple of Apollo Ismenios at Thebes, the Temple of Apollo at Mount Ptoion, and the so-called Temple of Hippolytos at Troizen. It is inferred that the previously reconstructed Ionic axial cohesion in the temples under examination has taken into account neither the principles of the Doric order, nor the correct sizes of the elements. An argued evaluation of the physical evidence is necessary for reconstructing the implemented ground-plans. By taking the above into consideration and by re-examining the existing foundations, it is possible to reconstruct features such as the lower diameter of the pronaos columns, the width of the antae, the thickness of the cella and pronaos walls, the cella width and the angular contraction. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the rules to which the 4th century BC peripteral temples tend to conform and to investigate the reasons that led to their formation. It is proposed that reconstructing the roofing systems is the key to a cohesive system of correspondence.

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26

Parke, H. W. "The temple of Apollo at Didyma: the building and its function." Journal of Hellenic Studies 106 (listopad 1986): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/629647.

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The Hellenistic temple of Apollo at Didyma presents several unique features in its plan. In its exterior it resembles the typical large Ionic temple of Asia Minor with a double colonnade surrounding it, noopisthodomus, and apronaoscontaining three rows of four columns each. But at this point the plan of the temple was modified in the strangest manner. For thepronaosdoes not lead by a great central doorway into thecella, but where the doorway should come, the worshipper entering the building found himself faced with a blank wall 1·495 rn high with above it a colossal opening 5·63 m wide (PLATE VIIa). Consequently the worshipper in thepronaoscould not even look directly into the sanctuary. Instead, just above his eye-level beyond the embrasure of this ‘window’ stretched the floor of a large room, 14·04 m by 6·73 m with its roof supported on two columns. Through this room's central door (which was opposite the window) the spectator on ground level outside could catch a glimpse of the upper part of thenaiskosin the inner court (theadyton).

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27

HEKSTER, OLIVIER, i JOHN RICH. "OCTAVIAN AND THE THUNDERBOLT: THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO PALATINUS AND ROMAN TRADITIONS OF TEMPLE BUILDING". Classical Quarterly 56, nr 1 (maj 2006): 149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838806000127.

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Hansen, Erik. "The Building Accounts of the Fourth Century BC Temple of Apollo at Delphi". Acta Archaeologica 93, nr 1 (22.03.2023): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/16000390-20210017.

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Abstract In this article, Hansen analyzes and discusses the construction of the fourth-century BC. Temple of Apollo at Delphi, taking into consideration the practical aspects of this difficult construction process. He includes the unique epigraphic building accounts that have been made accessible to non-philologists with Jean Bousque’s edition and French translation of the fragments published in 1989. Thereby Hansen offers a masterful revised calendar of the whole building process of the third largest temple on the Greek mainland.

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BAKIR SERT, Hacer. "The Temple of Apollo: An Excellent Host for Black Microorganisms". Journal of Recreation and Tourism Research 5, nr 4 (27.12.2018): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31771/jrtr.2018.10.

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Lawall, Mark L. "The Temple of Apollo Patroos Dated by an Amphora Stamp". Hesperia 78, nr 3 (30.09.2009): 387–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2972/hesp.78.3.387.

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Carlson, Deborah N., i William Aylward. "The Kizilburun Shipwreck and the Temple of Apollo at Claros". American Journal of Archaeology 114, nr 1 (styczeń 2010): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3764/aja.114.1.145.

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Haselberger, Lothar. "The Construction Plans for the Temple of Apollo at Didyma". Scientific American 253, nr 6 (grudzień 1985): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1285-126.

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Liritzis, I., P. Guibert, F. Foti i M. Schvoerer. "The temple of apollo (Delphi) strengthens novel thermoluminescence dating method". Geoarchaeology 12, nr 5 (sierpień 1997): 479–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6548(199708)12:5<479::aid-gea3>3.0.co;2-x.

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Bitis, Ioannis. "Water supply methods in Ancient Thera: the case of the sanctuary of Apollo Karneios". Water Supply 13, nr 3 (1.05.2013): 638–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.017.

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The same natural water sources which enabled people to settle the island of Thera in the 8th century BC, are still visible today on the hill of Mesa Vouno. An extensive infrastructure for the exploitation of rainwaters was established in the city of Ancient Thera on Mesa Vouno, which is striking for the quality of its construction as well as the inventiveness of its builders. Rainwater followed the course that was prescribed for its storage from the flat rooftops to underground cisterns. The water on the roof of the temple of Apollo Karneios followed a comparable route, the study of which answered many questions regarding a false – as it turned out – reconstruction of the temple plan. The above study is completed by the production of an axonometric visual reconstruction of the temple.

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Dasargyri, Georgia. "Characteristic Metallurgical Relations and Qualities of the Iron Clamps of the Epikourios Apollo". Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (maj 2012): 1931–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.1931.

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Abstract The subject of the present research work referred to the metallurgical examination of five iron clamps taken from the Epikourios Apollo by the Conservation Committee. The temple constitutes one of the most famous ancient temples dedicated to Apollon, built in (420-410 BC) by Iktinos, the same civil engineer who previously created Parthenon. For this reason, the new temple characterized as “the twined Parthenon”. This study makes an effort to clarify some important questions related to their manufacture, composition and iron ore origin.

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Mulliez, Dominique. "Erik Hansen and the French School at Athens". Acta Archaeologica 93, nr 1 (22.03.2023): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/16000390-20210013.

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Abstract The article analyses Erik Hansen’s long collaboration with the French School at Athens and, in particular, his contribution to the architectural study of the Siphnian Treasury and the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, and the methods he used in this work. It concludes with a brief portrait of the man himself.

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37

Bujskikh, Alla. "Late-archaic Temple Architecture in Olbia Pontica III: a Palmette Akroterion." CaieteARA. Arhitectură. Restaurare. Arheologie, nr 14 (2023): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47950/caieteara.2023.14.02.

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Olbia Pontica hosts a remarkable terracotta detail – a frontal palmette akroterion, found at the Western temenos. The stylistic analysis of some separate fragments allowed them to be joined in a single detail, that had to decorate the temple façade, and to propose its possible reconstruction. In addition, the sima fragments gave the possibility to reconstruct the connection of the akroterion with the drainage system on the apex of the temple’s fronton. The dedication graffito on the back side of the akroterion attributed it as belonging to the temple of Apollo Hietros. Looking at the other two frontal akroteria, from limestone and terracotta, that were attributed earlier as those that could have decorated the same temple, they were decided to be the result of the constant repairs made at this temple. Stylistically identical terracotta details were also found in Miletus, Histria, and Leuke island. The artisan production of the terracotta temple decorations came from the metropolis, Miletus, that had to supply her daughter-cities in the north western Pontus with the decoration of the model temple.

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Heyworth, S. J. "Deceitful Crete: Aeneid 3.84. and the Hymns of Callimachus". Classical Quarterly 43, nr 1 (maj 1993): 255–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800044311.

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Early in Aeneid 3 Aeneas visits Delos and approaches the temple of Apollo with a request for advice on the destination for which the refugees should head. There is an immediate response to his questions (Verg. Aen. 3.90–2):uix ea fatus eram: tremere omnia uisa repente,liminaque laurusque dei, totusque mouerimons circum et mugire adytis cortina reclusis.

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Ziskowski, Angela. "Athena at Corinth: Revisiting the Identification of the Temple of Apollo". Phoenix 73, nr 1-2 (2019): 164–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/phx.2019.0054.

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Zink, Stephan, i Heinrich Piening. "Haec aurea templa: the Palatine temple of Apollo and its polychromy". Journal of Roman Archaeology 22 (2009): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759400020614.

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Ziskowski. "Athena at Corinth: Revisiting the Identification of the Temple of Apollo". Phoenix 73, nr 1-2 (2019): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.7834/phoenix.73.1-2.0164.

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Maravelakis, Emmanuel, Georgia Giannioti, Athanasia Psalti, Marilena Tsakoumaki, Danae Phaedra Pocobelli, Michael Xinogalos, Demitrios Galanakis, Nikolaos Bilalis i Georgios Stavroulakis. "3D Modeling & Analysis Techniques for the Apollo Temple in Delphi". Buildings 13, nr 7 (7.07.2023): 1730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071730.

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This paper demonstrates the application and usage of advanced 3D modeling techniques on monuments through the Apollo Temple in Delphi case study. Firstly, it combines 3D scanning and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry to produce an accurate 3D model of the monument, and afterward, it performs finite element modeling (FEM) analysis for both static and dynamic cases. Collapsing scenarios in the case of earthquakes are produced, predicting which parts would first collapse and under which regime the collapsing mechanism would be activated. From the results disclosed herein, the frequency profile of the seismic activity that could lead to resonance with the structure’s dynamic characteristics, and therefore to excessive damages or collapse, was identified. Static structural analysis pinpoints that maximum stress exhibited on the columns’ base never exceeds 0.1338 MPa. Among others, the main novelty of this paper is that it consists of an integrated and multidisciplinary paradigm that advances the available historical knowledge for a quite heavily investigated site.

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Reyes, A. T. "The anthropomorphic bronze statuettes of Archaic Idalion, Cyprus". Annual of the British School at Athens 87 (listopad 1992): 243–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400015161.

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The excavations of R. H. Lang at the Temple of Apollo in Idalion in 1868 produced the largest number of Cypro-Archaic anthropomorphic bronze statuettes so far known from a single site in Cyprus. These are published here, many for the first time, and set within the context of similar material from the island, the Levant, and the Greek world.

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Ziolkowski, Adam. "Was Agrippa's Pantheon the temple of Mars in Campo?" Papers of the British School at Rome 62 (listopad 1994): 261–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246200010084.

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ERA IL PANTHEON DI AGRIPPA IL TEMPIO DI MARS IN CAMPO?Il Pantheon di Agrippa non era un reale pantheion, essendo questo appellativo unicamente legato a motivi storici. Non si tratta di un santuario dinastico, perchè uno dei suoi dei tutelari, Marte, non fu mai considerate un antenato divino degli Iulii. Un indizio per la sua interpretazione viene dalla sua collocazione topografica. Assieme alla basilica di Nettuno (un memoriale alle vittorie navali di Agrippa, in particolare Actium) esso formava un complesso di due edifici simili che si aprivano su una piazza posta fra di loro. Le divinità di Actium erano Apollo, divinità personale di Augusto, e due esperti militari divini, Marte e Nettuno. Il pantheon di Agrippa avrebbe dovuto quindi essere dedicato a Marte e commemorare le vittorie terrestri del suo fondatore. Ciò è corroborato dai Fasti Fratrum Arvalium del 23 settembre, che citano feste dedicate a: Marti, Neptuno in Campo, Apollini e theatrum Marcelli. I tempii di Marte e Nettuno in Campo, fondati sotto Augusto nella zona delle attività costruttive di Agrippa e dedicati ad Augusto nel giorno del suo compleanno insieme al tempio di Apollo, erano sicuramente memoriali per Actium. Poichè la Basilica di Nettuno viene anche riferita come τὸ Ποσειδώνιον, il che rende inevitabile la sua identificazione con il tempio di Nettuno in Campo, il Pantheon di Agrippa avrebbe dovuto essere il tempio di Marte in Campo. Questi tempii, costruiti su terreni privati ed assenti dal calendario ufficiale, costituivano sacra privata. Ciò facilitò la loro reinterpretazione, nel successivo periodo dei Giulio-Claudii, discendenti di Marco Antonio, rispettivamente di mal definito pantheion (non una aedes publica, poichè le iscrizioni conservate da Adriano non citano alcuna divinità) e di basilica.

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Osborne, Robin. "Buildings and Residence on the Land in Classical and Hellenistic Greece: The Contribution of Epigraphy". Annual of the British School at Athens 80 (listopad 1985): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s006824540000753x.

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References to rural buildings mentioned in inscriptions are analysed, particularly the records of the temple estates of Delian Apollo on Delos, Rheneia, and Mykonos. It is concluded that, against earlier interpretations, none of the vocabulary employed in the leases necessarily implies residence. Evidence from other leases confirms this. It is suggested here that buildings referred to as oikiai were not primarily residences, but centres of agricultural activity, according to season.

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Marks, Jim. "Odysseus and the Cult of Apollo at Delos". Classica - Revista Brasileira de Estudos Clássicos 29, nr 1 (15.03.2017): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.24277/classica.v29i1.411.

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This paper explores literary representations of the cult of Apollo on Delos. This island is, to be sure, mentioned only occasionally in early Greek poetry, but details specific to the cult do appear. Thus, for example, Odysseus describes a palm tree he saw at an altar of Apollo on Delos (Od. 6.162-3), and a third-century inscription from the island mentions just such a feature. References to a palm, altar, and temple at Delos in later classical authors, including Callimachus, Pliny, Cicero, and Plutarch, demonstrate that the Archaic period traditions represented by the Homeric passages continued to shape how successive generations of visitors understood Delos. The material record makes clear that the Greek epic tradition documents a time when Delos was already a well attended sanctuary, and that later constructions at the site attempted to remain consistent with the details preserved in the epics.

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Wells, Berit, i Andreas Karydas. "A smiting-god-figurine found in the Sanctuary of Poseidon at Kalaureia". Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome 2 (listopad 2009): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-02-06.

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In 2007 a Reshef figurine was found in a secondary context southeast of the Temple of Poseidon at Kalaureia. This article discusses its origin in the Syro-Palestinian area in the thirteenth century BC and suggests it arrived at Kalaureia towards the end of the Late Bronze Age and was deposited in a sacral context. As Reshef in later history was identified with Apollo in the Greek environment, the author speculates on there being perhaps a kernel of truth in the later myth of Apollo and Poseidon having exchanged dwelling places in the hoary past. The peculiar surface of the piece called for a technical analysis, which was carried out by Andreas Karydas from the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Demokritos, Athens. It clarified that the “pock marks” on the surface stem from the manufacturing process and are not the result of corrosion.

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Edwards, David R. "The Economic Spark of the Burning of the Temple of Apollo in Daphne". Journal of Near Eastern Studies 78, nr 2 (październik 2019): 307–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/704776.

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Papadopoulos, Konstantinos. "The Restoration of the North-Side Foundation of the Temple of Apollo Epikourios". International Journal of Architectural Heritage 4, nr 3 (12.03.2010): 246–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583050903121869.

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Frigerio, Giulia. "The Evolution of Apolline divination in Asia Minor: The Architecture of Claros and its Cognitive Inputs". Journal of Cognition and Culture 24, nr 1-2 (1.04.2024): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12340177.

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Abstract This article investigates the agency of the architecture of the Temple of Apollo at Claros and its cognitive impact on the ritual of divination. In the comparison with Delphi, Claros represents a peculiar example of how architecture evolved to suit and shape at the same time the ritual it was hosting. The paper starts with the analysis of the exteriors of the building, highlighting the choice of the Doric style dictated by the desire of being associated to Delphi. A further analysis of the internal layout gives the author a chance of describing the cognitive inputs that the peculiar structure sent to the ancient mind. Specifically, the paper studies how the narrow tunnels made of black marble that turned seven times and the underground cave like adyton created a situation of sensory confusion in the mind of the seekers and the oracle that found themselves prone to detect agencies in the surrounding space and specifically to identify the agent with Apollo.

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