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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Tanzania Craton"
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Dawson, J. B. "Neogene–Recent rifting and volcanism in northern Tanzania: relevance for comparisons between the Gardar province and the East African Rift valley". Mineralogical Magazine 61, nr 407 (sierpień 1997): 543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1997.061.407.06.
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AbstractThe tectonic position of the intraplate, alkaline volcanic province of N. Tanzania in a broad rift-controlled area astride the boundary between the Tanzania Craton and the circum-cratonic Mozambique Fold Belt, strongly resembles that of the Gardar province of S. Greenland. Earlier-identified petrological analogies between Gardar magmatism and that in the Kenya sector of the East African Rift Valley can be extended to volcanism in N. Tanzania, and analogies specifically with the Gardar agpaitic suite are strengthened by the occurrence of eudialyte and aenigmatite in some Tanzanian peralkaline, silicic volcanics.
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Dawson, J. B. "Quaternary kimberlitic volcanism on the Tanzania Craton". Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 116, nr 4 (maj 1994): 473–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00310913.
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Nyblade, Andrew A., Charles A. Langston, Robert J. Last, Christopher Birt i Thomas J. Owens. "Seismic experiment reveals rifting of craton in Tanzania". Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 77, nr 51 (1996): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96eo00339.
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Doucet, Luc S., Yongjiang Xu, Delphine Klaessens, Hejiu Hui, Dmitri A. Ionov i Nadine Mattielli. "Decoupled water and iron enrichments in the cratonic mantle: A study on peridotite xenoliths from Tok, SE Siberian Craton". American Mineralogist 105, nr 6 (1.06.2020): 803–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-7316.
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Abstract Water and iron are believed to be key constituents controlling the strength and density of the lithosphere and, therefore, play a crucial role in the long-term stability of cratons. On the other hand, metasomatism can modify the water and iron abundances in the mantle and possibly triggers thermo-mechanical erosion of cratonic keels. Whether local or large scale processes control water distribution in cratonic mantle remains unclear, calling for further investigation. Spinel peridotite xenoliths in alkali basalts of the Cenozoic Tok volcanic field sampled the lithospheric mantle beneath the southeastern margin of the Siberian Craton. The absence of garnet-bearing peridotite among the xenoliths, together with voluminous eruptions of basaltic magma, suggests that the craton margin, in contrast to the central part, lost its deep keel. The Tok peridotites experienced extensive and complex metasomatic reworking by evolved, Ca-Fe-rich liquids that transformed refractory harzburgite to lherzolite and wehrlite. We used polarized Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to obtain water content in olivine, orthopyroxene (Opx), and clinopyroxene (Cpx) of 14 Tok xenoliths. Olivine, with a water content of 0–3 ppm H2O, was severely degassed, probably during emplacement and cooling of the host lava flow. Orthopyroxene (49–106 ppm H2O) and clinopyroxene (97–300 ppm H2O) are in equilibrium. The cores of the pyroxene grains, unlike olivine, experienced no water loss due to dehydration or addition attributable to interaction with the host magma. The water contents of Opx and Cpx are similar to those from the Kaapvaal, Tanzania, and North China cratons, but the Tok Opx has less water than previously studied Opx from the central Siberian craton (Udachnaya, 28–301 ppm; average 138 ppm). Melting models suggest that the water contents of Tok peridotites are higher than in melting residues, and argue for a post-melting (metasomatic) origin. Moreover, the water contents in Opx and Cpx of Tok peridotites are decoupled from iron enrichments or other indicators of melt metasomatism (e.g., CaO and P2O5). Such decoupling is not seen in the Udachnaya and Kaapvaal peridotites but is similar to observations on Tanzanian peridotites. Our data suggest that iron enrichments in the southeastern Siberian craton mantle preceded water enrichment. Pervasive and large-scale, iron enrichment in the lithospheric mantle may strongly increase its density and initiate a thermo-magmatic erosion. By contrast, the distribution of water in xenoliths is relatively “recent” and was controlled by local metasomatic processes that operate shortly before the volcanic eruption. Hence, water abundances in minerals of Tok mantle xenoliths appear to represent a snapshot of water in the vicinity of the xenolith source regions.
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Sanislav, I. V., P. H. G. M. Dirks, T. Blenkinsop i S. L. Kolling. "The tectonic history of a crustal-scale shear zone in the Tanzania Craton from the Geita Greenstone Belt, NW-Tanzania Craton". Precambrian Research 310 (czerwiec 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2018.02.025.
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Asefa, Jima, i Atalay Ayele. "Complex tectonic deformation in Circum-Tanzania Craton: East African Rift System". Journal of African Earth Sciences 170 (październik 2020): 103893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2020.103893.
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Manya, S., i M. A. H. Maboko. "Dating basaltic volcanism in the Neoarchaean Sukumaland Greenstone Belt of the Tanzania Craton using the Sm–Nd method: implications for the geological evolution of the Tanzania Craton". Precambrian Research 121, nr 1-2 (luty 2003): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-9268(02)00195-x.
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RING, UWE, HILDE L. SCHWARTZ, TIMOTHY G. BROMAGE i CHARLES SANAANE. "Kinematic and sedimentological evolution of the Manyara Rift in northern Tanzania, East Africa". Geological Magazine 142, nr 4 (lipiec 2005): 355–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756805000841.
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We describe the stratigraphical/sedimentological and structural evolution of the Manyara Rift in the Tanzania Divergence Zone, East Africa. The rift-related Manyara Beds on the shoaling side of the Manyara Rift were deposited between <1.7 and 0.4 Ma and can be separated into a lacustrine lower member and a fluvial upper member. The transition from lacustrine to fluvial sedimentation at ∼ 0.7 Ma appears to be related to a southward shift of major rift faulting. Fault geometry and the kinematics of the faults are consistent with major faulting during NE/E-directed extension. There is also evidence for other extensional directions including radial extension, which might be caused by magmatic activity and/or might reflect oblate strain symmetry where the East African Rift propagated into the Archaean Tanzania Craton and associated termination of rifting caused an increase in the strained area.
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Sun, Kai, Lin-lin Zhang, Zhi-dan Zhao, Fu-qing He, Sheng-fei He, Xing-yuan Wu, Lei Qiu i Xiao-dong Ren. "Episodic crustal growth in the Tanzania Craton: evidence from Nd isotope compositions". China Geology 1, nr 2 (2018): 210–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31035/cg2018025.
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Lawley, Christopher J. M., David Selby, Daniel J. Condon, Matthew Horstwood, Ian Millar, Quentin Crowley i Jonathan Imber. "Lithogeochemistry, geochronology and geodynamic setting of the Lupa Terrane, Tanzania: Implications for the extent of the Archean Tanzanian Craton". Precambrian Research 231 (lipiec 2013): 174–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2013.02.012.
Pełny tekst źródłaRozprawy doktorskie na temat "Tanzania Craton"
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Ryner, Maria. "Past environmental and climate changes in northern Tanzania : Vegetation and lake level variability in Empakaai Crater". Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6835.
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Higgins, Lindsey. "Linking lake variability, climate, and human activity in Basotu, Tanzania". Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-145415.
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Paleoenvironmental investigations establish important baseline knowledge of the natural variability of lake systems, to better understand human impacts on the landscape, and the effects of climate change on water resources. By combining long-term environmental history with investigations into modern land use patterns and climatological events, a wider perspective can be reached that has practical applications in water governance. This thesis presents a case study of Lake Basotu (4.37°S, 35.07°E), a crater lake in the Hanang district of north-central Tanzania, which acts as an important source of freshwater for local people. A three-meter long sediment core from an interior crater of Lake Basotu was investigated using proxy records (diatoms, magnetic parameters, and carbon content) and radiometric dating (14C and 210Pb). The Lake Basotu record was then compared to other sediment-based reconstructions from East Africa and records of historical famines to better place it into the timeline and understanding of regional climate dynamics. This work was extended into modern times (1973–2015) by examining lake extent variations in the Landsat satellite archive. Shoreline boundaries for dry-season images were delineated and lake extent was calculated using GIS techniques. This remote sensing record was compared to climatological patterns, meteorological records, and the history of land-use changes in the surrounding district. As a whole, the Lake Basotu record indicates that major fluctuations in lake level are not abnormal; however, human influence has likely increased the lake’s sensitivity to climatic fluctuations. The timing of historical famines in East Africa were linked to periods of shallow lake conditions in Basotu, and the duration of the most extreme lake level changes correlate to a reversal in the 14C age-depth model. Recent variations in lake extent are likely connected to a mechanized wheat farming program implemented in the district as a foreign aid project in the early 1960s. To support the work done in Basotu, a preliminary investigation of sediment from the nearby Lake Babati was undertaken. Sediment from the two lakes indicates that their geographical location may be in a transition zone towards dryer conditions to the south during the Little Ice Age in East Africa. The results of this thesis support that Lake Basotu is an important location for understanding the potential impacts of climate change and human activity on water resources in this region.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript.
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Gama, Remigius. "Structure et propagation d'un rift magmatique en bordure de craton : approche intégrée de la divergence Nord-Tanzanienne par analyse des populations de failles et du réseau de drainage". Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0047/document.
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Tout modèle cinématique appliqué à la propagation du rift sud kenyan (RSK) et à sa divergence vers l’ouest au nord de la Tanzanie (DNT) doit nécessairement intégrer la vallée axiale Magadi-Natron (études antérieures), mais aussi le bloc soulevé Oldoinyo Ogol (OOB) à l’ouest (ce travail). Notre étude, basée pour l'essentiel sur l'interprétation d'imagerie satellitale SRTM 30 m, nous permet (1) de préciser l'organisation morphostructurale de l'ensemble du RSK, (2) d'identifier 2 systèmes successifs de failles bordières, (3) d'affirmer le rôle majeur de celle d'Oldoinyo Ogol, (4) d'élaborer un modèle de rifting en 2 étapes (7-3 Ma et <3 Ma) et (5) d'attribuer le « shift » latéral du domaine rifté (OOB), puis sa divergence le long de la branche d'Eyasi (DNT) à la présence d'une discontinuité transverse protérozoïque, à laquelle on rapporte aussi le développement précoce et 'hors axe' du segment magmatique des « Crater Highlands », démontrant ainsi l'importance de l'héritage structural sur la cinématique du rifting. L’analyse quantitative des populations de failles démontre le caractère « restricted » des failles intrarift et aboutit aussi à préciser l'évolution, dans l'espace et le temps, du taux d'extension, depuis un stade précoce à déformation localisée jusqu'à un stade récent à déformation diffuse (<3 Ma). L’analyse des réseaux de drainage identifiés sur le compartiment de socle bordant à l'ouest le dispositif RSK-NTD démontre (1) leur contrôle étroit par le dispositif lithologique et tectonique du socle, (2) la nature polyphasée du soulèvement lié aux failles bordières, et (3) le caractère déséquilibré du réseau actuel en cours de soulèvementAny kinematic model applied to the southerly-propagating and diverging South Kenya rift (SKR) should necessarily integrate the structure of the Magadi-Natron axial trough (previous studies), but also those of the Oldoinyo Ogol (OOB) offset block to the west. Our work is chiefly based on SRTM 30 m satellite imagery analysis, and allows us (1) to precise the morphostructural arrangement of the entire SKR,(2) to identify 2 successive border faults systems, (3) to emphasize the role of the Ol Doinyo Ogol master fault, (4) to elaborate a 2-stage rift model (7-3 Ma et <3 Ma), and (5) to attribute a key-role to a transverse Proterozoic discontinuity on the lateral shift of the OOB, as well as on the split of the rift into the Eyasi rift arm and on the off-axis location of the early Crater Highlands magmatic segment, hence demonstrating the importance of basement structural inheritance on rift kinematics.The quantitative analysis of fault populations shows the restricted nature of most intra-rift faults, and leads us to precise the spatiotemporal evolution of extension from a stage of localized strain (border faults) to a stage of diffuse extension (<3 Ma).From the analysis of the river drainage extracted from the basement uplifted block bounding the rift system to the west, it is assumed that (1) lithological and tectonic basement features exerted a strong control on the river network, (2) fault-related basement uplift is polyphased, and (3) the unsteady nature of the present-day river drainage is due to still active rift-flank uplift in the southern portion of the rift system
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Brick, Rachael A. "Palaeoproterozoic eclogite formation in Tanzania: a structural, geochronological, thermochronological and metamorphic study of the Usagaran and Ubende orogenic belts". Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/70891.
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Eclogites and other high-P low-T rocks have been used to understand changing tectonic regimes and the processes which have shaped the Earth. Uncertainty exists over the tectonic setting of Palaeoproterozoic high-pressure rock formation with several workers proposing that deep subduction, the most commonly inferred method for modern high-pressure metamorphism, was not functioning at the time these rocks formed. Tanzania hosts two of the oldest in-situ eclogites in the 2.0 Ga Usagaran and 1.85 Ga Ubendian orogenic belts, with km-scale eclogite & retrograde-eclogite sheets in these locations interlayered with felsic gneisses and amphibolites. These orogenic belts form the south-eastern and south-western margins of the Tanzanian Craton. Based on detrital zircon study on stream sediments the Tanzanian Craton formed between 2850 – 2500 Ga with magmas derived from an evolved (TDM crustal = 3.2 Ga) source. Lu-Hf studies on metasedimentary rocks show the Ubende and Usagaran Belt’s crustal material formed between 1850 – 2050 Ma from a more evolved magma source (TDM crustal = 2.6 Ga) that also reworked some Archaean material from the Tanzanian Craton. The Ubende and Usagaran belts have similar but not identical crustal evolution histories through the Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic, but the Mesoproterozoic evolution of the Ubende diverges from the Usagaran. The Songea district, situated at the junction of these orogenic belts, has a separate crustal evolution and does not form the link between the two orogens. The youngest zircon population (1.0 – 1.2 Ga) may be derived from the Irumide Belt, and has a mixed (TDM crustal = 2.1 and 1.3 Ga) magma source. Thus the belts, sometimes referred to as a continuous orogenic system, are in fact distinguishable by their crustal evolution and the timing of sedimentation and metamorphism. Ubendian eclogites have been dated using ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar at 1848±6 Ma (Boven et al., 1999). ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar thermochronology on a suite of five samples coupled with U-Pb geochronology yields a new metamorphic age for the Ubende Belt. An age of ~1070 Ma is preserved in zircon within metasedimentary rocks with cooling below ~500 °C at ~1020 Ma. Structures in the Usagaran Belt are consistent with sinistral transpression associated with collision between the Tanzanian
craton and an unknown continent. The metasedimentary rocks of the eastern Usagaran rocks are inconsistent with being derived from the Tanzanian Craton, indicating the existence of an as yet unidentified continental block as part of the collisional event. Rocks from the western Usagaran are more consistent with being derived from the craton, with some input of sediment derived from local igneous activity, possibly a volcanic arc. Two metamorphic events were recognised in the Usagaran belt. Usagaran metamorphism occurred over ~20 My between 2007 and 1991 Ma. The East African orogen affected these rocks during the Neoproterozoic, and is recorded in zircon growth in the east of the orogen at 577 ± 17 Ma. Peak eclogite–facies P-T conditions in the Usagaran Orogeny (17.2 ± 3.6 kbar, 839 ± 173 ºC) were slightly higher temperature than previously published. Lithologies intercalated with eclogite in the eclogite body experienced conditions of at least 13.4 ± 2 kbar, 920 ± 130 ºC, however there is no evidence of pelitic rocks having experienced the 17 kbar which the eclogites saw. Fe-Mg diffusion modeling on garnet-biotite shows that country-rock pelites cooled at ~1-2 °C/My, compared to 25ºC/My for eclogites between 1999 and 1991 Ma.
All of these facts are consistent with the eclogite body having formed during subduction of Palaeoproterozoic sea-floor which became intercalated with metasediments and other metaigneous rocks during exhumation. The surrounding blocks of the Isimani suite did not experience eclogite-facies metamorphism but were tectonically juxtaposed during exhumation. All this strongly supports a Palaeoproterozoic subduction-related origin for eclogites in the Usagaran Belt.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2011
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Nambaje, Claude. "Tectonic evolution and tin mineralisation of the Karagwe–Ankole Belt, Rwanda". Thesis, 2020. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/5029.
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Studies of the tectonic evolution and associated ore genesis through time are fundamental to understanding Earth’s crustal growth, evolution, and related enrichment in metal deposits. The present PhD research work has focused on the tin (Sn) ore genesis and tectonic evolution of the Karagwe–Ankole Belt (KAB), with a case study area of Rwanda, east-central Africa. This work addresses the controversial geodynamic evolution of the KAB and puts mineralisation in a tectonic context which has been debatable. This thesis work has discovered Archean crust in the Rusizian terrane of the Western Domain of KAB, SW Rwanda, where the basement was previously thought to be Paleoproterozoic. The discovery of the reported Neoarchean basement provides new insight into the tectonic setting of the KAB by defining the reworked north-western margin of the Tanzania Craton. This thesis also presents evidence for high-pressure granulite facies metamorphism in the Western Domain of the KAB, providing new insight into the tectonic evolution of the orogenic belt during the amalgamation of Rodinia. The present thesis provides constraints from petrology, geochemistry and geochronology on the granitic rocks from Rwanda, further indicating a collisional or convergent setting for the Mesoproterozoic evolution of the KAB. In the present work, detailed ore geology and micro-textural characterisation of cassiterite, representing major mineralisation in the KAB, have been carried out to understand the mechanism of tin ore formation and cassiterite chemistry. With simple modifications, the sensitivity of the SIMS U-Pb technique was improved, and a meaningful precision was achieved in the dating of hydrothermal cassiterite with sub-ppm U contents. This thesis reports the first SHRIMP direct U-Pb dating of cassiterite mineralisation in the KAB, Rwanda, and through the zircon and monazite dating of igneous rocks that are potentially linked to the mineralisation, places the several styles and episodes of mineralisation in a tectonic context. It also shows the value of monazite in dating felsic/fractionated igneous rocks in which the zircon has suffered major radiation damage. The links demonstrated between mineralisation, magmatism, geological setting and tectonism not only help to clarify the mineralisation process, but also will assist in targeting exploration for further tin deposits in both Rwanda and neighbouring countries. Furthermore, this thesis newly addresses xanthan gum-based investigations into the surface chemistry of cassiterite and beneficiation of cassiterite tailings, contributing to a new development for the recovery of a good grade of the cassiterite lost in gravity tailings from the world class tin deposits of the KAB, Rwanda
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Amiyo, Amiyo T. "Ngorongoro crater rangelands : condition, management and monitoring". 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5520.
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The Ngorongoro Crater is a volcanic caldera located within the Ngorongoro
Conservation Area in Tanzania. The Crater comprises a flat grassland plain
surrounded by steep, bushy walls. It contains extremely high densities of
animals and is ecologically the central feature of Ngorongoro Conservation
Area. The management of the Ngorongoro Crater has changed significantly in
recent times, with cattle being removed and fire excluded about 30 years ago.
A detailed vegetation assessment was carried out in the Crater floor by
Herlocker & Dirschl in 1972. Since then noticeable changes in vegetation
structure and composition, with associated changes in wild herbivore numbers
have occurred. The original vegetation survey was repeated in this study as
accurately as possible using similar point-based techniques in order to
quartify changes and form a baseline for management decision-making and
future monitoring. In addition to repeating the vegetation survey, the standing
biomass was estimated using a Pasture Disc Meter with associated calibration
equations. Data were summarised using multivariate classification and
ordination techniques in order to delineate six Homogenous Vegetation Units
(HVUs) which can be used for management and management planning
purposes, define transects and HVUs in terms of dominant species, describe
the main species in relation to their occurrence in different associations and
determine the fuel load of the standing crop. A key grass species technique
was developed for rapid assessment of the Crater rangeland by the
Ngorongoro Conservation Area staff who only need to be familiar with the
dominant species. Bush surveys using a point centred quarter technique were
conducted along transects in two distinct vegetation types, namely the Lerai
Forest and Ngoitokitok Acacia xanthophloea forests and the lower caldera
scrub vegetation. The data collected from these transacts were analysed to
determine density and composition of the vegetation in the various height
classes and the overall structure of the vegetation communities, A range
monitoring system in conjunction with a controlled burning programme has
been developed to provide an objective means of managing the- rangeland of
the Ngorongoro Crater. Data revealed that changes have taken place in the vegetation, with a trend towards dominance by taller grasses and dominance
by fewer species. Lack of fire has probably contributed to these changes.
Reincorporating fire in the crater is recommended.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.
Książki na temat "Tanzania Craton"
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Keitumetse, Susan O., i Arpakwa O. Sikorei. The Suffocated Cultural Heritage of Sub-Saharan Africa’s Protected Areas. Redaktorzy Angela M. Labrador i Neil Asher Silberman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190676315.013.20.
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Management of sub-Saharan protected areas is at its peak, with most countries having signed up to international conventions aimed at protecting the natural environment and collectively managing political threats that are likely to emanate from other states’ interest to harness cross-border environmental resources. These conservation efforts however are at a broader perspective that does not cater for the nuances at varying scales of environmental resources conservation and management. This article looks at the micro scale of resources management and assesses conservation of landscape at a protected world heritage area to illustrate an existing gap that needs to be addressed by accounting for each and every category of resources found in any protected landscape. To illustrate this phenomenon this article discusses insights from two protected areas of world heritage status in southern Africa: Ngorongoro Crater Conservation Park World Heritage site in Tanzania and Okavango Delta World Heritage site in Botswana.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Tanzania Craton"
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Emishaw, Luelseged, i Mohamed Abdel Salam. "LITHOSPHERIC IMAGING OF THE CONGO – TANZANIA – BANGWEULU CRATON, THE ZIMBABWE – KAPPVAAL – NIASSA CRATON, AND THE TRANS-SOUTHERN AFRICAN OROGEN". W GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-339468.
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