Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Team Work Context Scale”

Les sociétés de services aux entreprises constituent des équipes de travail avec leurs agents et organisent leur planning pour satisfaire les demandes clients. De multiples contraintes doivent être respectées, et plusieurs critères de performance économique et sociale doivent être atteints. Une méthode d'aide à la décision multicritère devient ainsi indispensable, particulièrement dans un contexte de demande variable. Une caractérisation du problème générique sous forme de diagramme de classes, contenant toutes les caractéristiques des clients, demandes, agents, itinéraires, et véhicules, nous permet d’identifier des variantes du problème dans le contexte de service aux entreprises comme dans celui de service à la personne. Nous avons investigué deux variantes s'inspirant d’un problème réel d’une entreprise brésilienne de service aux entreprises, dans des contextes de demandes stable et variable. Par une revue de la littérature, nous identifions des leviers organisationnels potentiels pour accroître la flexibilité des agents, et des approches de modélisation et de résolution appropriées. Nous utilisons la programmation linéaire à variables mixtes. Dans le contexte de demande stable, nous cherchons le compromis entre coûts et temps de trajet domicile-travail des agents dans une approche à deux niveaux : une planification hebdomadaire cyclique pour les nouveaux clients assurant la stabilité d'affectation sur un long terme et, à une fréquence donnée, une re-planification pour tous les clients actifs permettant une optimisation globale. Lorsque les demandes sont variables, nous optimisons les coûts de déplacement, l’équité de la charge de travail entre agents, et leur préférence pour les périodes de travail. La planification étant créée pour un horizon court sans répétitivité, l’ajout de zones tampons entre des horizons consécutifs permet de relâcher leur dépendance ; dans cette variante, des leviers organisationnels, tels que des contrats de travail flexibles et la polyvalence des agents, sont également considérés
Subcontracting companies organize their agents into work teams and create their work plans to fulfill clients’ demands. Multiple constraints have to be met, and several economic and social performance criteria have to be attained. Making a decision, satisfying all these conditions, becomes increasingly difficult, especially in a context of variable demand. A generic problem characterization in the form of a class diagram, containing all the characteristics of the clients, the demands, the agents, the travel routes, and the vehicles, allows us to identify a large number of variants of the problem in the service-to-business as well as service-to-individual contexts. Each variant corresponds to a combination of decision-making problems, demand variability, agents’ flexibility, and economic and social performance indicators. We study more deeply two variants, inspired by a real problem found in a Brazilian company in the service-to-business sector, with stable and variable demands. Through a literature review, we identify several potential organizational levers to increase the flexibility of agents, and appropriate modeling and resolution approaches. We use the multi-objective mixed integer linear programming method for the two variants. In the context of stable demand, we consider a compromise between the company’s travel costs and agents’ work trip duration in a two-level approach: cyclic weekly planning for new customers ensuring assignment stability for a long term and, at a given frequency, re-planning for all active clients, allowing global optimization. When the demand is variable, we consider the reconciliation between the travel costs, the workload balance between agents, and their preference satisfaction for work periods. As planning is made for each short horizon and without repetitiveness, the dependence of agents’ activities between consecutive horizons can be relaxed by adding buffer zones between them; in this variant, organizational levers, such as flexible work contracts and multi-skilled agents, are considered

One key focus in the 21st century is adjusting work and personal life in order for individuals to find a rhythm to help them combine work with other responsibilities and aspirations in their personal lives. Over the past few decades it has become evident that work and personal life are interrelated domains and that employed individuals experience interaction between these domains. Although the amount and extent of work-family research studies in South Africa have progressed considerably over the past decade, it is not clear how the experiences of the interference between work and nonwork roles compare to the experiences of employees in other countries. There is also no South Africa instrument that measures the interference between work and different nonwork roles in both directions (work-to-nonwork and nonwork-to-work). This could pose potential problems for organisations and future workfamily studies in South Africa. The objectives of this research were 1) to gain insight into the interaction between work and personal life in the South African context and how South African employees experience this interaction; 2) to develop a new work-nonwork interference instrument that is suitable for the South African context and that addresses measurement and theoretical issues relating to previous work-family instruments; and 3) to test the psychometric properties of the newly developed work-nonwork interference instrument. The empirical study consisted of three phases. During the first phase, exploratory interviews (i.e. 92 interviews) were conducted in order to gather information regarding the interaction that individuals experience between their work and their personal lives. Thereafter, a new instrument that measures work-nonwork interference was developed and tested with a pilot study (n = 245) in order to overcome some of the measurement limitations relating to previous work-family instruments. During the final phase, the psychometric properties of the newly developed work-nonwork interference instrument were tested (Le. construct validity, discriminant validity, convergent validity and external validity; n = 366). Results from the exploratory phase indicated that South African employees experience various forms of interaction between their work and other dimensions in their personal life (e.g. domestic, leisure, exercise, studies, community, extended family and religion/spirituality). In addition, South African employees experience various stressors in their work environment that contribute to this interaction (i.e. general stressors such as pressure, overload, workload, stressful working arrangements, and strenuous relationships at work, and more occupation-specific stressors such as stressful nature of the job and not being valued in an unsupportive work environment). Additional supportive aspects present in their work environment included supportive work arrangements, supportive relationships at work and occupation satisfaction. Results also indicated consequences specifically related to all the forms of interaction (e.g. time-based consequences, build-up and spillover of emotions, and energy depletion) and consequences that are more related to a specific form of interaction (e.g. mental preoccupation, strain on relationships, managing responsibilities, limiting of work opportunities, energy generation, learned skills). From the exploratory study, very similar findings were obtained and some unique contributions were made to existing workfamily literature. The antecedents mentioned are in line with international literature (physical workload, time pressures, physical stressors, shift work and recipient contact) and the consequences are very similar to categorised consequences reported in international research (i.e. physical, psychological, behavioural, attitudinal, organisational consequences or work, nonwork and health-related consequences). During the second phase a new work-nonwork interference (W-NWI) instrument was developed which differentiates among interference between work and various specific roles in an individuals' personal life (i.e. work-parent interference, parent-work interference, workspouse interference, spouse-work interference, work-religion/spirituality interference, religion/spirituality-work interference, work-domestic interference, domestic-work interference). During the evaluation study various problematic items were eliminated using the Rasch measurement model. The fmal phase included the validation study where the psychometric properties of the new instrument were investigated. The results provided evidence for constrUct, discriminant and convergent validity, reliability and significant relations with external variables. Tills study provides evidence for the psychometric properties of the new instrument, which researchers and managers can use to investigate the specmc interference between work and different nonwork roles in employees' private lives. Recommendations for future research were made.
Thesis (Ph.D. (Industrial Psychology)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

The objective of this study is to conduct an investigation in order to develop a new entrepreneurship module for vocational and technical high schools in North Cyprus. Based on a review of the relevant literature on entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship education, curriculum development and the experiences and the views of the target audiences, this action research study examines how to improve the current entrepreneurship module in order to develop a good framework for vocational and technical high schools in North Cyprus. The research paradigm of my research is interpretive. Action research has been used as a research approach because of its distinctive characteristics of combining theory and practice, giving the opportunity to work collaboratively with the partners of the project and improving education by positively changing it. Data has been collected through semi-structured interviews, questionnaires and documents. I have also used a diary and recorded my experiences and the actions throughout the process which enabled me to be more reflective. The data analysis includes both qualitative and quantitative methods; content analysis was used for the semistructured interviews and a statistical program was used to assess the data collected from the questionnaires. In addition I have carefully analysed documents. In my research process, semi-structured interviews demonstrated that there is a lack in the current module of issues of relating to ‘North Cyprus and Entrepreneurship’, feasibility studies, information about an entrepreneur, presentation of the role and the importance of entrepreneurship, CV writing techniques, professional development and know yourself. Inviting entrepreneurs to the classroom and organizing visits to work places has also been suggested. EU practices are also presented to be used as activities. The results of the questionnaires showed that the module should incorporate more information about the three skills of an entrepreneur; the ability to telescope, future orientation, opportunity and goal oriented. With these results, the relevant documents have been reviewed in order to provide the necessary information and knowledge. In the end, the results have been combined, so that by adding sections about those issues identified and leaving out ones which do not correspond to the analysis of data, I have redesigned the current entrepreneurship module. I have used a module-writing guide in order to use the right structure while re-designing the module, as suggested by an expert from the Ministry of Education, Sports and Youth. A curriculum development expert suggested that a philosophical base should be considered while re-designing the module. The new module has been used at vocational and technical high schools for one semester by the teachers who took part in the project and those who have chosen the subject of entrepreneurship for that semester. Therefore, in total, eleven teachers were interviewed at the end of the semester, and I have made the last changes to the module based on the analysis of these interviews. Recommendations are also presented in the project which focus on areas for further study and the actions that could be taken to increase the awareness of entrepreneurship and maintain the sustainability of improvement in entrepreneurship education in vocational and technical high schools in North Cyprus. The research concludes with a reflection addressing the objectives of the study, a contribution of the project to the knowledge base and suggestions for future research in this area. The project consists of two documents as evidence of its achievement: the new (revised) module.

Globalization has continuously brought an increased competition among companies, which entails a need for faster and more frequent deliveries of new products. Traditional project management methods, such as stage-gate and waterfall, are commonly used in production development projects and builds on a sequential approach. These methods have proven to have some disadvantages in flexibility, long lead times and it often creates communication barriers between the actors at each stage. The software industry has already encountered these obstacles and responded by introducing agile project management. Which improves the adaptability and allow changes to be made, due to new requirements from stakeholders or customers, throughout the entire development process. However, it remains unknown how agile models can improve production development. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate how agile models can be applied to production development and what the effects are.  The authors have performed a case study at eight different companies within the automotive industry. The purpose of it has been to gain a deeper understanding about the case companies current production development processes and review how familiar the organizations are with the concept of agile project management. The extraction of the empirical data was conducted by questionnaires, interviews, and document reviews. An analyzation was done by comparing the empirical findings with the theoretical background out of eleven different categories that relates to project management (e.g., project goals, process, customer integration etc.). The analyzation concluded that the case company exclusively conducts their production development project by using a sequential approach.  The analyzation and the eleven categories where, together with the theoretical background about agile project management, later used to create the result by brainstorming different practices to become more agile. The results are presented out of three different scenarios, depending how agile the companies would like to be. For instance, are two process models suggested, one that is completely agile and one that is a hybrid of an agile and a stage-gate. Furthermore, are the implementation of self-organized teams, holistic approach towards internal and external partners, and reduced demand for documentation some of the practices that are suggested. Additionally, are three considerable aspects for the implementation presented.  The expected outcome and effects of applying these practices are discussed in the final chapter. Some of these outcomes are a company culture that will attract and retain talented personnel, where shared responsibilities and authorities triggers the employees to an increased commitment and sense of ownership towards their projects. Furthermore, are the companies expected to experience a more flexible and responsive approach towards conducting production development projects with a high focus on customer requirements and creating customer value.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
To analyze the work context and occupational damage, from the perspective of nursing staff professionals, in an Intensive Care Unit and Neonatal Intermediate Unit. METHODS: Cross-sectional, observational study with quantitative-qualitative approach performed at a large public health institution in the state of Goiás. The sample consisted of 44 workers from the neonatal units nursing team. Data collection was performed in the months of July and September of 2017 through observation and interview. For the data analysis, descriptive and analytical statistics were used using Student's t test and ANOVA for associations and Pearson's test for correlations, with a significance level of 5% (p ≤ 0,05). RESULTS: As for the professional profile, eight (18,2%) were nurses, 27 (61,4%) technicians and nine (20,4%) nursing assistants, female (100%), and mean age of 41,7 (± 9,7) years. The work context, from the perspective of the workers, was considered critical. For the organization of work, the items "excessive work rate" and "strong collection by results" presented higher averages (4,2±1,0), classified as severe. Concerning the working conditions, the highest averages corresponded to the "uncomfortable physical environment" (4,0±1,3), "a lot of noise in the environment" (4,1±1,1) and "inadequate physical space" (3,4±1,4). In the socio-professional relations, the highest averages involved "non-existent autonomy" (3,5±1,3) and "disputes among professionals" (3,5±1,1). A significant statistical difference was found between the two units for work organization factors (p=0,048), working conditions (p=0,046) and socio-professional relationships (p=0,0001). Regarding the occupational damage, the critical evaluation prevailed, with the psychological one having the highest mean (3,9±2,0) in the Intensive Care Unit. Already In the Neonatal Intermediate Unit, greater mean was identified for physical damage (2,6±1,4). There was a significant statistical difference between the Intensive and Intermediate Unit Care for the psychological (p=0,0002) and social (p=0,0009) damages. There was an association between the "work organization" domain and wage income variables (p=0,044) and hourly unit load (p=0,009); for "working conditions", the variables employment bond (p=0,016) and wage income (p=0,0001) were statistically significant. As well as for "physical damages" and the variables performed domestic activity (p=0,009), time acting on the unit (p=0,04) and wage income (p=0,02); for "psychological damages" and "social damages", there was an association with the variables working hours (p=0,02) and work shift (p=0,04/0,005). It was found a moderate and significant correlation between: physical damage and work organization (r=0,5721, p=0,0001), psychological damage and working conditions (r=0,5614, p=0,0001), psychological damage and socio-professional relations (r=0,6687, p=0,0001) and high and significant correlation between social and psychological damage (r=0,9072, p=0,0001). CONCLUSION: The work context of the neonatal units presents unfavorable elements and in inadequacy with the health and safety regulations of the worker, predisposing them to physical, psychic and social damage.
OBJETIVO: Analisar o contexto de trabalho e os danos ocupacionais, na perspectiva dos profissionais da equipe de enfermagem, em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva e Intermediaria Neonatal. METODOLOGIA: Estudo observacional, de corte transversal, com abordagem quantiqualitativa, realizado em uma instituição pública de saúde de grande porte do estado de Goiás. A amostra foi constituída por 44 trabalhadores da equipe de enfermagem de unidades neonatais. A coleta de dados foi realizada nos meses de julho e setembro de 2017 por meio de observação e entrevista. Para análise dos dados utilizou-se estatística descritiva e analítica por meio dos testes t “student” e ANOVA para associações e o teste de Pearson para as correlações, com nível de significância de 5% (p ≤ 0,05). RESULTADOS: Quanto ao perfil profissional, oito (18,2%) eram enfermeiros, 27 (61,4%) técnicos e nove (20,4%) auxiliares de enfermagem, do sexo feminino (100%), e com média de idade de 41,7 (±9,7) anos. O contexto de trabalho, na perspectiva dos trabalhadores, foi considerado crítico. Para o fator organização do trabalho, os itens “ritmo de trabalho excessivo” e “forte cobrança por resultados” apresentaram maiores médias (4,2±1,0), classificados como grave. Referente às condições de trabalho, as maiores médias corresponderam aos itens “ambiente físico desconfortável” (4,0±1,3), “muito barulho no ambiente” (4,1±1,1) e “espaço físico inadequado” (3,4±1,4). Nas relações sócio profissionais, as maiores médias envolveram “autonomia inexistente” (3,5±1,3) e as “disputas entre os profissionais” (3,5±1,1). Identificou-se diferença estatística significante entre as duas unidades para os fatores organização do trabalho (p=0,048), condições de trabalho (p=0,046) e relações sócio profissionais (p=0,0001). Em relação ao dano ocupacional prevaleceu a avaliação crítica, sendo o psicológico o com maior média (3,9±2,0) na UTIN. Já na UCIN, identificou-se maior média para o dano físico (2,6±1,4). Verificou-se diferença estatística significativa entre a UTIN e UCIN para os danos psicológico (p=0,0002) e social (p=0,0009). Houve associação entre o domínio “organização do trabalho” e as variáveis renda salarial (p=0,044) e carga horaria na unidade (p=0,009); para “condições de trabalho”, as variáveis vínculo empregatício (p=0,016) e renda salarial (p=0,0001) foram estatisticamente significativas. Como também para “danos físicos” e as variáveis realiza atividade doméstica (p=0,009), tempo que atua na unidade (p=0,04) e renda salarial (p=0,02); para os “danos psicológicos” e “danos sociais” houve associação com as variáveis carga horaria de trabalho (p=0,02) e turno de trabalho (p=0,04/0,005). Constatou-se correlação moderada e significativa entre: dano físico e organização de trabalho (r=0,5721; p=0,0001), dano psicológico e condições de trabalho (r=0,5614; p=0,0001), dano psicológico e relações sócio profissionais (r=0,6687; p=0,0001) e correlação alta e significativa entre dano social e psicológico (r=0,9072; p=0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: O contexto laboral das unidades neonatais apresenta elementos desfavoráveis e em inadequabilidade com as normativas da saúde e segurança do trabalhador, predispondo-os ao dano físico, psíquico e social.

La diversité dans les équipes pose plusieurs enjeux, notamment en ce qui concerne la performance d’équipe. Les études jusqu’à présent ont rapporté un lien parfois positif, parfois négatif ou inexistant entre la présence de diversité et la performance de l’équipe. Puisque les équipes interdisciplinaires sont de plus en plus sollicitées par les organisations pour faciliter la résolution de problèmes de plus en plus complexes, il semble important de bien comprendre comment la diversité affecte la performance d’équipe. L’une des avenues encore peu explorée s’attarde à la perception de la diversité plutôt qu’à la diversité objective, par l’entremise de l’étude de l’identification à l’équipe. En effet, une identification à l’équipe forte permettrait d’atténuer la perception de diversité et aurait un impact positif sur la performance. Cependant, très peu d’études se sont intéressées à ce phénomène et aucune, à notre connaissance, n’a évalué l’impact de l’identification à l’équipe sur les processus d’équipe ou n’a évalué l’impact de différents types d’identification simultanément sur la performance d’équipe. Faute d’écrits sur la question, la compréhension du phénomène d’identification dans les équipes s’avère partielle. Par ailleurs, la définition et la mesure de l’identification à l’équipe sont affligées de plusieurs problèmes psychométriques, ce qui engendre beaucoup de confusion dans les écrits scientifiques portant sur l’identification à l’équipe. Devant ce constat, la présente thèse vise à approfondir la compréhension du phénomène d’identification à l’équipe sur la performance d’équipes interdisciplinaires et d’en clarifier la conceptualisation et la mesure. Dans cette optique, trois études, regroupées en deux articles, ont été menées auprès de deux échantillons indépendants. Ancré dans les écrits scientifiques portant sur l’identification à l’organisation (p.ex. Ashforth, & Mael, 1989; Christ, van Dick, Wagner & Stellmatcher, 2003; Edward, 2005; Tajfel, 1978), le premier article a pour visées de proposer une conceptualisation claire et intégrée de l’identification dans un contexte organisationnel, puis de développer et valider une mesure de l’identification à l’équipe. Deux études ont été réalisées pour évaluer les propriétés psychométriques de cette mesure. Des analyses factorielles exploratoires et confirmatoires, de même que des analyses de fidélité et de validité confirment les propriétés psychométriques préliminaires de l’échelle. Les implications pour la pratique et la recherche sont abordées en détail. La diversité est considérée comme l’un des obstacles à la performance d’équipe au sein d’équipes interdisciplinaires. C’est pourquoi le second article évalue ce phénomène en considérant l’impact de différents types d’identification (c.-à-d. l’identification à l’équipe et l’identification à la profession) sur la performance d’équipe. À la lumière du modèle d’Ilgen et collaborateurs (2005), les types d’identification et leur influence respective sur la performance d’équipe par l’entremise de processus d’équipe (c.-à-d. les conflits et la collaboration) ont été évalués. Cette étude est la première à considérer les interactions entre les types d’identification sur la performance d’équipe au sein d’équipes interdisciplinaires. Deux cent soixante-huit employés canadiens du système de la santé ont répondu à différents questionnaires autorapportés. Des analyses de processus conditionnels de médiations modérées (Hayes, 2013) démontrent que l’identification à l’équipe influence la performance d’équipe par l’entremise du processus de collaboration, alors que l’identification à la profession et les conflits n’auraient pas d’impact. Cette étude met en lumière l’impact de deux types d’identification en évaluant leurs impacts simultanément, en plus de suivre les recommandations de Mathieu et collaborateurs (2008) et d’évaluer simultanément l’impact de plus d’un type de processus d’équipe (c.-à-d. processus de transition, d’action et interpersonnel). Les implications pratiques qui découlent de cette étude incluent la formation d’équipe, (Salas et al., 2008), les activités de consolidation d’équipe (Klein et al. 2009) pour améliorer la collaboration, en plus de la rehausser l’attractivité de l’appartenance à l’équipe (Dutton et al., 1994) et de favoriser un style de leadership transformationnel (Hirst, et al., 2009) pour engendrer une plus grande identification à l’équipe. Une discussion générale précise la portée des résultats présentés dans le cadre des deux articles.
Diversity poses many challenges within teams, especially in regard to team performance. So far, some studies have shown a positive, negative and ever non-significant link between diversity and team performance. Since organizations are relying more often on interdisciplinary teams to help them solve the increasingly complex problems they face, it appears important to understand how diversity affects team performance. One fresh way to look at the problem is by looking at perceived diversity instead of objective diversity through the lenses of team identification. Indeed, strong team identification would attenuate perceived of diversity and would positively impact team performance. However, very few studies have investigated this phenomenon and, to our knowledge, none have looked at the impact of team identification influence on team processes nor looked at the impact of different types of identification on team performance. Due to a gap in the literature, the influence of identification within teams is not well understood. Moreover, the definition and measure of team identification has, so far, been plagued with numerous psychometric problems. This generates even more confusion surrounding the literature on team identification. Therefore, this thesis aims to investigate the impact of team identification on team performance within interdisciplinary teams and to clarify its definition and measurement. In order to do so, three studies were conducted using two independent samples and are presented in two articles. Taking root in organizational identification literature (e.g. Ashforth, & Mael, 1989; Christ, van Dick, Wagner & Stellmatcher, 2003; Edward, 2005; Tajfel, 1978), the first article proposes a clearer and integrated definition of identification in an organisational context. Following the clear conceptualization of team identification, a new scale was developed and validated. Two studies were conducted to assess its psychometric proprieties. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis, plus reliability and validity analysis provide support for the scale’s reliability and validity. Practice and research implication are discussed in greater depth. Diversity is often considered an obstacle to team performance in interdisciplinary teams. Therefore, the second article addresses this issue by looking at the impact of types of identification (e.g. team and profession identification) on team performance. Drawing on Ilgen and collaborators’ (2005) model, the influence of these types of identification on team performance through their influence on team processes (e.g. conflict and collaboration) was evaluated. This study is the first to consider the interaction of different types of identification on team performance within interdisciplinary teams. Two hundred and sixty-eight Canadian healthcare employees answered five self-assessed questionnaires. Conditional process analyses (Hayes, 2013) show that team identification impacts team performance through its influence on collaboration, while neither identification to one’s profession nor conflicts impacts this relation. This study highlights the impact of different types of identification by considering their simultaneous effect. Moreover, in line with Mathieu et al.’s (2008) suggestion, different types of team processes were simultaneously evaluated (e.g. transition, action and interpersonal process). Practical implications that arise from this research includes team training (Salas et al., 2008), or team building activities (Klein et al. 2009) to improve collaboration, and heightened attractiveness of team membership (Dutton et al., 1994) or favoring transformational leadership (Hirst, et al., 2009) to foster greater team identification. A general discussion addresses the implications of the results presented in these two articles.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Psicologia do Trabalho, das Organizações e dos Recursos Humanos apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação
Framework: Mais do que nunca, grande parte do trabalho nas organizações é realizado em equipas. Algumas equipas são muito bem sucedidas, enquanto outras são confrontadas com constante fracasso. Existem muitos fatores que podem contribuir para o sucesso de uma equipa. Estudar quais as variáveis que se relacionam com a eficácia das equipas é relevante e fornece um corpo de conhecimento científico importante que contribui para uma melhor compreensão dos grupos em organizações com implicações no nível da pesquisa e da intervenção.Objetivo: Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar o papel mediador dos comportamentos de suporte dos membros da equipa na relação entre a autonomia das equipas e a eficácia das equipas, com base no modelo de eficácia Input-Mediator-Outcome-Input [IMOI]. Seguindo uma abordagem multidimensional da eficácia, os seguintes critérios serão utilizados: desempenho da equipa, viabilidade da equipa, qualidade da experiência do grupo e melhoria de processos da equipa.Metodologia: Esta pesquisa é não-experimental, transversal e adota uma análise ao nível grupal. A amostra é composta por 535 participantes de 90 equipas, incluindo 90 líderes de equipas e 445 membros de equipas de 40 organizações portuguesas de diferentes setores. Para a análise dos dados utilizou-se a análise de regressão, nomeadamente, o produto do método de coeficientes, proposto por MacKinnon, Lockwood, Hoffman, West e Sheets (2002).Resultados: Encontrou-se uma relação positiva e significativa entre autonomia das equipas e comportamentos de suporte que, por sua vez, está positivamente relacionada com os quatro critérios da eficácia da equipas. O modelo de mediação proposto, mostra o efeito indireto da autonomia das equipas na eficácia da mesma, através do papel desempenhado pelos comportamentos de suporte.Conclusão: Destacando a relação entre a autonomia e a eficácia por meio do papel mediador dos comportamentos de suporte, esta pesquisa contribui para enriquecer nosso conhecimento sobre os antecedentes da eficácia das equipas. Assim, esta pesquisa também contribui para a importância de incentivar as organizações a incorporar a autonomia no desenho das equipas como uma estratégia para melhorar os comportamentos de suporte e a eficácia das equipas.
Framework: More than ever, much of the work in organizations is accomplished in teams. Some teams are very successful, while others are confronted with a series of failures. There are many factors that can contribute to the success of a team. Studying which variables relate to team effectiveness is relevant and provides a framework of important scientific knowledge that contributes to a better understanding of groups in organizations with implications at the research and intervention level. Purpose: This study aims to analyze the mediator role of team members’ supportive behaviors in the relationship between team autonomy and team effectiveness, based on the Input-Mediator-Outcome-Input [IMOI] effectiveness model. Following a multidimensional approach of team effectiveness, the following criteria will be used: team performance, team viability, quality of group experience and team process improvement. Methodology: This research is non-experimental, cross-sectional and adopts a group level analysis. The sample is composed by 535 participants from 90 teams, including 90 team leaders and 445 team members of 40 Portuguese organizations from different sectors. To analyze the data regression analysis was used, namely the product of coefficients method, proposed by MacKinnon, Lockwood, Hoffman, West and Sheets (2002).Results: A positive and significant relationship between team autonomy and supportive behaviors which, in turn, is positively related to the four criteria of team effectiveness was found. The mediation model proposed, showing the indirect effect of team autonomy on team effectiveness through the role played by supportive behaviors was supported.Conclusion: Highlighting the relationship between team autonomy and team effectiveness through the mediating role of supportive behaviors, this research contributes to enrich our knowledge on the antecedents of team effectiveness. Accordingly, this research also contributes to encourage organizations to incorporating autonomy into teams’ design as a strategy to enhance supportive behaviors and team effectiveness.

碩士
世新大學
傳播管理學研究所(含碩專班)
107
This dissertation aims to investigate the success of 2017 Summer Universiade host in Taipei. This study examines the government report of marketing and crisis management via case study research and qualitative interview research to explore the key elements of such successful sporting event. 6 months prior to the event, a plagiarism incident and poor choice of communication tools created considerable negative impression on Taiwanese people. As a result, the campaign was suspended for a month in order to re-plan marketing campaign. Despite the effort, the booking rate was merely 30% a week before the opening. The Universiade cost more than 17 billion New Taiwan dollars spending, with athletes from 131 countries attending this 13-day event. This event was expected to create and promote the image of Taipei City and enhance global reputation in worldwide. After the Universiade Flame lightning ceremony, the successful marketing campaign hit 87% booking rate along with long tail effect of the marketing campaign and ongoing events. City marketing is the promotion of a city to increase global recognition and local identity. Besides commercial businesses, a city can also be viewed as a localized brand with established characteristic of the city and event marketing. In recent years, tourism combined with sporting events has brought considerable economic benefits to the city. The author considers 2017 Summer Universiade a successful marketing campaign, with focus of this research as following. a. The difficulty and overcome of competition of global sporting events b. The marketing campaign XXIX Summer Universiade Project team How to organize. c. The organization of future international events how to improve This study aims to provide some reference of promotion and city marketing for event organizers to host other international sporting events.

Boredom at work is a concern, as both employees and organisations are affected by the negative effects that this phenomenon holds. Workplace boredom is becoming an increasingly common occurrence within organisations and most employees are susceptible to it. To date, no reliable and valid scale for workplace boredom is available in South Africa. This study aimed to validate the Dutch Boredom Scale (DUBS) within the South African context in an attempt to provide a scale suitable for South African employees. The general objective of the study was to determine the reliability and validity of the workplace boredom scale (DUBS) within the South African context by means of investigating the reliability, factorial validity, convergent validity, predictive validity and discriminant validity. A cross-sectional research approach was utilised by means of a random convenience sample (N = 490) from organisations within the manufacturing and logistics sectors. The reliability of the workplace boredom scale was established by investigating the alpha and omega values. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to determine the factor structure of the DUBS and to ascertain factorial validity. In order to prove convergent and discriminant validity, the relationship between workplace boredom and similar theoretical constructs (work engagement, workload, job satisfaction and organisational commitment) as well as constructs assumed to differ from work place boredom (i.e. gender) was investigated. Finally, regression with regard to one-directional relationships was examined between workplace boredom and appropriate outcomes (work engagement, organisational commitment and job satisfaction) in order to establish predictive validity. The results indicate that the DUBS consists of a one-factor structure, and that this factor has acceptable reliability. Relationships between workplace boredom and work engagement, workload, job satisfaction, organisational commitment and turnover intention were negatively and practically significantly correlated. No significant relationship existed between workplace boredom and gender. Workplace boredom had significant negative regressions to work engagement, job satisfaction and organisational commitment. Recommendations are made for use in practice and additionally for future research.
MCom (Industrial Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Over the past few decades it has become evident that the work/family interface is a much broader concept that does not only stress the negative side of the relationship, but also include a positive side. This refers to the process by which participation in one role (e.g. work role) is made better or easier by virtue of participation in the other role (e.g. family role). South Africa is a multicultural society, which consists of four groups (i.e. Black, White, Coloured and Indian), speaking eleven official languages. All of these groups are faced with unique and different circumstances. Apart from cultural, ethnic and linguistic differences, other divergent elements may exist (i.e. values and norms). Therefore South African employees may experience the positive side of the work/family interface differently from employees within other countries. To add to the problem, it is not clear how South African employees‟ experiences of enrichment between work and family domains compare to the experiences of employees in other countries. Furthermore, to date no measuring instrument to assess the enrichment between work and family domains in both directions (work-to-family and family-to-work) exists, that is unique to the South African context. This could pose potential problems for organisations and for future studies on the positive side of work/family in South Africa. The objectives of this research were 1) to determine how the positive side of the work/family interface, particularly work-family enrichment, is conceptualised according to the literature; 2) to develop a new work-family enrichment instrument that is suitable for the South African context and that addresses conceptual and measurement issues relating to previous positive measurements of the work/family interface; 3) to investigate the psychometric properties of the newly developed work-family enrichment instrument; and 4) to assess antecedents and outcomes of work-family enrichment among employees within the South African context. The study consisted of four phases. During the first phase, following an extensive review of literature covering the positive side of the work/family interface, a theoretical framework was proposed for the study. Thereafter, a new instrument that measures work-family enrichment was developed based on the proposed theoretical framework. The instrument was tested via Rasch modelling with a pre-limenary study (N = 527), in order to overcome some of the measurement limitations from the previous positive work-family instruments. This test was followed by investigating the psychometric properties (i.e. construct validity, discriminant validity, convergent validity and external validity; N = 627) of the newly developed MACE Work-Family Enrichment Instrument. During the final phase, antecedents, work-family enrichment and outcomes were assessed in the South African context. In both phases 3 and 4, the following instruments (accompanied by the new instrument) were utilised, namely the Work Resources Scale, Home Resources Scale, Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, Family Engagement Scale, Job Satisfaction Scale, Career Satisfaction Scale, Life Satisfaction Scale, Family Satisfaction Scale and the Work-family Enrichment Scale. During the first phase, the literature revealed that the positive side of the work-family interface is presented by various concepts (i.e. work-family enhancement, work-family facilitation, work-family positive spillover and work-family enrichment). The review also revealed that, to date, the work-family enrichment concept has been the only concept in literature on the positive work/family interface that is grounded in a properly developed conceptualised theoretical model. The fundamental thinking behind the work-family enrichment model is that work and family each provides individuals with resources (i.e. skills and perspectives, psychological and physical, social-capital, flexibility, material) in the one domain, that may help the individual improve the quality of his/her performance in the other domain. These resources thus enable improved performance in the other role either directly (i.e. instrumental path) or indirectly (i.e. affective path). During the second phase a new work-family enrichment instrument was developed, namely the MACE Work-Family Enrichment Instrument. This instrument was based on the proposed work-family enrichment theoretical model for both directions (i.e. work-to-family and family-to-work). Initially 133 items were developed that the researcher obtained from the existing literature, and 161 items were self-developed. During the evaluation study, various problematic items were eliminated by using the Rasch measurement model. The third phase included the validation study in which the psychometric properties of the new MACE instrument was investigated. The results provided evidence for construct validity, discriminant validity and convergent validity, and showed significant relations with external variables. Adequate internal consistency was also found for the proposed scales. The final number of items retained after this phase in the development and pilot study of the MACE Work-Family Enrichment Instrument were 34. During the final phase, various relationships were pointed out between antecedents (i.e. various work resources and home resources), work-family enrichment dimensions, as well as dimensions and outcomes of this type of enrichment. These included work-engagement dimensions, family engagement dimensions, as well as satisfaction-dimensions for work, career, life and the family environment. The results of these relationships were found to be in accordance with other literature on the positive side of the work/family interface. The present study provided evidence for the psychometric properties of the new MACE instrument, which researchers and managers can use to investigate the specific enrichment between work and family domains of employees in a South African context. The results give researchers and managers insight into the specific antecedents (e.g. work resources) and outcomes (e.g. job satisfaction) that play a role in work-family enrichment. This insight can be used as basis on which interventions can be developed to deal with these issues currently. Recommendations were also made for future research.
PhD (Industrial Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Les équipes de travail occupent aujourd’hui une place particulièrement importante dans les organisations et sont devenues essentielles au bon fonctionnement de nombreuses entreprises (Marks, Mathieu et Zaccaro, 2001). En effet, selon une étude conduite par Kumar (2016) aux États-Unis, 60 % des entreprises prévoyaient implanter davantage d’équipes de travail au cours des deux prochaines années. Il est toutefois possible de constater une forte variation dans le niveau de performance qu’atteignent les équipes en milieu organisationnel, variant d’une très mauvaise performance à une excellente performance (Hackman, 2002 ; Rousseau, Savoie et Battistelli, 2007). Les comportements des membres sont les déterminants les plus directs de la performance des équipes. Dès lors, dans un contexte où les membres adoptent des comportements contre-productifs qui font obstacle au travail en équipe, la performance collective s’en ressent nécessairement. Bien qu’il ait été précédemment établi que les comportements contre-productifs nuisent au bon fonctionnement et à la performance des équipes (ex. : Aubé, Rousseau, Mama et Morin, 2009; Aubé et Rousseau, 2014; Cole, Walter et Bruch, 2008), leurs causes sont encore mal comprises, principalement en ce qui a trait aux facteurs propres au contexte organisationnel. Ainsi, cette thèse a pour premier objectif de clarifier l’état des connaissances sur les comportements contre-productifs dans les équipes et comme second objectif de faire avancer les connaissances relatives aux antécédents contextuels des comportements contre-productifs au sein des équipes de travail. Afin de répondre au premier objectif, une recension de la littérature des vingt dernières années sur les comportements contre-productifs d’équipiers est effectuée dans le premier article de cette thèse. Un modèle intégrant les résultats des recherches empiriques sur les comportements contre-productifs d’équipiers est présenté et un riche agenda de recherches futures est proposé. Ce premier article permet aussi de clarifier la notion de comportements contre-productifs d’équipiers et de les distinguer des autres types de comportements contreproductifs. Afin de répondre au deuxième objectif, soit de faire avancer les connaissances relatives aux antécédents contextuels des comportements contre-productifs d’équipiers, la relation entre le contexte de soutien au travail en équipe et les comportements contre-productifs d’équipiers a été explorée. Toutefois, avant de tester cette relation, il s’avérait nécessaire de valider la structure factorielle du construit de contexte de soutien au travail en équipe. En effet, la structure multidimensionnelle d’ordre supérieur de ce construit n’avait jamais été testée. Ainsi, à travers des analyses de type Bifactor-ESEM, le deuxième article de cette thèse a permis de soutenir l’hypothèse selon laquelle le contexte de soutien au travail en équipe s’avère un construit d’ordre supérieur, composé de quatre facteurs. Enfin, dans le cadre du troisième article, la relation entre le contexte de soutien au travail en équipe et les comportements contre-productifs d’équipiers a été testée à partir d’un échantillon de 105 équipes de travail provenant d’une organisation du domaine de la sécurité publique. Des analyses acheminatoires ont été effectuées et soutiennent un modèle de médiation par lequel une déficience dans le contexte de soutien au travail en équipe génère des affects négatifs d’équipiers, qui se traduisent ensuite par l’adoption de comportements contreproductifs d’équipiers. Les résultats de cette étude soutiennent aussi le rôle modérateur de l’engagement de l’équipe dans la relation entre les affects négatifs et les comportements contreproductifs d’équipiers.
Today, work teams hold a particularly important role in organizations and have become essential to the proper functioning of many businesses (Marks, Mathieu, and Zaccaro, 2001). Indeed, according to a study conducted by Kumar (2016), 60% of US companies plan to set up more work teams over the next two years. However, work teams are not a guarantee of success, given that strong variations are typically observed in work teams’ performance levels (Hackman, 2002; Rousseau, Savoie and Battistelli, 2007). Team members’ behaviors are the most direct determinants of team performance. Consequently, in a context where members adopt counterproductive behaviors that hinder teamwork, collective performance necessarily suffers. Although it has been previously established that team counterproductive behaviors hinder the proper functioning and performance of teams (e.g., Aubé, Rousseau, Mama and Morin, 2009; Aubé and Rousseau, 2014; Cole, Walter and Bruch, 2008), their causes are still poorly understood, especially in terms of organizational context factors. Thus, the first objective of this thesis is to clarify the state of knowledge on team counterproductive behaviors and the second objective is to advance knowledge of the contextual antecedents of team counterproductive behaviors. To answer the first objective, a review of the literature of the last twenty years on team counterproductive behaviors was carried out in the first article of this thesis. We thus integrate and advance TCBs scholarship by proposing an integrative model and we help identify and guide where future research efforts related to TCBs should be directed. This first article also clarifies the notion of team counterproductive behaviors and distinguishes them from other types of counterproductive behaviors. In order to address the second objective, namely to advance knowledge about the contextual antecedents of team counterproductive behaviors, the relationship between a supportive organizational context for teams and team counterproductive behaviors was explored. However, before testing this relationship, it was deemed necessary to assess the factor structure of the supportive organizational context for teams’ construct. Indeed, its higher-order multidimensional representation had never been tested. Thus, using a Bifactor-ESEM framework, this study supports the notion that a supportive organizational context for teams is a higher-order construct including four components: rewards, information, educational, and resource allocation systems. Finally, in the third paper, the relationship between a supportive organizational context for teams and team counterproductive behaviors was tested using a sample of 105 work teams from an organization in the field of public safety. Using a path analytic procedure, the results of this study support the mediation model: a lack of organizational support aligned with teamwork triggers negative team affective tone responses at a team level, which then drives the adoption of team counterproductive behaviors. Results also corroborate the moderating role of team commitment in the relationship between negative team affective tone and team counterproductive behaviors.

A presente dissertação problematiza e reflete a prática e a profissão de Serviço Social na escola e analisa de que forma se articulam os diferentes profissionais no processo de intervenção social escolar procurando entender os impactos que essas dinâmicas têm nas relações interprofissionais. Propomo-nos, ainda, a apreender os desafios que se colocam tanto ao Serviço Social como na prática interprofissional e que têm impacto na prática quotidiana dos profissionais. Esta investigação segue uma lógica indutiva, encontra-se epistemologicamente alicerçada no paradigma de investigação interpretativista e está metodologicamente ancorada numa estratégia mista de investigação. Assim, a opção por esta estratégia levou à adoção de técnicas de recolha e de análise de dados qualitativas como a entrevista semiestruturada, o "focus group" e a análise de conteúdo bem como de técnicas de recolha e de análise de dados quantitativas como o inquérito por questionário "online" e a análise estatística. Os resultados permitiram sistematizar e compreender a prática do Serviço Social na escola, bem como as representações dos assistentes sociais, diretores e crianças e jovens acerca do significado que a profissão assume no contexto escolar. Exploraram-se, também, os conceitos de interdisciplinaridade e de trabalho em equipa, tendo sido possível identificar potencialidades e desafios na efetivação do mesmo e os seus impactos numa prática interprofissional. Os resultados evidenciam o reconhecimento da importância da efetivação das relações interprofissionais na resposta às situações que surgem no contexto escolar, embora haja ainda um caminho a percorrer até que as mesmas se concretizem na sua plenitude. Para concluir, propõe-se um modelo interprofissional de intervenção social escolar.
This dissertation discusses and reflects on the practice and profession of Social Work at school and analyzes how different professionals are articulated in the school social intervention process, seeking to understand the impacts that these dynamics have on interprofessional relationships. We also propose to understand the challenges that arise both in Social Work and in interprofessional practice and that have an impact on the daily practice of professionals. This investigation follows an inductive logic, it is epistemologically based on the paradigm of interpretive research and is methodologically anchored in a mixed investigation strategy. Thus, the choice for this strategy led to the adoption of qualitative data collection and analysis techniques such as semi-structured interview, focus group and content analysis as well as quantitative data collection and analysis techniques such as the questionnaire survey online and statistical analysis. The results made it possible to systematize and understand the practice of Social Work at school, as well as the representations of social workers, school directors and children and young people about the meaning that the profession assumes in the school context. The concepts of interdisciplinarity and team work were also explored, making it possible to identify potentials and challenges in making it effective and its impacts on an interprofessional practice. The results show the recognition of the importance of implementing interprofessional relations in responding to situations that arise in the school context, although there is still a way to go until they are fully realized. To conclude, an interprofessional model of school social intervention is proposed.

Text in Afrikaans
Bestuursmodelle word vandag oor die algemeen as diagnostiese instrumente in organisasies benut. Die struktuur van hierdie bestuursmodelle word selde ondersoek om te bepaal of dit met die empiriese realiteit verband hou. Hierdie studie het ten doel om so 'n model, die bestuursbevoegdheidmodel wat deur Hall( 1988) ontwikkel was, te evalueer. Hall se model gee antwoorde op vrae oor die algemene bestuursklimaat van die organisasie. Die installing waar die navorsing gedoen was, is 'n Suid-Afrikaanse militere installing. Die Ramona-program is gebruik om te bepaal of daar wei passing is tussen die empiriese realiteit en bestuursprestasie in die betrokke organisasie waar die studie uitgevoer is. Daar is gevind dat daar gebrekkige passing tussen die empiriese realiteit en bestuursprestasie bestaan. Die waarde van die studie le daarin dat die betrokke organisasie in staat gestel word om alternatiewe modelle te oorweeg wat bes moontlik meer effektief sou kon wees.
Management models are used today as diagnostic instruments in organisations. The structure of these management models is seldom investigated for its validity and reliability. The aim of this study is to evaluate the Competence Process model developed by Jay Hall(1988). This model provides answers on the general management climate of the organisation. The research was performed at a South African military institution. The Ramona-programme was utilised in order to determine the match between the empirical reality and management performance in the particular organisation where this study was performed. The finding was that there is insufficient match between the empirical reality and management performance. The value of this study is that the specific organisation can now consider alternative models of management performance that are more effective.
Psychology
M.A. (Industrial Psychology)

Physician-rating websites (PRWs) are internet-based platforms that allow users to read or contribute to reviews of service performance about healthcare practitioners (HCPs). Healthcare consumers use PRWs to rate healthcare services; however, PRWs are not commonly embraced by HCPs, nor by professional associations. Nonetheless, in a competitive environment, HCPs could benefit their practice by attending to what clients publicly communicate about their services to align with the patient centred care (PCC) movement. The systematic literature review (SLR) revealed a paucity of research in the area. This research sought to understand what influences a HCP’s intention to adopt a PRW. In doing so, this research explored the relationship between HCPs’ motivation to adopt such websites and the role of their perceptions of a PRW’s characteristics. The motivation and system elements were assessed in terms of their relative influence on HCPs’ PRW adoption. This research conducted a narrative and SLR to inform a conceptual model to theoretically explain the relationship between motivation, system characteristics, and intention to adopt a PRW that was tested in a cross-sectional study. The research method and methodology included participants, 249 Australian allied healthcare professionals, who were surveyed using validated scales. Structural equation modelling estimated the model and the relative contribution of motivation and system characteristics on the adoption of PRWs. The Results chapter showed that HCPs’ motivation type external regulation—social had a direct negative effect on their intention to adopt a PRW (r = −.21, p < 0.01). In discussing the findings, they contrasted with the perceived system characteristics of relative advantage and ease of use, which were found to have a direct positive effect on intention to adopt a PRW (r = .88, p < .00) and (r = .24, p < .00), respectively. In conclusion, the results from this study, first, increase current understanding of HCP behavioural intention to adopt a PRW. Second, theoretical contributions are made through the integration of self-determination theory and diffusion of innovation applied to this unique context. Third, this study is the first to apply the Multidimensional Work Motivation Scale in Australia. The findings have implications for healthcare businesses and HCPs’ strategic development of PCC measures. Furthermore, translation of the findings could assist in the design of HCPs’ professional development to use online feedback, to manage patient onboarding, and to identify pathways to innovation adoption by HCPs.

The diploma thesis deals with problems of depression in older people. Mainly the work is focused on identifying and analyzing the role of nurses in screening for depression in older people in primary care, acute care, long-term care and home care. This thesis was focused on theoretical direction and was used the method of design and demonstration. In this thesis was set one main goals with five research questions. The main goal was to identify and analyze the role of nurses in screening for depression in the elderly. RQ 1: What is the role of the nurse in screening for depression in the elderly? RQ 2: What is the role of the nurse in the primary care in screening for depression in the elderly? RQ 3: What is the role of the nurse in screening for depression in hospitalized patients in acute care? RQ 4: What is the role of the nurse in screening for depression in seniors in long-term and home care? RQ 5: What rating scales and methods are used in screening for depression in the elderly? The thesis introduce the concept of depression. The following are specified the causes of and the important factors that affect depression in the elderly. It also deals the differences in the clinical symptomatology of depression in old age. It explains possibilities and various barriers in the diagnosis of depression. Another chapter introduces complete geriatric examination, diagnostic classification systems, possible screening methods and scales for detection of depression in the elderly population. It also deals methods of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment and its possible complications associated with older age. By reason of increased suicide rate caused by depressive disorder the issue of suicidal behavior in the elderly is introduced. The next chapter deals with the nursing process, which is used by nurses in practice. It consists of the evaluation of the patient's health condition, making nursing diagnosis, creating nursing plan and subsequent implementation and evaluation. The nursing process is also needy for providing quality care. The nursing process in the stage of nursing diagnosis, introduces possible nursing diagnosis for a patient suffering from depression, which are based on the latest classification. Finally is described the role of nurses in screening for depression in the elderly in different health facilities and their contribution to the timely evaluation of depression in the elderly. This chapter introduces the role of nurses, nursing screening and collaboration with a physician. The role of nurses in screening for depression in different medical facilities is based on the first phase of the nursing process of assessment. On the basis of objective and subjective information, the nurse will assess the overall health and mental condition of the patient. Primarily, it was investigated what is the role of the nurse in screening for depression. On the basis of content analysis and synthesis it was necessary to used and processed domestic and foreign literature. A number of relevant sources are the results of various studies and Meta-analyzes, mostly from abroad, but also from the Czech Republic. The thesis can serve as a basis for nurses. The result of this thesis is to create e-learning material available for students in the Faculty of Health and Social Sciences of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice in the tutorial called Moodle.

INTRODUZIONE: Il presente progetto di ricerca nasce all’interno di un Dottorato Eureka, sviluppato grazie al contributo della Regione Marche, dell’Università di Macerata e dell’azienda Jobmetoo by Jobdisabili srl, agenzia per il lavoro esclusivamente focalizzata sui lavoratori con disabilità o appartenenti alle categorie protette. Se trovare lavoro è già difficile per molti, per chi ha una disabilità diventa un percorso pieno di ostacoli. Nonostante, infatti, la legge 68/99 abbia una visione tra le più avanzate in Europa, l’Italia è stata ripresa dalla Corte Europea per non rispettare i propri doveri relativamente al collocamento mirato delle persone con disabilità. Tra chi ha una disabilità, la disoccupazione è fra il 50% e il 70% in Europa, con punte dell’80% in Italia. L’attuale strategia europea sulla disabilità 2010-2020 pone come obiettivi fondamentali la lotta alla discriminazione, le pari opportunità e l’inclusione attiva. Per la realizzazione di tali obiettivi assume un’importanza centrale l’orientamento permanente: esso si esercita in forme e modalità diverse a seconda dei bisogni, dei contesti e delle situazioni. La centralità di tutti gli interventi orientativi è il riconoscimento della capacità di autodeterminazione dell’essere umano, che va supportato nel trovare la massima possibilità di manifestarsi e realizzarsi. Ciò vale ancora di più per le persone con disabilità, in quanto risultano fondamentali tutte quelle azioni che consentono loro di raggiungere una consapevolezza delle proprie capacità/abilità accanto al riconoscimento delle caratteristiche della propria disabilità. L’orientamento assume così un valore permanente nella vita di ogni persona, garantendone lo sviluppo e il sostegno nei processi di scelta e di decisione con l’obiettivo di promuovere l’occupazione attiva, la crescita economica e l’inclusione sociale. Oggi giorno il frame work di riferimento concettuale nel campo della disabilità è l’International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), il quale ha portato a un vero e proprio rovesciamento del termine disabilità dal negativo al positivo: non si parla più di impedimenti, disabilità, handicap, ma di funzioni, strutture e attività. In quest’ottica, la disabilità non appare più come mera conseguenza delle condizioni fisiche dell’individuo, ma scaturisce dalla relazione fra l’individuo e le condizioni del mondo esterno. In termini di progetto di vita la sfida della persona con disabilità è quella di poter essere messa nelle condizioni di sperimentarsi come attore della propria esistenza, con il diritto di poter decidere e, quindi, di agire di conseguenza in funzione del proprio benessere e della qualità della propria vita, un una logica di autodeterminazione. OBIETTIVO: Sulla base del background e delle teorie di riferimento analizzate e delle necessità aziendali è stata elaborata la seguente domanda di ricerca: è possibile aumentare la consapevolezza negli/nelle studenti/esse e laureati/e con disabilità che si approcciano al mondo del lavoro, rispetto alle proprie abilità, competenze, risorse, oltre che alle limitazioni imposte dalla propria disabilità? L’obiettivo è quello di sostenere i processi di auto-riflessione sulla propria identità e di valorizzare il ruolo attivo della persona stessa nella sua autodeterminazione, con la finalità ultima di aumentare e migliorare il match tra le persone con disabilità e le imprese. L’auto-riflessione permetterà di facilitare il successivo contatto dialogico con esperti di orientamento e costituirà una competenza che il soggetto porterà comunque come valore aggiunto nel mondo del lavoro. METODI E ATTIVITÀ: Il paradigma teorico-metodologico adottato è un approccio costruttivista: peculiarità di questo metodo è che ciascuna componente della ricerca può essere riconsiderata o modificata nel corso della sua conduzione o come conseguenza di cambiamenti introdotti in qualche altra componente e pertanto il processo è caratterizzato da circolarità; la metodologia e gli strumenti non sono dunque assoggettati alla ricerca ma sono al servizio degli obiettivi di questa. Il primo passo del progetto di ricerca è stato quello di ricostruzione dello stato dell’arte, raccogliendo dati, attraverso la ricerca bibliografica e sitografica su: l’orientamento, la normativa vigente in tema di disabilità, i dati di occupazione/disoccupazione delle persone con disabilità e gli strumenti di accompagnamento al lavoro. A fronte di dati mancanti sul territorio italiano relativi alla carriera e ai fabbisogni lavorativi degli/delle studenti/esse e laureati/e con disabilità, nella prima fase del progetto di ricerca è stata avviata una raccolta dati su scala nazionale, relativa al monitoraggio di carriera degli studenti/laureati con disabilità e all’individuazione dei bisogni connessi al mondo del lavoro. Per la raccolta dati è stato sviluppato un questionario ed è stata richiesta la collaborazione a tutte le Università italiane. Sulla base dei dati ricavati dal questionario, della letteratura e delle indagini esistenti sulle professioni, nella fase successiva della ricerca si è proceduto alla strutturazione di un percorso di auto-orientamento, volto ad aumentare la consapevolezza nelle persone con disabilità delle proprie abilità e risorse, accanto a quella dei propri limiti. In particolare, il punto di partenza per la costruzione del percorso è stata l’Indagine Istat- Isfol sulle professioni (2012) e la teoria delle Intelligenze Multiple di H. Gardner (1983). Si è arrivati così alla strutturazione del percorso di auto-orientamento, composto da una serie di questionari attraverso i quali il candidato è chiamato ad auto-valutare le proprie conoscenze, le competenze, le condizioni di lavoro che gli richiedono più o meno sforzo e le intelligenze che lo caratterizzano, aggiungendo a questi anche una parte più narrativa dove il soggetto è invitato a raccontare i propri punti di forza, debolezza e le proprie aspirazioni in ambito professionale. Per sperimentare il percorso di auto-orientamento creato, nell’ultima fase della ricerca è stato predisposto uno studio pilota per la raccolta di alcuni primi dati qualitativi con target differenti, studenti/esse universitari/e e insegnanti di scuola superiore impegnati nel tema del sostegno e dell’orientamento, e utilizzando diversi strumenti (autopresentazioni, test multidimensionale autostima, focus group). CONCLUSIONI: I dati ottenuti dallo studio pilota, seppur non generalizzabili, in quanto provenienti da un campione esiguo, hanno evidenziato come il percorso di auto-orientamento attivi una riflessione sulla visione di sé nei diversi contesti e un cambiamento, in positivo o in negativo, nell’autostima e nella valutazione di sé in diverse aree, ad esempio nell’area delle relazioni interpersonali, del vissuto corporeo, dell’emotività ecc. Tali dati ci hanno permesso soprattutto di evidenziare punti di forza e debolezza del percorso creato e di apportare modifiche per una maggiore comprensione e adattabilità del prodotto stesso. Il valore del percorso orientativo è connesso al ruolo attivo di auto-valutatore giocato dal candidato con disabilità, affiancando a questa prima fase di autovalutazione un successivo confronto dialogico con un esperto, tale da permettere un ancoraggio alla realtà esterna, al contesto in cui il soggetto si trova a vivere. In questo senso, l’orientamento assume il valore di un processo continuo e articolato, che ha come scopo principale quello di sostenere la consapevolezza di sé e delle proprie potenzialità, agendo all’interno dell’area dello sviluppo prossimale della persona verso la realizzazione della propria identità personale, sociale e professionale.