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Mihindou-Koumba, Pierre-Claver. "Transformation du méthylcyclohexane sur zeolithes à taille de pores intermediaire". Poitiers, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007POIT2280.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis work refers to the catalytic cracking (FCC). The objective was to study, at 350° C, the transformation of methylcyclohexane, a model molecule of naphtene compounds over various intermediate pore size zeolites: MFI, EUO et MWW (Si/Al = 15) in order to determine the effect of the pore structure and acidity of zeolites. EUO zeolite is more active than MFI, as EUO possess a low amount of protonic acid sites and narrowest pores. This result can be attributed to a large crystallite size of MFI. Cracking is the predominant reaction of both zeolites, but coke formation is higher over EUO. MWW zeolite is also active than MFI while cracking selectivity is lower. This is certainly due to the presence of supercages and of external cups on MWW which make easier the diffusion of methylcyclohexane isomers and disadvantage this cracking. However, change in selectivity was observed during zeolite deactivation, isomers formation increases with time on stream. The explanation can be related to the particular pore structure of this zeolite. The internal porous system deactivates by coke formation increases the internal cups don’t favorise the retention of coke components. This reaction occurs preferentially in the internal cups when the methylcyclohexane isomers can be rapidly desorbed before their cracking
Largeot, Céline. "Développement de supercondensateurs carbone/carbone : relation entre la taille des ions de l'électrolyte et la taille des pores de la matière active". Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/529/.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe aim of this work is to study ion/porous carbon interactions in supercapacitor electrodes to improve their electrochemical performances. Titanium Carbide Derived Carbon (TiC-CDC) are microporous carbon with monodisperse porosity. They allowed us to finely study the interactions between electrolyte's ion size and active material pore size during the electrochemical double layer formation in two different kind of electrolyte (organic and ionic liquid). Unlike to traditional views, in order to maximise capacitance, carbon pore size must be close to electrolyte ions size. It was demonstrated that ions adsorbed on carbon's surface are at least partially desolvated. As carbon porosity is well adapted to electrolyte ions size, the capacity is improved of 40 % in acetonitrile and 60 % in ionic liquid. This corresponds respectively to an enhancement by two and by three of the energy of supercapacitors
Sirijarukul, Suksawat. "Elaboration de membranes à traces en poly(éthylènetéréphtalate) ayant un gradient linéaire de taille de pore et une porosité constante". Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20110.
Pełny tekst źródłaA new type of polymer track-etch membrane was produced with a gradient of pore size and another gradient of pore density along the large dimension of the membrane. Those gradients are independently very well controlled and obtained by simple procedures. In a first step, the pore density gradient is created by displacing the poly(ethyleneterephthalate) –PET- film in front of a swift heavy ions beam of varying flux. In a second step, the pore size is controlled by dipping progressively the previously ion beam exposed film into an aqueous solution of 2N NaOH at 50°C. The relationship between both gradients at any position along the membrane is predetermined before preparation: we have chosen to maintain porosity constant with a linear gradient of pore size. Scanning electron microscopy measurements allowed verification of the existence of a cylindrical pore through the whole thickness (13 µm) of the PET film after exposure to UV light centred around 312 nm. A theoretical model has been proposed which describes tangential filtration in a channel where one wall is such a membrane: the case of constant permeability leads to relatively simple analytical expressions contrary to the case of constant porosity. One cell was built up and characterized by electrical and hydraulic measurements. The membrane hydrophobic character is attenuated at high pH (10-2N NaOH) by ionization of the carboxylic groups. We showed also that varying etching time to obtain a gradient of pore size did not induce a wettability gradient provided that the material was previously exposed to UV radiation
Malvault, Guillaume. "Détermination expérimentale de la distribution de taille de pores d’un milieu poreux par l’injection d’un fluide à seuil ou analyse harmonique". Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENAM0040/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaTwo approaches to characterize porous media in terms of pore size distribution (PSD) are developed within our ECPS team. The aim of this study is to experimentally confirm their validity. Like the other methods using mercury intrusion, adsorption isotherm or thermoporometry, the first method consists in the use of a fluid flow threshold. Indeed, the use of flow of a yield-stress fluid like those of Herschel-Bulkley's, through a porous media, versus the pressure gradient, permits (using the analytical and numerical solutions of the inverse problem) to determine the distribution function of its PSD. The second method uses the complex admittance of a porous medium, measured from the flow rate response to a harmonic pressure gradient. As the frequency of the sollicitation is related to the pore radius through the hydrodynamic penetration depth, the admittance allows to determine the PSD using numerical solution of the associated inverse problem. Both techniques are based on the parallel capillaries bundle model, as used in most of similar studies. Our experiments use calibrated porous media. The application of these techniques to real porous media is currently lead in collaboration with the TREFLE (Bordeaux). Our experimental results clearly confirm the validity and the applicability of these methods for the characterization of the PSD. It is now possible to transfer them for an industrial use
Gassara, Sana. "Préparation des membranes à base de poly(étherimide) fonctionnalisées et à taille de pores contrôlée : application à la séparation sélective des ions et des acides aminés". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20131.
Pełny tekst źródłaFunctionalized poly(etherimide) (PEI) membranes with controlled pore size were prepared based on two steps : preparation of UF membranes with a molecular weight cut-Off (MWCO) of 120 ± 10 kDa by phase inversion induced by coagulation in water followed by a surface treatment with an aqueous solution containing amino oligomers. Modification with a commercial monoamine derivative, Jeffamine M-2070, gave membranes (PEG-PEI) coated with brushes of poly (ethylene glycol) short chains that made the membrane more hydrophilic and more resistant to fouling by BSA with a recovery flow rate of of 80 to 93 % (treatment of 1 to 3 h). The MWCO of PEG-PEI membranes treated more than 3 h became progressively larger and reached 500 kDa after 5 h of treatment. On the other hand, reaction with oligomers of poly (ethyleneimine) gave positively charged membranes (Cat-PEI) by narrowing the pore size yielding tight UF and NF membranes. Cat-PEI NF membranes with MWCO of about 300-500 Da are suitable for desalination with a retention order of decreasing simple salts CaCl2> NaCl> MgSO4> Na2SO4. The high retention of Ca2+ ions (more than 90%) make Cat-PEI effective membranes for softening water (reducing the hardness of tap water from 37 to 7 °F). In addition, Cat-PEI membranes showed a good retention of basic amino acids (more than 80% for arginine and lysine) at pH between 3 and 6. Thus, an experimental selectivity of about 20 was obtained for a glutamic acid and arginine mixture using Cat-PEI membranes with a MWCO between 500 and 750 Da
Letellier, Franck. "Influence de la taille des pores du support MCM-41 sur les propriétés catalytiques du platine en hydrogénation et hydrodesalkylation d'aromatiques". Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066206.
Pełny tekst źródłaMeynard, Joane. "Influence de la taille, de la morphologie et de la distribution spatiale des pores sur la conductivité thermique de céramiques UO2". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0607.
Pełny tekst źródłaInside a nuclear reactor core, the behavior of fuels is largely controlled by thermal phenomena. That is why it is very important to model the thermal behavior of fuels very precisely.The objective of this study is to develop a model that indicates the influence of porosity on thermal conductivity at 50° that is representative of the thermal behavior of the UO2 fuels. UO2 fuels were manufactured and their microstructures were studied using optical microscopy, SEM-FIB and X-ray tomography. Two types of porosity were identified: 1) sealed and near-spherical pores which are located in UO2 aggregates, and 2) an interconnected "assembly" porosity located at the interfaces of aggregates. Several descriptive parameters were estimated by immersion measurements and image analysis. Studies based on analytical and numerical homogenization were conducted. Numerical calculations using the Fast Fourier Transform method were performed on images of slice planes obtained with imaging technologies or 3D simulated microstructures generated with an original morphological model reproducing some characteristics of the observed porosity networks. The significant impact of the spatial distribution and the interconnection of the assembly porosity on the thermal conductivity of manufactured UO2 fuels were highlighted. Finally, the proposed model was compared with experimental thermal diffusivity measurements obtained by the Flash method.Discrepancies between the model and the experimental measurements have been largely reduced with the proposed model compared with the standard models, which means that the developed model is more representative of the UO2 thermal behavior
Altinier, Maria Victoria. "Etude de la composition isotopique des eaux porales de l'argilite de Tournemire : inter-comparaison des méthodes de mesure et relations avec les paramètres pétrophysiques". Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112065.
Pełny tekst źródłaRodriguez, de Castro Antonio. "Flow experiments of yield stress fluids in porous media as a new porosimetry method". Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENAM0021/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaCurrent experimental methods used to determine pore size distributions (PSD)of porous media present several drawbacks such as toxicity of the employed fluids (e.g., mercury porosimetry). The theoretical basis of a new method to obtain the PSD by injecting yield stress fluids through porous media and measuring the flow rate Q at several pressure gradients ∇P was proposed in the literature. On the basis of these theoretical considerations,an intuitive approach to obtain PSD from Q(∇P) is presented in this work. It relies on considering the extra increment of Q when ∇P is increased, as a consequence of the pores of smaller radius newly incorporated to the flow. This procedure is first tested and validated on numerically generated experiments. Then, it is applied to exploit data coming from laboratory experiments and the obtained PSDs are compared to those deduced by mercury porosimetry and micro tomography
Ali, Imtiaz. "Contribution à l'étude du comportement mécanique des fibres recyclées. Applications aux supports fibreux". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00872112.
Pełny tekst źródłaEcay, Lionel. "Concrete transfer properties evolution and nuclear containment vessel tightness assessment during an accident". Thesis, Pau, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PAUU3022/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe Fukushima catastrophe that struck Japan in 2011 demonstrated that despite significant progress in the field of nuclear safety a prolonged reactor primary cooling circuit breakdown was possible (several weeks in this specific case). With 4 nuclear power plants located on its shoreline, France therefore needed to reassess the safety level of its facilities. More specifically, the worst case scenario considered up until that point by EdF — which consisted in a 24h breakdown of the primary cooling system — was revised up to two weeks. This time-scale shift induced creep, drying and vapour flow problems previously left aside. Thus came to be the ANR/RSNR MACENA (MAîtrise du Confinement d’une ENceinte en Accident) project, which aims at bettering the tightness assessment of a nuclear containment vessel submitted to a temperature of 180°C and to a pressure of 5 bar for two weeks. This work falls in line with that initiated by Khaddour [2014], who set out to better predict porous materials’ transport properties based solely on an indirect characterisation of their topology, namely Pore Size Distribution (PSD) which is obtained via an experimental technique called Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP). The initial model’s ability to correctly estimate intrinsic permeabilities was confirmed on several different materials whose intrinsic permeabilities span several orders of magnitude. However, it was not fit to accurately account for gas and liquid relative permeabilities. This led to the introduction of a so-called redistributive approach, which yielded better results on various PSD and corresponding experimental datasets. Finally, a new model was developed to try and avoid said approach while bettering relative permeability predictions. Although it behaved well with monomodal pore size distributions, be they wide or narrow, it fell short when applied to a real bimodal PSD. In parallel, an experimental feasibility study demonstrated the possibility of tracking a saturation front within a porous material, which should ultimately allow for the implementation of several other phenomena into the model, linked among others to breakthrough capillary pressure
Znaiguia, Raja. "Déshydratation du glycérol en acroléine sur catalyseurs à base de zircones tungstées : paramètres clés pour une meilleure stabilité et sélectivité". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10233.
Pełny tekst źródłaGlycerol dehydration to acrolein was studied over tungstated zirconias based catalysts in order to develop a new methionine production process. The catalysts were tested in gas phase at atmospheric pressure and characterized crossing numerous structural (XRD, Raman, XANES/EXAFS, 29Si and 31P NMR), textural (liquid N2 adsorption, Hg permeation) techniques and acido-base measurements (FTIR-pyridinie, CO2 and NH3-TPD). Looking for relationships between physico-chemical and catalytic properties, it was shown that the pores size distribution is key parameter influencing stability. The use of ZrO2 support with high proportion of pores higher than 10 nm allowed important improvement of stability and productivity. When the size of pores is high enough, acrolein selectivity mainly depends on the acido-base properties. In particular, the unselective Lewis acid-base pairs can be neutralized by doping with phosphorous or silicon which has allowed improvement of acrolein selectivity at short times under stream. Finally, it was confirmed that addition of small amount of O2 to gas feed strongly improved stability and it was shown that catalyst pretreatment under H2 at 500°C improves acrolein selectivity at short times without significantly changing stability
Mackaya, Térence. "Etude numérique et expérimentale d’écoulements de fluides à seuil en milieux poreux : contribution au développement d’une méthode innovante de porosimétrie". Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ENAM0054.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn order to characterize porous samples, mercury injection porosmetry (MIP) is still one of the mostly used technique, but also probably one of the mostly critized due to the toxicity of this fluid. Among possible alternatives to MIP, yield stress fluids porosimetry (YSM) has the advantages to be non-toxic and cheap. Starting from flow-rate/pressure gradient Q(∇P) experimental data, the inversion process in YSM allows to determine a pore-size distribution (PSD) of the studied porous sample which, up to this day, was always idealized as a bundle of parallel capillaries with circular cross-sections. Moreover, during all the previous works on YSM, for simplicity reasons, the slip of the fluid against the pore walls was neglected. In this work, this phenomenon very caracteristic of the flow of complex fluids is taken into account in the inversion process through a mechanism involving a slipping layer.In addition, during this work, the influence of the non-circularity of the pores cross-sections on the PSDs obtained by YSM has been investigated. New YSM experimental data acquired on both samples of sintered silicate and Bentheimer sandstones have been processed by incorporating these features of slip and non-circular pore cross sections. The results show that these features strongly influence the obtained PSDs, and therefore open new doors for the future of YSM
Ranaivomanana, Harifidy. "Tranferts dans les milieux poreux réactifs non saturés : application à la cicatrisation de fissure dans les matériaux cimentaires par carbonatation". Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1076/.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe prediction of the concrete structures lifetime is based on a modeling of degradation phenomena but also the healing phenomena that may occur. The aim of the study is the comprehension and modeling of underlying processes related to the carbonation-healing of a crack in a cementitious material. The experimental program consists on creating a crack on a specimen and to seal it with a fluid containing carbonates. The sealing-process involves different physico-chemical interactions which are moisture transfers (drying or wetting on crack edges), convective or diffusive transport of Ca2+ from poral solution to the crack edges and chemical reaction between Ca2+ and CO32-. The work, focused on the clarification of the different tools required to model these processes, in terms of modeling as well as experiments. The proposed modeling is based on an original pore network model able to explain water vapour sorption isotherms taking account the hysteresis effect, but also the transfer properties. The evolution of these characteristics with the chemical alteration of the cement matrix are also considered by the model
Tabet, Karim. "Valorisation de co-produits agro-industriels pour la production de charbons actifs végétaux : Applications à la décoloration de sirops de sucres et au traitement des eaux". Compiègne, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003COMP1481.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe main objective of this work is the valorization and the minimization of agro-industrial byproducts of straw and bran for the manufacture of activated carbon (AC). After a lab-scale optimization allowing the selection of the activation/carbonization parameters, we have produced effective AC and specified the influence of the operating conditions on their porous structure. We used TGA to establish the role of the chemical agent in the development of porosity. While manufactliring AC in a pilot scale furnace, we established that the pyrolysis gases are essential to obtain well-developed porosity AC, and showed that CO2 is directly responsible for the development of porosity. Lastly, we established that sugar decolorization depends on the volume of the mesopores ranging between 4 nm and 12 Dm. By testing our AC in water treatment, we showed that the pesticides adsorption capacities are related to the microporous volume
Basnig, Deomila. "Élaboration de films minces de silice pour des applications en chimie analytique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0102.
Pełny tekst źródłaOriented mesoporous silica-based film on FTO electrode was prepared via electrochemically-assisted self-assembly approach (EASA). A potential of -1.5V was applied to the FTO electrode containing a prehydrolyzed silica precursor, (e.g. tetraethyl orthosilicate), in the presence of a template (e.g. cetrimonium bromide) and electrolyte. This approach could generate vertically-aligned silica nanochannels with pore sizes adjustable between 2 and 3 nm, depending on the template. This work showed the voltammetric behavior and the selectivity of the mesoporous silica film towards various positively-charged cations of different nature, size, and charge. Results showed an accumulation and selectivity favoring the least positive charged ion: MB⁺ > PQ²⁺ > DQ²⁺ > Ru(bpy)₃²⁺ > Ru(NH₃)₆³⁺. The enhancement of the voltammetric signals relative to the bare FTO electrode was strongly dependent on the probe type. The accumulation of the different redox probe is attributed to the due to the vertical orientation of the nanochannel favoring fast transport and diffusion unto the electrode surface. Further electrochemical characterization showed an interplay of the suface-controlled and diffusion-controlled process, wherein adsorbed species is more prominent in diluted media. Results showed that changing the debye length and electrokinetic radius of the silica nanochannel due to the ionic strength or nanochannel diameter also affects the transport and electrochemical detection of the paraquat analyte. Mesoporous silica films having different pore size, prepared using different alkyl ammonium bromide as template, yield different sensitivities, which could be due to the difference in electrochemical charge of the silica surface, as well as the distribution of ions in the nanochannel. Finally, an attempt to modify the surface of silica wall using zirconia was also made to study the transport of cations, which could pave a way for an improved stability of the mesoporous film
Boher, Cedric. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation de la diffusion gazeuse à travers des milieux poreux partiellement saturés en eau. Application aux verres Vycor, géopolymères et pâte de ciment CEM V". Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ISAT0014/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis work documents the relationship that exists between the transfer properties of a material (pore size distribution, total porosity accessible to water, water saturation degree), and its diffusion coefficient. For this sake, materials having a quasi mono modal porosity are used: Vycor® glasses and geopolymers. We also use materials having a complex porosity: CEM V cement pastes. The use of Vycor® glasses and geopolymers allows quantifying the gas diffusion coefficient through materials having known pores size, as a function of their water saturation degree. The use of cement pastes allows checking if it is possible to decompose the diffusion coefficient of a complex porosity material, in an assembling of diffusion coefficients of quasi mono modal porosity materials. For this sake, the impact of pore network arrangement on the diffusion coefficient is studied in great details. This study is divided into three parts:• Measurement of the geometric characteristics of materials porous network by means of the mercury intrusion porosimetry, water porosimetry, isotherms of nitrogen sorption / desorption, and water desorption tests.• Measurement of the materials diffusion coefficient, as a function of their relative humidity storage, and their water saturation degree.• Modeling the diffusion coefficient of the materials, and study the impact of the pore network (tortuosity, pores connection)
Fraccica, Alessandro. "Experimental study and numerical modelling of soil-roots hydro-mechanical interactions". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671105.
Pełny tekst źródłaLa tesis tiene como objetivo caracterizar el comportamiento hidromecánico de una arena limosa compactada y con raíces (Cynodon Dactilon). El estudio ha permitido evaluar el impacto de la vegetación en este suelo, que ha sido utilizado en un terraplén experimental. El estado de arte indica que las raíces mejoran las propiedades de resistencia al corte de un suelo, mientras que hay resultados contrastantes en términos del comportamiento hidráulico. Además, se carece de información sobre cómo las raíces afectan a la microestructura del suelo y sus consecuencias a escala macroscópica. Se siguió un protocolo para la compactación del suelo y el crecimiento de las raíces para la preparación de todas las muestras estudiadas. El suelo se compactó ligeramente, se humedeció en condiciones no confinadas para favorecer el crecimiento de la planta, y luego se secó a diferentes estados hidráulicos. Se utilizaron varias técnicas para caracterizar las propiedades geométricas y mecánicas de las raíces. Se realizaron ensayos de corte directo, edométricos y triaxiales con equipos de grandes dimensiones. Se observaron diferentes respuestas de tensión-deformación en el suelo con vegetación debido a los diferentes mecanismos de rotura de las raíces y a la combinación de humedad y de succión en el suelo. Los resultados se interpretaron con leyes constitutivas en términos de tensiones efectivas para suelos parcialmente saturados. En las muestras con raíces se observaron sistemáticamente deformaciones mayores de compresión durante el desarrollo del corte. Las raíces afectaron ligeramente el ángulo de fricción y desarrollaron un aumento en la cohesión del suelo. Estas observaciones también se confirmaron mediante ensayos de tracción, que se realizaron a diferentes estados de crecimiento de las raíces. Se propuso una expresión constitutiva para predecir el aumento de la cohesión en función de las propiedades de las raíces y el estado hidráulico del suelo. En cuanto al comportamiento hidráulico, las raíces inducen un aumento de la permeabilidad saturada del suelo y una disminución en la capacidad de retención al agua a medida que aumenta el volumen de las raíces en el suelo. Se realizaron ensayos de micro-tomografía de rayos X y de porosimetría de intrusión de mercurio sobre muestras con raíces. La información reconstruida de las dos técnicas ha indicado que las raíces han inducido el aumento de los poros de más de 100 micrómetros debido a la generación de fisuras y a fenómenos de interfase suelo-raíz, a la vez que han ocluido los poros más pequeños (menores de 5 micrómetros) debido a la producción de mucílago. Las fisuras también se han abierto por la retracción simultánea del suelo y de las raíces durante el secado. Estas alteraciones inducidas sobre la microestructura han permitido explicar mejor los cambios en las propiedades hidráulicas y de cambio de volumen del suelo. Se ha encontrado una relación entre el volumen de fisuras y el volumen de raíces, lo que ha permitido desarrollar y calibrar un modelo capaz de predecir las propiedades de retención al agua y los valores de permeabilidad del suelo. Los resultados experimentales se han utilizado para simular el efecto que tiene los diferentes crecimientos de las plantas sobre el comportamiento hidromecánico del terraplén instrumentado durante un episodio de lluvia. Los taludes con raíces se mantuvieron estables a lo largo de la simulación, incluso cuando estaban completamente saturados, gracias al refuerzo mecánico de las raíces. Sin embargo, la mayor permeabilidad del suelo vegetado tuvo una consecuencia negativa, que se evidenció con una drástica caída en el factor de seguridad del talud en las primeras etapas del episodio de lluvia.
La thèse vise à caractériser le comportement multi-échelles et hydro-mécanique du sable silteux pénétré par des racines de Cynodon Dactilon. L'étude permettra d’évaluer l'impact de la végétation sur ce sol compacté utilisé dans un remblai expérimental en extérieur. La littérature s'accorde à dire que les racines améliorent les propriétés de résistance au cisaillement du sol, tandis que des résultats contrastés ont été obtenus en ce qui concerne leur effet sur le comportement hydraulique. De plus il existe peu d'information sur la façon dont les racines affectent la microstructure du sol et leurs conséquences à l'échelle macroscopique. Un protocole de compactage du sol et de croissance de racines a été suivi pour la préparation de tous les échantillons testés. Le sol a été légèrement compacté, mouillé pour favoriser la croissance des plantes, puis séché jusqu'à différents états hydrauliques. Les plantes et la densité d'ensemencement ont été les mêmes que ceux utilisés dans le remblai. Plusieurs techniques ont été exploitées pour évaluer les caractéristiques géométriques et mécaniques des racines. Des essais de cisaillement triaxial et direct ont été effectués avec des équipements de grande dimension dans des conditions saturées et partiellement saturées. Différentes réponses de contraintedéformation ont été observées pour le sol végétalisé à différents états hydrauliques, en raison de différents mécanismes de rupture des racines. Les résultats ont été interprétés à l'aide de plusieurs lois de comportement pour les sols partiellement saturés afin de tenir compte des variables d'état et de stress. Des déformations de compression plus importantes lors du cisaillement ont été observées sur des échantillons avec racines. Les racines ont généré une augmentation de la cohésion du sol. Ces observations ont été confirmées par des essais de traction directe effectués à différents stades de croissance des racines. Une loi de comportement a été proposée pour prédire l'augmentation de la cohésion en connaissant les propriétés des racines et l'état hydraulique du sol. En ce qui concerne le comportement hydraulique, les racines ont induit une augmentation de la perméabilité saturée en eau du sol et une diminution de la capacité de rétention à mesure que le volume des racines augmentait. La tomographie microCT et la porosimétrie par intrusion de mercure ont été effectuées à différents états hydrauliques du sol sur des échantillons avec racines pour obtenir des informations sur les changements de la microstructure du sol. L'information reconstruite à partir des deux techniques a montré que les racines augmentaient généralement les macropores (plus de 100 micromètres) en raison de phénomènes de fissuration et des interfaces sol-racine tout en réduisant les pores plus petits (moins de 5 micromètres) en raison du colmatage dû au mucilage. L'ouverture des fissures a été augmentée par le retrait simultané du sol et des racines lors du séchage. Les altérations générées par la croissance des racines sur la structure du sol ont permis d'expliquer les différentes réponses hydrauliques du sol et aussi son changement de volume. Un bon accord entre le volume des fissures et le volume des racines a été trouvé et a permis de calibrer et de valider un modèle capable de prédire les propriétés de rétention d'eau et les valeurs de perméabilité du sol à partir des changements microstructurels observés. Les résultats ont été utilisés pour simuler l'effet de différentes périodes de croissance des plantes sur le comportement hydro-mécanique du remblai lors d'une chute de pluie. Les pentes végétalisées sont restées stables tout au long de la simulation, même complètement saturées, grâce au renforcement mécanique des racines. Néanmoins, la perméabilité plus élevée dans le sol végétalisé a eu une conséquence négative, qui a été mise en évidence par une baisse drastique du facteur de sécurité de stabilité de la pente aux premiers stades de l'événement hydraulique.
Kolitcheff, Svetan. "Approche multitechnique des phénomènes de diffusion en hydrotraitement de distillats". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1033/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe catalytic cracking has an important role in fuels production from heavy oil cuts like vacuum gas oil (VGO). To optimize these processes, a pre-hydrotreatment is required. The amount of work dealt by the research community in the last years has highly contributed to the enhancement of the catalyst’s activity. Therefore, the internal mass transfer can become the limiting step and it must be quantified.A methodology based on inverse liquid chromatography has been developed to characterize the mass transfer within alumina catalyst supports. The experimental setup was also used to study the influence of several parameters into mass transfer properties such as, adsorption, temperature, and active phase precursors. In mesoporous aluminas, the diffusion regime undertaken by saturated compounds, going from gasoline to VGO is the molecular regime. For different alumina supports, tortuosity values were estimated and correlated to the textural properties (porosity, specific surface area and pore size distribution). These results showed that the aluminas can not be considered as homogeneous supports given the estimated mass transfer properties. Thus, we assume that a hierarchical porous structure might be in cause. A catalytic test promoted in a stirred reactor was also developed to study the mass transfer properties under reactive conditions. The impact of the particle grains size into the hydrodesulphurization of a synthetized molecule was characterized and modeled. A good agreement was found between the data obtained using the inverse chromatography experiments and the catalytic tests
Oukhlef, Aimad. "Détermination de la distribution de tailles de pores d’un milieu poreux". Paris, ENSAM, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ENAM0047.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn this work, we present two new methods to characterize the topological properties of porous media and more precisely their pore size distribution. The first method is based on the rheological properties of yield-stress fluids (such as Bingham or Casson fluids) flowing through the porous sample. The pore size distribution can be obtained from the measurement of the total flow rate of fluid as a function of the imposed pressure gradient provided an assumption is made on the general shape of the pores. In this work, we consider the simple and well-know Carman-Kozeny model. This technique is successfully tested both analytically and numerically for classical pore size distributions such as unimodal and multimodal Gaussian distributions and is extended to more realistic viscoplastic fluids (Herschel-Bulkley model). The second method is based on the dynamical analysis of the oscillatory flow of a Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluid through the porous medium. It consists in using the hydrodynamic transfer function of the porous sample and more particularly in the characterization of its complex admittance because the penetration depth and thus the pore size is related to the pulsation frequency of the imposed pressure gradient. The same capillary bundle model (Carman-Kozeny) is used here. This technique is tested and validated on several distributions for Newtonian and power-law fluids. In order to solve this problem, we introduce the notion of " complex inconsistency ". Compared to the existing methods, the simplicity, non-toxicity and cheapness of these two new techniques make them potentially interesting
Gu, Yushan. "Experimental pore scale analysis and mechanical modeling of cement-based materials submitted to delayed ettringite formation and external sulfate attacks". Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC2075/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis work aims to study cement-based materials subjected to sulfate attacks in three different conditions: External Sulfate Attack (ESA), Delayed Ettringite Formation (DEF) and the Coupling effect of both, and to propose the same damage mechanism for all of them. Based on the proposed mechanism, a poromechanical model is established to simulate the expansion induced by expansive crystals during the degradation. The study includes the following three parts. In the first part, the degradation of cement paste specimens with two kinds of cement type (CEM I and CEM III) and two dimensions (2 2 12 cm3 and 11 11 22 cm3) exposed to three sulfate attack conditions (ESA, DEF, and Coupling effect) are studied and compared, including the length variation, mass variations, and observations. The specimens exposed to the coupling effect show the fastest kinetics and the most serious degree of degradation compared to the other cases. Then, the pore structure of cement pastes before and after sulfate attacks is characterized via different techniques: MIP, DVS, water accessible tests and heat-based dissolution tests. By comparing the variation of pore size distribution of cement pastes exposed to different conditions, the generated crystals are found to be precipitated both in capillary and gel pores. In addition to the evolution of pore size distribution during DEF, a damage mechanism is proposed: the generated crystals (ettringite) precipitate in the big pores without inducing an obvious expansion, and then penetrate into capillary and gel pores, which leads to a swelling. Moreover, the pore volume occupied by DEF induced products is released after heat-based dissolutiontests, which further confirms the formation of expansive products in that porerange. Finally, based on the experimental conclusion that ettringite forms through the large to small pores in all cases, a poromechanical model is proposed to simulate the expansion of cement-based materials submitted to sulfate attacks. The model is based on the surface-controlled growth and physicochemical properties both for ESA and DEF, despite the different source of sulfate ions. Two independent constants, ai and ap, are proposed to represent the kinetics of crystal invasion and deformation. Moreover, the model could be coupled with any mechanical theories, e.g. elasticity, plasticity, damage theory or any other. The model well illustrates the crystallization process and well predicts the corresponding expansion both in ESA and DEF
Rodriguez, de castro Antonio. "Flow experiments of yield stress fluids in porous media as a new porosimetry method". Phd thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure d'arts et métiers - ENSAM, 2014. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-01068908.
Pełny tekst źródłaAndy, Patricia. "Mécanisme de l'isomérisation squelettale des n-butènes sur zéolithes à taille de pore intermédiaire". Poitiers, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998POIT2287.
Pełny tekst źródłaZhang, Hongchang. "Ordonnancement cyclique robuste appliqué à la gestion des conteneurs dans les ports maritimes de taille moyenne". Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECLI0018/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis PhD thesis is dedicated to propose a robust cyclic scheduling methodology applied to container management of medium sized seaport which faces ever changing terminal conditions and the limited predictability of future events and their timing. The robust cyclic scheduling can be seen not just a predictable scheduling to compute a container transportation schedule, but also a reactive scheduling to eliminate the disturbances in real time. In this work, the automated intelligent vehicles (AIV) are used to transport the containers, and the P-time strongly connected event graph (PTSCEG) is used as a graphical tool to model the container transit procedures. Before the arrival of the container vessel, a cyclic container transit schedule can be given by the mixed integer programming (MIP) method in short time. The robustness margins on the nodes of the system can be computed by robustness algorithms in polynomial computing time. After the stevedoring begins, this robust cyclic schedule is used. When a disturbance is observed in system, it should be compared with the known robustness margin. If the disturbance belongs to the robustness margin, the robustness algorithm is used to eliminate the disturbance in a few cycle times. If not, the MIP method is used to compute a new cyclic schedule in short time
Subhani, Arfan Ul Haq. "Influence of the processes parameters on the properties of the polylactides based bio and eco-biomaterials". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPT0057/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe work presented in this manuscript concerns the production of scaffolds based polylactides for connective tissues and bone regeneration by adapting green technology. The aim of this thesis was to correlate the influence of different process parameters on the morphological structures and properties of the scaffold generated. On one hand, we studied effect of the blending of hyaluronic acid and polylactides to enhance the surface adhesion properties of scaffolds. Our results relate to an increase in surface properties but a decrease of equivalent pore size and porosity after foaming scaffolds by supercritical process. Calcium Tri-Phosphate On other hand, we studied the effect of the blending of calcium tri-phosphates and polylactides as bone substitute. Influence of adding wax as porogen agent has been discussed and a comparison between wet and dry methods to generate scaffolds has been analyzed. For this purpose, semi-industrial fabrication of porous biomaterials has been tested by blocking supercritical CO2 parameters (saturation pressure, temperature and time, depressurization rate) and you have control the optimized formulation composite scaffold, in term of porosity and distribution of pores. In conclusion, this work made it possible to adapt the process parameters of supercritical CO2 and co-grinding at the properties of scaffolds. In perspective, this research opens new development ways in scaffolds, in both domains of 3D tumoral model and tissue engineering
MARTIN, CYRIL. "Determination des parametres de relaxation obtenus par rmn du domaine temps : exploitation a la mesure de la teneur en eau liee et des tailles de pores dans les produits cerealiers". Nantes, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NANT2087.
Pełny tekst źródłaAi, Wei. "Glissement moléculaire dans les matériaux lignocellulosiques : mesures de perméabilité apparente et identification de paramètres morphologiques". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLC074/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaPermeability is one of the important parameters for all processes involving coupled heat and mass transfer. Its value is directly related to the morphology of the pore network, clearly a dual scale organisation in the case of wood. Nowadays, several 3D investigative tools exist, such as micro-tomography or nano-tomography. However, these 3-D investigations fail for the smallest pores active in fluid flow in wood, due to their submicron size. The present work takes advantage of the effect of the mean free path on the apparent gaseous permeability to identify the pore size of the pore network.A balanced approach between experimentation and modelling is proposed. In the first part of the work we have developed an original device for measuring the apparent permeability over a wide range of average pressure. This device was conceived to work without flowmeter: the mass flow is obtained by the relaxation of the pressure difference between two tanks. This device was used to measure the apparent permeability as a function of the average pressure for different materials.The intrinsic permeability values obtained are in good agreement with literature data.The effect of the average pressure on the apparent permeability was analysed to identify structural parameters of the porous media. Starting from a serial / parallel arrangement, the structural parameters are identified by inverse method taking advantage of the dependence of the flow regime with Knudsen's number (from Darcy's regime to pure molecular slip regime when Knudsen's number shifts from zero to infinity).This approach was validated with a monodisperse membrane, whose pore size was determined using a scanning electron microscopy. Structural parameters were then identified on wood samples, measured along different directions and on wood-based materials. They confirm literature data and bring new outcomes, namely regarding the fluid pathway in beech in radial and tangential directions
Kumar, Prashant. "Investigation of Kelvin-like solid foams for potential engineering applications : an attractive set of geometrical and thermo-hydraulic properties". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4730/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaOpen cell foams have diverse industrial applications e.g. heat exchangers, structured reactors, filtration due to their unique properties such as high porosity and high specific surface area. In order to theoretically determine the geometric specific surface area and relationships between geometrical parameters of isotropic open cell foams, a generalized mathematical correlation was developed. For this purpose the tetrakaidecahedron geometry was used and different shapes of strut cross-sections of foam structures were taken explicitly into account. The derived correlation to predict geometrical properties can be easily extended to different strut shapes. 3-D numerical simulations at pore scale were performed to study the pressure drop characteristics and effective thermal conductivity. Fluid flow through open cell foam was performed in three different regimes: Darcy regime, transition regime and inertia regime. Importance of geometrical properties on fluid flow characteristics and their inclusion in the proposed correlations for predicting pressure drop is discussed. "Can Ergun parameters have constant numerical values or not" is also extensively discussed. Three different correlations were derived to predict the effective thermal conductivity for both, isotropic and anisotropic open cell foams. Geometrical parameters of foam matrix were introduced in the correlations to predict effective thermal conductivity
Cheikho, Karim. "Conception de structures souples élastiques et applications en biomécanique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0147.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe selection of the most-suitable porous bone scaffold for regenerative medicine applied to a given clinical application is challenging, which has motivated numerous studies especially for the repair of bone defects. Several designs have been proposed over the last decade, including structures with pore size gradients that have been proved to facilitate nutrient transport from the periphery to the core of the scaffold, and therefore to enhance tissue regeneration. The framework used to design such porous scaffolds with pore size gradients is limited by the range of the reachable pore distribution and mechanical properties.In this work, we presented a design framework to generate various three-dimensional porous scaffolds structures including cylindrical graded scaffolds from the transformations of unit cells. We proposed a methodology to generate porous scaffolds by multilayer repetition of circular cross sections, resulting in tunable anisotropy depending on the intended clinical application. We identified the apparent mechanical properties of different porous scaffold configurations using an original numerical method, highlighting the versatility of the design procedure that allows for separate tuning of longitudinal and transverse mechanical properties of porous scaffold.In order to investigate the ability of common additive manufacturing techniques to fabricate the proposed structures, we have elaborated scaffolds using FDM (fused deposition modeling) and SLA (stereolithography) techniques, we have performed experimental mechanical tests to be confronted to the predictions issued from simulations. In spite of the geometrical differences observed between the initial design and the obtained structures, the apparent properties of the structures obtained by the SLA technique agree with those predicted by the proposed computational method.Promising perspectives have been proposed concerning the design of self-fitting scaffolds that can be used for clinical applications, particularly to repair bone defects using mini-invasive surgery
Jaffel, Hamouda. "Caractérisation multi-échelles de matériaux poreux en évolution : cas du plâtre". Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00122888.
Pełny tekst źródłaHaouas, Adnan. "Comportement au jeune âge des matériaux cimentaires – Caractérisation et modélisation chimio-hydro-mécanique du retrait". Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00189059.
Pełny tekst źródłaMalvault, Guillaume. "Détermination expérimentale de la distribution de taille de pores d'un milieu poreux par l'injection d'un fluide à seuil ou analyse harmonique". Phd thesis, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00913035.
Pełny tekst źródłaOukhlef, Aimad. "Détermination de la distribution de tailles de pores d'un milieu poreux". Phd thesis, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00657616.
Pełny tekst źródłaRabhi, Nassima. "Évaluation du lien entre la caudophagie et le microbiote intestinal chez le porc". Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21869.
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