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Bellamy, Charlotte. "Functional characterization of a novel mutation in PRKCA, the major driver of Chordoid glioma". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASL052.
Pełny tekst źródłaChordoid glioma (ChG) is a rare low-grade brain tumor, characterised by a novel recurrent point mutation PRKCA p.D463H, a substitution in the kinase domain of Protein kinase C alpha (PKCα). This study demonstrates the role of this mutated kinase in the development of ChGs. Here we show the inactivation and dominant negative effect of PKCαD463H via in vitro and In cellulo activity assays. Our results show the mutation affects the tertiary structure, resulting in an open, unstable protein. Phosphoproteomic and Co-Immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry data from HEK cells overexpressing PKC⍺D463H show decreased phosphorylation and interaction with proteins involved in cell adhesion. We confirm genetically through single nuclei RNAseq that ChGs derive from specialised tanycytes. By understanding the cell context of tumorigenesis alongside the functional changes of this mutation on the activity and interactome of PKCα, we elaborated a model of the development of ChGs alongside the identification of a therapeutic approach
Benford, Heather Elizabeth. "Signalling in hypothalamic tanycytes". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2014. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/62112/.
Pełny tekst źródłaLazutkaite, Greta. "Amino acid sensing in hypothalamic tanycytes via umami taste receptors". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2018. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/109627/.
Pełny tekst źródłaCappellini, Prieto Monica. "Transplantation de tanycytes dans la moelle épinière de rats adultes". Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20109.
Pełny tekst źródłaBalland, Églantine. "Rôle des tanycytes de l’éminence médiane dans le transport de la leptine de la périphérie vers l’hypothalamus". Thesis, Lille 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL2S053.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) is a critical component of the neural circuits that regulate energy balance. However, little is known about how peripheral signals reach the ARH to mediate their central effects. The ARH is adjacent to the median eminence (ME), where highly specialized ependymal cells called tanycytes are found. The cell bodies of tanycytes are lining the floor of the third ventricle and their end-feet are contacting the rich capillary plexus with fenestrated endothelium of the ME. Tanycytes have recently been proposed to play a role in blood-hypothalamus barrier regulation. Their privileged location at the interface between the blood and the brain suggests that these cells might be direct target for a variety of peripheral signals, including the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin. The understanding of leptin transport mechanisms is fundamental as it may provide new insights into cellular processes involved in leptin resistance linked to obesity.The aim of this work was to determine wether tanycytes of the median eminence could be responsible for leptin entry in the hypothalamus and in this case if they could be involved in the mechanisms responsible for obesity-associated leptin resistance.We first investigated leptin uptake into the hypothalamus through several approaches in vivo. Western-blot experiments revealed that peripherally injected leptin is sequentially found in ME and later in MBH, moreover the timing of the leptin receptor activation appears to follow the same sequence. In contrast, we observed that leptin failed to reach the hypothalamus and was seen to accumulate in the ME in obese mice (db/db and DIO models) that has lost the capacity of activating LepRb signaling pathways in the ME. The use of fluorescent leptin demonstrated that leptin is internalized in ΜΕ tanycytes in a polarized manner, leptin is uptaken at the level of the basal processes contacting fenestrated capillaries and transported toward the apical pole. In addition, we showed that these tanycytes are the first cell type in the median eminence to respond to peripheral leptin injection through the activation of P-STAT3 detected by immunohistochemistry. The use of a leptin antagonist showed the dependence of leptin receptor(s) activation for leptin internalization in tanycytes. Then, the use of tanycyte primary cultures as an in vitro model system allowed us to study leptin transport mechanisms more in detail. Experiments performed on cultured tanycytes confirmed our in vivo findings and showed that the release of leptin from tanycytes, which is blocked in obese mice, depends on the activation of the X signaling pathway. The use of a pharmacological compound able to activate the X signaling pathway in tanycytes can rescue leptin transport from ME to MBH in obese mice. Altogether this data may provide valuable information in the understanding of central leptin transport and may help to explain mechanism underlying obesity-associated leptin resistance
Barbotin, Anne-Laure. "Plasticité neuro-structurale de l’hypothalamus dans le syndrome des ovaires polykystiques". Thesis, Lille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LILUS043.
Pełny tekst źródłaPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common reproductive disorder (10% of women worldwide). Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels are found to be 2-3-fold higher in PCOS women than in those with normal ovaries. AMH induces LH secretion by stimulating the activation of GnRH secretion. As recently demonstrated, this increase in GnRH secretion could be related to hyperactivity of GnRH neurons in response to a direct action of AMH but could also be exerted indirectly via an increase in excitatory inputs on GnRH neurons.Our team has previously demonstrated that tanycytes, which unsheathe the terminals of GnRH neurons, regulate GnRH secretion and express AMH receptor. Thus, we aim to determine (1) whether elevated AMH could be responsible for the retraction of the tanycyte coverage leading to increased GnRH/LH secretion in PCOS and (2) whether neuronal hyperactivity in hypothalamus could contribute to higher GnRH activity in PCOS women.Firstly, we have performed ultrastructural studies in rodents’ median eminence (ME) explants challenged with AMH. Then, we compared tanycytic retraction using electron microscopy. We have performed the same experiments in a PCOS mouse model. In humans, we have used metabolic magnetic resonance imaging approaches (i.e. proton magnetic resonance spectra). In order to assess neuronal activity, we have compared N-acetyl-aspartate/creatine ratios in the hypothalamus between PCOS women versus controls.Using electron microscopy, we have shown that tanycytes displayed a significant retraction of their end-feet after AMH treatment ex vivo. This is followed by the sprouting of GnRH terminals towards the pericapillary space. Such processes could significantly favor the sustained delivery of peak levels of GnRH, which could contribute to the rise in LH levels typical of PCOS condition. We have found the same results in PCOS-mouse model with higher GnRH terminals towards the pericapillary space in PCOS mice than in controls. In addition, we found an increase in neuronal activity in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus in PCOS mice. Moreover, this region is particularly involved in the regulation of GnRH secretion. For the first time, we have demonstrated that PCOS women exhibit higher concentrations of GnRH measured by mass spectroscopy than GnRH levels in normo-ovulatory women. Our proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis has revealed that PCOS women exhibit higher N-acetyl aspartate/creatine ratio than controls. These results are predicted to be correlated with increased hypothalamic activity.This translational study suggests that the increase in GnRH / LH secretions found in PCOS could be explained by neurostructural hypothalamic plasticity in link with tanycytes retraction and by an increase of neuronal activity in the hypothalamus
Mullier, Amandine. "Etude des interfaces sang/cerveau dans la région tubérale de l'hypothalamus médiobasal: rôle des tanycytes de l'éminence médiane". Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00515862.
Pełny tekst źródłaChauvet, Norbert. "Rôles des tanycytes dans les mécanismes de régénération axonale des neurones du système nerveux central du rat adulte". Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20160.
Pełny tekst źródłaChaker, Zayna. "Longevity gene IGF-1 and adult neurogenesis : regulation of lifelong neuronal replacement, olfactory function and metabolism". Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05T052.
Pełny tekst źródłaProduction of new neurons in the brain decreases dramatically with age due to progressive physiological depletion of stem and progenitor cell populations (NSCs). Recent studies indicate that circulating factors constitute a systemic aging milieu regulating the birth of new cells. Interestingly, some long-lived mouse strains such as Ames dwarf mutants, with low circulating levels of GH and IGF-1, show increased neurogenesis and preserved hematopoietic stem cell pool. Thus, the possibility that genes regulating lifespan and aging also quantitatively modulate stem cells in mammals is more and more explored. IGF-1 plays a pivotal role in aging in different species, and I am asking whether some of the well-known longevity effects resulting from down-regulation of this signaling pathway could be explained by local regulation of stem and progenitor cell compartments. To validate this hypothesis, I pursued a dual approach based on biological experiments and mathematical modeling. Using a novel triple transgenic mouse model, I inactivated IGF-1 signaling specifically in adult NSCs, and traced knockout cell lineages with a fluorescent reporter transgene. By analyzing the phenotype at different time points after KO induction, I could distinguish between short and long-term effects of IGF signaling on cellular regeneration and identify cumulative physiological consequences of down-regulation of this pathway using behavioral tests. In my mathematical models, the dynamics of regenerative cell populations were described by a set of differential equations depending on circulating “growth-factor like molecules” (GFs). My results suggest that in aging tissues, the optimal distribution of GFs is a function that decreases with time. In the olfactory system, I showed that inactivation of IGF signaling in adult NSCs enhanced long-term maintenance of neuroblasts and increased the overall production of neurons. Mutants started with the same number of adult-born neurons as controls one month after KO induction at 4 months of age, but ended up having significantly more differentiated cells integrating the olfactory bulb at long-term, i.e. at 16 months of age. This highly increased neurogenic activity occurred without depletion of neural stem/progenitor cell compartments. In contrast, IGF-1R deletion in adult hippocampal stem cells did not change neurogenesis dynamics, pointing out a niche-dependent effect of IGFs. The important cellular changes in the olfactory bulb led to improved olfactory memory and odor discrimination in aged mutants. Strikingly, mutants also displayed altered energy homeostasis and increased sensitivity to metabolic hormones, namely leptin and insulin. This metabolic shift could be linked to enhanced olfactory function, and to changes in hypothalamic neurogenesis. Indeed, we observed that IGF-1R deletion in hypothalamic stem cells (HySC) protected α-tanycyte pool from age-related decline and increased the number of newborn neurons in the hypothalamus. Taken together, my results validate the hypothesis that life-long inhibition of IGF signaling in adult NSCs delays age-related decline of neurogenesis, in a niche-dependent manner. These data also show that local modulation of neural cell replacement has important physiological effects at the level of the whole organism, pointing out a novel pathophysiological role for adult neurogenesis
Milesi, Sébastien. "Rôle de la signalisation hypothalamique TSH/T3 dans la reproduction saisonnière chez les hamsters Djungariens (Phodopus sungorus) et Syriens (Mesocricetus auratus)". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ023/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn hamsters, reproduction is activated by long days. This photoactivation (PA) supposedly involves melatonin, hypothalamic thyroid hormones (TH) and RFamide peptides. Maintaining inhibitory short days for over 20 weeks triggers a photorefractory reactivation of the hypothalamo pituito gonadotropic axis (HPG) The mechanisms of this PR are so far unknown. Our cinetic analysis of the dynamic molecular changes in PA and PR revealed a conserved early inhibition of tanycytic deiodinase 3 (Dio3), which catabolizes TH, in both activation mechanisms. Associated with a late decrease of the TH transporter MCT8, the inhibition of Dio3 could generate an early peak of hypothalamic TH. In both activations, RFamide upregulation occurs several weeks after the initial Dio3 inhibition. Also, pharmacological inhibition of RFRP3 during PA does not influence the HPG activity, questioning the role of RFRP3 in HPG activation. We have thus uncovered a so far unreported early Dio3 inhibition that could be sufficient to seasonally reactivate the gonadotropic axis. The seasonal regulator of Dio3 remains to be discovered
Langlet, Fanny. "Etude de l'interface sang-noyau arqué hypothalamique au cours d'un déséquilibre énergétique : plasticité de l'éminence médiane et impact sur la régulation de la prise alimentaire". Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00965922.
Pełny tekst źródłaDuquenne, Manon. "Les tanycytes véhiculent la leptine dans le cerveau métabolique : mécanismes moléculaires et rôle dans la physiopathologie de la résistance hormonale et l'obésité/diabète". Thesis, Lille, 2019. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/EDBSL/2019/2019LILUS054.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe control of energy balance that allows for the maintenance of body mass requires a continued dialogue between the periphery and the hypothalamus in the brain. The access of peripheral hormones to that structure is essential to the proper functioning of neural circuits that regulate energy balance. However, little is known about the transport mechanisms of circulating metabolic signals into the hypothalamus. The median eminence, a hypothalamic structure forming the floor of the 3rd ventricle, contains specialized ependymoglial cells called tanycytes. Tanycytes have been shown to shuttle metabolic signals such as leptin into the cerebrospinal fluid, via transcytosis. Identifying the molecular mechanisms involved in this transport is essential to our understanding of the phenomenon of central hormone resistance found in obese and type 2 diabetes patients. During my thesis, after an infusion of a recombinant fusion protein (TAT-Cre) into the 3rd ventricle of leptin receptor gene-floxed mouse model (LepR(loxP/loxP)), we investigated the role of the LepR in tanycytes on the central control of energy homeostasis in mice. Our results show that selectively impairing LepR expression in tanycytes increases body weight, adiposity, cholesterolemia, triglyceridemia and decreases noradrenaline serum concentration. It’s associated with an increase of food intake, peripheral but not central leptin anorectic effect and glucose intolerance. Pancreas and adipose tissue activity of our model is also affected. In parallel, we studied the mechanisms underlying the anorexigenic action of endozepines. Our results show that endozepines induce ERK activation necessary for leptin transport into the brain in primary culture of tanycytes and require tanycytic LepR expression to promote STAT3 phosphorylation in the hypothalamus. Finally, we also investigated the effect of the expression of the type B botulinum neurotoxin BoNTB, in tanycytes on the central control of energy homeostasis in mice. BoNTB inactivates synaptobrevins 1-3 by proteolytic cleavage and thus alters synaptobrevin-mediated exocytosis. Our results show that selectively impairing synaptobrevin function in tanycytes affects as in the previous model the basal food intake, leptin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in mice. However, we noticed some differences in pancreas activity compared to the model in which we selectively impaired LepR expression in tanycytes. Altogether, these data demonstrate for the first time the key role of tanycytes in the central control of energy regulation in-vivo and the involvement of LepR expression in tanycytes for circulating leptin and endozepines action in the metabolic brain
Santos, Sebastiao Sergio Lima dos. "Alteração das reservas de glicogênio em núcleos hipotalâmicos de ratos submetidos à malnutrição protéica durante o período neonatal". Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2000. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1557.
Pełny tekst źródłaO estado nutricional perinatal tem influência persistente sobre o desenvolvimento neural e a função cognitiva. Em humanos e outros animais, a malnutrição protéica durante o período perinatal acarreta alterações permanentes, incluindo a síndrome metabólica na idade adulta. A alimentação é modulada principalmente por fatores neuronais e hormonais que chegam ao hipotálamo. As reservas de glicogênio hipotalâmicos são uma fonte de glicose em altas demandas energéticas, como durante o desenvolvimento dos circuitos neurais. Como alguns circuitos hipotalâmicos estão sendo formados durante o período de lactação, focamos o estudo nos efeitos da desnutrição protéica, durante os primeiros 10 dias de lactação, sobre as reservas de glicogênio em núcleos hipotalâmicos envolvidos no controle do metabolismo energético. Ratas grávidas foram aleatoriamente separadas individualmente em gaiolas e alimentadas ad libitum com uma dieta normoproteíca (22% proteína). Após o parto, cada mãe ficava com 6 filhotes machos. Durante os 10 primeiros o grupo experimental recebia uma dieta isenta de proteína (D) e o grupo controle uma dieta normoproteíca (C). Em P10 a marcação para as reservas de glicogênio era muito intensa nos animais C no núcleo arqueado (ARC) e eminência média (EM). Em P20 no animais C, as reservas eram menores em comparação com P10. Os animais D apresentaram uma marcação menor do que os controles. Após P45 foi difícil determinar diferença entre os grupos porque o as reservas estavam diminuídas. Nós também mostramos que os tanicitos eram as células que apresentavam reservas de glicogênio. Nossos dados reforçam que o estado nutricional materno durante a lactação é crítico para a maturação cerebral, pois a malnutrição materna resulta em menor marcação nas reservas de glicogênio no hipotálamo, o que pode ser crítico para o estabelecimento da circuitaria neural.
Perinatal nutrition has persistent influences on neural development and cognition. In humans and other animals protein malnutrition during the perinatal period causes permanent changes, inducing to adulthood metabolic syndrome. Feeding is mainly modulated by neural and hormonal inputs to the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic glycogen stores are a source of glucose in high energetic demands, as during development of neural circuits. As some hypothalamic circuits are formed during lactation, we attempt to study the effects of malnutrition, during the first 10 days of lactation, on glycogen stores in hypothalamic nuclei involved in the control of energy metabolism. Female pregnant rats were fed ad libitum with a normorprotein diet (22% protein). After delivery each dam was kept with 6 male pups. During the first 10 days of lactation dams from experimental group received a protein free diet and the control group a normoprotein diet. By P10 glycogen stores were very high in the arcuate nucleus and median eminence of control group. Glycogen stores decreased during development. In P20 control animals, glycogen stores were lower when compared to P10 control animals. Animals submitted to malnutrition presented a staining even lower than control ones. After P45 it was difficult to determine differences between control and diet groups because glycogen stores were reduced. We also showed that tanycytes were the cells presenting glycogen stores. Our data reinforce that maternal nutritional state during lactation may be critical for neurodevelopment since it resulted in a low hypothalamic glycogen store, which may be critical for establishment of neuronal circuitry.
Deligia, Eleonora. "Genetic and diet-induced disruption of tanycyte transcytosis : molecular mechanisms, metabolic consequences and pharmacological therapy : Metformin strikes again". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ULILS025.
Pełny tekst źródłaObesity is a growing epidemic in the world, characterized by an imbalance between food intake and energy expenditure. Disruption of the body-brain communication, essential for maintaining glucose and energy homeostasis, arises from obesogenic and genetic factors, leading to metabolic disorders. The adipokine leptin controls energy homeostasis by reducing food intake and increasing energy expenditure through its action in the hypothalamus, however in the context of diet-induced obesity (DIO) circulating leptin quickly fails to reach its target neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH). Interestingly it has been shown that tanycytes, which are ependymoglial cells lining the floor of the third ventricle, shuttle leptin into the MBH in an extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) and a leptin receptor (LepR) dependent manner. Indeed, in DIO mice, the reactivation of ERK rescues leptin central transport and in mice in which leptin receptor is selectively knocked out in tanycytes (LeprTanKO), leptin entry in the brain is impaired. In addition, we now establish that the inhibition of vesicle-associated membrane proteins (VAMP1-3)-mediated molecules release with targeted expression of botulinum neurotoxin type B (BoNT/B) in tanycytes induces a prediabetic state. In mice on a standard diet, selective expression of BoNT/B in tanycytes blocks leptin transport into the brain, resulting in increased food intake, abdominal fat deposition, and heightened leptin levels. Concurrently, it favors fatty acid storage and leads to glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Furthermore, we assessed whether metformin treatment could impact on leptin-transport in DIO mice. Indeed, metformin is a weight loss promoting anti-diabetic drug known both to increase leptin sensitivity and to induce ERK phosphorylation. Firstly, we show that metformin boosts the release of leptin previously taken up by tanycytes in a model of tanycyte primary culture. In vivo, we observe that a chronic metformin treatment significantly induces body weight loss and reduces food intake in DIO mice. Hypothalamic microdialysis approaches showed that this metformin-induced reduction in body weight was associated with the rescue of leptin transport into the brain. Intriguingly, knocking out selectively LepR, but not the AMP-regulated kinase AMPK, a known metformin target, in tanycytes blunted both the ability of metformin to rescue leptin shuttles and to induce weight loss in DIO mice, suggesting that the anti-obesity effects of metformin are mainly mediated by its action on tanycytes. These findings underscore the central role of tanycytes in brain-periphery communication, highlighting their potential implications in type 2 diabetes and their possible action modulation as a therapeutic strategy against overweight and obesity
Lhomme, Tori. "La navette lactate tanycyte-neurone à POMC : un nouveau mécanisme de contrôle des circuits neuronaux de la prise alimentaire". Thesis, Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUS056.
Pełny tekst źródłaTanycytes of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) are specialized ependymoglial cells distributed along the lateral walls of the third ventricle (3V); their cell bodies contact the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) while their processes arching in the tissue contact arcuate neurons. Their strategic location at the interface between the glucose-containing CSF and glucose-responsive proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons raises the possibility that tanycytes play a role in hypothalamic glucose detection mechanisms controlling energy balance. The aim of my thesis was to test the hypothesis that tanycytes convert glucose-containing CSF into lactate and distribute it to POMC neurons via a connexin 43 (Cx43)-mediated tanycytic metabolic networks, to control the energy balance. Electrophysiological recordings intriguingly indicated that most of the POMC neurons do not use glucose but lactate as energy substrate to sustain their electrical activity via its metabolism into pyruvate. The endogenous lactate required to sustain POMC neuronal activity is provided by ARH tanycytes via the conversion of glucose and shuttled to neurons via monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs). Furthermore, our study demonstrated that disruption of the Cx43-mediated tanycytic metabolic network leads to inhibition of POMC neuronal activity due to lactate deficiency into the ARH. These results thus show the importance of this network in the supply of lactate to POMC neurons. Finally, the tanycytic network was also shown to control the bioavailability of lactate in the ARH in response to changes in circulating glucose and to regulate feeding behavior and the energy metabolism in mice. Overall, our findings shed new lights on the mechanism used by the hypothalamus to monitor circulating levels of glucose and maintain of energy balance
Florent, Vincent. "Etude de la communication de l’hypothalamus avec la périphérie chez l’Homme : répercussions sur l’activité métabolique cérébrale et le contrôle de l’homéostasie énergétique Hypothalamic structural and functional imbalances in anorexia nervosa". Thesis, Lille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LILUS031.
Pełny tekst źródłaEating behavior and energy homeostasis depend on the hypothalamic integration of peripheralsignals of different natures, metabolic and hormonal. This continuous dialogue between theperiphery and the brain is essential for maintaining the energy homeostasis and thus allows abalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure. Despite this regulated system,significant variations in weight can occur and there is then an imbalance in the energybalance. The origin of this disorder is complex, multifactorial, with a behavioral componentexplaining the eating disorder. The implication of the hypothalamus in these pathologies islittle studied and in particular its communication with the periphery. In fact, the mechanismsfor hormonal transport through the median eminence, the real gateway to the brain, are faultyin the obese subject. The role of tanycytes in the transport of these signals, like leptin, is nowwell demonstrated. These specialized glial cells form a bridge between the blood vessels andthe central nervous system and control the access of peripheral hormones. However, recentdata show that a transport route within the tanycytes is faulty, which can be the source ofresistance to the passage of these signals, and lead to a possible eating disorder, from anorexiato obesity.During my thesis, I first examined how the activation of certain hypothalamic regionsinvolved in the regulation of food intake in response to hunger evolved in a population ofpatients suffering from restrictive anorexia nervosa or in lean constitutional patients usingmetabolic MRI techniques. We were able to demonstrate that the glutamatergic tonus wasaltered in the anorexic patient even though the activation of glutamatergic neurons in thehypothalamic arcuate nucleus and the lateral hypothalamic area, two regions essential for theregulation of food intake, causes a loss of appetite in mice fed ad libitum. In addition, wewere able to show that the number of nerve fibers passing through the hypothalamic arcuatenucleus was considerably reduced in the anorexic patient, this nucleus being considered as theleader of homeostatic regulation. Conversely, the lateral hypothalamic area contains muchless nerve fibers in thin constitutive and anorexic patients reflecting a character specific to theleanness phenotype. Finally, volume analyzes revealed variations in the hypothalamicultrastructure, variations correlated with the weight of the subjects.Then, mirroring anorexia, we wanted to better understand the phenomenon of hormonalresistance to leptin in the obese subject. For this I designed a study with the aim ofhighlighting both changes in imaging as in anorexia nervosa, but also neuro-hormonal,metabolism, and eating behavior in the obese subject, in the resulting from metformintreatment. This treatment improves the passage of leptin through the tanycytes of the midbasalhypothalamus in an obese mouse model. Recruitment for this second study is underway.All of these data demonstrate for the first time structural and functional anomalies of thehypothalamic ultrastructure in vivo in the anorexic mental patient, with hopefully the futuredemonstration of these anomalies in the obese subject in order to allow a better understandingof the mechanism of leptin resistance in these patients
De, Seranno Sandrine. "Rôle des cellules endothéliales dans l'induction d'une plasticité morphologique des cellules épendymogliales de l'éminence médiane, les tanycytes : implication dans le contrôle neuroendocrine de la fonction de reproduction femelle". Lille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LIL2S026.
Pełny tekst źródłaJourdon, Alexandre. "Prss56Cre, un nouvel outil pour l'étude de la neurogenèse adulte chez la souris". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066082/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe Prss56 gene encodes a serine protease involved in eye pathologies and development in humans. Prss56 expression pattern and function in the rest of the central nervous system were however unknown. Here, I used a knock-in allele in the mouse, Prss56Cre, carrying a Cre recombinase insertion in the locus, to establish the pattern of expression of the gene and to trace the derivatives of Prss56-expressing cells. I found that, in the adult mouse, Prss56 is specifically expressed in three neurogenic niches: the dentate gyrus (DG), the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the hypothalamus ventricular zone (HVZ). In the prospective DG, Prss56 is expressed during embryogenesis in a subpopulation of radial glia. Consistently, the pattern of migration and differentiation of traced cells during development recapitulates the successive steps of DG neurogenesis, including the formation of a subpopulation of adult neural stem cells (aNSC). In the SVZ, Prss56 is expressed after birth in a subpopulation of aNSC mainly localized in the medial-ventral region of the lateral wall. This subpopulation preferentially gives rise to deep granule and calbindin-positive periglomerular cells in the olfactory bulb. Finally, Prss56 is also expressed in a subpopulation of alpha2-tanycytes, potential aNSC of the adult HVZ. My observations reveal that some traced tanycytes translocate their soma into the parenchyma and might give rise to a novel cell type in this territory. In conclusion, this study establishes the Prss56Cre line as a novel and efficient tool to study various aspects of adult neurogenesis in the mouse
Jourdon, Alexandre. "Prss56Cre, un nouvel outil pour l'étude de la neurogenèse adulte chez la souris". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2015PA066082.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe Prss56 gene encodes a serine protease involved in eye pathologies and development in humans. Prss56 expression pattern and function in the rest of the central nervous system were however unknown. Here, I used a knock-in allele in the mouse, Prss56Cre, carrying a Cre recombinase insertion in the locus, to establish the pattern of expression of the gene and to trace the derivatives of Prss56-expressing cells. I found that, in the adult mouse, Prss56 is specifically expressed in three neurogenic niches: the dentate gyrus (DG), the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the hypothalamus ventricular zone (HVZ). In the prospective DG, Prss56 is expressed during embryogenesis in a subpopulation of radial glia. Consistently, the pattern of migration and differentiation of traced cells during development recapitulates the successive steps of DG neurogenesis, including the formation of a subpopulation of adult neural stem cells (aNSC). In the SVZ, Prss56 is expressed after birth in a subpopulation of aNSC mainly localized in the medial-ventral region of the lateral wall. This subpopulation preferentially gives rise to deep granule and calbindin-positive periglomerular cells in the olfactory bulb. Finally, Prss56 is also expressed in a subpopulation of alpha2-tanycytes, potential aNSC of the adult HVZ. My observations reveal that some traced tanycytes translocate their soma into the parenchyma and might give rise to a novel cell type in this territory. In conclusion, this study establishes the Prss56Cre line as a novel and efficient tool to study various aspects of adult neurogenesis in the mouse
Stoney, P. N., Gisela Helfer, D. Rodrigues, P. J. Morgan i P. J. McCaffery. "Thyroid hormone activation of retinoic acid synthesis in hypothalamic tanycytes". 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/10838.
Pełny tekst źródłaThyroid hormone (TH) is essential for adult brain function and its actions include several key roles in the hypothalamus. Although TH controls gene expression via specific TH receptors of the nuclear receptor class, surprisingly few genes have been demonstrated to be directly regulated by TH in the hypothalamus, or the adult brain as a whole. This study explored the rapid induction by TH of retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (Raldh1), encoding a retinoic acid (RA)-synthesizing enzyme, as a gene specifically expressed in hypothalamic tanycytes, cells that mediate a number of actions of TH in the hypothalamus. The resulting increase in RA may then regulate gene expression via the RA receptors, also of the nuclear receptor class. In vivo exposure of the rat to TH led to a significant and rapid increase in hypothalamic Raldh1 within 4 hours. That this may lead to an in vivo increase in RA is suggested by the later induction by TH of the RA-responsive gene Cyp26b1. To explore the actions of RA in the hypothalamus as a potential mediator of TH control of gene regulation, an ex vivo hypothalamic rat slice culture method was developed in which the Raldh1-expressing tanycytes were maintained. These slice cultures confirmed that TH did not act on genes regulating energy balance but could induce Raldh1. RA has the potential to upregulate expression of genes involved in growth and appetite, Ghrh and Agrp. This regulation is acutely sensitive to epigenetic changes, as has been shown for TH action in vivo. These results indicate that sequential triggering of two nuclear receptor signalling systems has the capability to mediate some of the functions of TH in the hypothalamus.
Mu, W., S. Li, X. Guo, H. Wu, Z. Chen, L. Qiao, Gisela Helfer, F. Lu, C. Liu i Q. F. Wu. "Hypothalamic Rax+ tanycytes contribute to tissue repair and tumorigenesis upon oncogene activation in mice". 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18459.
Pełny tekst źródłaHypothalamic tanycytes in median eminence (ME) are emerging as a crucial cell population that regulates endocrine output, energy balance and the diffusion of blood-born molecules. Tanycytes have recently been considered as potential somatic stem cells in the adult mammalian brain, but their regenerative and tumorigenic capacities are largely unknown. Here we found that Rax+ tanycytes in ME of mice are largely quiescent but quickly enter the cell cycle upon neural injury for self-renewal and regeneration. Mechanistically, Igf1r signaling in tanycytes is required for tissue repair under injury conditions. Furthermore, Braf oncogenic activation is sufficient to transform Rax+ tanycytes into actively dividing tumor cells that eventually develop into a papillary craniopharyngioma-like tumor. Together, these findings uncover the regenerative and tumorigenic potential of tanycytes. Our study offers insights into the properties of tanycytes, which may help to manipulate tanycyte biology for regulating hypothalamic function and investigate the pathogenesis of clinically relevant tumors.
Bolborea, M., Gisela Helfer, F. J. P. Ebling i P. Barrett. "Dual signal transduction pathways activated by TSH receptors in rat primary 1 tanycyte cultures". 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/10845.
Pełny tekst źródłaTanycytes play multiple roles in hypothalamic functions, including sensing peripheral nutrients and metabolic hormones, regulating neurosecretion and mediating seasonal cycles of reproduction and metabolic physiology. This last function reflects the expression of TSH receptors in tanycytes, which detect photoperiod-regulated changes in TSH secretion from the neighbouring pars tuberalis. The present overall aim was to determine the signal transduction pathway by which TSH signals in tanycytes. Expression of the TSH receptor in tanycytes of 10-day-old Sprague Dawley rats was observed by in situ hybridisation. Primary ependymal cell cultures prepared from 10-day-old rats were found by immunohistochemistry to express vimentin but not GFAP and by PCR to express mRNA for Dio2, Gpr50, Darpp-32 and Tsh receptors that are characteristic of tanycytes. Treatment of primary tanycyte/ependymal cultures with TSH (100 IU/l) increased cAMP as assessed by ELISA and induced a cAMP-independent increase in the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 as assessed by western blot analysis. Furthermore, TSH (100 IU/l) stimulated a 2.17-fold increase in Dio2 mRNA expression. We conclude that TSH signal transduction in cultured tanycytes signals via Gαs to increase cAMP and via an alternative G protein to increase phosphorylation of ERK1/2.
Helfer, Gisela, i Q.-F. Wu. "Chemerin: A multifaceted adipokine involved in metabolic disorders". 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/16384.
Pełny tekst źródłaMetabolic syndrome is a global public health problem and predisposes individuals to obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Although the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated, accumulating evidence has uncovered a critical role of adipokines. Chemerin, encoded by the gene Rarres2, is a newly discovered adipokine involved in inflammation, adipogenesis, angiogenesis and energy metabolism. In humans, local and circulating levels of chemerin are positively correlated with body mass index and obesity-related biomarkers. In this review, we discuss both peripheral and central roles of chemerin in regulating body metabolism. In general, chemerin is upregulated in obese and diabetic animals. Previous studies by gain or loss of function show an association of chemerin with adipogenesis, glucose homeostasis, food intake and body weight. In the brain, the hypothalamus integrates peripheral afferent signals including adipokines to regulate appetite and energy homeostasis. Chemerin increases food intake in seasonal animals by acting on hypothalamic stem cells, the tanycytes. In peripheral tissues, chemerin increases cell expansion, inflammation and angiogenesis in adipose tissue, collectively resulting in adiposity. While chemerin signalling enhances insulin secretion from pancreatic islets, contradictory results have been reported on how chemerin links to obesity and insulin resistance. Given the association of chemerin with obesity comorbidities in humans, advances in translational research targeting chemerin are expected to mitigate metabolic disorders. Together, the exciting findings gathered in the last decade clearly indicate a crucial multifaceted role for chemerin in the regulation of energy balance, making it a promising candidate for urgently needed pharmacological treatment strategies for obesity.
Helfer, Gisela, A. W. Ross, L. M. Thomson, C. D. Mayer, P. N. Stoney, P. J. McCaffery i P. J. Morgan. "A neuroendocrine role for chemerin in hypothalamic remodelling and photoperiodic control of energy balance". 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/8381.
Pełny tekst źródłaLong-term and reversible changes in body weight are typical of seasonal animals. Thyroid hormone (TH) and retinoic acid (RA) within the tanycytes and ependymal cells of the hypothalamus have been implicated in the photoperiodic response. We investigated signalling downstream of RA and how this links to the control of body weight and food intake in photoperiodic F344 rats. Chemerin, an inflammatory chemokine, with a known role in energy metabolism, was identified as a target of RA. Gene expression of chemerin (Rarres2) and its receptors were localised within the tanycytes and ependymal cells, with higher expression under long (LD) versus short (SD) photoperiod, pointing to a physiological role. The SD to LD transition (increased food intake) was mimicked by 2 weeks of ICV infusion of chemerin into rats. Chemerin also increased expression of the cytoskeletal protein vimentin, implicating hypothalamic remodelling in this response. By contrast, acute ICV bolus injection of chemerin on a 12h:12h photoperiod inhibited food intake and decreased body weight with associated changes in hypothalamic neuropeptides involved in growth and feeding after 24hr. We describe the hypothalamic ventricular zone as a key site of neuroendocrine regulation, where the inflammatory signal, chemerin, links TH and RA signaling to hypothalamic remodeling.
BBSRC (grant number BB/K001043/1) and the Scottish Government.
Helfer, Gisela, P. Barrett i P. J. Morgan. "A unifying hypothesis for control of body weight and reproduction in seasonally breeding mammals". 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/16819.
Pełny tekst źródłaAnimals have evolved diverse seasonal variations in physiology and reproduction to accommodate yearly changes in environmental and climatic conditions. These changes in physiology are initiated by changes in photoperiod (daylength) and are mediated through melatonin, which relays photoperiodic information to the pars tuberalis of the pituitary gland. Melatonin drives thyroid‐stimulating hormone transcription and synthesis in the pars tuberalis, which, in turn, regulates thyroid hormone and retinoic acid synthesis in the tanycytes lining the third ventricle of the hypothalamus. Seasonal variation in central thyroid hormone signalling is conserved among photoperiodic animals. Despite this, different species adopt divergent phenotypes to cope with the same seasonal changes. A common response amongst different species is increased hypothalamic cell proliferation/neurogenesis in short photoperiod. That cell proliferation/neurogenesis may be important for seasonal timing is based on (i) the neurogenic potential of tanycytes; (ii) the fact that they are the locus of striking seasonal morphological changes; and (iii) the similarities to mechanisms involved in de novo neurogenesis of energy balance neurones. We propose that a decrease in hypothalamic thyroid hormone and retinoic acid signalling initiates localised neurodegeneration and apoptosis, which leads to a reduction in appetite and body weight. Neurodegeneration induces compensatory cell proliferation from the neurogenic niche in tanycytes and new cells are born under short photoperiod. Because these cells have the potential to differentiate into a number of different neuronal phenotypes, this could provide a mechanistic basis to explain the seasonal regulation of energy balance, as well as reproduction. This cycle can be achieved without changes in thyroid hormone/retinoic acid and explains recent data obtained from seasonal animals held in natural conditions. However, thyroid/retinoic acid signalling is required to synchronise the cycles of apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation. Thus, hypothalamic neurogenesis provides a framework to explain diverse photoperiodic responses.
MRC. Grant Number: MR/P012205/1 - Scottish Government - BBSRC. Grant Number: BB/K001043/1 - Physiological Society
Helfer, Gisela, i T. J. Stevenson. "Pleiotropic Effects of Proopiomelanocortin and VGF Nerve Growth Factor Inducible Neuropeptides for the Long-Term Regulation of Energy Balance". 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17864.
Pełny tekst źródłaSeasonal rhythms in energy balance are well documented across temperate and equatorial zones animals. The long-term regulated changes in seasonal physiology consists of a rheostatic system that is essential to successful time annual cycles in reproduction, hibernation, torpor, and migration. Most animals use the annual change in photoperiod as a reliable and robust environmental cue to entrain endogenous (i.e. circannual) rhythms. Research over the past few decades has predominantly examined the role of first order neuroendocrine peptides for the rheostatic changes in energy balance. These anorexigenic and orexigenic neuropeptides in the arcuate nucleus include neuropeptide y (Npy), agouti-related peptide (Agrp), cocaine and amphetamine related transcript (Cart) and pro-opiomelanocortin (Pomc). Recent studies also indicate that VGF nerve growth factor inducible (Vgf) in the arcuate nucleus is involved in the seasonal regulation of energy balance. In situ hybridization, qPCR and RNA-sequencing studies have identified that Pomc expression across fish, avian and mammalian species, is a neuroendocrine marker that reflects seasonal energetic states. Here we highlight that long-term changes in arcuate Pomc and Vgf expression is conserved across species and may provide rheostatic regulation of seasonal energy balance.
Academy of Medical Sciences, Leverhulme Trust
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