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1
Head, Keith, i John Ries. "Rationalization effects of tariff reductions". Journal of International Economics 47, nr 2 (kwiecień 1999): 295–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1996(98)00019-1.
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Tremblay, Rodrigue. "La politique commerciale fédérale et l’économie québécoise". L'Actualité économique 52, nr 4 (25.06.2009): 459–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/800695ar.
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Abstract It is argued in this paper that both normative and objective considerations must be taken into consideration in the formulation of tariff policy. Moreover, it is shown that static and partial equilibrium analyses can be disastrously misleading in guiding the framing of tariff policy. Regarding the regional impact of tariffs, it is shown that within a monetary union, interregional trade flows reflect absolute production and transport cost advantages and that the non-realization of perfect domestic mobility of factors of production entails social and private adjustment costs that must be reckoned with in the cost-benefit analysis of any shift in trade policy. From the standpoint of Quebec, a French-speaking political entity, the Canadian trade area is far from being optimal. The tendency for Canadian market-oriented economic activity to polarize in Ontario behind tariff walls, accompanied by a large movement of foreign enterprises, pushes the Quebec economy towards the least attractive and the most vulnerable industries among those oriented towards the Canadian common market. A rationalization of these laggard Quebec industries and an up-grading of resources-oriented economic activity would then benefit from the removal of both Canadian and American tariffs. Among Canadian trade options, therefore, Quebec would potentially benefit most from a gradual move toward a North-American free trade area, with ad hoc measures for certain industries, but should reject the world-wide free trade and unilateral free trade options because of the serious industrial dislocations and factors of production outflows they would create.
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Moreno, Ana C. S., Carlos E. C. Nogueira i Jair A. C. Siqueira. "The Use of Battery Bank for Rationalization of Electricity in Broiler Poultry Farms". Journal of Agricultural Science 10, nr 8 (10.07.2018): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n8p253.
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Electricity is one of the main inputs used in poultry production. An aviary needs electricity to feed the various motors and electrical devices that compose the lighting systems, exhaustion, heating, food, among others. Aiming to give incentives to producers of broiler chickens, specifically in the state of Paraná, Brazil, in 2007, the Night Poultry Program was implemented, in which the government grants discounts in electricity tariff for poultry farmers at night. In this work it was proposed two energy storage systems through the use of lead-acid batteries and batteries of nickel chloride and sodium to feed the of charge of four brazillian aviaries over one year of poultry housing. For this purpose, it was evalueted the use of a bank of batteries in higher tariff, period comprising the time of 9:30 pm to 6 am of the next day, and charging the battery bank in reduced tariff period. The experiment was conducted using the electricity meters installed in the aviaries, weekly data of each aviary were collected and the active energy values, obtaining the data for six lots corresponding to a year of poultry accommodation. From the total consumption of active energy, it was calculated the average daily electricity consumption (kWh) for the set of aviaries. This value was used as input for the sizing of the battery banks. The two proposed storage systems demonstrate an alternative to energy supply for the rural areas, however the economical analysys indicates inviability, since the initial investment of the banks of batteries is high compared with the costs avoided with electricity by using these systems.
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Pitigala, Nihal, i Jose Lopez-Calix. "Trade policy options for export diversification: The case of Mali, Chad, Niger, and Guinea". Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development 4, nr 2 (27.01.2021): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v4i2.1200.
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The landlocked and fragile countries’ ability to create a sustainable path to economic growth and poverty reduction is inextricably linked to their export diversification potential, itself related to their connectivity within themselves, in the region, and other external markets. Mali, Chad, and Niger are first challenged by their geography—their landlocked nature with their vast and thinly populated space serves to isolate the most vulnerable communities from external and internal markets. Adding to these geographic disadvantages non-landlocked is incentive environment—defined by high and variable customs common external tariff regimes resulting from multiple overlapping regional trade arrangements—places a wedge between domestic and international prices, provides a disincentive to exports in favor of non-tradable and domestic-oriented sectors. By bringing greater coherence and convergence between the many common external tariff regimes in operation and the rationalization of their structures, and improving connectivity within and between markets, Mali, Chad, Niger, and Guinea can better promote the reallocation of resources toward tradable goods and services, putting the countries on a path toward greater economic inclusion and sustainable growth.
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Egorov, V. V. "Multi-criteria path rationalization in the conditions of multi-type passenger transport systems". Vestnik Universiteta, nr 5 (6.07.2021): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2021-5-109-116.
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The article proposes methods of searching passenger travel routes in conditions where one or more optimization criteria must be taken into account in the presence of a pedestrian system and multi-type transport systems with their topologies, sets of parameters and tariff plans. The author carried out the research by means of mathematical modeling of the transport system in the form of its deterministic graph model. The author chose Dijk-stra's algorithm as the basic algorithm, on the basis of which the modifications of the previous ones were carried out and the construction of a new search technique was carried out. As a result, the study obtained algorithms for solving single-criteria and multi-criteria problems on graphs. For multicriterial problems, the author used the convolution method and the method of ordering criteria by the degree of decreasing their significance. The field of application of the developed algorithms is information systems focused on the end user and on the structures that design and manage transport networks.
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Larik, Raja Masood, i Mohd Wazir Mustafa. "Technologies used in Smart Grid to implement Power Distribution System". TELKOMNIKA Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering 16, nr 2 (1.11.2015): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/tijee.v16i2.1606.
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<span style="line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Recently, the debate has been going on about the role of power plus distribution systems, its technologies for future smart grids in power systems. The emerging of new technologies in smart grid and power distribution systems provide a significant change in terms of reduction the commercial and technical losses, improve the rationalization of electricity tariff. The new technologies in smart grid systems have different capabilities to increase the technological efficiency in power distribution systems. These new technologies are the foreseeable solution to address the power system issues. This paper gives a brief detail of new technologies in smart grid systems for its power distribution systems, benefits and recent challenges. The paper provides a brief detail for new researchers and engineers about new technologies in smart grid systems and how to change traditional distribution systems into new smart systems.</span>
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Kathuria, Vinish. "Growth and Investment: Testing for the Relationship for South Asian Countries". Millennial Asia 10, nr 3 (8.11.2019): 337–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0976399619879890.
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Last few decades have seen wide-ranging reforms in South Asia. Among the vital industrial reforms is allowing unbridled foreign direct investment (FDI) in many sectors, apart from tariff rationalization and other product market reforms. The outcome of these reforms is increased growth of these countries through direct benefits of FDI and indirectly through crowding in of domestic investment. Fast growth of economies also tends to attract more FDI, as the growing market raises the profitability of the investment. Under this backdrop, this article has two objectives: (a) to see if there is any structural change in the growth of South Asian countries, and (b) what role FDI has played in this structural change. For the first objective, the study employs endogenous ‘structure-break’ tests on annual GDP data for the 58 years from 1960 to 2017 to find the structural change in the economy. For the second objective, we estimate a three-way dynamic causal relationship between investment (FDI and gross fixed capital formation [GFCF]) and growth (GDP) for four key South Asian countries—India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Pakistan. For the analysis, we apply the bounds tests (autoregressive distributed lag [ARDL]) approach to cointegration for the period. The results show different break years for each of the South Asian country. The causal relationship between investment and growth is not uniform for the chosen countries. We find FDI has not resulted in long-term growth in any of the selected countries. Results also show that FDI has not crowded in domestic investment in most of these countries.
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Gałązka-Sobotka, Małgorzata, Maciej Furman i Iwona Kowalska-Bobko. "Identyfikacja kluczowych podmiotów i ich ról oraz możliwości i barier dla wdrożenia koordynacji regionalnej procesu HB-HTA w Polsce". Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie 18, nr 4 (2021): 247–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20842627oz.20.028.14272.
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Identification of key actors involved in the implementation of a regional functional model for hospital evaluation The concept of Hospital-Based Health Technology Assessment (HB-HTA) is conducive to the rationalization of decisions made by the hospital management regarding the implementation of innovative medical technologies in hospital units. This type of HTA is a bottom-up hospital initiative, but usually it is also supported systemically and involves other entities, such as: the Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, the payer, or regional authorities. Providing support to the hospital in making the final decision on the implementation of innovative medical technology may include such aspects as: obtaining necessary funding for the implementation of technology, identification of the competitive potential of the planned project, or following the HB-HTA methodology in reporting. The process of decentralization of hospital management in Poland induces scholars to carry out research and draw conclusions about the involvement of regional authorities, mainly voivodeship offices and their departments responsible for health issues, in the HB-HTA process. The primary objectives of this paper are to present the results of research and analysis of the development and popularization of HB-HTA in Poland. These will be discussed in relation to the implementation of a regional functional model for hospital evaluation of innovative medical technologies and the creation of rules of cooperation between important institutions of sectoral (health) policy to support and develop HB-HTA at the regional (voivodeship) level, as well as the dissemination of knowledge, popularization of HB-HTA, and promotion of good practices. Słowa kluczowe: HB-HTA, lecznictwo szpitalne, ocena technologii medycznych, szpital, szpitalna ocena technologii medycznych, technologia medyczna, zarządzanie ochroną zdrowia, health care management, health technology assessment, Hospital-Based Health Technology Assessment, health technology, hospital, hospital treatment
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Gabdullin, Nail M., Igor A. Kirshin i Aleksey V. Shulaev. "Regulation of inter-regional differences of the Russian Federation regions in the context of national projects «Healthcare» and «Demography»". Level of Life of the Population of the Regions of Russia 16, nr 3 (2020): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/lsprr.2020.16.3.5.
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The subject of the study is the inter-regional differences in the state of public health and the demographic situation in the Russian Federation regions. The theoretical aspect of the subject is determined by the development of priorities of the Russian healthcare development strategy aimed at alignment of regional differences in the levels of healthcare development in the Russian Federation regions. The empirical aspect of the subject is to identify interregional differences in the state of public health and the demographic situation in the Russian Federation regions by using the EM cluster analysis method (Expectation Maximization). The method was implemented in the integrated development environment RStudio. The official statistics from Rosstat for the period 2014–2018 were used as the initial dataset. The purpose of the study is justifying the regulation of inter-regional differences of the Russian Federation regions. As a result of clustering, nine homogeneous clusters of the Russian Federation regions were identified. The main characteristics of the formed clusters are determined. Among the priorities of the RF healthcare development strategy are as follows: implementation of a unified tariff policy in the system of compulsory medical insurance; ensuring the balance of territorial compulsory medical insurance programs within the framework of the basic programme of compulsory medical insurance through financial security based on a single per capita standard; development of telemedicine, providing prompt remote consultation of leading experts in the provision of medical care, regardless of the territorial location of the patient and the doctor; ensuring the implementation of distance education courses and continuing education programs for medical workers; rationalization of the distribution of resources and capacities of medical organizations based on a three-tier system of medical care; development of regional public health centres. The results of this study can be used to develop federal and territorial programs for socioeconomic development, formulate a strategy for the development of healthcare at macro- and meso- levels, and optimize decisions of regional authorities regarding population policy.
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Petrova, M. A. "THE PROBLEMS OF BRINGING RUSSIAN TRADE POLICY IN LINE WITH WTO REQUIREMENTS". MGIMO Review of International Relations, nr 5(32) (28.10.2013): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-5-32-146-152.
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The article analyzes the role of trade policy in ensuring the competitiveness of the automotive industry – one of the most sensitive to the changes of economic conditions and important for providing national economic security – and finding a balance between the need to regulate the internal market and the implementation of the commitments under WTO. The analyze of the current condition of the Russian automotive industry has shown that, despite the low share in the world production and exports, Russia has a great potential for growth, mainly due to the unsaturated domestic market. It is proved, that the development of the automotive industry as one of the innovative industries in the country has all the necessary terms. Moreover, the priority areas for the development of the automotive industry include, first of all, the creation of a full range production with foreign investment. Measures of attracting and regulating FDI received much attention due to their relationship with the instruments of trade policy, as the production of capital goods, particularly automobiles, require imports of components, and FDI, in turn, promote the export of finished products. The commitments taken by Russia in the automotive industry include reduction of duties on imported cars, the renegotiation of investment programs and rules for the functioning of special economic zones. At present, the most acute question is car recycling tax, which has led to a trade dispute with the European Union, and may lead to countervailing measures against Russian goods. Considering WTO rules, recommendations on the use of the most effective instruments of foreign policy, aimed at improving the competitiveness of the Russian automotive industry, were made, including the rationalization of import and the attraction of new technologies due to the diversification of customs duties on certain groups of automotive components, lowering income taxes, a gradual decrease of the fiscal functions of the customs tariff; the stability and transparency of the instruments of trade policy and simplification of customs procedures.
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Ahwide, Farag, i Anwar Ismail. "Wind Energy Resources Estimation and Assessment For AL-Maqrun Town - Libya". Solar Energy and Sustainable Development Journal 5, nr 1 (30.06.2016): 22–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.51646/jsesd.v5i1.67.
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Fossil fuels (Natural gas, heavy and light oil) are considered the main sources of electricity generation in Libya. Libya’s electricity demand is growing at a rapid rate and the country will require significant additional capacity in the coming years due to the development of all sectors of life and the improvement of individuals’ life quality, without taking into account the rationalization of electricity consumption. The main reason for this is that Libya has a very high energy subsidy, especially the tariff set by the Libyan state for the price per kilowatt-hour for the electricity sector. The heavily subsidized electricity price for households currently stands at (20 dirham’s/kilowatt-hour) compared to (100 dirham’s/kilowatt-hour), as the domestic price of fuel cost, and in return (450 dirham’s/kilowatt-hour) as the electricity cost of fuel in international prices. In order to reduce the deficit and the ongoing balancingin energy demand with the amount of generation of available capacity, it is necessary to study all electrical systems for the future, the most important of which are wind energy and solar energy projects to meet a significant part of this demand and to reduce, as much as possible, the carbon dioxide emissions. This paper deals with the wind data processing at the site coupled with the city and its relationship to electricity generation. It presents long-term wind data analysis, in terms of averages of ten-minute values of wind speed were used to get yearly mean values for a period of 1 year, between 04/11/2002 and 30/12/2003. The most frequent winddirections are NW, N, NNW, and WNW. They represent about 50%, followed by E, ESE, and SE. In general, East and SE winds are relatively frequent but weak at the same time. The most powerful directions are NW, WNW, W, and NNW which by far - represent about 46% of the expected power, followed by N. It should be noted that the high frequency of north direction winds that come from the desert can cause a high frequency of dust episodes. The fact should be taken into consideration in order to take appropriate measures to prevent wind turbine deterioration. The annual energy yield and wind direction were evaluated for AL-Magrun town, considering wind turbines ranging between 1.65 MW and 2 MW (power curve considering air density 1.225 kg/m3). The wind turbine (Gamesa 90/2000) recorded the highest values, equaling (6.05GWh,3023Eqh) and (M. Torres TWT 1.65-82 ) equaling (4.39GWh, 2660 Eqh) compared to the rest of the turbines studied. Those values encouraged us to take advantage of wind power to achieve economic benefits.
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Rustagi, T. R. "Indirect Tax Reforms in the Indian Economy". Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 23, nr 1 (styczeń 1998): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090919980107.
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Several expert committees have examined India's indirect tax structure in the past and made valuable recommendations. More recently, the Tax Reform Committee (Chelliah Committee) laid down the agenda for gradual reduction in tariffs and rationalization of customs and excise duty structures. On this basis, significant progress has been made since 1992. Tariffs have been brought down from a peak rate of over 300 to 40 per cent with a view to bring down costs and make the Indian industry more competitive. Excise duty rates have been significantly reduced, procedures simplified, and exemptions pruned. Yet, according to Rustagi⁄ the excise system is far away from modernity. While he agrees that whatever has been done so far is no mean achivement, more needs to be done.
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Eastman, H. C. "La loi des coûts comparatifs : proposition vraie, mais non triviale". L'Actualité économique 52, nr 4 (25.06.2009): 498–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/800698ar.
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Abstract The case for free trade by the Economic Council of Canada rests on established economic analysis respecting the effect of free trade on industrial organization to induce rationalization, on factor prices to induce international specialization and on innovation to raise productivity and eventually reduce foreign ownership. These effects are not measurable exactly. Hence decision to act requires faith in the reliability of abstract reasoning and comprehension of the logical validity of the theory of comparative advantage. Urgency in adopting free trade policy exists because the spread of common markets is inducing rationalization and specialization elsewhere, because low wage rate countries are developing rapidly in standardized productivity owing to the temporary boom in Canadian exports of oil and gas. Multilateral free trade is unlikely to be achieved in the short-term owing to the disinterest of the principal nations and Canada should reduce its tariffs unilaterally. The political possibility of such a policy is increased by growing public distrust of interventionism.
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Noble, Gregory W., John Ravenhill i Richard F. Doner. "Executioner or Disciplinarian: WTO Accession and the Chinese Auto Industry". Business and Politics 7, nr 2 (sierpień 2005): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1118.
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Negotiations for China's accession to the WTO provoked a debate between pessimists who believed that opening the economy would lead to a flood of imports and a de-nationalization of manufacturing industry, and those who believed that it would spur rationalization of state-owned enterprises, lock in domestic reforms, attract foreign investment, and open the way for trade expansion. The industry most frequently mentioned as endangered was motor vehicles, where an awkward combination of Stalinist central planning with localized autarky had resulted in a proliferation of inefficient producers. With the partial exception of two investments by Volkswagen, initial joint ventures in assembly operations failed miserably. China's commitments on joining the WTO banned (or at least complicated) many of the most important industrial policy tools it had used to promote the auto industry since the opening to joint ventures in the early 1980s'including performance requirements, high tariffs, and numerical quotas. After accession in 2001, tariffs fell steadily while output and foreign investment soared. The Chinese government moved towards a lighter-handed but more effective form of industrial policy that reduced top-down planning while expanding market incentives and scope for managerial freedom. Rather than destroying industrial policy for the auto industry, WTO accession constrained and disciplined it. When foreign auto firms and their governments pushed for more aggressive protection of trademarks and other intellectual property rights under the WTO, the Chinese government initially stalled. Continuing pressure then tilted the balance of state policy toward promotion of independent design, whether by state-owned enterprises testing the boundaries of their joint ventures with foreign multinationals, or by audacious smaller firms purchasing foreign designs and technology to complement inexpensive local parts and assembly, thereby creating the conditions for the emergence of a more competitive industry.
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Zheleznyakova, I. A., L. A. Kovaleva i T. A. Khelisupali. "Individual cost accounting in the management of medical organizations". FARMAKOEKONOMIKA. Modern Pharmacoeconomic and Pharmacoepidemiology 12, nr 1 (23.05.2019): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17749/2070-4909.2019.12.1.55-59.
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In the modern economic conditions, the rational planning of costs and the complex process optimization are essential requirements to all organizations. Knowledge of costs is needed to correctly assess the economic performance of an organization. Competent and timely correction of tariffs for the obligatory medical insurance and rationalization of the requested financing of the medical organization depends on this assessment. In the present study, we analyze various methods of personalized cost accounting: the ratio of costs to charges (RCC); relative value unit (RVU); time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC), and the possibility of their adaptation to the specific needs of medical organizations. The personalized cost accounting incorporated into a medical information system allows for controlling, planning and carrying out a close internal management of financial activity. This function helps decision-makers: control the use of funds for medical care provision; increase the efficiency of management decisions; justify the prices of paid medical services; define the deficit and surplus work units; analyze the treatment cost for each patient, considering the diagnosis, method of treatment, age and other classification signs, including the reference to specialized departments; reduce the unnecessary “paper” work load on the medical personnel; model the future needs of the organization in accordance with the planned changes in the hospitalization policy; optimize, control and plan the budget with regard to the established standards of financial expenses. Implementation of this approach is expected to increase the work efficiency in most medical organizations and the entire healthcare system.
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KHOMENKO, Lyudmila, Natalya YATSENKO i Anastasia MELNYCHUK. "IMPROVEMENT OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS ACCOUNTING OF SALARY AT THE INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRIS". Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Economic sciences 318, nr 3 (25.05.2023): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2023-318-3-14.
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The article regarding the working conditions of an industrial enterprise describes approaches to rational differentiation of wages taking into account the following: qualifications of jobs and employees; quantitative results of labor; working conditions, which means difficult and special sanitary and hygienic conditions of work processes; the role of an employee (profession) in production, which determines the degree of his influence on the results of collective work on manufacturing of the main production. It is substantiated that increasing production volumes and increasing profit on investments requires constant improvement of wage accounting in case of changes in wage payment systems and wide use of modern computing equipment. It was concluded, that for small-scale production it is advisable to display the corresponding rate of payment together with the performance of various non-repetitive works or operations in the orders. For the brigade form of work, it is advisable to provide the necessary data for calculating earnings and their distribution among the members of the brigade on the reverse page of the order, taking into account the labor participation rate of each member of the brigade, which will contribute to the efficient operation of enterprises in conditions of intense competition. Rationalization of various allowances and payments additional to official salaries, as well as bonuses and rewards, which are systematic, in case of systematic reduction of total costs was performed. The implementation of the electronic form of sick leaves and the electronic register of sick leaves in the employer’s personal account causes the accounting staff to rationalize the “ready for payment” operation. The organization of the technological process of accounting for both sick leaves at the expense of the social insurance fund and additional vacations for liquidators of the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant is detailed. The mechanism for regulating inter-job salaries and intra-production tariffs, taking into account the qualifications of an employee, his education, the degree of responsibility for the work performed, initiative, length of service at the given enterprise, and the results of qualification certification of workers was improved. A rational report form has been developed to avoid discrepancies, numerous errors and inaccuracies in the process of accruing and transferring of preferential pensions at the expense of the funds of enterprises and organizations which are paid and delivered by employees of the Pension Fund.
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Budhavarapu, Jayaprakash, Mayurkumar Rajkumar Balwani, Karthik Thirumala, Vivek Mohan, Siqi Bu i Manoranjan Sahoo. "Tariff rationalization for reactive power and harmonics regulation in low voltage distribution networks". Electrical Engineering, 17.06.2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00202-022-01574-9.
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*, Lasarus Jehamat. "INDUSTRI KECIL DI NEGARA BERKEMBANG DALAM PUSARAN PASAR GLOBAL". DIMENSIA: Jurnal Kajian Sosiologi 5, nr 1 (26.02.2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/dimensia.v5i1.3437.
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Developmentalism Regime of new order placed economics as commander becoming starting point of all life aspect. The aim of this policy is to attainment of growth of the economics which at the farthest. All of the production activity later; then reduced just for attainment of economic goals. Activity of such production in this context is big industry. Its clear rationalization, all of the owner of capital inculcate its capital at various invesment type which likeliest give advantage more is passing of mechanism capital accumulate. Agriculture clearly not become choice because assumed less or do not give advantage to capitalist clan. Small and middle enterprise also less of peeped because it don’t give contribution to heaping of capital. Enableness to small and middle enterprise forwards have to pay attention six step namely exacerbating of vision and goals of small and middle enterprise, repair of good infrastructure of software and also is hardware, arrangement of beneficial tariff of small and middle enterprise, intoducing social protection, support meassurement, and training and education. Kata Kunci : Industri, Globalisasi, Kesejahteraan
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Bandyopadhyay, Tathagata, G. Raghuram, Yashoverman Sharma i Niraja Shukla. "Kolkata Port Trust: A Turnaround Story". Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, 18.11.2009, 1–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/case.iima.2020.000043.
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Kolkata Port (KoPT) had achieved a turnaround from having made a loss of Rs 7.5 crores (cr) in the year 2000–01 to a net surplus of Rs 465.1 cr in the year 2006–07. A variety of initiatives had been taken during the intervening years with a focus on tariff rationalization, revenues from alternate sources, infrastructure development and productivity improvements. While these had yielded results, there was a fundamental issue of operational complexity and inability to compete due to the locational disadvantage. KoPT was a riverine port with two locations, 232 kms and 115 kms upstream on the Hooghly with draft limitations. Two significant studies having implications for future strategies of KoPT had recently been submitted in March and November 2007. The top management of the port, including the Chairman who was responsible for driving many of the initiatives, was concerned that it may not be possible to achieve long term sustainable growth continuing with the strategies used so far. A well thought out future roadmap, breaking away from the present thinking, was essential sustained growth.
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Nainwal, Ms Neha. "Tax System in India-Evolution and Present Structure". PRAGATI : Journal of Indian Economy 2, nr 1 (20.11.2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.17492/pragati.v2i1.6454.
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<bold>Main findings of the book</bold> The Indian tax system has undergone major structural changes since Independence in 1947. It has become comprehensive and complicated over the years. It has successfully mobilised resources to finance developmental, welfare and administrative activities of public authorities. Besides being the main source of revenue, both for the Central and State Governments, it is an effective instrument to realise various socio-economic objectives of national policies. However, the tax system has been relying heavily on indirect taxes and suffering extensively from fiscal malady called tax evasion. Restructuring of the tax system has constituted a major component of fiscal reforms initiated since 1991. The main focus of the tax reforms has been on simplification and rationalization of both direct and indirect taxes with the objective of augmenting revenues and removing anomalies in the tax structure. Tax reforms in recent years have brought the tax system much closer to international tax practices. Tax reforms are a part of the package to liberalise and globalise the Indian economy. The post-1991 period has witnessed a sharp decline in the rates of income tax, excise duty and customs tariff. The theory that high rates of duty lead to higher revenue collection has been discarded in favour of lower rates with fewer exemptions and concessions. The strategy in respect of direct taxation is to minimise distortions in tax structure by expanding the tax base and moderating tax rates on the one hand and improving the efficiency of tax administration and increasing the deterrence level on the other, so as to encourage voluntary compliance. The strategy in respect of indirect taxes is to move towards a fully integrated goods and services tax (GST).
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Ahwide, Farag, i Anwar Ismail. "Wind Energy Resources Estimation and Assessment For AL-Maqrun Town - Libya". Solar Energy and Sustainable Development journal 5, nr 1 (15.02.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.51646/jsesd.v5i1.61.
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Fossil fuels (Natural gas, heavy and light oil) are considered the main sources for electricity generation in Libya. Libya’s electricity demand is growing at a rapid rate and the country will require significant additional capacity in the coming years due to the development of all sectors of life and the improvement of individuals’ life quality, without taking into account the rationalization of electricity consumption. The main reason for this is that Libya has a very high energy subsidy, especially the tariff set by the Libyan state for the price per kilowatt-hour for electricity sector. The heavily subsidized electricity price for household currently stands at (20 dirham’s/kilowatt-hour) compared to (100 dirham’s/kilowatt-hour), as the domestic price of fuel cost, and in return (450 dirham’s/kilowatt-hour) as the electricity cost of fuel in international prices. In order to reduce the deficit and the ongoing balancing in energy demand with the amount of generation of available capacity it is necessary to study all electrical systems for the future, the most important of which are wind energy and solar energy projects to meet a significant part of this demand, and to reduce, as much as possible, the carbon dioxide emissions. This paper deals with the wind data processing at the site coupled with the city and its relationship to electricity generation. It presents long term wind data analysis, in terms of averages of ten minute values of wind speed were used to get yearly mean values for a period of 1 year, between 04/11/2002 and 30/12/2003. Most frequent wind directions are NW, N, NNW and WNW. They represent about 50%, followed by E, ESE and SE. In general, East and SE winds are relatively frequent but weak at the same time. The most powerful directions are NW, WNW, W and NNW which by far - represent about 46% of the expected power, followed by N. It should be noted that the high frequency of north direction winds that come from the desert can cause a high frequency of dust episodes. This fact should be taken into consideration in order to take appropriate measures to prevent wind turbine deterioration. The annual energy yield and wind direction were evaluated for AL-Magrun town, considering wind turbines ranging between 1.65 MW and 2 MW (power curve considering air density 1.225 kg/m3). The wind turbine (Gamesa 90/2000) recorded the highest values, equaling (6.05GWh,3023Eqh) and (M. Torres TWT 1.65-82 ) equaling (4.39 GWh, 2660 Eqh) compared to the rest of the turbines studied. These values encouraged us to take advantage of wind power to achieve economic benefits.