Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Taiwanese residential construction”

Global warming increases the probability of extreme events and heat waves triggering severe impacts on human health, especially the elderly. Taiwan is an aged society, so residential buildings, which cannot withstand extreme temperature events, increase the risk of harm for the elderly. Furthermore, Taiwanese prefer to open the windows to reduce indoor high temperatures, which causes high levels of outdoor PM2.5 to flow indoors, leading to health risks. Therefore, this research proposes a strategy to create a house with a low temperature and a low PM2.5 health risk for the elderly based on building envelope renovation and windows user behavior patterns. The risk day is demonstrated as an index to evaluate the indoor environment quality, which is based on the number of days that exceed the health risk threshold. The results show that the performance improvement of the building envelope and control of the window opening timing can effectively reduce the risk days by 48.5%. This means that passive strategies cannot fully control health risks, and the use of equipment is necessary. Finally, if the current situation is maintained without any adjustment or strategy improvement, an additional 41.3% energy consumption must be paid every year to control health risks.

The 2015 Questionnaire Survey on Housing Conditions by the Construction and Planning Agency surveyed four categories of satisfactions on housing quality: living convenience, surrounding environmental quality, satisfaction on interior environment, and satisfaction on exterior environment. This study pioneeringly investigates the effect of housing satisfaction on Taiwanese housing price for six municipalities and other rural area. Since the above four survey categories of housing quality are highly overlapping, to avoid variable interaction, we construct an index for housing quality satisfaction using principle component analysis to reduce dimensionality. After controlling the moderation effect of market condition, the results show that residential area, house age, floor location, and number of floors all significantly affect housing price. More importantly, the index for housing quality satisfaction is positively related to housing price, indicating that better housing quality helps in raising housing price. However, the positive relation does not exist in Taipei City or Kaohsiung City. Consistent with previous studies, stress on high housing price may weaken the need for quality consideration, especially the case of Taipei City. Finally, market variation does not lead to difference in the relation between housing quality satisfaction and housing price.

This research aims to study the design and thermal insulation performance of detached houses in Taiwan through the analysis of 55 detached houses. The research shows that 85% of detached houses are built using reinforced concrete (RC) construction, and the rest mostly using lightweight steel framing (LSF) construction. The thermal insulation performance of envelope construction of RC housing is poorer than LSF housing. More than 80% of the case study sample could not meet the roof thermal insulation requirements of Taiwans latest regulations on housing building energy saving. The most commonly used thermal insulation materials are polystyrene board, glass wool and rock wool, which are nearly all applied in LSF housings for the internal thermal insulation layer or the structural body layer of envelope construction. Polystyrene board has the widest range of use, including both internal and external thermal insulation layers of the envelope construction. If improving thermal insulation performance of the common envelope construction concluded from case study samples to meet Taiwans latest regulations on housing building energy saving, of the savings on air-conditioning energy during the summer could potentially be 11.5%. However, above improvement project is not economically beneficial due to the too long payback period.

In 2015, Taiwan’s government announced the “Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Management Act”, the goal of which was a 50% reduction in carbon emissions by 2050, compared with 2005. The residential and commercial sectors produce approximately one third of all carbon emissions in Taiwan, and the number of construction renovation projects is much larger than that of new construction projects. In this paper, we considered the life-cycle CO2 (LCCO2) of a building envelope renovation project in Tainan and focused on local construction methods for typical row houses. The LCCO2 of 744 cases with various climate zones, orientations, and insulation and glazing types was calculated via EnergyPlus, SimaPro, and a local database (LCBA database), and the results were then used to develop a machine learning model. Our findings showed that the machine learning model was capable of predicting annual energy consumption and LCCO2. With regard to annual energy consumption, the RMSE was 227.09 kW·h (per year) and the R2 was 0.992. For LCCO2, the RMSE was 2792.47 kgCO2eq and the R2 was 0.989, which indicates a high-confidence process for decision making in the early stages of building design and renovation.

Purpose This paper aims to propose the practice of urban resilience to flooding in a vulnerable Asian city, Taipei. It conducts Geographic Information System (GIS)-based simulations to assess Taipei’s vulnerability under a set of varying flooding scenarios and likelihoods. This research concludes by proposing remedies to fill the gaps these flood simulations reveal and, in doing so, promotes urban resilience in Taipei. This paper provides an example of urban resilience to flooding for other cities in Asia. Design/methodology/approach The paper undertakes a case study of Taipei to survey current practices and historic analyses as a tool to evaluate a chronology of policies implemented to make Taipei resilient to flooding. It also conducts flood simulation and scenario analysis through the technology of GIS by using ArcMap 10.2.2 software to gauge the vulnerabilities in Taipei. These GIS-based data sets are collected from Taiwan’s central and local governments. This paper analyzes the vulnerability of population, land value, residential properties, GDP and critical facilities, such as major subway stations, medical centers, public schools, major public buildings, electric power substations and gas/oil stations. Additionally, it analyzes the likelihood and cost and benefit of different flooding scenarios based on typhoon and rainfall data sets in 1975-2014 period. After a thorough analysis of vulnerability, likelihood of flooding and cost–benefit analyses, this research develops Taipei resilience policies to address the vulnerabilities. Findings The findings indicate that Taipei case study, a chronology of policies implemented to prevent flooding, explains that costly engineering structures, rebuilding and fortification against floods eventually created a false sense of security, which has encouraged more intensive residential and commercial developments in flood-prone areas, and led to a higher level of vulnerability. Additionally, flooding simulations indicate that 40 per cent of Taipei City is located in flood risk areas in an extreme weather scenario. This percentage is higher than other global cities such as London’s 15 per cent, Tokyo’s 10 per cent and New York City’s 25 per cent. Based on the 10 per cent of total flooding areas above 0.5 m, the vulnerable population is estimated at 200,000 people, or 7 per cent of the total population. The GDP impact will be more than $28bn. More than $67bn of land value is vulnerable. A least one million subway passengers will be affected each day. Further, there is little evidence that the urban poor are particularly vulnerable to floods. On the contrary, some neighborhoods with high-income households face a higher risk of floods. Very few medical centers, oil and gas stations and electrical power substations are located in flood-prone areas, but a large number of public schools, administrative buildings and major subway stations are susceptible. Additionally, the likelihood analysis of flooding in an extreme rainfall scenario concludes that the possibility will be five times that of the existing assumption with a flood in every 200 years. Thus, Taipei City’s infrequent once-in-two-century floods are likely to occur more frequently. Originality/value This paper provides a thorough analysis of vulnerability, likelihood of flooding and cost–benefit analyses in Taipei. It also develops Taipei resilience policies to address the vulnerabilities. In the future, rather than strengthening and rebuilding costly structures, Taipei should focus on land-use and environmental planning for resilience. Urban policies should include environmentally responsible development in the face of continued population and economic growth, and being resilient regarding natural disasters. Most important is the need for a strong political commitment and leadership to initiate and implement urban policies toward resilience.

Taiwanese residential construction experienced a massive rise and then fall in residential unit completions during the period 1992-1997. Completions rose nearly 200 per cent between 1992 and 1994 alone. A series of questions arise in relation to this phenomenon (referred to here as 'the Peak'): Why did it occur? How was this increase in construction achieved in such a short time? What were its impacts? Was it a supply-side or a demand-side phenomenon? And what are the significance and implications of the Peak? This thesis adopts a distinct methodological stance, being explanatory and interpretative rather than concerned with theory construction and testing. It is argued that this is appropriate as the Peak was a singular phenomenon, and not part of the regular fluctuations in a residential market cycle. Consequently, it is treated as an event and event-triggered, rather than as part of a continuing time-series. In addition, given that it was influenced by an enormous array of exogenous factors, including politics, the economy, and government regulations and policy, as well as by demographic, historical and geographical factors, a holistic approach is employed, as opposed to a reductionist one. The purpose is to build as complete an interpretation as possible. A major trigger for the Peak was the announcement of a residential density regulation (vohme control) in early 1992. This regulation, which threatened to dramatically reduce the profitability of development land, caused a massive acceleration in the rate of residential development approvals and ensuing completions. The regulation is viewed as interacting with a loosening of development and construction credit restrictions in late 1990 to precipitate a massive Peak in residential construction. This took glace over a very short period of time. This is analysed for each city and county in Taiwan as well as for Taiwan as a whole, the same factors applying throughout the country with the exception of Taipei City. In Taipei City, the peak occurred in a milder form in the 1980s rather than in the 1990s, due to an earlier implementation of volume control. This provides support for the overall interpretation of the thesis. After its announcement a grace period before the regulation was to come into effect allowed existing developers and landowners to propose and execute land development and construction under the old regulation. This period also induced new developers into the market, in part based on an expectation of higher unit prices resulting from volume control. This created a huge new stock of smaller-size apartments. Accompanied by falling prices, this outcome is consistent with the supply-side explanation of the Peak. Additional evidence of a supply-side phenomenon includes the high vacancies and unsold developer inventories that resulted. The rush to construction under the old regulation meant that the demand and supply market feedback loop could not effectively operate. The presence of simultaneous production peaks in all cities and counties is just one piece of evidence that this feedback loop was ineffective. A pooled cross-sectional time-series model, based on supply and demand factors of all cities and counties during 1982-1998, was used to further analyse this model of the Peak. Again the results are consistent with the supply- side interpretation. While credit loosening and volume control triggered the Peak, it is the existence of huge production flexibilities in the residential construction industry that enabled such a massive and rapid increase in construction. These flexibilities flowed, in part, from a dominant reinforced concrete construction method, as well as the Taiwanese subcontracting system, and residential construction industry networks. It is argued that these networks provided a form of quasi-public good that could be exploited. These same factors also facilitated the rapid entry of new developers into the industry. Conversely, this was associated with a decline in construction quality, as the limits of flexibility were reached. Some evidence for this was revealed by the 1999 earthquake. Imputed construction costs rose enormously during the Peak, with profits necessarily declining under the combined pressures of falling prices and rising costs. This resulted in bankruptcies and other exits from the industry. The impacts of oversupply -such as a high vacancy rate, growing developer inventories and falling prices -are expected to be long-term. The vacant stock is calculated as equivalent to ten to twelve years of pre- Peak construction. This thesis concludes that the Peak was a discontinuity phenomenon. It was triggered by a unique set of events, rather than being part of a continuous historical development. While developer behaviour was individually rational, collectively their decisions were disastrous for themselves and the industry