Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Temperature and Heat Flux characterization

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Temperature and Heat Flux characterization”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 6 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Temperature and Heat Flux characterization"

Crossley, Jacob, A. N. M. Taufiq Elahi, Mohammad Ghashami i Keunhan Park. "Characterization of commercial thermoelectric modules for precision heat flux measurement". Review of Scientific Instruments 93, nr 11 (1.11.2022): 114903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0115915.

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In this article, we present a cost-effective approach to the precision measurement of heat flux using commercial thermoelectric modules (TEMs). Two different methods of measuring heat flux with TEMs are investigated, namely, passive mode based on the Seebeck effect and active mode based on the Peltier effect. For both modes, a TEM as a heat flux meter is calibrated to show a linear relation between the voltage across the TEM and the heat flux from 0 to ∼450 W m−2. While both modes exhibit sufficiently high sensitivities suitable for low heat flux measurement, active mode is shown to be ∼7 times more sensitive than passive mode. From the speculation on the origin of the measurement uncertainty, we propose a dual TEM scheme by operating the top TEM in passive mode while its bottom temperature maintains constant by the feedback-controlled bottom TEM. The dual TEM scheme can suppress the sensitivity uncertainty up to 3 times when compared to the single-TEM passive mode by stabilizing the bottom temperature. The response time of a 15 × 15 mm2 TEM is measured to be 8.9 ± 1.0 s for heating and 10.8 ± 0.7 s for cooling, which is slower than commercial heat flux meters but still fast enough to measure heat flux with a time resolution on the order of 10 s. We believe that the obtained results can facilitate the use of a commercial TEM for heat flux measurement in various thermal experiments.

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Brosse, A., P. Naisson, H. Hamdi i J. M. Bergheau. "Temperature measurement and heat flux characterization in grinding using thermography". Journal of Materials Processing Technology 201, nr 1-3 (maj 2008): 590–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.11.267.

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Siddapureddy, Sudheer, i SV Prabhu. "Experimental and numerical simulation studies on heat transfer to calorimeters engulfed in diesel pool fires". Journal of Fire Sciences 35, nr 2 (marzec 2017): 156–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904117694047.

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Characterization of heat transfer to calorimeters engulfed in pool fires is extremely important. To estimate the heat flux to the calorimeters, experiments are performed with horizontal stainless steel 304L pipes engulfed in diesel pool fires. The concept of adiabatic surface temperature is applied to predict the incident heat flux to horizontally oriented calorimeters engulfed in diesel pool fires. Plate thermometers are used to measure the adiabatic surface temperature for diesel pool fires. The estimated subsurface temperatures inside the steel pipes using the adiabatic surface temperature concept and the measured temperatures are in good agreement. Adiabatic surface temperature is also computed from fire simulations. The incident heat fluxes to the steel pipes engulfed in fire predicted from the simulations are found to be in good agreement with the experiments. The fire numerical code is validated against the 1 m pool fire experimental results of centerline temperature distribution and irradiances away from fire. A correlation is provided for the estimation of adiabatic surface temperature for large diesel pool fires. These results would provide an effective way for thermal test simulations.

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Liu, Yongfu, i Peng Tan. "Numerical investigation on heat transfer characterization of liquid lithium metal in pipe". Journal of University of Science and Technology of China 52, nr 1 (2022): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.52396/justc-2021-0043.

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<p>Liquid Li metal is a promising nuclear reactor coolant; however, relevant research regarding its heat transfer characteristics remains insufficient. In this study, a steady-state two-dimensional mathematical model is established to describe the heat transfer process of liquid Li in a straight pipe. A numerical analysis is conducted to investigate the effects of inlet velocity, inlet temperature, and wall heat flux on heat transfer in liquid Li. The results indicate the advantage of using liquid Li for improving heat transfer at high inlet temperatures (> 1000 K) compared with using liquid sodium and lead–bismuth eutectic. Considering the mechanism of the outlet radial heat flow model, the ratio of turbulent to molecular diffusion coefficients presents a parabolic distribution along the radius of the pipe. Increasing the inlet velocity, decreasing the inlet temperature, and decreasing the wall heat flux can effectively weaken the dominant role of molecular heat transfer owing to the low Prandtl number of liquid Li. The heat transfer of liquid Li is investigated comprehensively in this study, and the results provide a basis for the practical application of liquid Li as a promising coolant.</p>

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Zhang, Congchun, Jianze Huang, Juan Li, Shenyong Yang, Guifu Ding i Wei Dong. "Design, fabrication and characterization of high temperature thin film heat flux sensors". Microelectronic Engineering 217 (wrzesień 2019): 111128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2019.111128.

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Martínez, Germán, Francisco Valero i Luis Vázquez. "Characterization of the Martian Surface Layer". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 66, nr 1 (1.01.2009): 187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jas2765.1.

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Abstract The authors have estimated the diurnal evolution of Monin–Obukhov length, friction velocity, temperature scale, surface heat flux, eddy-transfer coefficients for momentum and heat, and turbulent viscous dissipation rate on the Martian surface layer for a complete sol belonging to the Pathfinder mission. All these magnitudes have been derived from in situ wind and temperature measurements at around 1.3-m height and simulated ground temperature (from 0600 sol 25 to 0600 sol 26). Previously, neither values of turbulent viscous dissipation rate and eddy-transfer coefficients from in situ measurements for the Martian surface layer nor diurnal evolutions of all the previously mentioned turbulent parameters for the Pathfinder had been obtained. Monin–Obukhov similarity theory for stratified surface layers has been applied to obtain the results. The values assigned to the surface roughness and the applied parameterization of the interfacial sublayer will be discussed in detail with respect to the results’ sensitivity to them. The authors have found similarities concerning the order of magnitude and qualitative behavior of Monin–Obukhov length, friction velocity, and turbulent viscous dissipation rate on Earth and on Mars. However, quantities directly related to the lower Martian atmospheric density and thermal inertia, like temperature scale and hence surface heat flux, range over different orders of magnitude. Additionally, turbulent exchanges in the first few meters have been found to be just two orders of magnitude higher than the molecular ones, whereas on Earth around five orders of magnitude separate both mechanisms.

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Criscuolo, Gennaro, Wiebke Brix Markussen, Knud Erik Meyer, Björn Palm i Martin Ryhl Kærn. "Experimental Characterization of the Heat Transfer in Multi-Microchannel Heat Sinks for Two-Phase Cooling of Power Electronics". Fluids 6, nr 2 (26.01.2021): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids6020055.

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This study aims to characterize experimentally the heat transfer in micro-milled multi-microchannels copper heat sinks operating with flow boiling, in the attempt to contribute to the development of novel and high heat flux thermal management systems for power electronics. The working fluid was R-134a and the investigation was conducted for a nominal outlet saturation temperature of 30 ∘C. The microchannels were 1 cm long and covered a square footprint area of 1 cm2. Boiling curves starting at low vapor quality and average heat transfer coefficients were obtained for nominal channel mass fluxes from 250 kg/m2s to 1100 kg/m2s. The measurements were conducted by gradually increasing the power dissipation over a serpentine heater soldered at the bottom of the multi-microchannels, until a maximum heater temperature of 150 ∘C was reached. Infrared thermography was used for the heater temperature measurements, while high-speed imaging through a transparent top cover provided visual access over the entire length of the channels. The average heat transfer coefficient increased with the dissipated heat flux until a decrease dependent on hydrodynamic effects occurred, possibly due to incomplete wall wetting. Depending on the channel geometry, a peak value of 200 kW/m2K for the footprint heat transfer coefficient and a maximum dissipation of 620 W/cm2 at the footprint with a limit temperature of 150 ∘C could be obtained, showing the suitability of the investigated geometries in high heat flux cooling of power electronics. The experimental dataset was used to assess the prediction capability of selected literature correlations. The prediction method by Bertsch et al. gave the best agreement with a mean absolute percent error of 24.5%, resulting to be a good design tool for flow boiling in high aspect ratio multi-microchannels as considered in this study.

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Kohári, Zs, Gy Bognár, Gy Horváth, A. Poppe, M. Rencz i V. Székely. "Cross-Verification of Thermal Characterization of a Microcooler". Journal of Electronic Packaging 129, nr 2 (15.02.2007): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2721089.

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The thermal behavior of a microcooler has been investigated using two different measurement methods to verify their feasibility. On the one hand structure function derived from the thermal measurements was used, while on the other hand, characterization was done with a heat-flux sensor array. The measurement sample was a square nickel plate microcooler holding 128 microchannels in radial arrangement. In our previous studies it was attached to a power transistor which was used as a dissipator and a temperature sensor. The thermal transient response to a dissipation step of the transistor was recorded in the measurement. The measured transients (cooling curves) were transformed into structure functions from which the partial thermal resistance corresponding to the cooling assembly was identified. In the current study the measurement setup was completed by a heat-flux sensor inbetween the dissipator and the microcooler to be able to verify the results extracted via structure functions. In this way we could compare the heat-transfer coefficient (HTC) values obtained from the identified thermal resistances to those calculated directly from the measured heat-flux values. Good matching of the HTC values resulting from the two different methods was found.

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Sauter, Tobias, i Stephan Peter Galos. "Effects of local advection on the spatial sensible heat flux variation on a mountain glacier". Cryosphere 10, nr 6 (24.11.2016): 2887–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2887-2016.

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Abstract. Distributed mass balance models, which translate micrometeorological conditions into local melt rates, have proven deficient to reflect the energy flux variability on mountain glaciers. This deficiency is predominantly related to shortcomings in the representation of local processes in the forcing data. We found by means of idealized large-eddy simulations that heat advection, associated with local wind systems, causes small-scale sensible heat flux variations by up to 100 Wm−2 during clear sky conditions. Here we show that process understanding at a few observation sites is insufficient to infer the wind and temperature distributions across the glacier. The glacier-wide hourly averaged sensible heat fluxes are both over- and underestimated by up to 16 Wm−2 when using extrapolated temperature and wind fields. The sign and magnitude of the differences depend on the site selection, which is used for extrapolation as well as on the large-scale flow direction. Our results demonstrate how the shortcomings in the local sensible heat flux estimates are related to topographic effects and the insufficient characterization of the temperature advection process.

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Ji, Xuan, Nora Bailey, Daniel Fabrycky, Edwin S. Kite, Jonathan H. Jiang i Dorian S. Abbot. "Inner Habitable Zone Boundary for Eccentric Exoplanets". Astrophysical Journal Letters 943, nr 1 (1.01.2023): L1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/acaf62.

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Abstract The climate of a planet can be strongly affected by its eccentricity due to variations in the stellar flux. There are two limits for the dependence of the inner habitable zone boundary (IHZ) on eccentricity: (1) the mean stellar flux approximation ( S IHZ ∝ 1 − e 2 ), in which the temperature is approximately constant throughout the orbit, and (2) the maximum stellar flux approximation (S IHZ ∝ (1 − e)2), in which the temperature adjusts instantaneously to the stellar flux. Which limit is appropriate is determined by the dimensionless parameter Π = C BP , where C is the heat capacity of the planet, P is the orbital period, and B = ∂ Ω ∂ T s , where Ω is the outgoing long-wave radiation and T s is the surface temperature. We use the Buckingham Π theorem to derive an analytical function for the IHZ in terms of eccentricity and Π. We then build a time-dependent energy balance model to resolve the surface temperature evolution and constrain our analytical result. We find that Π must be greater than about ∼1 for the mean stellar flux approximation to be nearly exact and less than about ∼0.01 for the maximum stellar flux approximation to be nearly exact. In addition to assuming a constant heat capacity, we also consider the effective heat capacity including latent heat (evaporation and precipitation). We find that for planets with an Earthlike ocean, the IHZ should follow the mean stellar flux limit for all eccentricities. This work will aid in the prioritization of potentially habitable exoplanets with nonzero eccentricity for follow-up characterization.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Temperature and Heat Flux characterization"

Virk, Akashdeep Singh. "Heat Transfer Characterization in Jet Flames Impinging on Flat Plates". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52985.

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The experimental work involves calculation of radial distribution of heat transfer coefficient at the surface of a flat Aluminium plate being impinged by a turbulent flame jet. Heat transfer coefficient distribution at the surface is computed from the measured heat flux and temperature data using a reference method and a slope method. The heat transfer coefficient (h) has a nearly bell shaped radial distribution at the plate surface for H/d =3.3. The value of h drops by 37 % from r/d =0 to r/d= 2. Upon increasing the axial distance to H/d = 5, the stagnation point h decreased by 15%. Adiabatic surface temperature (AST) distribution at the plate surface was computed from the measured heat flux and temperature. AST values were found to be lower than the measured gas temperature values at the stagnation point. Radial distribution of gas temperature at the surface was estimated by least squares linear curve fitting through the convection dominated region of net heat flux data and was validated by experimental measurements with an aspirated thermocouple. For low axial distances (H/d =3.3), the gas temperature dropped by only 15 % from r/d = 0 to r/d = 2. Total heat flux distribution is separated into radiative and convective components with the use of calculated heat transfer coefficient and estimated gas temperatures. At H/d = 3.3, the radiation was found to be less than 25 % of the net heat flux for r/d ≤ 2.
Master of Science

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Genc, Gence. "Serpentinization-assisted deformation processes and characterization of hydrothermal fluxes at mid-ocean ridges". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/43725.

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Seafloor hydrothermal systems play a key role in Earth fs energy and geochemical budgets. They also support the existence and development of complex chemosynthetic biological ecosystems that use the mineral-laden fluids as a source of energy and nutrients. This dissertation focuses on two inter-related topics: (1) heat output and geochemical fluxes at mid-ocean ridges, and (2) structural deformation of oceanic lithosphere related to subsurface serpentinization in submarine settings. The determination of heat output is important for several reasons. It provides important constraints on the physics of seafloor hydrothermal processes, on the nature of the heat sources at mid-ocean ridges, and on nutrient transport to biological ecosystems. Despite its importance, measurements of hydrothermal heat outputs are still scarce and cover less than 5% of active hydrothermal vent sites. In this work, we report development of two new devices designed to measure fluid flow velocities from the submersible at temperatures of up to 450 C and depths 5,000 m. By using these instruments on 24 Alvin dives, new measurements of hydrothermal heat output have been conducted at the Juan de Fuca Ridge, including first measurements from the High Rise and Mothra hydrothermal fields. The collected data suggest that the high-temperature heat output at the Main Endeavour Field (MEF) may be declining since the 1999 eruption. The flow measurement results, coupled with in-situ geochemical measurements, yielded the first estimates of geochemical fluxes of volatile compounds at MEF and Mothra. Our findings indicate that geochemical flux from diffuse flows may constitute approximately half of the net geochemical flux from Juan de Fuca Ridge. It has recently been recognized that serpentinization of mantle peridotites, due to its exothermic nature, may be a mechanism contributing to the heat output at mid-ocean ridges. The tectonic response of the crust to serpentinization of extensively distributed peridotites at mid-ocean ridges and subduction zones could provide a means of characterizing serpentinized regions in the oceanic lithosphere. These regions are often associated with surface topographic anomalies that may result from the volume expansion caused by the serpentinization reactions. Although there is a clear correlation between tectonics and serpentinization, the link is complex and still not understood. In this dissertation, we calculated the transformation strain and surface uplift associated with subsurface serpentinization of variously shaped ultramafic inclusions. Application of the results to explain the anomalous topographic salient at the TAG hydrothermal field (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) suggests that this feature may result from a serpentinized body beneath the footwall of a detachment fault. Because the depth of the potential serpentinized region appears to be more than 1.5 times the size of the inclusion, the uplift profile is relatively insensitive to the exact location or shape of the serpentinized domain. The rate of exothermic heat release needed to produce the serpentinized volume may contribute to the ongoing diffuse flow. Application of the results to an uplift feature associated with the Kyushu ]Palau subduction zone in the western Pacific, shows that approximately 3% transformational strain in an inclined serpentinized region of the mantle wedge near the subducted Kyushu ]Palau Ridge may result in the observed uplift on the Miyazaki Plain. Using the uplift data may help to constrain the level of the subsurface serpentinization.

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Baker, Karen Irene. "Unsteady surface heat flux and temperature measurements". Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-12042009-020124/.

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Lartz, Douglas John. "Feedforward temperature control using a heat flux microsensor". Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06302009-040309/.

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Pullins, Clayton Anthony. "High Temperature Heat Flux Measurement: Sensor Design, Calibration, and Applications". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27789.

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This effort is focused on the design, calibration, and implementation of a high temperature heat flux sensor for thermal systems research and testing. The High Temperature Heat Flux Sensor (HTHFS) was designed to survive in the harsh thermal environments typically encountered in hypersonic flight, combustion and propulsion research, and large-scale fire testing. The sensor is capable of continuous use at temperatures up to 1000 â ¦C. Two methods for steady-state calibration of the HTHFS at elevated temperatures have been developed as a result of this research. The first method employs a water-cooled heat flux sensor as a reference standard for the calibration. The second method utilizes a blackbody radiant source and a NIST calibrated optical pyrometer as the calibration standard. The HTHFS calibration results obtained from both methods compare favorably with the theoretical sensitivity versus temperature model. Implementation of the HTHFS in several types of transient thermal testing scenarios is also demonstrated herein. A new data processing technique is used to interpret the measurements made by the HTHFS. The Hybrid Heat Flux (HHF) method accounts for the heat flow through the sensor and the heat storage in the sensor, and thus renders the HTHFS virtually insensitive to the material on which it is mounted. The calibrated output of the HTHFS versus temperature ensures accuracy in the measurements made by the sensor at high operating temperatures.
Ph. D.

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Raphael-Mabel, Sujay Anand. "Design and Calibration of a Novel High Temperature Heat Flux Sensor". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31688.

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Heat flux gages are important in applications where measurement of the transfer of energy is more important than measurement of the temperature itself. There is a need for a heat flux sensor that can perform reliably for long periods of time in high temperature and high heat flux environment. The primary objective is to design and build a heat flux sensor that is capable of operating for extended periods of time in a high heat flux and high temperature environment. A High Temperature Heat Flux Sensor (HTHFS) was made by connecting 10 brass and steel thermocouple junctions in a thermopile circuit. This gage does not have a separate thermal resistance layer making it easier to fabricate. The HTHFS was calibrated in a custom-made convection calibration facility using a commercial Heat Flux Microsensor (HFM) as the calibration standard. The measured sensitivity of the HTHFS was 20.4 Â±2.0Ã¬V/(W/cm2). The measured sensitivity value matched with the theoretically calculated value of 20.5 Ã¬V/(W/cm2). The average sensitivity of the HTHFS prototype was one-fifth of the sensitivity of a commercially available HFM. Better ways of mounting the HTHFS in the calibration stand have been recommended for future tests on the HTHFS for better testing. The HTHFS has the potential to be made into a microsensor with thousands of junctions added together in a thermopile circuit. This could lead to a heat flux sensor that could generate large signals (~few mV) and also be capable of operating in high heat flux and high temperature conditions.
Master of Science

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Hoguane, Antonio Mubango. "Hydrodynamics, temperature and salinity in mangrove swamps in Mozambique". Thesis, Bangor University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318565.

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Vega, Thomas. "Quantification of the Fire Thermal Boundary Condition". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78052.

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The thermal boundary condition to a fire exposed surface was quantified with a hybrid heat flux gage. Methods were developed to determine the net heat flux through the gage, incident heat flux, cold surface heat flux, convective heat transfer coefficient, adiabatic surface temperature, and the separated components of radiative and convective heat flux. Experiments were performed in a cone calorimeter with the hybrid gage flush mounted into UNIFRAX Duraboard LD ceramic board. The results were then compared to results obtained with a Schmidt-Boelter gage and a plate thermometer. The hybrid heat flux gage predicted a cold surface heat flux within 5% of cold surface heat fluxes measured with a Schmidt-Boelter gage. Adiabatic surface temperature measurements compared well with the plate thermometer measurements at steady state. Hybrid gage measurements were performed on flat plate samples of Aluminum 5083, Marinite P, and UNIFRAX Duraboard LD ceramic board. The gage and sample assemblies were exposed to mixed-mode heat transfer conditions in a cone calorimeter. Temperature measurements were performed at the top, center, bottom surfaces of the marinite and ceramic board samples. A single midpoint temperature was performed on the aluminum. Boundary condition details obtained with the hybrid gage were then input to the commercial finite element analysis package Abaqus. Abaqus was used to create the flat plate geometries of the sample and variable temperature dependent material properties were used for each material. Measured temperatures were then compared to the model predicted temperatures with good results. Hybrid gage measurements were verified using a new experimental apparatus. The apparatus consisted of an impinging jet assembly, a tungsten lamp, and a gage holster assembly. The impinging jet was used to expose the gage to isolated convection and the lamp was used to expose the gage to isolated radiation. The gage holster assembly was used to water cool the gage when desired. Measurements performed with the gage water cooled in isolated convection allowed for the convective heat transfer coefficient to be determined. Two methods were developed to determine the convective heat transfer coefficient in mixed-mode heat transfer conditions. These methods were then verified by comparison to the isolated heat transfer coefficient. Similarly, the incident radiation was isolated by water cooling the gage while only the lamp was on. The components of heat flux were then separated for mixed-mode comparisons and were verified against this isolated radiation. The hybrid gage predicted convective heat transfer coefficients within 10% of the isolated heat transfer coefficient and incident heat fluxes within 11% of the isolated radiation.
Master of Science

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Tziranis, Alexander Konstantinos 1968. "Temperature, heat flux, and velocity measurements in oscillating flows with pressure variations". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/12790.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1992.
Vita.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-101).
by Alexander Konstantinos Tziranis.
M.S.

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Kaufman, Melissa Rachel Steinberg. "Upwelling dynamics off Monterey Bay : heat flux and temperature variability, and their sensitivities". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59942.

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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2010.
"June 2010." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 64-66).
Understanding the complex dynamics of coastal upwelling is essential for coastal ocean dynamics, phytoplankton blooms, and pollution transport. Atmospheric-driven coastal upwelling often occurs when strong alongshore winds and the Coriolis force combine to displace warmer surface waters offshore, leading to upward motions of deeper cooler, nutrient-dense waters to replace these surface waters. Using the models of the MIT Multidisciplinary Simulation, Estimation, and Assimilation System (MSEAS) group, we conduct a large set of simulation sensitivity studies to determine which variables are dominant controls for upwelling events in the Monterey Bay region. Our motivations include determining the dominant atmospheric fluxes and the causes of high-frequency fluctuations found in ocean thermal balances. We focus on the first upwelling event from August 1- 5, 2006 in Monterey Bay that occurred during the Monterey Bay 06 (MB06) at-sea experiment, for which MSEAS data-assimilative baseline simulations already existed. Using the thermal energy (temperature), salinity and momentum (velocity) conservation equations, full ocean fields in the region as well as both control volume (flux) balances and local differential term-by-term balances for the upwelling event events were computed. The studies of ocean fields concentrate on specific depths: surface-0m, thermocline-30m and undercurrent- 150m. Effects of differing atmospheric forcing contributions (wind stress, surface heating/cooling, and evaporation-precipitation) on these full fields and on the volume and term-by-term balances are analyzed. Tidal effects are quantified utilizing pairs of simulations in which tides are either included or not. Effects of data assimilation are also examined. We find that the wind stress forcing is the most important dynamical parameter in explaining the extent and shape of the upwelling event. This is verified using our large set of sensitivity studies and examining the heat flux balances. The assimilation of data has also an impact because this first upwelling event occurs during the initialization. Tidal forcing and, to a lesser extent, the daily atmospheric and data assimilation cycles explain the higher frequency fluctuations found in the volume averaged time rate of change of thermal energy.
by Melissa Rachel Steinberg Kaufman.
S.B.

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Książki na temat "Temperature and Heat Flux characterization"

Physics Laboratory (U.S.). Optical Technology Division, red. Heat-flux sensor calibration. Gaithersburg, Md: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Physics Laboratory, Optical Technology Division, 2004.

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A, Cyr M., Strange R. R i United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. Development of advanced high-temperature heat flux sensors. East Hartford, CT: United Technologies Corporation, Pratt & Whitney Group, Engineering Division, 1985.

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Mohammad, Aslam, i Langley Research Center, red. Diamond thin film temperature and heat-flux sensors. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1995.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. Miniature high temperature plug-type heat flux guages. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. Miniature high temperature plug-type heat flux guages. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.

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Paul, Kolodziej, i United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. Dual active surface heat flux gage probe. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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Yen, Yin-Chao. Sensible heat flux measurements near a cold surface. [Hanover, N.H.]: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory, 1995.

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Beddini, Robert A. Analysis of turbulent convective and radiative heat transfer in high temperature rocket chamber flows. New York: AIAA, 1987.

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Center, Langley Research, red. High temperature electromagnetic characterization of thermal protection system tile materials. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1993.

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Części książek na temat "Temperature and Heat Flux characterization"

Kowalewski, Tomasz, Phillip Ligrani, Andreas Dreizler, Christof Schulz i Uwe Fey. "Temperature and Heat Flux". W Springer Handbook of Experimental Fluid Mechanics, 487–561. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30299-5_7.

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Panerai, Francesco. "Temperature and heat flux measurements". W Experimental Aerodynamics, 143–94. Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2017.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315371733-6.

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Panerai, Francesco. "Temperature and heat flux measurements". W Experimental Aerodynamics, 143–94. Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2017.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315371733-8.

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Sauer, Thomas J., i Xiaoyang Peng. "Soil Temperature and Heat Flux". W Agronomy Monographs, 73–93. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr60.2016.0024.

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Wickström, Ulf. "Measurements of Temperature and Heat Flux". W Temperature Calculation in Fire Safety Engineering, 133–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30172-3_9.

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Villalobos, Francisco J., Luca Testi, Luciano Mateos i Elias Fereres. "Soil Temperature and Soil Heat Flux". W Principles of Agronomy for Sustainable Agriculture, 69–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46116-8_6.

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Su, Ching-Hua. "Vapor Transport Rate (Mass Flux) Measurements and Heat Treatments". W Vapor Crystal Growth and Characterization, 39–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39655-8_3.

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Avdonin, Sergei, i Luciano Pandolfi. "Temperature and Heat Flux Dependence/Independence for Heat Equations with Memory". W Time Delay Systems: Methods, Applications and New Trends, 87–101. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25221-1_7.

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Neumann, Richard D. "Temperature and Heat Flux Measurements — Challenges for High Temperature Aerospace Application". W New Trends in Instrumentation for Hypersonic Research, 409–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1828-6_38.

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Yang, Wen, Xinhua Wang, Lifeng Zhang, Die Yang i Xuefeng Liu. "Study of Heat Flux in CSP Continuous Casting Mold". W 4th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, 227–37. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118663448.ch29.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Temperature and Heat Flux characterization"

Lam, Cecilia S., Alexander L. Brown, Elizabeth J. Weckman i Walter Gill. "Measurement of Heat Flux From Fires". W ASME 2004 Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht-fed2004-56896.

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Heat flux is an important parameter for characterization of the thermal impact of a fire on its surroundings. However, heat flux cannot be measured directly because it represents the rate of heat transfer to a unit area of surface. Therefore, most heat flux measurements are based on the measurement of temperature changes at or near the surface of interest [1,2]. Some instruments, such as the Gardon gauge [3] and the thermopile [2], measure the temperature difference between a surface and a heat sink. In radiation-dominated environments, this difference in temperature is often assumed to be linearly related to the incident heat flux. Other sensors measure a surface and/or interior temperature and inverse heat conduction methods frequently must be employed to calculate the corresponding heat flux [1,4]. Typical assumptions include one-dimensional conduction heat transfer and negligible heat loss from the surface. The thermal properties of the gauge materials must be known and, since these properties are functions of temperature, the problem often becomes non-linear.

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Soriano, Guillermo, Jorge L. Alvarado i Yen Po Lin. "Experimental Characterization of Single and Multiple Droplet Impingement on Surfaces Subject to Constant Heat Flux Conditions". W 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22515.

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Spray cooling is one of the most promising technologies in applications which require large heat removal capacity in very small areas. Previous experimental studies have suggested that one of the main mechanisms of heat removal in spray cooling is forced convection with strong mixing due to droplet impingement. These mechanisms have not been completely understood mainly due to the large number of physical variables, and the inability to modulate and control variables such as droplet frequency and size. Our approach consists of minimizing the number of experimental variables by controlling variables such as droplet direction, velocity and diameter. An experimental study of single and multiple droplet impingements using HFE 7100 as the cooling fluid under constant heat flux conditions is presented. A monosized droplet train is produced using a piezoelectric droplet generator with the ability to adjust droplet frequency, diameter and velocity. In this study, heaters consisting of a layer of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) as heating element, and silicon substrates are used. Film morphology was characterized using a Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) technique with a focus on the droplet impact zone by measuring variables such as film thickness and diameter of the impact zone. Infrared thermography was used to measure surface temperature at the liquid-solid interface. The IR thermography technique was also used to characterize temperature gradients at the droplet impact zone. The results and effects of droplet frequency, fluid flow rate, and fluid temperature on heat flux are also presented.

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Saavedra, J., G. Paniagua i B. H. Saracoglu. "Experimental Characterization of the Vane Heat Flux Under Pulsating Trailing-Edge Blowing". W ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-58100.

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The steady improvement of aircraft engine performance has led towards more compact engine cores with increased structural loads. Compact single-stage high-pressure turbines allow high power extraction, operating in the low supersonic range. The shock waves formed at the airfoil trailing edge contribute substantially to turbine losses, mainly due to the shock-boundary layer interactions as well as high-frequency forces on the rotor. We propose to control the vane trailing edge shock interaction with the downstream rotor, using a pulsating vane-trailing-edge-coolant at the rotor passing frequency. A linear cascade of transonic vanes was investigated at different Mach numbers, ranging from subsonic to supersonic regimes (0.8, 1.1) at two engine representative Reynolds numbers (4 and 6 million). The steady and unsteady heat flux was retrieved using thin-film 2-layered gauges. The complexity of the tests required the development of an original heat transfer post-processing approach. In a single test, monitoring the heat flux data and the wall temperature we obtained the adiabatic wall temperature and the convective heat transfer coefficient. The right-running trailing edge shock wave impacts on the neighboring vane suction side. The impact of the shock wave on the boundary layer creates a separation bubble, which is very sensitive to the intensity and angle of the shock wave. Increasing the coolant blowing rate induces the shock to be less oblique, moving the separation bubble upstream. A similar effect is caused by the pulsations of the coolant.

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Ramakrishnan, Kishore Ranganath, Shoaib Ahmed, Benjamin Wahls, Prashant Singh, Maria A. Aleman, Kenneth Granlund, Srinath Ekkad, Federico Liberatore i Yin-Hsiang Ho. "Gas Turbine Combustor Liner Wall Heat Load Characterization for Different Gaseous Fuels". W ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11283.

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Abstract The knowledge of detailed distribution of heat load on swirl stabilized combustor liner wall is imperative in the development of liner-specific cooling arrangements, aimed towards maintaining uniform liner wall temperatures for reduced thermal stress levels. Heat transfer and fluid flow experiments have been conducted on a swirl stabilized lean premixed combustor to understand the behavior of Methane-, Propane-, and Butane-based flames. These fuels were compared at different equivalence ratios for a matching adiabatic flame temperature of Methane at 0.65 equivalence ratio. Above experiments were carried out a fixed Reynolds number (based on the combustor diameter) of 12000, where the pre-heated air temperature was approximately 373K. Combustor liner in this setup was made from 4 mm thick quartz tube. An infrared camera was used to record the inner and outer temperatures of liner wall, and two-dimensional heat conduction model was used to find the wall heat flux at a quasi-steady state condition. Flow field in the combustor was measured through Particle Image Velocimetry. The variation of peak heat flux on the liner wall, position of peak heat flux and heat transfer, and position of impingement of flame on the liner have been presented in this study. For all three gaseous fuels studied, the major swirl stabilized flame features such as corner recirculation zone, central recirculation zone and shear layers have been observed to be similar. Liner wall and exhaust temperature for Butane was highest among the fuel tested in this study which was expected as the heat released from combustion of Butane is higher than that of Methane and Propane.

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Leocadio, Hormando, CWM van der Geld i Julio Cesar Passos. "HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT DURING WATER JET COOLING OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE STEEL". W 11th International Rolling Conference. Blucher, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/9785-9785-32400.

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Impinging water jets promote high heat flux extraction rate. Steel industry widely employs the process for accurate temperature control to improve the microstructure and to ensure adequate mechanical properties. The range of surface temperatures, heat fluxes and cooling rates are very large, which makes it important to obtain an accurate value of the heat transfer coefficient. This paper presents an experimental and numerical study of the heat transfer behavior of a high temperature (450°C - 900°C) steel plate cooled by a water jet at 20°C to 70°C. High-speed imaging (up to 20,000 fps) within water jet impingement zone allowed the characterization of the boiling regimes in the early stages of cooling. The effects of initial temperature, water jet temperature and velocity and on the heat transfer coefficient were analyzed by inverse heat conduction method that predicts the heat flux and temperature on the top surface from temperatures measured with thermocouples inserted in test plate. Heat transfer is strongly affected by the initial temperature of the hot steel, water jet temperature and, less intensely, by jet velocity. High cooling rates start when liquid water is in direct contact with surface temperatures above 700°C.The results will contribute to the enhancement of the temperature cooling control on the runout table and cooling model employed at Usiminas Hot Strip Mill.

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Holmberg, D., K. Steckler, C. Womeldorf i W. Grosshandler. "Facility for Calibrating Heat Flux Sensors in a Convective Environment". W ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0906.

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Abstract The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) presently conducts heat flux sensor calibrations using standard radiation methods. In practice, however, many heat flux sensors are used in test environments where convective heat transfer dominates. Equivalent fluxes in radiation or convection can produce different sensor responses due to sensor surface properties (e.g., emissivity, roughness) and near-surface structure (e.g., transmissivity, temperature distribution). These issues are being addressed at NIST by the development of a convective heat flux facility. By extending calibration capabilities to include a primarily convective environment, direct comparisons of sensors in controlled convective and radiative environments will be possible. This report describes the progress of the convective heat flux calibration facility under development at NIST. A low-speed wind tunnel has been built to produce a boundary layer shear flow above a constant temperature copper plate. Independently controlled heaters and temperature monitoring systems have been designed and installed to provide an isothermal surface with a known reference heat flux. Wind tunnel configuration and test section instrumentation details, as well as characterization of the flow and the temperature distribution in the plate, are described. Initial heat transfer measurements and results from numerical modeling efforts and hot-wire anemometry are reported.

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Jiang, Shanjuan, Thomas J. Horn i V. K. Dhir. "Numerical Analysis of a Radiant Heat Flux Calibration System". W ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0782.

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Abstract A radiant heat flux gage calibration system exists in the Flight Loads Laboratory at NASA’s Dryden Flight Research Center. This calibration system must be well understood if the heat flux gages calibrated in it are to provide useful data during radiant heating ground tests or flight tests of high speed aerospace vehicles. A part of the calibration system characterization process is to develop a numerical model of the flat plate heater element and heat flux gage, which will help identify errors due to convection, heater element erosion, and other factors. A 2-dimensional mathematical model of the gage-plate system has been developed to simulate the combined problem involving convection, radiation and mass loss by chemical reaction. A fourth order finite difference scheme is used to solve the steady state governing equations and determine the temperature distribution in the gage and plate, incident heat flux on the gage face, and flat plate erosion. Initial gage heat flux predictions from the model are found to be within ±7% of experimental results.

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Ortega, Debra J., Alejandro Amador, Ahsan R. Choudhuri i Md Mahamudur Rahman. "Experimental Characterization of Critical Heat Flux and Minimum Film Boiling Heat Flux for Additively Manufactured Cooling Channels for Liquid Nitrogen Saturated Flow Boiling". W ASME 2022 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-95562.

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Abstract This work experimentally characterizes the critical heat flux (CHF) and minimum film boiling heat flux (MFBHF) in additively manufactured cooling channels for regeneratively-cooled rocket engines during high pressure saturated internal forced convective boiling of liquid nitrogen (LN2). Three different channels with hydraulic diameters of 1.8 mm, 2.3 mm and 2.5 mm were fabricated by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). The channels were fabricated using Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) advanced 3D printing of the rocket engine material, GR-Cop42, a copper-chrome-niobium alloy. The fabricated channels were tested using a custom-built cryogenic High Heat Flux Test Facility capable of operating up to 4 MPa of pressure and 10 MW/m2 of heat flux. The channels were asymmetrically heated from the bottom to simulate the performance of the cooling channels of a rocket engine. The high-pressure flow boiling tests were performed at 1.38 MPa with respective saturation temperature of 109 K using LN2 as the working fluid in horizontal orientation of the channels. The volumetric flowrate of LN2 is held approximately constant at 47 cm3/s for all channels. The experiments were performed beyond the CHF to ensure film boiling inside the channels, and then gradually decreased the given power until MFBHF was reached. A CHF of 543 kW/m2 and a MFBHF heat flux of 486 kW/m2 were achieved for the 1.8 mm hydraulic diameter channel. Furthermore, the experimentally measured CHF values were compared with the correlations available in literature. More than 84% increase in CHF has been experimentally measured for the additively manufactured rough cooling channels as compared to the CHF prediction based on literature correlation for smooth channels.

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Saavedra, Jorge, Venkat Athmanathan, Guillermo Paniagua, Terrence Meyer, Doug Straub, James Black i Sridharan Ramesh. "Scalable Heat Transfer Characterization on Film Cooled Geometries Based on Discrete Green’s Functions". W ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-16304.

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Abstract The aerothermal characterization of film cooled geometries is traditionally performed at reduced temperature conditions, which then requires a debatable procedure to scale the convective heat transfer performance to engine conditions. This paper describes an alternative engine-scalable approach, based on Discrete Green’s Functions (DGF) to evaluate the convective heat flux along film cooled geometries. The DGF method relies on the determination of a sensitivity matrix that accounts for the convective heat transfer propagation across the different elements in the domain. To characterize a given test article, the surface is discretized in multiple elements that are independently exposed to perturbations in heat flux to retrieve the sensitivity of adjacent elements, exploiting the linearized superposition. The local heat transfer augmentation on each segment of the domain is normalized by the exposed thermal conditions and the given heat input. The resulting DGF matrix becomes independent from the thermal boundary conditions, and the heat flux measurements can be scaled to any conditions given that Reynolds number, Mach number, and temperature ratios are maintained. The procedure is applied to two different geometries, a cantilever flat plate and a film cooled flat plate with a 30 degree 0.125” cylindrical injection orifice with length-to-diameter ratio of 6. First, a numerical procedure is applied based on conjugate 3D Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes simulations to assess the applicability and accuracy of this approach. Finally, experiments performed on a flat plate geometry are described to validate the method and its applicability. Wall-mounted thermocouples are used to monitor the surface temperature evolution, while a 10 kHz burst-mode laser is used to generate heat flux addition on each of the discretized elements of the DGF sensitivity matrix.

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Lelong, Franck, Michel Gradeck, Benjamin Re´my, Aboubacar Ouattara i Denis Maillet. "Inverse Conduction Technique in Hankel Domain Using Infrared Thermography: Application to Droplet Stream Quenching a Metal Disk". W 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22275.

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Cooling of a hot metal by a spray occurs in various situations. Such is the case for a loss of coolant accident in a nuclear reactor, where a generated spray impacts the fuel rod assemblies. Design of an experimental characterization setup for cooling a hot (600°C) disk shape Nickel sample by a stream of monodisperse droplets is presented here. Non-invasive excitation/measurement techniques have been used in order to implement an inverse technique for quantitative estimation of both wall heat flux and temperature: heating is made by induction and infrared thermography is used for rear face temperature measurement. Control and calibration of the losses are key points here: their level is of the same order of magnitude as the flux removed by the droplets. Examples of inversion are presented.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Temperature and Heat Flux characterization"

Blanchat, Thomas, i Charles Hanks. Comparison of the high temperature heat flux sensor to traditional heat flux gages under high heat flux conditions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), kwiecień 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1096950.

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Cohen, Arthur. Calculations of Temperature, Conductive Heat Flux, and Heat Wave Velocities Due to Radiant Heating of Opaque Materials. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, listopad 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada553570.

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Smolik, Galen Richard, Robert James Pawelko, Robert Andrew Anderl i David Andrew Petti. Oxidation and Volatilization from Tungsten Brush High Heat Flux Armor During High Temperature Steam Exposure. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), maj 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/911474.

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Smolik, G. R., R. J. Pawelko, R. A. Anderl i D. A. Petti. Oxidation and Volatilization from Tungsten Brush High Heat Flux Armor During High Temperature Steam Exposure. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), maj 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/774310.

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Ho, Clifford, Jesus Ortega, Peter Vorobieff, Gowtham Mohan, Andrew Glen, Andres Sanchez, Darielle Dexheimer, Nathaniel Schroeder i Vanderlei Martins. Characterization of Particle and Heat Losses from a High-Temperature Particle Receiver. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), sierpień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1819248.

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Ho, Clifford, Jesus Ortega, Peter Vorobieff, Gowtham Mohan, Andrew Glen, Andres Sanchez, Darielle Dexheimer, Nathaniel Schroeder i Vanderlei Martins. Characterization of Particle and Heat Losses from a High-Temperature Particle Receiver (2nd Ed). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), styczeń 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1842674.

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Jernigan, Dann A., i Thomas K. Blanchat. Temperature and heat flux datasets of a complex object in a fire plume for the validation of fire and thermal response codes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), wrzesień 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1018449.

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Firon, Nurit, Prem Chourey, Etan Pressman, Allen Hartwell i Kenneth J. Boote. Molecular Identification and Characterization of Heat-Stress-Responsive Microgametogenesis Genes in Tomato and Sorghum - A Feasibility Study. United States Department of Agriculture, październik 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7591741.bard.

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Exposure to higher than optimal temperatures - heat-stress (HS) - is becoming increasingly common to all crop plants worldwide. Heat stress coinciding with microgametogenesis, especially during the post-meiotic phase that is marked by starch biosynthesis, is often associated with starch-deficient pollen and male sterility and ultimately, greatly reduced crop yields. The molecular basis for the high sensitivity of developing pollen grains, on one hand, and factors involved in pollen heat-tolerance, on the other, is poorly understood. The long-term goal of this project is to provide a better understanding of the genes that control pollen quality under heat-stress conditions. The specific objectives of this project were: (1) Determination of the threshold heat stress temperature(s) that affects tomato and sorghum pollen quality whether: a) Chronic mild heat stress conditions (CMHS), or b) Acute heat stress (AHS). (2) Isolation of heat-responsive, microgametogenesis-specific sequences. During our one-year feasibility project, we have accomplished the proposed objectives as follows: Objectrive 1: We have determined the threshold HS conditions in tomato and sorghum. This was essential for achieving the 2nd objective, since our accumulated experience (both Israeli and US labs) indicate that when temperature is raised too high above "threshold HS levels" it may cause massive death of the developing pollen grains. Above-threshold conditions have additional major disadvantages including the "noise" caused by induced expression of genes involved in cell death and masking of the differences between heatsensitive and heat-tolerant pollen grains. Two different types of HS conditions were determined: a) Season-long CMHS conditions: 32/26°C day/night temperatures confirmed in tomato and 36/26°C day maximum/night minimum temperatures in sorghum. b) Short-term AHS: In tomato, 2 hour exposure to 42-45°C (at 7 to 3 days before anthesis) followed by transfer to 28/22±2oC day/night temperatures until flower opening and pollen maturation, caused 50% reduced germinating pollen in the heat-sensitive 3017 cv.. In sorghum, 36/26°C day/night temperatures 10 to 5 days prior to panicle emergence, occurring at 35 days after sowing (DAS) in cv. DeKalb28E, produced starch-deficient and sterile pollen. Objective 2: We have established protocols for the high throughput transcriptomic approach, cDNA-AFLP, for identifying and isolating genes exhibiting differential expression in developing microspores exposed to either ambient or HS conditions and created a databank of HS-responsivemicrogametogenesis-expressed genes. A subset of differentially displayed Transcript-Derived Fragments (TDFs) that were cloned and sequenced (35 & 23 TDFs in tomato and sorghum, respectively) show close sequence similarities with metabolic genes, genes involved in regulation of carbohydrate metabolism, genes implicated in thermotolerance (heat shock proteins), genes involved in long chain fatty acids elongation, genes involved in proteolysis, in oxidation-reduction, vesicle-mediated transport, cell division and transcription factors. T-DNA-tagged Arabidopsis mutants for part of these genes were obtained to be used for their functional analysis. These studies are planned for a continuation project. Following functional analyses of these genes under HS – a valuable resource of genes, engaged in the HS-response of developing pollen grains, that could be modulated for the improvement of pollen quality under HS in both dicots and monocots and/or used to look for natural variability of such genes for selecting heat-tolerant germplasm - is expected.

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Kamai, Tamir, Gerard Kluitenberg i Alon Ben-Gal. Development of heat-pulse sensors for measuring fluxes of water and solutes under the root zone. United States Department of Agriculture, styczeń 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7604288.bard.

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The objectives defined for this study were to: (1) develop a heat-pulse sensor and a heat-transfer model for leaching measurement, and (2) conduct laboratory study of the sensor and the methodology to estimate leaching flux. In this study we investigated the feasibility for estimating leachate fluxes with a newly designed heat-pulse (HP) sensor, combining water flux density (WFD) with electrical conductivity (EC) measurements in the same sensor. Whereas previous studies used the conventional heat pulse sensor for these measurements, the focus here was to estimate WFD with a robust sensor, appropriate for field settings, having thick-walled large-diameter probes that would minimize their flexing during and after installation and reduce associated errors. The HP method for measuring WFD in one dimension is based on a three-rod arrangement, aligned in the direction of the flow (vertical for leaching). A heat pulse is released from a center rod and the temperature response is monitored with upstream (US) and downstream (DS) rods. Water moving through the soil caries heat with it, causing differences in temperature response at the US and DS locations. Appropriate theory (e.g., Ren et al., 2000) is then used to determine WFD from the differences in temperature response. In this study, we have constructed sensors with large probes and developed numerical and analytical solutions for approximating the measurement. One-dimensional flow experiments were conducted with WFD ranging between 50 and 700 cm per day. A numerical model was developed to mimic the measurements, and also served for the evaluation of the analytical solution. For estimation WFD, and analytical model was developed to approximate heat transfer in this setting. The analytical solution was based on the work of Knight et al. (2012) and Knight et al. (2016), which suggests that the finite properties of the rods can be captured to a large extent by assuming them to be cylindrical perfect conductors. We found that: (1) the sensor is sensitive for measuring WFD in the investigated range, (2) the numerical model well-represents the sensor measurement, and (2) the analytical approximation could be improved by accounting for water and heat flow divergence by the large rods.

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Mikula, R. J., I. S. Parsons, V. A. Munoz, W. W. Lam, C. Payette i K. C. McAuley. High-temperature settling of bitumen from Aostra's underground test facility. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331489.

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Several bitumen samples from AOSTRA's Underground Test Facility were obtained (heat exchanger outlet) in order to characterize the emulsion droplet size distribution and to ultimately establish whether or not high temperature settling could successfully be used to separate the bitumen and water phases. Characterization of the dispersed phase was not straightforward since the samples varied. The samples would sometimes be separated into a large bitumen mass and significant free water and sometimes be quite fluid with dispersed bitumen. It was our opinion that sampling contamination, perhaps with residual soaps, lead to some samples remaining as a bitumen in water emulsion without separating. Normally, one would expect that the bitumen would separate from the free water. Preliminary characterization of the solids in the feed was also done since it is known that mineral/solids composition can influence emulsion formation and the stability of rag layers in bitumen/water separation schemes. High temperature settling evaluations proved the feasibility of this type of settling as a method of bitumen separation producing a product of less than 5% water. Good results were achieved with temperatures from 190 to 220 °C and 250 to 1000 ppm demulsifier. Separation without demulsifiers vas not successful. Product samples were examined microscopically to determine the dispersed water size distributions.

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