Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Tarbut (Organization : Poland)”

Purpose: The aim of the article is to present the role of the organization and its impact on the process of making consumer purchasing decisions on the example of Poland and to explain how gender differentiates behavior. Design/methodology/approach: In order to achieve the goal set in this article, first a literature review was used, then the diagnostic survey method was used. As a research tool, a questionnaire was used, which concerned the purchasing process and consumer behavior towards marketing activities undertaken by the organization. 199 consumers took part in the study. Findings: The conducted research shows that Polish consumers are aware that companies influence them during the shopping process. Organizations use a variety of marketing activities to influence the consumer in the purchase decision process, both in-store and online. The answers obtained varied depending on gender (these differences are not statistically significant). The results indicate that despite the awareness of consumers related to the influence of the organization on them in the purchasing process, they are often affected by this influence. Practical implications: Modern marketing departments should pay attention to the gender of the consumer, as it is one of the determinants in the purchase process. Therefore, it is necessary to adapt appropriate marketing communication tools that will highlight the needs of a specific target group. On the other hand, awareness of the factors affecting the customer's purchasing process will allow the organization to achieve greater sales effectiveness. Originality/value: This article extends the current research by explaining the differences between genders and the marketing activities undertaken by the organization in the process of making purchasing decisions by the consumer. Keywords: consumer gender, consumer behavior, purchasing decisions, marketing activities, Poland. Category of the paper: Research paper.

Alternative action organizations (AAO) usually rise during economic crises to offer direct support and solidarity to their constituency groups. These groups may be less involved recipient beneficiary groups or more participative groups collaborating and creating networks of support to sustain the needs of their members. This article compensates for the lack of empirical knowledge about such groups by systematically describing AAOs’ constituency groups in nine different European countries. The analysis is based on detailed data from the websites of a random sample of more than 4,000 AAOs in France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom—countries representing different welfare regimes, as well as experience of the 2008 economic crisis. Results demonstrate that there are significant intracountry variations of groups reported as major beneficiaries and participants by the AAOs, but this variation is related to the solidarity orientation of the organization rather than the country’s welfare regime or experience of economic crises. Mutual support organizations, which focus on collaborating for common interests, tend to target active constituency such as less vulnerable local communities and alternative economy consumer-producer initiatives. Distribution-oriented organizations, however, are more likely to target more vulnerable recipient beneficiary groups such as children, families, the poor, and migrants. We also show some significant country differences, as different constituency groups are represented relatively equally as targets of AAOs in Sweden, while being more “biased” toward alternative consumers and small enterprises in France. Results encourage further comparative research about constituency beneficiary and participant groups and the voluntary sector.

Information is, was and will be one of most valuable resources of any organization and nation. It is not a surprise, that information is a subject of systematic protection and on the other hand, information is the target of various attacks. Thanks to the modern information and communication technologies and ubiquitous tools of global communications, it is very easy, by manipulating information, to influence not only individuals, but whole social groups and nations. Those organized attacks take form of information operations, that are part of information warfare in noosphere. Furthermore, they can be treated as a fixed component of a hybrid wars. This article presents considerations about legal aspects of information operations in Poland. The purpose of this article is to outline the essence of information operations, their relation to the hybrid warfare and most of all indicate the legal aspects of information operations in Poland.

Abstract Aims An integral part of the World Health Organization (WHO) plan to reduce suicide by 10% by 2020 is to identify areas and demographic groups, which should be priority target groups for preventive activities. This study aimed to present the demographic differences between victims of suicide by hanging in the Warsaw metropolitan area, in Poland, by examining the sobriety of victims. Methods Data for analysis were obtained from the documentation of the Department of Forensic Medicine (DFM) at the Medical University of Warsaw (MUW). The retrospective analysis included 358 out of 466 victims of suicides by hanging in the Warsaw metropolitan area, in Poland, recorded in the DFM documentation covering 2011–2013. The data gathered included age, gender, the cause of death, a post-mortem examination as well as the level of ethanol in the blood and muscles of victims. Results In both groups, men accounted for a larger percentage of victims than women, P = 0.068. In the no-alcohol group, the victims were older than in the alcohol group (47.52 ± 19.21 vs. 40.88 ± 12.77) (P < 0.001). The majority of the studied population were victims aged 25–34 (22.90%), mainly men (20.95%). Young men were also the largest group among victims in the alcohol group (28.33%). The most numerous age group among no-alcohol group were older victims aged 55–64 (19.10%), especially men (16.29%). Conclusion Regardless of sobriety, men were the largest group of suicide victims in the study population, which means that men die suicide more often than women. Differences in gender proportions are related to age. In the studied population, it was primarily young victims, mainly men. These are the groups that should be priority target groups for preventive activities aimed at reducing the number of suicides. The presence of ethanol in more than half of the victims of suicide in the study population indicates that alcohol is an important suicidal risk factor.

This paper examines influenza vaccine coverage rates (VCR) in Poland and Sweden during the 2003/4 and 2004/5 influenza seasons. An average sample of 2,500 persons was interviewed in each country and each season. Questions regarded age and possible chronic diseases, as well as information on whether they had had an influenza vaccination in the given season. Those who had not received the vaccine were also asked to give reasons for non-vaccination. About one in four (Sweden) to one in three (Poland) of the persons surveyed belonged to high-risk groups (>=65 years of age or suffering from chronic diseases). In the 2004/5 season, 17% (CI 12-19%) of the Polish elderly and 45% (CI 39-50%) of the Swedish elderly were vaccinated. In Poland, 9% (CI 7-12%) of respondents younger than 65 years of age with a chronic condition were vaccinated, whereas in Sweden the corresponding rate was 12% (CI 9-16%). In both countries, the VCR did not change significantly from the previous season. Personal invitations resulted in a higher VCR. In Sweden, the most frequently mentioned reasons for not being vaccinated were the assumption of not qualifying for a vaccination and perceived resistance. In Poland in both years, perceived resistance to flu and the cost of the vaccination were the most often mentioned reasons. The influenza vaccination rates in Poland and Sweden remain far below World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for the high-risk population. No increase in VCR as demonstrated in this study may indicate that these two countries will not be able to meet the 2010 WHO target, if no further action is taken concerning vaccine uptake.

Purpose: The intent of this study is to get insight into the different views on Roma health in Poland to improve health, access to healthcare and broaden the understanding of the limitations for the Roma inclusion in the mainstream of organizational behaviour of health and well-being institutions. Design/methodology/approach: The lack of institutional success up to date in the conduct of policies supporting the Roma on the path to an even standard of living, including health, suggests seeking new organizational approaches. To find the answers to these questions “What views do the Roma/Roma experts/Polish society have on Roma health?” qualitative research was done: six semi-structured openended interviews were conducted in the Roma community in Ochotnica Górna village in the Carpathian Mountains (across three generations), one structured and two semi-structured open-ended interviews with experts, observations of the living environments of the Roma interviewees and collection of newspaper articles as well as an analysis of different statistical data. Findings: The main insights that were provided by the views of Roma experts are the differences of approaches to health issues between Roma groups in Poland. The main insights that the newspaper articles give into the views of the society on Roma health are that the denigrating view on the Roma is still present in society, as some statements created a narrative of ‘othering’. This study also shows the change of views in time, as conformation to Romanipen principles is being relaxed among younger generations so their view on health and health care is changing. The policy in Poland that addresses the health issue of Roma is the National Roma Integration Policy 2014–2020, targeted to the whole Polish Roma population, homogeneously, although the target population is rather heterogeneous. This should be changed in the coming years. Research limitations/implications: A serious limitation in the research was the lack of willingness of both of the Roma people and Roma experts to participate in the study, and especially to share their insights on health, the protection of which follows the restrictive tradition of Romanipen. Generally, conducting research only in Ochotnica Gorna narrows the scope of this study to one particular village, even if the organizational solution is similar all over Poland. Originality/value: The value of the obtained results is increased by their uniqueness, as the separate issues of Roma health are not raised in Polish literature.

Mental health of children and adolescents is one of important issues managed as part of preventive interventions not only in Poland, but throughout the European Union. Many studies have shown continuous deterioration of mental health among children and adolescents. Alarming data have been published by the World Health Organization, which show that up to 20% of children suffer from various types of mental problems, hence the need for interventions that will put an end to this process. The most important target set by the European Union countries is to introduce large-scale multilevel preventive measures aimed at the total population, referred to as universal prevention. In addition to universal prevention, European Union countries, including Poland, implement targeted interventions for those at risk and those already diagnosed, as part of preventive mental health care. These measures are part of the WHO Comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan 2013–2030, which encompasses the following objectives: promote mental well-being, enhance recovery, and reduce the mortality, morbidity and disability for persons with mental disorders. This plan was intended to focus on improving mental health care and implementing comprehensive actions at the local level in all European Union countries, which often requires legislative changes in member states. Mental health is becoming the focal point of national and local interventions in Poland. Fast and free access to specialists close to one’s place of residence becomes crucial.

The article considers training of circular economy specialists in the Republic of Poland by various subjects: higher education institutions in the process of postgraduate education, conducting permanent seminars on closed-loop economy; national and European organizations dealing with problems of circular economy; it has been shown that training of circular economy specialists in the Republic of Poland also takes place in technological service centres, at the Polish Green Building Council, private companies and during environmental fairs, etc. The purpose of the training is to form students' competence in the implementation of environmental reactivation processes in urban areas, understanding of the need to revive degraded areas and determine their functions taking into account environmental conditions and consumer needs. The content of training for each organizational form and the duration of training have been revealed; the characteristics of each target group regarding preparation for introduction of circular economy have been provided. The following conclusion has been made: training of specialists capable of solving problems of the transition to circular economy not only at higher education institutions, but also in the system of specialists’ postgraduate education and in the process of various trainings and seminars organized by Foundations and Organizations, provides specialists in various areas with an opportunity to gain knowledge on circular economy and to focus their professional activities on solving strategic environmental problems and building a business in accordance with defined goals of a sustainable development of society. Today in Ukraine the understanding of the need to change the economic model for the sustainable development of society and the training of specialists in the circular economy is just beginning. Under such conditions, the experience of the Republic of Poland is of considerable interest to higher education institutions, business structures and companies in education and professional development in circular economics.

A review of the specialist literature and analysis of own study results reveal that a scale of the phenomena of undeclared work is both globally and locally significant and differentiated. Comparative research for the entire geographical area is difficult, as these are countries with very diverse economies. This was due to historical conditions, dynamic of socio-political changes and ties with other political alliances, membership in organizations and economic partnerships. The aim of the empirical research was to identify the financial aspects of undertaking work in the grey zone from the workers point of view. The study target group were chosen from unemployed registered at the Municipal Employment Office in Płock, Mazovia Region. Results show that the unemployed turn to undeclared work for financial reasons, such as higher reimbursement, unsatisfactory income or excessively high social insurance contributions. Respondents assessed their financial situation most often as bad, and indicated difficulties in finding work through registered employment. People who undertake work in a grey zone are predominantly those from low income groups, socially excluded, migrants, long time unemployed.

The article is devoted to the analysis of scientists’ views on international experience in the professional training of future specialists in the socionomic sphere to work with families raising children with special needs (master's level). Peculiarities of theoretical and practical training of future specialists in the social sphere (master's level) in colleges and universities of the USA, Canada, Sweden, Great Britain, France, Germany, Poland are discussed. According to the world standards, the selected countries demonstrate breakthrough achievements, a high level of professional training of the target group of specialists. The main approaches to the organization of professional training of future specialists in the socionomic sphere are specified, namely the integration of theory and practice in the learning process, interdisciplinary of programs and disciplines, interactivity of educational process organization, participation of stakeholders, practical orientation of the training (activity of students in social agencies under the guidance of mentors). The emphasis is put on certain teaching methods, specifically on discussion, situational, problematic methods, the use of «reflexive breaks», «open communication», practical activities in the laboratory, group forms of work.

The initiative of supporting domestic production in 1928 was preplanned. The idea came from government circles, while the implementation was handed over to voivodes and starostas, and the participation of society, including representatives of social and economic organizations. The guidelines were presented at the meeting of voivodes on September 17, 1928 in Warsaw. Voivodes appointed persons responsible for implementation, an action plan was developed, ideas were written down and organizations and target groups were selected to be involved in implementation. Then the initiative was launched. The article consists of five sections, the first of which presents the assumptions of the initiative to promote domestic goods and raw materials and its first informational stage, then describes the implementation of the initiative broken down by contractors and forms of implementation. After the presentation of the implementation, there is a summary of the events. The text ends with a conclusion. The aim of the article is to present the initiative of promoting domestic production as a positive phenomenon that unifies the society of the Second Polish Republic in 1928, as part of the celebration of the 10th anniversary of Poland regaining independence.

For centuries, it is known that people always prefer to accommodate in the region where there is good transportation network. Proper organization of transportation is one of the key elements which influence the dynamics of the World economics system development. Thanks to infrastructure modernization which allows to transfer the goods between engaged parties, it is possible to increase production and commonly to intense exploitation of areas located near this infrastructure among others in industry purposes. With regard to increasing demand for effective and efficient transportation system, there is a real need to improve communication and transportation infrastructure. A chance for this target shall be modern high technologies, which allows running with very high speed and thus also to reduce journey time. For this purpose there were established and is still developing relatively new product – high speed rail which is supposed to revolutionize modern transportation system functioning in the World. The article calls attention on a chance for improving competitiveness of rail freight transportation in Poland thanks to developing high speed rail network. There is underlined also rationality of modernization of the rail line which connect the biggest cities in South part of Poland. The descriptive part of the article refers to the high speed rail system and its development conditions. The research part is a technical feasibility study about section Cracow – Katowice – Wroclaw and possibilities for adopting it to achieve high speed rail line parameters.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to take the emergence of the knowledge mobilization as an opportunity to develop an understanding of needs for catching up appropriate knowledge application in SMEs in the Republic of Croatia, Poland and the UK. It draws upon the “frame mobilization” literature, which illuminates the role that acts as interpretation play in instigating, promoting and legitimating collective action with aim to provide “quality entrepreneurial education”. Design/methodology/approach – A questionnaire survey based on a literature review built by Stimulating Learning for Ideas to Market (SLIM) project partner was employed to test the given perspective. A total of 380 businesses completed the survey from 12 to 20, November 2013. Participants have different profiles, act in diverse roles and industrial sectors. Identification of appropriate types of support, education, training and advice was made to recognize what small businesses need and can use to improve their operations. Findings – Empirical research evidence conducted among entrepreneurs, 213 were from Croatia, 100 were from Poland and 67 were from the UK, respectively. Results identified the nature of management education according SMEs’ needs to increase innovative activities and intellectual property adapting a more business-like approach, scanning the horizon and identifying new markets and opportunities for growth. It discussed the impacts of formal and informal ways of intellectual property protection in sales and exports market (SLIM) project partner was employed to test the given perspective. Research limitations/implications – Main limitation lay in unequal sample response among countries. However, results proofed very similar response in all questions among three countries even size, entrepreneurial development, GDP or historical background are highly different. Practical implications – Therefore, the original contribution of the paper lies in the authors’ empirical investigations into the current thinking and practice of existing entrepreneurs by suggesting some implications of this point, which should be of interest to all stakeholders who design courses in IP and who engage in social mobilization. Social implications – There are important organizational culture barriers with this target group, such as the emphasis on the need to publish and an unstable/unavailable IP budget. The integration of IP tools into curricula is an important step to improving the use of IP tools by future researchers. There is an indisputable case for integrating IP as an R & D output and increasing the valuation of IP for academic promotion. Originality/value – This paper illustrates the current challenges on SMEs’ educational needs and intellectual property rights carried out in among 380 entrepreneurs across the Republic of Croatia, the Republic of Poland and the UK. Most intriguing suggestion, perhaps, is that the role knowledge cooperation with universities may play as a breaking point to fully exploit SMEs’ innovative potential. Surprisingly, needs for establishing a classification of diverse IP-management and collaboration-management tools useful in university-enterprise collaborations, within a general context of IP and open innovation has not been recognized.

The purpose of the article is to validate the 45-item scale called Counterproductive Work Behavior Checklist (CWB-C) proposed by Spector et al. (2006) and adapt it to Central European cultural conditions. The research objectives are met using a set of measuring methods, namely focus group interviews, observations and a survey among 1,351 professionally active people in Poland. Data factor analysis is applied to examine the survey. The proposed modified and validated scale to measure CWBs is adapted to Central European cultural conditions. It has 35 items; 30 items are taken from the original CWB-C scale. The elements on the scale can be divided according to the target of such behavior, i.e., directed at the organization or other people. The items can be also divided into subjective categories, namely abuse against others, sabotage, theft and withdrawal. In the case of the second categorization, the original category 'production deviance' proposed by Spector et al. (2006) is eliminated. The proposed scale is characterized by good measures of fit for the 4-factor model.

Abstract Developing of large-scale lignite excavation can often generate socio-environmental conflicts between mining-energy companies and various stakeholders, such as local communities or ecological organizations. In this context indication of potential channels of communication with local communities’ is needed to increase the level of their satisfaction with own knowledge and to optimize the social dialogue. The paper presents the results of a questionnaire survey conducted in selected communities of the Łódź voivodeship where surface mining exists at present (Kleszczów) or will be developed soon (Złoczew). They were realized with the Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing on the representative groups of adults. The paper contains analysis of two selected closed-type questions: the first one concerned self-assessment of knowledge level of lignite mining, the second one - sources of information on mining activity. Previous media reports on mining activity in the examined areas were analysed, too. As it seems, various means of social communication should be used: television and radio are the major source of information for local communities, printing press and the Internet are important as well. A detailed set of communication channels and the content of individual messages should be carefully selected for specific target groups (depending on gender, age and education). It should be emphasized that a properly conducted public debate may prove to be one of the factors determining the success of mining-energy investments and sustainable development of some regions.

Every organization uses the various resources to achieve its aim. Among them are those that are taken from the environment, for example, energy carriers, or water. As a result of organization’s activity, some pollution is emitted to the water and atmosphere. In Poland at the moment it is seen that there is high growth rate in services in the field of institutional food that is legally obliged by polish law to implement and maintain institutional food safety system (HACCP – Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points). The organizations that implement HACCP cause as well the environmental loads that have negative impact on environment. Concerning above mentioned issue, the article undertakes a study on the answer of the question, which environmental aspect closely connected with the maintenance of the HACCP system in an institutional food service unit, has the largest impact on the pollution of the environment. The weighted Cause and Effect Ishikawa Diagram is used as a research tool to achieve this target. Its modification that is presented in scientific literature, enables to display next to qualitative information also quantitative one. In accordance with this method “critical paths” are indicated to the most important causes that create given effect. As an effect in this article is defined – generating of environmental loads on the environment by institutional food service unit. While causes are defined as environmental aspects, characterize this organizational part of the unit that is covered by institutional food safety system. One of them is: water consumption, municipal wastes generation, energy carriers consumption: natural gas and electric energy, inorganic waste generation, cleaning supply measures consumption, the consumption of the office materials and exploitation materials to office equipment. The analysis of the quantity of particular factors that create environmental aspects show which environmental aspects have the largest impact on environment and cause its pollution. That are: water consumption, cleaning supply measures consumption and electric energy consumption.

Visualization is a modern tool of communication with media perceptive readers. Visual means allow to influence the emotional sphere of the reader, replace certain information and the number of characters, diversify the compositional design of publications and create their aesthetics, which affects the image and reputation of periodicals. Visualization is a tool that is actively used in student periodicals, the target audience of which is modern youth with clip thinking. In order to attract the attention of such readers, to intensify their attention, the editors of student publications diversify the content with the help of a set of visual aids. In particular, typical forms of visualization in publications are photographs, drawings, pictures, symbols, comics, puzzles, tables, graphics, variation of page space with fonts, colors, decorative lines. The article analyzes the content of student magazines in Ukraine and Poland on the means of visualization and states the effectiveness of visual communication for these publications. As a result of research it is established that visualization has specificity of the influence (complexity and systematics). Determining criteria for the effectiveness of visual communication of student periodicals are visual activity, the degree of cognitive perception, compositional organization, supragraphemics, topographemics, non-pictographic elements, text positioning.

Introduction: The first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the closure of all Polish medical universities. Simultaneously, due to staff shortages and the Polish health-care system being seriously challenged, many students were eager to contribute to the fight against the outbreak. This study explores medial student volunteers’ (MSV) perspectives and their lived experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland. Material and Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with twenty-one students. Results: A total of seven major themes emerged from the interviews: 1. students’ reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic, 2. students’ experiences of the outbreak, 3. motivations for volunteering, 4. students’ perceptions of the COVID-19 volunteering, 5. organization of students’ volunteering, 6. benefits and costs of volunteering during COVID-19, and 7. social perception of MSVs. Although students volunteering was an example of civic responsibility and created new learning opportunities, many students felt unprepared for the pandemic, lacked social skills and access to psychological support, and were the target of stigmatization and discrimination. Discussion: Because during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic medical universities were closed and classes were held online, students’ volunteering became an important part of service learning and created an opportunity for education. Consequently, while it benefited students, patients and the healthcare system, students’ involvement reinforced such important values of medical ethos as: altruism, public service, and (professional) solidarity. However, some systemic approach should be undertaken that would prepare students better for future crises.

Amount raised: 1 542 720 PLN Background and context: Cancer is the second leading cause of deaths in Poland. In 2015, the malignant cancer registries in Poland received information on over 163,000 new incidence cases and more than 100,000 deaths due to cancer. In 2015, an increase in cancer incidence was observed (by over 4000 new cases). The idea of the program is to enhance skills of primary health care providers (family doctors) to provide primary prevention interventions, encouraging their patients to do screening, and to deal with cancer treatment complications and pain. Aim: The aim of the project is to increase motivation and competence of primary healthcare providers in following areas of cancer control: primary prevention, screening and early detection, taking medical care of patients during and after cancer treatment (i.e., dealing with cancer pain, complications connected with cancer itself, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgical treatment). Strategy/Tactics: The course is divided into three stages (theoretical lectures, practical workshops in small groups and e-learning). Course finishes finished with an exam. The target group are physicians (except for oncologists and dentists) from all over Poland, in particular doctors used in primary health care facilities (minimum 40% of participants), used in medical entities. Content of the course consists of following parts: I. cancer epidemiology, II. primary prevention (European code against cancer, obesity, smoking), III. genetics factors, IV. screening and early detection, V. cancer treatment complications. After completing the courses, participants gets educational points and receive two certificates - certificate of completion for course and certificate of completion for course of treatment of tobacco dependence syndrome, which is required for contracting such treatment with the National Health Fund in Poland. Educational materials for patients were provided to all doctors: 200 brochures (12 Ways to Health. European Code Against Cancer), 200 leaflets on early detection on skin cancer, 150 nicotine dependence tests, 150 motivation to quit smoking tests. Program process: The first phase was conducted through year 2017 and it consisted of 5 trainings (100 participants each), the second phase - small group workshops (up to 16 participants) through year 2018. The third phase e-learning. Costs and returns: Participation in the course is free. All costs combined with organization and participation are covered by EU from the European Social Fund. What was learned: There is a huge need to educate primary health care doctors in providing care to cancer patients during and after oncological treatment. The first part of course (lectures) obtained high evaluation notes from participants. As per their declaration especially important for them was anti-pain treatment and dealing with complications of cancer itself, as well as tobacco dependence treatment and deal with overweight and obesity.

Iron intake and heme/non-heme iron proportions are crucial for iron deficiency anemia prevention. Women of childbearing age are indicated by World Health Organization as the primary target group, but maintaining iron balance is particularly challenging for adolescents. The aim of the presented study was to analyze heme and non-heme iron intake and dietary sources in adolescent menstruating females in a national Polish sample. The study was conducted in a representative sample of adolescents (aged 15–20) who were recruited from all regions of Poland based on secondary school sampling (random quota sampling), with 1385 female adolescents being included in the sample. The iron intake was assessed using the previously validated IRONIC-FFQ (IRON Intake Calculation–Food Frequency Questionnaire). The intakes of iron, heme iron, non-heme iron, and iron from food product groups were assessed and compared with those of male adolescents (n = 1025) who were recruited from the same schools, as well as between sub-groups stratified by age, body mass index, anemia history, following vegetarian diet, applying iron supplementation and school type. Compared with male individuals, females were characterized by a lower intake of all forms of iron. It was stated that non-heme iron intake was highest in younger ones, overweight ones, vegetarian ones, and comprehensive school students. Female adolescents with anemia history were characterized by similar iron intake as others. For the target group, there is inadequate nutritional education and a necessity to broaden the knowledge about specific sources of iron.

The paper analyses the innovative direction of sustainable tourism in Poland. It is investigated by means of a marketing survey of the respondents from this country and neighbouring regions. The authors’ findings deal with the results in the framework of the green economy. The research hypothesis is to check the target group’s awareness of post-industrial tourism in the field of region's rehabilitation, readiness to support sustainable development goals in their areas and to determine the most effective marketing tools to promote sustainable tourism. The authors found that local authorities play an essential role in developing territories through implementing healthy regional strategies. Among the insights of the research is the concept of Smart City as a promising tool for promoting healthy types of activity, to the respondents' opinion. Regions are defined as local centres where sustainable tourism principles could be implemented to reduce consequences unwelcome for the environment and economy.

The number of patients with end-stage renal failure (ESRF) that require inclusion in the renal replacement therapy program (RRT) is steadily increasing. This fact caused an increase in vascular operations involving the production of vascular access. According to the current guidelines, the best and safest option for a patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the early creation of arteriovenous fistula (AVF). An efficient vascular access to haemodialysis determines the procedure and directly affects the quality of life of a patient with CKD. The aim of this paper is to present the author's project of the health policy program „Vascular access in renal replacement therapy - fistula first / catheter last", the essence of which is to assess the practical effectiveness and develop an optimal model of CKD patient care organization qualified for the chronic RRT program. The target population of the program consists of all patients diagnosed with CKD, qualified for the RRT program. The basic measures of the program's effectiveness include: (1) reduction in the number of re-hospitalizations related to vascular access, (2) reduction in the number of complications associated with haemofiltration surgery, (3) reduction in general mortality among patients undergoing dialysis in a 12-month perspective, (4) increasing knowledge in the field of self-care and self-care of arteriovenous anastomosis, and (5) creating a register of vascular access in Poland. To sum up, health policy programme "Vascular access in renal replacement therapy - fistula first / catheter last" covering health care services provided in the scope and on the conditions specified in the regulations issued on the basis of article 31d of the Act of 27 August 2004 on health care benefits financed from public funds, is to check whether planned changes in the organization and delivery of services will improve the situation of patients with CKD eligible for chronic RRT and whether it will be effective the point of view of the health care system.

Abstract. Debt securities auction is the kind of trading the most often used in a crisis. The market of bonds, government debt, and debt of private structures are the objects of empiric, scientific and applied researches. The goal of the current scientific work is to identify the peculiarities of auction trade and the state debt policy in a crisis situation basing on the foreign and domestic experience, to investigate the choice of formats of debt securities auction at the secondary market of securities and management of the factors for elimination of the distortion of such kind of trading at financial markets, contributing to the economic growth. The work specifies that in the institutional environment of development of the securities secondary market, where investment organizations and banks, including foreign ones, are the potential buyers of debt securities, the modern practice of auctions and new formats of their holding are determined by the new rules of trade, increasing importance of the private value of lots and informational support for the auction. At the stage of the economy digitalization and formalization of interrelated processes and transactions at the financial markets, it is necessary to develop an adequate mechanism of auction trade. It is confirmed that the mechanism of improvement of the auction practice and large-scale implementation of the new formats of their holding are inefficient with no agreement of the interests of investors, emitters, and different interested parties to eliminate the distortion of the debt securities auction at the financial markets. The research has determined significant deviations in the rates of the GDP growth and government debts, particularly in Poland, Japan and Ukraine that is explained by the level of confidence in the state and specialized institutions of debt management, target long-term economic strategy and monetary policy in the crisis conditions, particularly in the EU countries and in Ukraine. The authors of the article identify directions of the further scientific and applied researches to improve flexibility of the system of debt securities auctions amid the crisis and intensify their positive impact on the economic growth. Keywords: auction, economic crisis, debt securities, government debt, secondary market, investor, financial market, economic growth. JEL Classification E44 Formulas: 0; fig.: 5; tabl.: 0; bibl.: 28.

In this article we developed scientific and applied foundations of commercialization of the nature-resource potential of anthropogenic objects, on theexample of exhausted mines. It is determined that the category of “anthropogenic object” can be considered in a narrow-applied sense, as specific anthropogenic objects to ensure the target needs, and in a broad theoretical sense, meaning everything that is created and changed by human influence, that is the objects of both artificial and natural origin. It was determined that problems of commercialization of the natural-resource potential of anthropogenic objects are most often considered by researchers for specific objects, without having complex methodological coverage from the point of view of combining environmental, technical, economic and managerial components. When studying the substantiation of the scientific base, the authors confirmed the feasibility of the commercialization of natural-resource potential of anthropogenic objects on the example of a number of theoretical scientific studies in reclamation, reconstruction, recreation, remediation, restoration of biological productivity and economic value of land disturbed by economic activity. The considered examples of exhausted mines in the 21st century in the USA, Canada, Germany, Romania, and Poland indicate a wide range of opportunities for their commercialization. The study of the potential for commercialization of exhausted mines in the post-Soviet countries testified to the underused reserves for the commercialization of their nature-resource potential and their high potential for further development. The authors proposed the identification of anthropogenic objects on the basic livelihood spheres of society. There were identified the main system (natural, biological, technical, economic, social,managerial) and structural (subjects, trends, threats, risks, problems, challenges) factors of diagnosing the state of an anthropogenic object. A set of measures has been developed for commercialization of an anthropogenic object in functional and production activities, product policy, financial and investment spheres, pricing and sales policies, promotion, management and determination of property rights. Recommendations were provided on optimizing the management decision-making process based on a set of positivistic development principles, methods, and management functions. The study allows international organizations, state and local authorities, territorial communities, owners and potential investors to see new opportunities and make mutually beneficial decisions on the rational use of the nature-resource potential of anthropogenic objects.

Background The World Health Organization’s strategy toward healthy aging fosters person-centered integrated care sustained by eHealth systems. However, there is a need for standardized frameworks or platforms accommodating and interconnecting multiple of these systems while ensuring secure, relevant, fair, trust-based data sharing and use. The H2020 project GATEKEEPER aims to implement and test an open-source, European, standard-based, interoperable, and secure framework serving broad populations of aging citizens with heterogeneous health needs. Objective We aim to describe the rationale for the selection of an optimal group of settings for the multinational large-scale piloting of the GATEKEEPER platform. Methods The selection of implementation sites and reference use cases (RUCs) was based on the adoption of a double stratification pyramid reflecting the overall health of target populations and the intensity of proposed interventions; the identification of a principles guiding implementation site selection; and the elaboration of guidelines for RUC selection, ensuring clinical relevance and scientific excellence while covering the whole spectrum of citizen complexities and intervention intensities. Results Seven European countries were selected, covering Europe’s geographical and socioeconomic heterogeneity: Cyprus, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Spain, and the United Kingdom. These were complemented by the following 3 Asian pilots: Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan. Implementation sites consisted of local ecosystems, including health care organizations and partners from industry, civil society, academia, and government, prioritizing the highly rated European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Aging reference sites. RUCs covered the whole spectrum of chronic diseases, citizen complexities, and intervention intensities while privileging clinical relevance and scientific rigor. These included lifestyle-related early detection and interventions, using artificial intelligence–based digital coaches to promote healthy lifestyle and delay the onset or worsening of chronic diseases in healthy citizens; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure decompensations management, proposing integrated care management based on advanced wearable monitoring and machine learning (ML) to predict decompensations; management of glycemic status in diabetes mellitus, based on beat to beat monitoring and short-term ML-based prediction of glycemic dynamics; treatment decision support systems for Parkinson disease, continuously monitoring motor and nonmotor complications to trigger enhanced treatment strategies; primary and secondary stroke prevention, using a coaching app and educational simulations with virtual and augmented reality; management of multimorbid older patients or patients with cancer, exploring novel chronic care models based on digital coaching, and advanced monitoring and ML; high blood pressure management, with ML-based predictions based on different intensities of monitoring through self-managed apps; and COVID-19 management, with integrated management tools limiting physical contact among actors. Conclusions This paper provides a methodology for selecting adequate settings for the large-scale piloting of eHealth frameworks and exemplifies with the decisions taken in GATEKEEPER the current views of the WHO and European Commission while moving forward toward a European Data Space.

Исследование студенчества как субъекта совместного производства в социокультур- ном развитии городской среды является одной из актуальных современных про- блем. Совместное производство подразумевает, что граждане и другие социаль- ные агенты могут включаться в процесс создания общественного блага, вносить реальный вклад, делиться знаниями, опытом, ресурсами, чтобы повысить эффективность предостав- ляемых публичных услуг в городском пространстве, создавать более богатую и разнообраз- ную социокультурную среду. Целью данной статьи является анализ потенциала студенческой молодёжи Свердлов- ской области как субъекта совместного производства в социокультурном развитии городов, рассмотрение организационных условий в виде конкретных кейсов. Материал и методы. Эмпирической базой статьи стали результаты исследования со- циального участия студенческой молодежи с использованием методов: 1) анкетного опро- са молодежи Свердловской области, реализованного в 2020 г. (N=1105, тип выборки — квотная); 2) онлайн-анкетирования студенческой молодежи постсоциалистических стран (2020 г.) вузов региональных городов России, Армении, Польши, Румынии (тип выборки: це- левая. Объем — 1276 респондентов, в том числе из городов Свердловской области N=465); 3) кейс-стади организационных условий социального участия молодежи Свердловской об- ласти в социокультурном развитии городов, предполагающий комплексный анализ город- ских проектов по развитию социокультурной среды. Результаты и научная новизна. Анализ материалов исследования показал, что в насто- ящее время уровень развития совместного производства социокультурных услуг в город- ской среде с участием студенчества невысок. Основным его маркером является степень ак- тивности участия в социокультурных проектах, наличие индивидуальных и коллективных инициатив, готовности к осознанному сотрудничеству с городскими сообществами, обще- ственными организациями, культурными институциями, муниципальными администраци- ями. Организационной проблемой является недооценка муниципальными властями, НКО, лидерами молодежных организаций специфики совместного производства для решения социокультурных проблем города. Выявлена недостаточная готовность этих субъек- 128 ВЕСТНИК Сургутского государственного педагогического университета № 2 (89) 2024 г. тов (организационная, кадровая и пр.) к осуществлению управления сферой культуры в таком режиме. Осмысление реальных практик студенческого участия в контексте идей совместного производства ставит новые управленческие задачи при формировании эле- ментов молодежной политики на муниципальном уровне. The research of students as an actors of co-production in the socio-cultural development of the urban environment is the most actual problem. Co-production interpreted as involvement of citizens and other social actors in the process of creating a public good for a real contribution, share knowledge, experience, and shearing of resources in order to improve the efficiency of public services provided in urban space. This leads to create a richer and more diverse socio-cultural environment. The purpose of this article is to analyze the potential of the student youth in the Sverdlovsk region as an actors of co-production in the socio-cultural development of cities. Organizational conditions in the specific cases are consider in this research. Material and methods. The empirical basis of the article is the research of the students social participation by some sociological methods: 1) a questionnaire survey of the youth in the Sverdlovsk region (2020; N =1105, sample type — quota); 2) an online survey of the student youth from universities in regional cities of Russia, Armenia, Poland, Romania (2020; N = 1276, sample type — target); 3) a case study of the organizational conditions for the social participation of the youth in the socio-cultural development of cities of the Sverdlovsk region. Results and scientific novelty. The analysis of the research materials proved that the participation of students for co-production in sphere of socio-cultural services for an urban environment is ineffective. This conclusion is based on an assessment of youth participation in socio-cultural projects, the availability of individual and collective initiatives, and readiness for informed cooperation with urban communities, public organizations, cultural institutions, and officials. The municipal authorities, NGOs, and leaders of youth organizations underestimate the concept of the сo-production for solving of the socio-cultural problems in the city. They are not ready to manage the sphere of culture according to principles of co-productiveness. The study of cases of student participation in the logic of ideas of co-production highlights new management tasks in the implementation of youth policy in municipalities.

Problem setting. A properly functioning banking system that facilitates the provision of modern banking services, which is ensured by effective national legislation and its harmonization with EU law, can be considered a necessary prerequisite for the economic stability of any modern state. However, the effectiveness of legal regulation cannot be achieved without a clear understanding of the essence of the object of regulation and the instruments of influence on it, the place of banking regulation in the reforming and post-war restored economy of Ukraine, including in the conditions of modern regulatory mechanisms, such as Industry 4.0. Analysis of recent researches and publications. In recent years, the problems of legal regulation of banking operations have been dealt with by scientists from various fields of science and law, which corresponded to the current challenges of the time of conducting research. During the formation of banking law and legislation in Ukraine, the concepts of banking services and operations were mostly provided by Ukrainian scientists, in particular such as I. A. Bezkluby, O. O. Kachan, I. L. Nurzad, O. P. Orlyuk, most often on on the basis of a functional and substantive analysis or on formally legal grounds of the legislative definition of banking activity. Zh. O. Andriichenko, I. M. Chmutova drew attention to the development of the banking supervision system for banking operations based on a risk-oriented approach, the reliability of Ukrainian banks and their ability to resist the risks of money laundering. Bank payment services to be investigated by V.P. Bohun, I. M. Zhukov, S. M. Polovko, defining their content and tasks for improvement. At the same time, in the presence of separate legal concepts of financial services markets, including banking services, directly banking operations and types of banking activity, it becomes necessary to harmonize the legislative regulation of banking activity with the existing mechanisms of state regulation of the economy of Ukraine. Target of the research. In connection with the noted problems, in order to answer the question of the formation of directions for the legal regulation of banking activity and, at the same time, the state policy regarding the transition of the economy to Industry 4.0, the proper performance of the functions of financial intermediation of banks, it is necessary to determine possible tasks for the harmonization of further regulation of banking activity, the provision of financial services with mechanisms for restructuring the functioning of the economy of Ukraine in the conditions of Industry 4.0, as well as to note the trends of approximation of the regulation of banking operations to the requirements of the business environment, taking into account the interests of banks or their clients. Article’s main body. The actual dualism of the regulation of banking activity in Poland performs at least two functions: first, it defines the list of types of purely banking activity, and secondly, it clearly defines that these types of activities constitute the special competence of banks. Similar operations in the Law of Ukraine "On Financial Services", as well as in the Association Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their member states, on the other hand, dated September 6, 2014, and in the Appendix regarding financial services to the General Agreement on Trade in Services (the Protocol on the Accession of Ukraine to the World Trade Organization, ratified by the Law of Ukraine "On the Ratification of the Protocol on the Accession of Ukraine to the World Trade Organization" dated 04/10/2008 No. 250-VI are classified as financial services and have in these normative acts, the substantive identity of the terms given in Directive No. 2013/36/EU for types of financial services, which are worded differently from the terms of these transactions in the Law of Ukraine "On Banks". Conclusions and prospects for the development. It is necessary to deviate from the definition of normative regulation of banking activity: either to remain on the basis of stable normative regulation or to regulate banking activity taking into account modern world trends regarding banking activity and financial services and as markets that contribute to the economic growth of the country. Therefore, there is currently a question regarding the improvement of approaches in accordance with which it is necessary to determine the ratio of modern means of legal regulation of banking activity, their justification and mandatory introduction into the economic and legal mechanisms of Industry 4.0.

Abstract MJ and JF provided equal contribution as senior authors Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is associated with poor survival and characterized by an accumulation of immature myeloid blasts in the bone marrow. To efficiently target AML, new therapies directed to leukemia stem cells (LSCs), a self-renewing population that constitutes a chemo-resistant reservoir responsible for disease relapse, are warranted. Cyclin-dependent kinase 8 inhibitors' (CDK8i) anti-cancer activity has been demonstrated in human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines. Efficacy has been associated with activation of super enhancer regions and reduction of STAT5 S726 phosphorylation in sensitive cells (Pelish, Nature, 2015). SEL120-34A (Selvita, Poland), a selective low nanomolar CDK8/CDK19 inhibitor, has been shown to have antileukemic effect in a panel of AML cell lines (Rzymski, Oncotarget 2017). To evaluate whether primitive AML cells, enriched for LSCs, are sensitive to CDK8 inhibition, we tested the CDK8i SEL120-34A and Senexin B on TEX cells, an AML cell line that exhibits a hierarchical organization and can be used as a LSC model (Warner, Leukemia, 2005). Treatment of TEX cells with SEL120-34A or Senexin B resulted in an inhibition of cell growth (IC50 of 8 and 31 nM respectively at 10 days of culture), associated with reduced activation of STAT5 and STAT1. Both STAT proteins were previously identified as biomarkers for SEL120-34A activity (Rzymski, Oncotarget 2017). In addition, RNA sequencing followed by gene-set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed a loss of a LSC signature. To functionally address the effects of CDK8i on LSCs, we used a murine dsRed+ AML model driven by retroviral MLL-AF9 expression. This model has a well-defined LSC population and initiates AML with a short latency, enabling rapid follow-up experiments in syngeneic hosts. Treatment of c-Kit+ AML cells with SEL120-34A or Senexin B in vitro resulted in strong inhibition of leukemia cell growth (IC50 of 119 and 143 nM, respectively, at 7 days of culture), associated with increased apoptosis and reduced cycling of the cells. To address the in vivo therapeutic efficacy of SEL120-34A, mice injected with AML cells 10 days earlier were treated orally for 12 consecutive days using doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg before sacrificed. No tolerability issues were observed with mice maintaining a stable weight through the treatment. Whereas the control group had 87% leukemia cells in the peripheral blood at the end-point analysis, SEL120-34A treated animals showed a dose-dependent selective anti-leukemic activity with a corresponding 78% (20 mg/kg) and 67% (40 mg/kg, p=0.011) of leukemia cells. Similarly, a significant selective dose-dependent anti-leukemic activity of SEL120-34A was observed also in the bone marrow. In addition, a dose-dependent reduced white blood cell count and smaller spleen size upon SEL120-34A treatment was observed, demonstrating that CDK8 inhibition has selective anti-leukemic activity in vivo. Notably, SEL120-34A treatment resulted in granulocytic (Gr1+CD11b-) differentiation of the AML cells (5.8% of the AML cells in the control group; 21.9% at 20 mg/kg, p=0.03; and 22.3%, p=0.0037 at 40 mg/kg). Moreover, SEL120-34A treatment resulted in strong inhibition of Stat5 S726 and Stat1 S727 phosphorylation in AML bone marrow cells harvested from the mice. To test the efficacy of CDK8 inhibition on AML patient cells, four AML patient derived xenografts were treated with SEL120-34A ex vivo. In all four samples, two of which contained activating mutations in FLT3, SEL120-34A treatment resulted in a significant antileukemic activity with decreased number of AML cells and an increase in apoptotic cells. Taken together, our data from murine and human AML models indicate that CDK8 inhibition has therapeutic efficacy in primitive AML cells. SEL120-34A treatment in vivo resulted in reduced leukemia cell burden in both blood and bone marrow accompanied by granulocytic differentiation. Treatment of AML cells in cultures consistently resulted in a reduction in AML cell number and increased apoptosis. Ongoing and future experiments will address whether SEL120-34A treatment also extends survival of mice with AML in syngeneic and patient-derived xenograft models. These data highlight CDK8 as a promising therapeutic target in AML and provides preclinical proof of concept for anti-leukemic efficacy of the clinical candidate SEL120-34A in relevant AML models. Disclosures Mazan: Selvita S.A.: Employment. Majewska:Selvita S.A.: Employment. Wiklik:Selvita S.A.: Employment. Combik:Selvita S.A.: Employment. Masiejczyk:Selvita S.A.: Employment. Fiedor:Selvita S.A.: Employment. Obacz:Selvita S.A.: Employment. Bialas:Selvita S.A.: Employment. Chesy:Selvita S.A.: Employment. Gabor-Worwa:Selvita S.A.: Employment. Brzózka:Selvita S.A.: Employment, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Rzymski:Selvita S.A.: Employment, Equity Ownership. Fioretos:Cantargia: Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.

The colossal progress made by science in recent times has given a number of new and highly important disciplines. Further specialization may lead to the disintegration of science. The place of scientists who in the past encompassed universal knowledge is today taken by higly specialized experts in very narrow fields. On the other hand, the close interrelation between all fields of life, nature and man obviously calls for a close interrelation of all sciences. Moreover there have emerged new branches of science which link problems of natural and social life. Integration of the separate disciplines of science and the intimate relation of research into all phenomena with all the accompanying circumstances are prequisites to the further development and progress of science as a whole. С. P. Snow wrote recently: ’’The habit of truth, on which science depends- as no other human activity does, is in itself a moral habit; investigation is in itself a moral act”.Proper evaluation is therefore decisive for the value of any research, any creative scientific work. This leads us to the wider conclusion: on which both theory and practice are at one, that is the principle of unity of all science. Errors committed in the past have frequently exposed law to the jibes of satirists and caricature artists, and provided material for masters of literature. Although it has been rather the practitioner of the legal profession which has constituted the main target, yet jurisprudence has not, and rightly so been spared. Socialism alone can overcome what Engels called ’’the legal view” — conservatism and dogmatism — and ensure rehabilitation by according to the science of law the appropriate rank and significance due to it Having once overcome the errors committed or not committed, jurisprudence should develope on a scale which its importance justifies. Today, jurisprudence is closer to social practice than over in the past. The marked trend towards specialization, however, with the consequent separation and subdivision of the various disciplines of law, has done no little harm. The major responsibility to be shouldered by jurists — scientific. workers — therefore, to liquidate these delaterious trends, to develop closer co-operation between the various disciplines of law and between jurisprudence and such other branches of the social sciences as philosophy, sociology, economics and history. The co-operation should embrace spheres of both theory and practice. The study, conducted by specialists in various disciplines, of the current development in socialist countries involves the study of various aspects of the same phenomena. The larger the number of disciplines encompassed and the wider the results taken into account, the more comprehensive the achievements of research. Thus, scientific progress calls not only for the synchronization and co-ordination of research as between the specific disciplines of the social sciences, but also necessitates taking into account the research conducted by technologists, naturalists and mathematicians. The Institute of Legal Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences has already taken steps towards the integration of certain research work. Our efforts are being directed towards the development -of co-operation: within the framework of the legal sciences — intersectoral; between theory and practice; between representatives of the sciences of law and of other domains of the social sciences. Particular importance is attached to research concerning issues related,to the administration of national economy, and to research into the conditions of peaceful coexistence as between the two social and economic systems. Poland considers these fields of research to be of utmost importance to national economy — a fact which explains why these issues take priority in the Institute’s research programme. Our plans are, however, not restricted to those two issues. Let us consider examples of other research projects now under way. These concern the development of socialist democracy (the problem of the organization and activity of People’s Councils, the participation of civic organizations in the performance of state tasks, and the problem of the functional mechanism of institutions of socialist democracy); the protection of social property, problems related to the transformation of the agricultural system, key problems of labour law, and problems bound up with the development and activity of the Council for Mutual Economic Aid. The Institute conducts its research work collectively. The various departments and research units are not composed of specialists in a single field. To give an example — specialists in civil, administrative and public law, as well as economists and sociologists are working in one unit on the problem of administration of national economy. Similarly, representatives of allied fields in the social sciences, such as philosophy, economics, sociology and history, co-operate in other research units. Other participants in the work of the units include practitioners such as judges and prosecutors, official of the Labour and Pay Committee, of the Institute of Agricultural Economics, journalists, employees of various branches of state administration, members of the People’s Councils, and civic leaders. The units function by preparing monographs which serve as basic synthesis, holding joint meetings and scientific discussions etc. The dominant principle at the Institute is that of collective work. In none of our work can we or should we restrict ourselves to the area of our individual countries. Although history and life pose problems which are not universally identical, yet we ought to benefit from one another’s achievements and experience. That we do in many sectors of life — in politics and economics — so that we cannot fail to do the same in science, and particularly in the field which concerns us, namely jurisprudence. Division of labour, co-operation and co-ordination in the economic sector — referred to by Prime Minister Krushchev in his work on current problems of the world socialist system — must be reflected in scientific research. The practical value of our science will increase as our research becomes more complex. This is the only way to the realization of the thesis that ’’science must become a direct productive force in the full sense of the word”. By broadening our scientific base, we shall be able more effectively to conduct cur scientific dialogue with the capitalist world. This ideological contest, obviously, is an essential factor in peaceful coexistence. Consequently, it is exceptionally important that we exchange experience and views on the co-operation between jurisprudence and other branches of social science and on international co-operation in the domain of jurisprudence. Such exchange will serve to enrich the programme of every Institute and will enable the Institutes to adopt recommendations and decisions of common application. Even if we advance only a single step, that will mean that the research and co-ordination set in motion will have been of fundamental importance.

AbstractThe First U21 European Deaf Football Championship Men was played in August 2016 in Wroclaw, Poland. No studies have documented or analysed sporting events for deaf players at the elite level. The aim of the study was to bring deaf football closer to the reader and analyse selected offensive actions recorded during the U21 Championship.Analyses were performed on the basis of video recordings from the stadium. Eight national teams participated in the Championship. Sixteen matches were analysed with reference to the number of goals, shots on target, shots missed, crosses, and corners.The mean number of goals scored per match during the U21 Championship was 1.81 ± 1.53. The number of shots on target was 246, with 194 shots missed and 191 corners. The shooting efficiency of the four best teams was: 14.81% for Poland, 14.29% for Turkey, 13.89% for Sweden, and 13.25% for Russia. The highest efficiency of crosses for the best four equalled: 34.57% for Poland, 28.00% for Sweden, 26.22% for Turkey, and 23% for Russia.The winner of the tournament was the team with the highest shooting efficiency and highest efficiency of crosses in all matches. Overall, 15.25% of goals were scored after shooting from outside of the penalty area, 55.17% of goals were scored from outside of the goal area but from the penalty area, whereas 29.58% were scored from the goal area. The analyses of the U21 Championship can be useful for the organization of coaching and preparation of teams for championships.

Introduction: Polypharmacy is a risk factor for adverse health outcomes, higher use of medical services and additional costs. The problem has gained attention as a consequence of aging and related multimorbidity. Therefore, there is an urgent need to adopt effective interventions aimed at reducing its burden. In order to achieve this, in-depth understanding of the prevalence of polypharmacy is required. Of particular interest is, however, assessing prevalence of polypharmacy in various age groups, to reach the right target for these interventions. So far, only limited data on polypharmacy among non-elderly individuals have been available.Aim of study: To assess overall prevalence of polypharmacy in Poland as well as its distribution in various age groups using real-world data.Methodology: A retrospective analysis of complete dispensation data of national payer organization for the years 2018–2019. The analyzed dataset included data on dispensation of reimbursed drugs, and exclusively for 2019, also non-reimbursed drugs. Polypharmacy was defined as dispensation of ≥5 prescription medications within six months.Results: In the analyzed national cohort of 38 million Polish citizens, the prevalence of polypharmacy was found to be 11.7% in 2018 and 11.6% in 2019. With age, the prevalence of polypharmacy increased, reaching the value of 56.0% in those aged 80+ in 2018, and 55.0% in 2019. Altogether, among those aged 65+, the polypharmacy was present in 43.1% in 2018, and 42.1% in 2019. In the youngest group of citizens, i.e., among those aged below 20 years, polypharmacy was found in 0.9%, and 0.8% in 2018 and 2019, respectively. Prevalence of polypharmacy, calculated for 2019 according to dispensation of five or more reimbursed and non-reimbursed drugs for the whole Polish population, was 21.8% for January-June, and 22.4% for July-December 2019. Among those aged 65+, the relevant numbers were 62.3%, and 62.9%, respectively.Conclusion: This study, being the first nationwide assessment of polypharmacy in Poland, confirmed its high prevalence. We found polypharmacy present in over one fifth of Polish society. Peaking in the elderly, polypharmacy occurred in each age group. These results lay the foundations for future interventions focused on reducing the scope of this problem in Poland.

Context: Mental health is a central aspect of public health and social development, as such it corresponds to target 3.4 of the Sustainable Development Goals. This target aims to promote mental health and well-being, making it especially necessary to address this matter in environments such as prisons where exposure to risk factors is high. Incarceration itself is a cause of mental illness. Central and Eastern European countries hold some of the highest prison populations in the region and Poland numbers in this regard are 50% higher than the average in the European Union (EU) (about 179 inmates per 100,000 inhabitants). In Polish prisons, the chance of receiving adequate psychiatric and psychological care is limited due to a shortage of trained personnel and scarce infrastructure. However, data on mental health in Polish prisons is not routinely reported from official sources. Article 150 of the Polish Penal Code attempts to protect the mental health of inmates; yet, in reality, there is no legal enforcement to apply these measures, a feature shared with most of its neighbouring countries. The aim of this policy brief is to offer recommendations to lower recidivism rates, up-scale prison staff and create spill-over effects on (mental) healthcare and security in Polish prisons.Policy Options: The World Health Organization (WHO) European Framework for Action on Mental Health 2021-2025 should be adapted to the Polish Prison System. Best practices focus on a collaborative approach centred on healthcare services, labour policies, well-being and rehabilitation. Ideally, incarceration provides inmates with the possibility to be included and active, to see their relatives, to vote, to be engaged and maintain contact with the outside society. These best practices statistically reduce mental illnesses, lower recidivism and promote inclusion and rehabilitation. Recommendations: To tackle mental health challenges that prisoners in Poland experience, it is recommended to adapt a new approach with the following components: improving methodological quality of data collection as well as routine reporting to enable good governance structures, promoting collaborative efforts among stakeholders, and strengthening existing resources through capacity building which has been convincingly demonstrated as the most cost-effective type of interventions.

AbstractThe novel Coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020, impacting the lifestyles, economy, physical and mental health of individuals globally. This study aimed to test the model triggered by physical symptoms resembling COVID-19 infection, in which the need for health information and perceived impact of the pandemic mediated the path sequentially, leading to adverse mental health outcomes. A cross-sectional research design with chain mediation model involving 4612 participants from participating 8 countries selected via a respondent-driven sampling strategy was used. Participants completed online questionnaires on physical symptoms, the need for health information, the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) questionnaire and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). The results showed that Poland and the Philippines were the two countries with the highest levels of anxiety, depression and stress; conversely, Vietnam had the lowest mean scores in these areas. Chain mediation model showed the need for health information, and the perceived impact of the pandemic were sequential mediators between physical symptoms resembling COVID-19 infection (predictor) and consequent mental health status (outcome). Excessive and contradictory health information might increase the perceived impact of the pandemic. Rapid COVID-19 testing should be implemented to minimize the psychological burden associated with physical symptoms, whilst public mental health interventions could target adverse mental outcomes associated with the pandemic.

Subject literature addresses the driving forces and barriers in Industry 4.0 implementation depending on specific factors: economic conditions, enterprises sectors, or enterprises size. The research gap that the authors fill concerns a combination of all mentioned factors: location of the enterprises, sector of activity, and size of the enterprise. The aim of this article is to develop a research tool which will be used in planned assessment of drivers and barriers in the dimensions of Industry 4.0 specifically in SMEs operating in the automotive sector in Poland. This future study will verify the hypothesis: “It is possible to rank the identified barriers and drivers of Industry 4.0 implementation in terms of the strength of interaction on the different dimensions of Industry 4.0 implementation in small and medium-sized enterprises.” Main methodologies used in presented article are review and analysis of the literature on the dimensions of the implementation of Industry 4.0 solutions, maturity models and readiness assessment. Using the developed research questionnaire and proposed model to visualize the results of the analysis in individual functional areas will show the current and the target state of the organization. This in turn, will give measurable utilitarian benefits. The limitation of this research is the subjectivity of choice of the functional areas and the number of dimensions of the implementation. Pilot studies will bring additional value with the guidelines and possible corrections and improvements.

Photo by Spencer Davis on Unsplash ABSTRACT Current conceptions of solidarity impose a morality and sacrifice that did not prevail in the case of COVID-19 vaccine distribution. Notably, the vaccine distribution disparity revealed that when push came to shove, in the case of global distribution, self-interested persons reached inward rather than reaching out, prioritized their needs, and acted to realize their self-interest. Self-interest and loyalty to one’s own group are natural moral tendencies. For solidarity to be normatively relevant in difficult and emergency circumstances, solidarity scholars ought to leverage the knowledge of the human natural tendency to prioritize one’s own group. This paper recommends a nonexclusive approach to solidarity that reflects an understanding of rational self-interest but highlights commonalities among all people. A recommended task for future studies is to articulate what the account of solidarity informed by loyalty to the group would look like. INTRODUCTION The distribution of COVID-19 vaccines raises concerns about the normative relevance of the current conceptions of solidarity. Current conceptions of solidarity require individuals to make sacrifices they will reject in difficult and extreme situations. To make it more relevant in difficult situations, there is a need to rethink solidarity in ways that align with natural human dispositions. The natural human disposition or tendency is to have loyalty to those to whom one relates, to those in one’s own group (by race, ethnicity, neighborhood, socioeconomic status, etc.), or to those in one’s location or country. While some may contend that such natural dispositions should be overcome through moral enhancement,[1] knowledge about self-interest ought to be leveraged to reconceptualize solidarity. Notably, for solidarity to be more relevant in emergencies characterized by shortages, solidarity ought to take natural human behaviors seriously. This paper argues that rather than seeing solidarity as a collective agreement to help others out of a common interest or purpose, solidarity literature must capitalize on human nature’s tendency toward loyalty to the group. One way to do this is by expanding the group to the global community and redefining solidarity to include helping the human race when emergencies or disasters are global. The first section describes the current conception of solidarity, altruism, and rational self-interest. The second section discusses how the moral imperative to cooperate by reaching out to others did not lead to equitable COVID-19 vaccine distribution. The third section argues that solidarity should be rethought to align with natural human dispositions toward loyalty to groups and rational self-interest. The final section briefly suggests the global community be the group for nonexclusive solidarity. I. Solidarity: Understanding Its Normative Imperatives Solidarity literature is vast and complex, attracting contributions from authors from countries of all income levels.[2] Notably, the literature addresses how solidarity develops from interpersonal, then group to institutional, and how it is motivated and maintained at different levels.[3] Solidarity is unity among people with a shared interest or goal.[4] The term was popularized during an anti-communist labor movement in Poland.[5] While a show of solidarity traditionally meant solidarity within a group, for example, workers agreeing with and supporting union objectives and leaders,[6] it has come to include sympathy/empathy and action by those outside the group who stand with those in need. In bioethics, the Nuffield Council defines solidarity as “shared practices reflecting a collective commitment to carry financial, social, emotional, and or other ‘costs’ to assist others.”[7] As conceptualized currently, solidarity prescribes a morality of cooperation and may incorporate altruism. Solidaristic actions like aiding others or acting to enhance the quality of others’ lives are often motivated by emotive connections/relations. For this reason, Barbara Prainsack and Alena Buyx define solidarity as “a practice by which people accept some form of financial, practical, or emotional cost to support others to whom they consider themselves connected in some relevant respect.”[8] Although this description has been critiqued, the critics[9] do not deny that sympathy and understanding are the bases for “standing up beside” or relating to others. Political solidarity is a “response to injustice, oppression, or social vulnerability”[10] and it entails a commitment to the betterment of the group. “Rational self-interest” describes when parties behave in ways that make both parties better off.[11] They may be partly motivated by their own economic outcome. It may be that when some regions or groups act solidaristically, they are also motivated by shared economic goals.[12] Rational self-interest is not always opposed to the commitment to collectively work for the group’s good. Rational self-interest can intersect with collective action when parties behave in ways that make both parties better off. For example, one study found that individuals are willing to bear the burden of higher taxes in favor of good education policies that significantly increase their opportunities to have a good life.[13] Rationally self-interested persons may be partly motivated by their own economic outcome. It may be that when some regions or groups act solidaristically, they are also motivated by shared economic goals.[14] Specifically, individuals, organizations, and governments are driven to positively identify with or aid others because they feel connected to them, share the same interest, or would benefit from the same action. Cooperating with others on this basis guarantees their interests. Individuals will be less likely to help those with whom they do not feel connected. Respect, loyalty, and trust among solidary partners are equally grounded in this belief. “[S]olidarity involves commitment, and work as well as the recognition that even if we do not have the same feeling, or the same lives, or the same bodies, we do live on common grounds.”[15] Although individuals are more likely to exhibit solidarity with those to whom they feel connected, their lives and interests are still different. Some African philosophers describe solidarity as entailing reciprocal relations and collective responsibility.[16] The bases for positively acting to benefit others are communal relations and individual flourishing, similar to solidarity as it is described in the global literature. Common motifs and maxims typify this belief: the West African motifs like the Siamese Crocodile and the African maxims like “the right arm washes the left hand and the left arm washes the right arm”, and the Shona phrases “Kukura Kurerwa” and “Chirere chichazo kurerawo” ­– both meaning the group’s development is vital for the individual’s development.[17] As a reciprocal relation, solidaristic actions are instrumentalized for one’s self-affirmation or self-emergence. This view underlies practices in Africa like letsema, which is an agricultural practice where individuals assist each other in harvesting their farm produce. It is also the animating force underlying a favorable disposition towards joint ventures like the ajo (an African contributing saving scheme whereby savings are shared among contributors by rotation).[18] Furthermore, as entailing collective ownership, solidaristic actions become ways of affirming each other’s destiny because it is in one’s best interest to cooperate with them this way or help others realize their life goals given the interconnectedness of lives. One advantage of forming solidary union that reaches out to others is that they possess qualities and skills that one lacks. This application of solidarity is more localized than solidarity among countries or global institutions. Furthermore, solidarity also entails altruism, an idea that is particularly common in the philosophical literature of low-income countries. On this account, solidarity implies a voluntary decision to behave in ways that make individuals better off for their own sake. Here, it matters only that some have thought about solidarity this way. Moreover, this belief informs pro-social behaviors – altruism is acting solely for the good of others.[19] Altruistic behaviors are motivated by empathy, which is an acknowledgement of individuals who require aid, and sensitivity, which is a thoughtful response to individuals in need of help. Solidarity can seem to be a call to help strangers rather than a genuine feeling of uniting with people for a common cause. Altruism and solidarity appear similar although they are distinct in that solidarity is not merely helping others. It is helping others out of a feeling of unity. In some cultures in Africa, an indifference to the needs of others or a failure to act solely in ways that benefit others or society are often considered an exhibition of ill will.[20] Precisely, the phrases “Kukura Kurerwa” and “Chirere chichazo kurerawo” among the Shona people in Southern Africa morally compel one to play an active role in the growth and improvement of others. “The core of improving others’ well-being,” as explained, “is a matter of meeting their needs, not merely basic ones but also those relevant to higher levels of flourishing, e.g. being creative, athletic, theoretical.”[21] On this basis, self-withdrawal, self-isolation, and unilateralism, would be failures to be solidaristic. II. COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution Disparity And The Imperative To Reach Out The strength and benefits of cooperation are well documented. COVID-19 vaccine distribution did not reflect solidarity despite the use of rhetoric suggesting it. COVID-19 vaccine distribution disparity exemplifies how solidarity requires individuals to make sacrifices that they will refuse under challenging circumstances. Solidaristic rhetoric was not uncommon during the COVID-19 pandemic. This was expressed through maxims like “Stronger together”, “No one is safe until everyone is safe”, “We are all in this together”, and “Flatten the curve”, as well as cemented through actions like physical distancing, mask-wearing, travel restrictions, and limits on social gatherings. Before the pandemic, solidarity rhetoric informed alliances like the Black Health Alliance that was created to enable Black people in Canada to access health resources. This rhetoric and the global recognition of the vital importance of exhibiting solidarity had little if any impact on preventing vaccine distribution disparity. Notably, the World Health Organization set a goal of global vaccination coverage of 70 percent. The 70 percent figure was recognized as key for ending the pandemic, preventing the emergence of new variants, and facilitating global economic recovery.[22] The solidaristic rhetoric that no country was safe until all countries were safe did not result in enough vaccine distribution. Nor did the rational self-interest of common economic goals. The economic impact of the pandemic has been huge for most nations, costing the global community more than $2 trillion.[23] Vaccine distribution disparity across countries and regions undermined international efforts to end the COVID-19 pandemic. The disparity revealed that self-interested persons, organizations, and countries reached inward, prioritized their needs, and acted to realize their own self-interest. Empirical studies confirmed the disparity at the macro and micro levels. Some of the findings are worth highlighting. The number of vaccine doses injected in high-income countries was 69 times higher than that in low-income countries.[24] In fact, the UK had doubly vaccinated about 75 percent of its adult population by February 2022, while more than 80 percent of African nations had not received a single dose of the vaccine.[25] Precisely, the national uptake of vaccines in Uganda (which is a low-income economy without COVID-19 production capacity) was “6 percent by September 2021 and 63 percent by June 2022. The vaccination coverage in the country was 2 percent by September 2021 and 42 percent by June 2022. Yet both the national COVID-19 vaccination uptake and coverage were far below WHO targets for these dates.[26] Although a report which assessed the impact of COVID-19 vaccines in the first of year of vaccination showed that about 19 million COVID-19-related deaths were averted, they were mainly in the high-income countries rather than in countries that failed to reach the vaccine coverage threshold for preventing the emergence of new variants.[27] There were more than 250,000 COVID-related deaths in African countries.[28] Though this figure is significantly lower than reported COVID-19 deaths in North America (1.6 million), the report and other studies confirm that many of the deaths in Africa could have been prevented if the vaccines had been widely distributed in the region. [29] Still at the macro level, whereas 78 percent of individuals in high-income countries were vaccinated by February 15, 2022, only 11 percent of persons in low-income countries were vaccinated by the same date.[30] By February 15, 2022, high-income countries like Lithuania and Gibraltar (a UK territory) had more than 300 percent of doses required for vaccinating their population, while low-income countries in Africa had only managed to secure about 10 percent of the necessary vaccine doses for their people. Burundi had vaccinated less than 1 percent of its population by December 2022. The disparity between countries of similar income levels was also evident. For example, among 75 low- and middle-income countries, only about 14 countries reported vaccinating at least 50 percent of their population. And, while high-income countries like Qatar had secured more than 105 percent of doses for their people, other high-income countries like Liechtenstein had only managed about 67 percent vaccination coverage by December 2022.[31] Within countries, vaccination coverage gaps were also evident between urban and rural areas, with the former having higher vaccination coverage than the latter.[32] There were many tangible solidaristic efforts to cooperate or reach out through schemes like the COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access (COVAX), African Vaccine Acquisition Trust (AVAT) and Technology Access Pool (C-TAP). Notably, the schemes were testaments of the global recognition to lift others as we rise and not leave anyone behind. Both high-income and low- and middle-income countries supported the programs as an expression of solidarity. Indeed, many low- and middle-income countries secured about 800 million doses through these schemes by the end of December 2021. Nonetheless, this was still far below these countries’ two-billion-dose target by the same date. The wealthier countries’ rhetoric of support did not lead to delivery of enough vaccines. The support by high-income countries seems disingenuous. While high-income countries at first allocated vaccines carefully and faced shortages, they had plentiful supplies before many countries had enough for their most vulnerable people. Thus, these schemes did very little to ensure the well-being of people in low- and middle-income countries that relied on them. These schemes had many shortcomings. For example, COVAX relied on donations and philanthropy to meet its delivery targets. In addition, despite their support for these schemes, many high-income countries hardly relied on them for their COVID-19 vaccine procurement. Instead, these high-income countries made their own private arrangements. In fact, high-income countries relied on multilateral agreements and direct purchases to secure about 91 percent of their vaccines.[33] These solidaristic underfunded schemes had to compete to procure vaccines with the more highly resourced countries. Arguably, many factors were responsible for the uneven distribution of COVID-19 vaccines. For example, vaccine production sites facilitated vaccine nationalism whereby countries prioritized their needs and enabled host states like the UK to stockpile vaccines quickly. Regions without production hubs, like many places in Africa, experienced supply insecurity.[34] The J & J-Aspen Pharmacare deal under which a South African facility would produce the J&J COVID vaccine did not improve the local supply.[35] Companies sold vaccines at higher than the cost of production despite pledges by many companies to sell COVID-19 vaccines at production cost. AstraZeneca was the only company reported to have initially sold vaccines at cost until it replaced this with tiered pricing in late 2021.[36] Moderna estimated a $19 billion net profit from COVID-19 vaccine sales by the end of 2021. Pricing practices undermined solidaristic schemes designed to help low-income countries access the doses required for their populations.[37] The unwillingness of Western pharmaceutical companies like Johnson and Johnson, Pfizer-BioNTech, and Moderna to temporarily relinquish intellectual property rights or transfer technology that would have eased vaccine production in low-income countries that lacked production capabilities even when taxpayers’ money or public funding accelerated about 97 percent of vaccine discovery is another example of acting without solidarity. South Africa and India proposed the transfer of essential technological information about COVID-19 vaccines to them to increase local production.[38] The EU, UK, and Germany, which host many of these pharmaceutical companies, opposed the technology transfers.[39] Corporations protected their intellectual property and technology for profits. There were many other factors, like vaccine hoarding. Although the solidaristic rhetoric suggested a global community united to help distribute the vaccine, COVID-19 vaccine distribution demonstrates that individuals, institutions, regions, or states will prioritize their needs and interests. This leads to the question, “What sort of behaviors can reasonably be expected of individuals in difficult situations? In what ways can solidarity be re-imagined to accommodate such behaviors? Ought solidarity be re-imagined to accommodate such actions? III. COVID-19 Vaccine Disparity: Lessons For Solidarity Literature COVID-19 vaccine distribution disparity has been described as inequitable and immoral.[40] One justification for the negative depiction is that it is irresponsible of individual states or nations to prioritize their own needs over the global good, especially when realizing the global interest is necessary for ensuring individual good. Although such contributions to the ethical discourse on COVID-19 vaccine disparity are essential, they could also distract attention from vital conversations concerning how and why current solidarity conceptions can better reflect core human dispositions. To clarify, the contestation is not that solidaristic acts of reaching out to others are morally unrealistic or non-realizable. There are historical examples of solidarity, particularly to end a common affliction or marginalization. An example is the LGBT support of HIV/AIDS-infected persons based on their shared identities to confront and end the stigma, apathy, and homophobia that accompanied the early years of the crisis.[41] Equally, during the apartheid years in South Africa, Black students formed solidarity groups as a crucial racial response to racism and oppression by the predominantly White government.[42] Additionally, the World Health Organization’s (WHO) director, Tedros Ghebreyesus cited solidarity and its rhetoric as the reason for the resilience of societies that safely and efficiently implemented restrictive policies that limited COVID-19 transmission. To improve its relevance to emergencies, solidarity ought to be reconceptualized considering COVID-19 vaccine distribution. As demonstrated by the COVID-19 vaccine distribution disparity, individuals find it difficult to help others in emergencies and share resources given their internal pressing needs. Moreover, humans have a natural tendency to take care of those with whom they identify. That may be by country or region, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, type of employment, or other grouping. By extension, the morality that arises from the tendency towards “the tribe” is sometimes loyalty to one’s broader group. Evidence from human evolutionary history, political science, and psychology yields the claim that “tribal [morality] is a natural and nearly ineradicable feature of human cognition, and that no group—not even one’s own—is immune.”[43] Tribal morality influences mantras like America First, South Africans Above Others, or (arguably) Brexit. These conflict with solidarity. As another global example, climate change concerns are not a priority of carbon’s worst emitters like the US, China, and Russia. In fact, in 2017, the US pulled out of the Paris Agreement, a tangible effort to rectify the climate crisis.[44] Droughts experienced by indigenous people in Turkana, the melting ice experienced by the Inuit, the burning bush experienced by the aboriginal Australians, and the rise in ocean levels that remain a constant threat to the Guna are examples of the harm of the changing climate. In the case of climate action, it appears that governments prioritize their self-interests or the interests of their people, over cooperation with governments of places negatively impacted. In the instance of COVID-19 vaccine distribution disparity, loyalty to the group was evident as states and countries kept vaccines for their own residents. Solidarity has a focus on shared interests and purpose, but in its current conceptions it ignores human nature’s loyalty to groups. In emergencies that involve scarcity, solidarity needs to be redefined to address the impulse to keep vaccines for one’s own country’s population and the choice to sell vaccines to the highest bidder. For solidarity to be normatively relevant in difficult and emergency circumstances, solidarity scholars ought to leverage the knowledge of human natural tendency to prioritize one’s own group to rethink this concept. IV. Rethinking Solidarity For Challenging Circumstances In the globalized world, exhibiting solidarity with one another remains intrinsically valuable. It makes the world better off. But the challenge remains ensuring that individuals can exhibit solidarity in ways that align with their natural instincts. Rather than helping those seen as other, or behaving altruistically without solidarity, people, governments, and organizations should engage in solidarity to help others and themselves as part of the global community. A rational self-interest approach to solidarity is similar, while altruism is distinguishable. Solidarity can be expanded to apply when the human race as a whole is threatened and common interests prevail, sometimes called nonexclusive solidarity.[45] That is distinguished from altruism as solidarity involves seeing each other as having shared interests and goals – the success of others would lead to the success of all. For example, cleaner air or limiting the drivers of human-made climate change would benefit all. Warning the public, implementing social distancing and masking, and restricting travel are examples of global goals that required solidaristic actions to benefit the human race.[46] Arguably, this conception of solidarity could apply to a scarce resource, like the COVID-19 vaccine. Notably, the solidarity rhetoric that this gives rise to is that COVID-19 vaccine equitable distribution is a fight for the human race. Solidarity has been applied to scarcity and used to overcome deprivation due to scarcity. In the case AIDS/HIV, there were many arguments and then programs to reduce drug prices and to allocate and condoms to countries where the epidemic was more pronounced and continuing to infect people. Similarly, a solidarity-inspired effort led to treatments for resistant tuberculosis.[47] Summarily, I suggest that we cannot tackle global health problems without exhibiting solidarity with one another. Humans can exhibit solidarity in ways that align with their natural instincts. To do this, nonexclusive solidarity described in this section, is required. Although the nonexclusive solidarity recognizes difference, it avoids the “logic of competition that makes difference toxic.”[48] Without necessarily requiring every country's leaders to prioritize global citizens equally, the nonexclusive solidarity at least, prohibits forms of competition that undermine initiatives like COVAX from securing the required vaccines to reach the vaccine coverage target. CONCLUSION COVID-19 vaccine distribution disparity does not create a new problem. Instead, it reveals an existing concern. This is the disconnect between dominant human psychological makeup and the sort of solidarity expounded in current literature or solidaristic actions. Notably, it reveals a failure of current solidarity conceptions to reflect the natural human tendency to prioritize the interests of one’s own group. As such, the disparity requires rethinking or reconceptualization of solidarity in ways that align with the dominant human tendency. As conceptualized currently, solidarity enjoins a form of morality that many found very difficult to adhere to during the COVID-19 pandemic. Notably, they perceived solidarity as a call to help strangers. Humans are linked by something that is far more important than a relationship between strangers. The unbreakable bond among humans that this idea gives rise to would necessitate genuine concern for each other’s well-being since we are implicated in one another's lives. The exact ways a conception of solidarity that applies to the global community can inform guidelines and policies in emergencies and difficult situations when individuals are expected to be solidaristic is a recommended task for future studies. - [1] Ingmar Persson & Julian Savulescu 2019. The Duty to be Morally Enhanced. Topoi, 38, 7-14. [2] M. Inouye 2023. On Solidarity, Cambridge, MA, Boston Review. [3] Barbara Prainsack & Alena Buyx 2011. Solidarity. Reflections on an Emerging Concept in Bioethics. Summary. [4] Oxford Languages (“unity or agreement of feeling or action, especially among individuals with a common interest; mutual support within a group.”) [5] Mikolaj Glinski. 2015. The Solidarity Movement: Anti-Communist, Or Most Communist Thing Ever? The Solidarity Movement: Anti-Communist, Or Most Communist Thing Ever?. https://culture.pl/en/article/the-solidarity-movement-anti-communist-or-most-communist-thing-ever. [6] Carola Frege, Edmund Heery & Lowell Turner 2004. 137The New Solidarity? Trade Union Coalition-Building in Five Countries. In: FREGE, C. & KELLY, J. (eds.) Varieties of Unionism: Strategies for Union Revitalization in a Globalizing Economy. Oxford University Press. [7] Barbara Prainsack & Alena Buyx 2011. Solidarity. Reflections on an Emerging Concept in Bioethics. Summary. [8] Prainsack & Buyx, 2017. [9] Angus Dawson & Bruce Jennings 2012. The Place of Solidarity in Public Health Ethics. Public Health Reviews, 34, 4. [10] Sally J. Scholz 2008. Political Solidarity, Penn State University Press. [11] Emanuele Bertusi. 2017. An analysis of Adam Smith's concept of self-interest: From Selfish behavior to social interest. Libera Universita Internazionale Degli Studi Sociali. [12] Sally J. Scholz 2008. Political Solidarity, Penn State University Press. [13] Marius R. Busemeyer & Dominik Lober 2020. Between Solidarity and Self-Interest: The Elderly and Support for Public Education Revisited. Journal of Social Policy, 49, 425-444. [14] Scholz, 2008. [15] Sara Ahmed 2004. The Cultural Politics of Emotion, New York, Routledge. [16] C. Ewuoso, T. Obengo & C. Atuire 2022. Solidarity, Afro-communitarianism, and COVID-19 vaccination. J Glob Health, 12, 03046. [17] J Mugumbate 2013. Exploring African philosophy: The value of ubuntu in social work. Afri J Soc W 3, 82-100. [18] Salewa Olawoye-Mann 2023. 55Beyond Coping: The Use of Ajo Culture among Nigerian Immigrants to Counter Racial Capitalism in North America. In: HOSSEIN, C. S., AUSTIN, S. D. W. & EDMONDS, K. (eds.) Beyond Racial Capitalism: Co-operatives in the African Diaspora. Oxford University Press. [19] Estrella Gualda 2022. Altruism, Solidarity and Responsibility from a Committed Sociology: Contributions to Society. The American Sociologist, 53, 29-43. [20] Ewuoso, Obengo & Atuire 2022. [21] T. Metz 2015. An African theory of social justice. In: BIOSEN, C. & MURRAY, M. (eds.) Distributive Justice Debates in Political and Social Thought: Perspectives on Finding a Fair Share. New York: Routledge. [22] Victoria Pilkington, Sarai Mirjam Keestra & Andrew Hill 2022. Global COVID-19 Vaccine Inequity: Failures in the First Year of Distribution and Potential Solutions for the Future. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. [23] M. Hafner, E. Yerushalmi, C. Fays, E. Dufresne & C. Van Stolk 2022. COVID-19 and the Cost of Vaccine Nationalism. Rand Health Q, 9, 1. [24] Mohsen Bayati, Rayehe Noroozi, Mohadeseh Ghanbari-Jahromi & Faride Sadat Jalali 2022. 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