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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "TECHNO-COMMERCIAL COMPARISON"
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Katzav, Hadas, Libi Chirug, Zoya Okun, Maya Davidovich-Pinhas i Avi Shpigelman. "Comparison of Thermal and High-Pressure Gelation of Potato Protein Isolates". Foods 9, nr 8 (2.08.2020): 1041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9081041.
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Potato protein isolate (PPI), a commercial by-product of the starch industry, is a promising novel protein for food applications with limited information regarding its techno-functionality. This research focused on the formation of both thermal and high-pressure gels at acidic and neutral pH levels. Our results reveal that physical gels are formed after 30 min by heat at pH 7 and pH 3, while pressure (300–500 MPa) allows the formation of physical gels only at pH 3, and only when the system crosses 30 °C by adiabatic heating during pressurization. Texture profile analysis (TPA) revealed that gel hardness increased with both gelation temperature and pressure, while water-holding capacity was lower for the pressure-induced gels. The proteins released in the water-holding test suggested only partial involvement of patatin in the gel formation. Vitamin C as a model for a thermally liable compound verified the expected better conservation of such compounds in a pressure-induced gel compared to a thermal one of similar textural properties, presenting a possible advantage for pressure-induced gelation.
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Abdollahi, Reza, Seyed Mahdia Motahhari i Hamid Esfandyari. "Integrated Technical and Economical Methodology for Assessment of Undeveloped Shale Gas Prospects: Applying in the Lurestan Shale Gas, Iran". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (7.07.2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7919264.
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Shale gas resources can supply the substantial growing demand for clean energy. In comparison with conventional reservoirs, shale gas reservoirs have lower production potential, and selecting the most favorable areas from the broad region of shale gas prospect is very crucial in commercial development. These areas are screened regarding some key evaluation indicators that affect the ultimate recovery of shale gas reservoirs. Many attempts have been made to screen sweet spots by applying the different evaluation indicators. These studies mainly focus on geological sweet spot identification without considering the economic indicators that may influence the order of geological sweet spots for development. The current study introduces a methodology for selecting the best techno-economic spots in undeveloped shale gas regions by integrating the technical and economic criteria. The techno-economic areas are defined as the geological sweet spots with the highest rate of return under the currently employed technology. The economic objective functions for selecting these areas are net present value, internal rate of return, and payback time. To estimate the unknown features for integrating the technical and economic criteria in undeveloped areas, an analogy study is applied. Due to the large number of unknowns and uncertainties in shale gas evaluation and low confidence of deterministic results, a probabilistic approach is used. As the first attempt in shale gas assessment in Iran, the Lurestan shale gas region is evaluated by applying this approach. The results indicate that no selected geological sweet spots in this region are commercial regarding the current cost rates and the available technology in Iran, and it can be considered as a future affordable source of energy.
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Fisher, Michael, Jay Apt i Jay F. Whitacre. "Can flow batteries scale in the behind-the-meter commercial and industrial market? A techno-economic comparison of storage technologies in California". Journal of Power Sources 420 (kwiecień 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.02.051.
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Intan Shafinas Muhammad, Noor, i Kurt A. Rosentrater. "Economic Assessment of Bioethanol Recovery Using Membrane Distillation for Food Waste Fermentation". Bioengineering 7, nr 1 (11.02.2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering7010015.
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Ethanol is a material that has a high demand from different industries such as fuel, beverages, and other industrial applications. Commonly, ethanol has been produced from yeast fermentation using sugar crops as a feedstock. However, food waste (FW) was found to be one of the promising resources to produce ethanol because it contained a higher amount of glucose. Generally, column distillation has been used to separate ethanol from the fermentation broth, but this operation is considered an energy-intensive process. On the contrary, membrane distillation is expected to be more practical and cost-effective because of its lower energy requirement. Therefore, this study aims to make a comparison of economic performance on FW fermentation with membrane distillation and a conventional distillation system using techno-economy analysis (TEA) method. A commercial-scale FW fermentation plant was modeled using SuperPro Designer V9.0 Modeling. Discounted cash flow analysis was employed to determine ethanol minimum selling price (MSP) for both distillation systems at 10% of the internal rate of return. Results from this analysis showed that membrane distillation has a higher MSP than a conventional process, $6.24 and $2.41 per gallon ($1.65 and $0.64 per liter) respectively. Hence, this study found that membrane distillation is not economical to be implemented in commercial-scale ethanol production.
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Nandiyanto, Asep Bayu Dani, Risti Ragadhita, Meli Fiandini, Dwi Fitria Al Husaeni, Dwi Novia Al Husaeni i Farid Fadhillah. "Domestic waste (eggshells and banana peels particles) as sustainable and renewable resources for improving resin-based brakepad performance: Bibliometric literature review, techno-economic analysis, dual-sized reinforcing experiments, to comparison ..." Communications in Science and Technology 7, nr 1 (31.07.2022): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21924/cst.7.1.2022.757.
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The objective of this study is to develop a new environmentally-friendly brake pad made from eggshells (Es) and banana peels (BPs) as reinforcement agents. E and BP particles as dual reinforcement with various compositions were combined. The E/BP mixture was then embedded on a polymer matrix composing a resin/hardener mixture in a 1:1 ratio. As a standard, brake pads using a single reinforcement of E and BP particles were also fabricated. Physical properties (i.e. particle size, surface roughness, morphology, and density), as well as mechanical properties (i.e. hardness, wear rate, and friction coefficient properties) were investigated. It was observed that using dual reinforcements was preferable (compared to using single reinforcements) because they had a synergistic effect on the mechanical properties of the brake pad. The best mechanical properties were found in dual reinforcements of brake pad specimens using E/BP particles with a higher BP ratio in which the value of the stiffness test, puncture test, wear rate, and coefficient of friction were 4.5 MPa, 86.80, 0.093×10-4 g/s.mm2, and 1.67×10-4, respectively. A high BP particle ratio played a dominant role in dual reinforcements, increasing the resin's bonding ability and resulting in good adhesion between the reinforcement and matrix. When compared to commercial brake pads, the brake pad specimens fabricated in this study met the standards. The techno-economic analysis also confirmed the prospective production of brake pads from E and BP particles (compared to commercial brake pads). From this research, it is expected that environmentally friendly and low-cost brake pads can be used to replace the dangerous friction materials.
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Raman, Manali, P. Meena, V. Champa, V. Prema i Priya Ranjan Mishra. "Techno-economic assessment of microgrid in rural India considering incremental load growth over years". AIMS Energy 10, nr 4 (2022): 900–921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2022041.
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<abstract> <p>India, being a developing country with a fast-growing economy, experiences ever increasing electrical energy demand. Industrial and economic development in rural India is impeded by inadequate, erratic and unreliable grid supply. This has resulted in underperformance of small-scale manufacturing and service industries. Dependency on fossil fuel-based sources as an alternative increases the operation costs and carbon emissions. Migration to cleaner energy ensures sustainable solution and addresses the issues of depleting fossil fuels, global warming and environmental hazards. In this regard, hybrid renewable energy systems have gained wide acceptance as optimum solution. Hence, authors have optimally designed hybrid energy system for power deprived rural Indian villages. Authors have heeded to the vital element of incremental load growth over years while designing the microgrid to sustain the increasing load demand of emerging economy of developing country. HOMER Pro Software is utilized to accomplish system size optimization and authors have gained comprehensive insights into techno-financial feasibility for different dispatch strategies of the proposed energy system. The levelized cost of electricity of the optimal off-grid system catering to multiyear incremental load growth is 0.14$/kWh indicating that proposed system is promising in terms of commercial efficacy. The study performs a detailed analysis of the results obtained during different phases of the project to ensure robustness and supply continuity of the proposed system. The paper also includes comparison of the carbon footprint in the proposed system with that of existing system.</p> </abstract>
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Wu, Jingjing, Shane W. Rogers, Rebekah Schaummann i Nichole N. Price. "A Comparison of Multiple Macroalgae Cultivation Systems and End-Use Strategies of Saccharina latissima and Gracilaria tikvahiae Based on Techno-Economic Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment". Sustainability 15, nr 15 (7.08.2023): 12072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151512072.
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Macroalgae can be processed into various products with the potential to substitute land-based crops; their cultivation can bioextract nutrients from coastal waters. This study investigated the economic cost and environmental impacts of multiple seaweed cultivation platforms, cultivation strategies, and processing/end-use strategies through techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) with a focus on Saccharina latissima and Gracilaria tikvahiae. Cultivation platforms included single-layer longline, dual-layer longline, single-layer strip, and dual-layer strip systems. Processing/end-use products included seaweed to biofuel, dried sea vegetables, marketable commercial fertilizer, and animal feed. Economic and environmental costs decreased with dual-layer and strip cultivation systems. Cultivation costs were highest using the common single-layer longline system ($4.44 kg−1 dry weight (dw) S. latissima and $6.73 kg−1 dw G. tikvahiae when cultivated on rotation). The use of the dual-layer strip system reduced cultivation costs to $2.19 kg−1 dw for S. latissima and $3.43 kg−1 dw for G. tikvahiae. Seaweed drying was the major contributor to economic and environmental costs for macroalgae processing. Yet, all scenarios achieved environmental benefits for marine eutrophication. The best environmental performance was observed when biomass was processed to dry sea vegetables, assuming the offset of land-based vegetable production, or used as biofeedstock for anaerobic digestion for combined heat and power.
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Oppong, David, Worawan Panpipat i Manat Chaijan. "Chemical, physical, and functional properties of Thai indigenous brown rice flours". PLOS ONE 16, nr 8 (3.08.2021): e0255694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255694.
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Thai indigenous brown rice flours from Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand, namely Khai Mod Rin (KMRF) and Noui Khuea (NKRF), were assessed for quality aspects in comparison with brown Jasmine rice flour (JMRF) and commercial rice flour (CMRF) from Chai Nat 1 variety. All the rice flours had different chemical composition, physical characteristic, and techno-functionality. The KMRF, NKRF, and JMRF were classified as a low amylose type (19.56–21.25% dw). All rice flours had low total extractable phenolic content (0.1–0.3 mg GAE/g dw) with some DPPH● scavenging activity (38.87–46.77%). The variations in the bulk density (1.36–1.83 g/cm3), water absorption capacity (0.71–1.17 g/g), solubility (6.93–13.67%), oil absorption capacity (1.39–2.49 g/g), and swelling power (5.71–6.84 g/g) were noticeable. The least gelation concentration ranged from 4.0 to 8.0% where KMRF was easier to form gel than JMRF, and NKRF/CMRF. The foam capacity of the flours was relatively low (1.30–2.60%). The pasting properties differed among rice flours and the lowest pasting temperature was observed in CMRF. Overall, the chemical, physical, functional, and pasting qualities of flours were substantially influenced by rice variety. The findings offered fundamental information on Thai indigenous rice flour that can be used in food preparations for specific uses.
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Nemeslaki, András. "The Puzzle of ICT Driven Innovation in the Public Sector: Hungary's Case". Central and Eastern European eDem and eGov Days 331 (12.07.2018): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24989/ocg.v331.13.
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Public ICT (Information Communication Technologies) investments do not necessarily result in improvement of effectiveness or efficiency regarding public services. Hungary has been spending around 1,2 billion Euros using funds from the European Social Cohesion and Structural Funds during the period of 2007-2018 for modernizing its public administration. Taking the investments into other sectors as a comparison, this means that more than 25% of ICT development projects go to the public sector, which is in the magnitude of the financial, commercial and media sectors of Hungary. While the effects of digital transformation are unquestionable in these latter sectors, effectiveness of public ICT spending is problematic. When we look at the measurement scoreboards used in the EU and UN, we find Hungary not even improved its position, but in some areas has lost competiveness and fell behind. In this paper we show using some elements of earlier findings in digital innovation studies on public administration, that four key factors should be analysed in detail to find out reasons behind this phenomenon, Infrastructural questions, although need constant development and improvement, do not seem to be key explaining factors of lack of productivity improvement. Nor the techno-legislative institutions seem to be obstacles in Hungary´s case, but rather some alignment in policy objectives and consistency.
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Kurambhatti, Kumar i Singh. "Impact of Fractionation Process on the Technical and Economic Viability of Corn Dry Grind Ethanol Process". Processes 7, nr 9 (1.09.2019): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7090578.
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Use of corn fractionation techniques in dry grind process increases the number of coproducts, enhances their quality and value, generates feedstock for cellulosic ethanol production and potentially increases profitability of the dry grind process. The aim of this study is to develop process simulation models for eight different wet and dry corn fractionation techniques recovering germ, pericarp fiber and/or endosperm fiber, and evaluate their techno-economic feasibility at the commercial scale. Ethanol yields for plants processing 1113.11 MT corn/day were 37.2 to 40 million gal for wet fractionation and 37.3 to 31.3 million gal for dry fractionation, compared to 40.2 million gal for conventional dry grind process. Capital costs were higher for wet fractionation processes ($92.85 to $97.38 million) in comparison to conventional ($83.95 million) and dry fractionation ($83.35 to $84.91 million) processes. Due to high value of coproducts, ethanol production costs in most fractionation processes ($1.29 to $1.35/gal) were lower than conventional ($1.36/gal) process. Internal rate of return for most of the wet (6.88 to 8.58%) and dry fractionation (6.45 to 7.04%) processes was higher than the conventional (6.39%) process. Wet fractionation process designed for germ and pericarp fiber recovery was most profitable among the processes.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "TECHNO-COMMERCIAL COMPARISON"
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RAMHARI, MEENA SEEMA. "TECHNO-COMMERCIAL COMPARISON OF MEMBRANE BIO-REACTOR WITH ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS AND MOVING BED BIO-FILM REACTOR". Thesis, 2016. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/15243.
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The wastewater from industries varies so greatly in both flow and pollutional strength. In general, industrial wastewaters may contain suspended, colloidal and dissolved solids. In addition, they may be either excessively acid or alkaline and may contain high or low concentrations of coloured matter. These wastage may contain inert, organic or toxic materials and possibly pathogenic bacteria. These wastes may be discharged into the sewer system provided they have no adverse effect on treatment efficiency or undesirable effects on the sewer system. It may be necessary to pretreat the wastes prior to release to the municipal system or it is necessary to a fully treatment when the wastes will be discharged directly to surface or ground waters. The technologies discussed in the project are Membrane Bio-reactor (MBR), Activated Sludge Process (ASP) and Moving Bed Bio-film Reactor (MBBR).
Membrane Bio-reactor (MBR) is a wastewater treatment technology that offers many advantages including excellent effluent quality, stable operation performance, a small footprint, reduction of excess sludge production, reuse of effluent, reduction of risk substances and so on. When one takes into consideration that fresh water serves as a precious resource for human brings, the ability to reuse treated water is one of the biggest advantages of using MBR technology.
The activated sludge process (ASP), found in the wastewater treatment plants, consists basically of a biological reactor followed by a sedimentation tank, which has one inlet and two outlets. The purpose of the ASP is to reduce organic material and dissolved nutrients (substrate) in the incoming wastewater by means of activated sludge (microorganisms). The major part of the discharged flow thrugh the bottom outlet of the sedimentation tank is re-circulated to the reactor, so that the biomass is reused.
The moving bed bio-reactor (MBBR) technology is an attached growth biological treatment process based on a continuously operating, non-clogging bio-film reactor with the low head loss, a hig specific bio-film surface area, and no requirement for backwashing. Moving bed technology presents several operational advantages, compared to other conventional biological treatments.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "TECHNO-COMMERCIAL COMPARISON"
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Dara, Satyadileep, Ibrahim Khan, Eisa Al Jenaibi, Sandeep Dhebar, Ganank Srivastava i Mostafa Shehata. "Techno-Economic Assessment of Blue Hydrogen Technologies". W ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210819-ms.
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Abstract This study focuses on the techno-economic comparison of blue hydrogen technologies. Four technologies shown below are considered for the preliminary evaluation. Steam methane reforming with carbon capture Auto thermal reforming with carbon capture Syngas chemical looping technology Chemical looping reforming technology Industrial literature showed that syngas chemical looping technology and chemical looping reforming technology show high thermal efficiency and low capital and operating costs. However, challenges exist in the scale up, system integration and commercialization. Further R&D efforts may make this technology superior in near future. Steam methane reforming is the most established commercial technology for H2 production. However, when CO2 capture is included in scope, thermal efficiency decreases drastically and may become economically unviable if the H2 selling price is less than 2 $/kg. Auto thermal reforming shows attractive techno-economic indicators in terms of capital cost, thermal efficiency, and payback potential. Commercial references for this technology are limited comparatively but technology licensors do exist. Hence, this technology is identified as the recommended option for blue hydrogen production. Indeed, ATR process is even more attractive for ADNOC due to the availability of oxygen as a waste stream in one of its facilities. To this end, it is intended to investigate the prospects of adopting auto thermal process for blue hydrogen production in ADNOC by leveraging the available oxygen supply. A further detailed study is conducted to evaluate this proposal through simulation analysis, equipment design and costing analysis and thereby verify the technical feasibility, capital cost, operating cost, thermal efficiency, emissions profile and required selling price of H2.
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Schmitt, Joshua, i Massimo Malavasi. "Development of a 25 MWth Flameless Pressurized Oxy-Combustion Pilot". W ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-60120.
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Abstract The Flameless Pressurized Oxy-Combustion (FPO) cycle, a novel flexible fuel technology, is being developed into a large pilot. This effort seeks to complete the preliminary engineering and planning of a 25 MWth Pilot Plant that will demonstrate the technology for scale-up to a commercial unit. The technology, pioneered by ITEA at the 5 MWth scale, must be brought to a higher technology readiness level (TRL) to be viable at the commercial scale. The 25 MWth pilot cycle was optimized for cost and technology development and demonstration. Preliminary drawings, layouts, and plans were defined. Process flow diagrams were used to describe the pilot configuration in greater detail. A heat and mass balance with stream data was created. A master equipment list specified the operating conditions for major pieces of equipment within the pilot using this heat and mass balance. The 25 MWth FPO pilot is assessed for environmental performance. A test campaign is developed to assess the type of test and number of hours required for pilot demonstration. The environmental performance is compared against projected performance at the commercial scale. This project builds upon extensive evaluation of the techno-economic performance of the FPO technology already performed by ITEA. This includes system improvements, such as the addition of a turbo-expander to the flue gas stream. Some of the performance-enhancing components are not as well defined as others. The primary goal of this effort was to bring all of the core cycle components to the same level of design maturity. A techno-economic assessment (TEA) evaluated the FPO technology at the commercial scale in comparison to the NETL baseline cases. The reference plants were used in combination with proprietary equipment estimates to build a plant capital cost and cost of electricity evaluation. FPO performed better than the sub-bituminous post-combustion capture cases. Further preliminary estimates of improvements to the FPO cycle show even further gains when compared to conventional carbon capture methods.
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Montes-Sánchez, J., B. de Weert, B. Petit, L. García-Rodríguez i D. Sánchez. "Potential of Micro Gas Turbines to Provide Renewable Heat and Power in Off-Grid Applications for Desalination and Industrial Wastewater Treatment". W ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-60253.
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Abstract The demand for all types of resources (food, freshwater, energy and raw materials) has increased alarmingly due to the continuous techno-economic development of society, bringing about a pressing shortage not only in low-income countries but also in more developed economies. Such is the case for the very wealthy countries in the Gulf Cooperation Council, which are currently struggling with the lack of fresh water supply, or certain countries in Latin America where the contamination of natural water sources poses a major environmental threat. In order to assess this water-energy nexus problem, this paper looks into systems where the production of renewable power is combined with either freshwater production (through desalination) or industrial wastewater treatment for effluent control. Three enabling renewable energy technologies are assessed: solar micro gas turbines, wind turbines and photovoltaic panels. In all cases, off-grid installations are considered. The paper describes the characteristics of these three systems and provides a comparison of technical specifications, yield and costs. Wind and photovoltaic are the standard approach, as already proven by a number of commercial plants, but solar micro gas turbines exhibit additional flexibility (in particular when hybridisation is considered) and have the differential feature of producing not only electric power but also heat. This enables the combination of different types of water treatment technologies in order to increase water production/recovery which, in turn, reduces the environmental impact of the production process associated (either freshwater or other good or service).
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Branchini, L., M. A. Ancona, M. Bianchi, A. De Pascale, F. Melino, A. Peretto, S. Ottaviano i in. "Optimum Size of ORC Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery in Natural Gas Compressor Stations". W ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-90009.
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Abstract The paper investigates the optimum size and potential economic, energetic and environmental benefits of ORC applications, as bottomer section in natural gas compressor stations. Since typical installations consist of multiple gas turbine units in mechanical drive arrangement, operated most of the time under part-load conditions, the economic feasibility of the ORC can become questionable even though the energetic advantage is indisputable. Depending on mechanical drivers profile during the year the optium size of the bottomer section must be carefully selected in order not to overestimate its design power output. To achieve this goal a numerical optimization procedure has been implemented in the Matlab environment, based on the integration of a in house-developed calculation code with a commercial software for the thermodynamic design and off-design analysis of complex energy systems (Thermoflex). Thus the optimal ORC design power size is identified in the most generic scenario, in terms of compressors load profile, installation site conditions (i.e. ambient conditions and carbon tax value) and gas turbine models used as drivers. Two different objective functions are defined aiming at maximize the CO2 savings or the net present value. Different case studies are shown and discussed to prove the potential of the developed code. The comparison among the case studies highlights, chiefly, the influence of yearly mechanical drivers profile, part-load control strategy applied and carbon tax value on the ORC techno-economic feasibility.
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Gulied, Mona, Sifani Zavahir, Tasneem Elmakki, Hazim Qiblawey, Bassim Hameed i Dong Suk Han. "Membrane Distillation Crystallization Hybrid Process for Zero Liquid Discharge in QAFCO Plant". W Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0010.
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Qatar fertilizer company (QAFCO) is one of the world’s largest single site producer of ammonia and urea with production capacity of 12,900 metric tons per day. Currently, QAFCO faces major challenges in terms of water streams management that is generated from many processes such as wastewater from Harbor-Bosch process and brine solution from multi-stage flash (MSF) desalination process. To protect the environment; QAFCO has been making an effort to minimize the disposal of all types of water disposed into the sea. Here, this project proposes to develop a viable and economically effective process that can reach zero-liquid discharge (ZLD) of all processed water or wastewater from QAFCO facilities. The best method for ZLD is membrane distillation crystallization (MDC) hybrid process that concentrates and minimizes the volume of wastewater/brine streams to form solid through crystallizer. Membrane distillation (MD) is a thermally driven membrane process. It applies low-grade energy to create a thermal gradient across a microporous hydrophobic to vaporize water in the feed stream and condense the permeated vapor in the cold side. This research work aims to evaluate the performance of MDC for ZLD using commercial/fabricated electrospun nanofiber membrane (ENM) PVDF –base membranes at different type water streams. A general observation, higher water vapor flux and water recovery were exhibited at higher feed conductivity at 70°C. Moreover, the fabricated hydrophobic PVDF ENMs results confirmed the formation of nanofiber at the membrane surface using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, the water contact angle values of PVDF ENMs were greater than 100° and have stable mechanical and chemical properties. The ongoing research work will conduct a comparison between the optimum PVDF ENMs and the commercial MD membranes in terms of water recovery, salt rejection%, fouling/scaling, amount of collected solid and energy consumption at optimum operating conditions in MDC. In addition, it will perform a techno- economic feasibility assessment of the MDC hybrid process.
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Kamarul Zaman, Nur Hazrina, Zurita Johar, Irzie Hani Bt A. Salam A Salam, M. Kamal B. Sahrudin Sahrudin, M. Razib A Raub i Mei Fen Foo. "Reservoir Souring Study for De-Risking A Deep Water Subsea Green Field Development". W SPE Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210761-ms.
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Abstract The paper discusses on reservoir souring study in a deep water subsea green field as a result of seawater injection. The objectives are to determine likelihood, timing of reservoir souring to happen and amount of expected produced H2S. Offshore deep water development involves considerable CAPEX investment hence reservoir souring requires to be assessed in order to make techno-commercial judgement involving formulating the field development plan, upfront identification of prevention & mitigation strategy, operating strategy and project economics. The study started by performing data gathering involving among others field information, PVT, mineralogy, water analysis data, and production and injection profile. Subsequently, 2D reservoir modelling and 3D reservoir modelling was built. Sensitivities cases were run by varying the injection rate, nutrient loading, rock abstraction capacity, sulphate content, injection temperature and bacteria growth time. This is followed by sensitivity analyses for mitigation options using biocide injection, nitrate injection, H2S scavenging and sulphate removal in the field. Based on the results obtained, prevention and mitigation strategy has been evaluated and ranked followed by comparison with nearby analogue fields. The modelling results of all scenarios indicate that reservoir souring will happen in the field and beyond HSE safety limit. For some scenarios, the H2S partial pressure exceeds NACE limit before end of field life, hence requiring team to re-evaluate material selection options. Water injection rate and rock abstraction capacity have the largest impact to the H2S breakthrough time. Sensitivity analyses for mitigation options have been conducted based on consideration of having options of biocide injection, nitrate injection, H2S scavenging and sulphate removal in the field. Biocide injection does not have considerable effects on H2S level. Nitrate injection only partially reduces H2S generation mainly due to high nutrient content in the reservoir and high sulphate content in the injected seawater. On the other hand, sulphate removal analyses indicate its effectiveness in preventing reservoir from becoming sour. The outcome of the study is then incorporated in the field development plan and operating strategy. The paper highlighted comprehensive step by step approach to understand reservoir souring potential in a deep water development via 2D and 3D modelling approach. This can be included as an important procedure in field development especially involving high CAPEX development whereby critical decision making need to be made upfront. In addition, benchmarking, and learnings from nearby deep water fields help to identify best preventive and remedial option for reservoir souring.
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Khalid, Aizuddin, Norashikin Hamza, Mas Rizal A Rahim, Amir Ridzwan A Rahman, Thanavathy Patma Nesan i Norhayati M Sahid. "Application of Key Deepwater Lessons Learned in Marginal Deepwater Development, Offshore Malaysia". W SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210393-ms.
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Abstract L & B fields offshore Sabah, Malaysia will be the next deepwater development in Malaysia after Kikeh, Siakap North-Petai, Gumusut-Kakap & Malikai. However, in comparison, L & B are considered marginal in terms of recoverable volumes and size of project, making it crucial to design and execute the project sharply to ensure value delivery. 5 key deepwater lessons learned areas are discussed in this paper as applied to L & B Field Development Plan (FDP) to ensure technical robustness based on experience of surrounding deepwater fields. The first key area is subsea production stability and flow assurance. Among critical evaluations conducted were techno-commercial comparison of dual-loop pipe-in-pipe against heated pipe-in-pipe, upfront artificial lift plans, and water injectors design to avoid hydrates formation as observed in another field. The second critical area is in drilling where key lessons were to conduct thorough geohazard analysis for hazard identification and avoid wellhead subsidence. Thorough geomechanics and fracture gradient were also assessed to identify requirements for managed-pressure drilling and for backup designs. The third key area is well integrity, productivity and injectivity where sand production and fines migration risks need to be addressed through well completion strategy. The reservoir management plan must also reflect realistic production and injection plans and data crucial for monitoring. The fourth key issue is with regards to subsurface complexity in deepwater turbidite environment with risks to production attainability vis-à-vis reservoir connectivity and compartmentalization issues. A no-stones-unturned approach was taken integrating available static and dynamic data to estimate a robust recoverable volume. The fifth critical area is well startup and unloading procedures, which is important for well productivity. Model iterations were needed to conduct methodical well bean-up to eliminate risk of fines movement. Application of lessons learned in these 5 key areas led to robust development plans with mitigations for risks common to deepwater developments offshore north Borneo. For flow assurance strategy, the evaluation led to dual-loop design, proactive artificial lift strategy and optimum water injector locations. Drilling requirements are identified for MPD and backup slim-hole designs. To ensure productivity and injectivity, long highly deviated wells, with downhole sand mitigations, are designed for maximum contact and reduced required drawdown. Skin factors were applied in subsurface modeling as observed in other fields to risk the production targets. The model was also calibrated with dynamic data gained from well tests and pressure points to provide realistic production estimates, with a well sequence plan to observe actual performance and optimize next well locations if necessary. For well startup procedures, model iterations guided by analogue fields’ experiences led to optimum startup designs for L & B. These 5 key lessons learned areas are critical in deepwater development plans to ensure technical robustness during development stage to protect high investment value.
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Ghilardi, Alessandra, Guido Francesco Frate, Andrea Baccioli, Dario Ulivieri, Lorenzo Ferrari, Umberto Desideri, Lorenzo Cosi, Simone Amidei i Vittorio Michelassi. "Techno-Economic Comparison of Several Technologies for the Waste Heat Recovery From Gas Turbine Exhausts". W ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-83199.
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Abstract The waste heat recovery from the gas turbine (GT) exhaust is typical for increasing performance and reducing CO2 emissions in industrial facilities. Nowadays, numerous already operating GT gas turbine plants could be retrofitted and upgraded with a bottoming cycle powered by the GT exhaust gasses. In this case, the standard solution would be to use a water Steam Rankine Cycle (SRC). However, even if this technology the SRC usually yields the best efficiency, other technologies alternatives are often preferred on the lower size scale. Organic Rankine Cycles (ORCs) are the commercial alternatives to SRC Steam Rankine Cycles, but many other alternative cycles exist or can be developed, with potential benefits from safety, technical or economic points of view. This study compares several alternative technologies suited to recover GT gas turbine waste heat, and a detailed cost analysis for each is presented. On this basis, a guideline is proposed for the technology choice considering a wide range of application sizes and temperature levels typical for waste heat recovery from GTs gas turbines. The compared technologies are ORCs, Rankine Cycles (RCs) with water and ammonia mixtures at constant composition, supercritical CO2 cycles (sCO2), sCO2 cycles with mixtures of CO2, and other gasses. As it resulted, ORCs can achieve the lowest levelized cost of energy (32 $/MWh – 46 $/MWh) if flammable fluids can be employed. Otherwise, RCs Rankine cycles with a constant composition mixture of water and ammonia are a promising alternative, reaching a Levelised Cost Of Energy (LCOE) of 36–58 $/MWh.