Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Synoptic adaptation”
Kliknij ten link, aby zobaczyć inne rodzaje publikacji na ten temat: Synoptic adaptation.
Utwórz poprawne odniesienie w stylach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard i wielu innych
Sprawdź 50 najlepszych artykułów w czasopismach naukowych na temat „Synoptic adaptation”.
Przycisk „Dodaj do bibliografii” jest dostępny obok każdej pracy w bibliografii. Użyj go – a my automatycznie utworzymy odniesienie bibliograficzne do wybranej pracy w stylu cytowania, którego potrzebujesz: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver itp.
Możesz również pobrać pełny tekst publikacji naukowej w formacie „.pdf” i przeczytać adnotację do pracy online, jeśli odpowiednie parametry są dostępne w metadanych.
Przeglądaj artykuły w czasopismach z różnych dziedzin i twórz odpowiednie bibliografie.
1
Mihajlović, Jovan, Dragan Burić i Milan Milenković. "Synoptic characteristics of an extreme weather event: The tornadic waterspout in Tivat (Montenegro), on June 9, 2018". Geographia Polonica 94, nr 1 (2021): 68–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/gpol.0194.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Recently Montenegro has often been faced with extreme weather events. The aim of this paper is to provide a detailed synoptic analysis of a severe weather event, a waterspout, and to confirm an indication that in most cases such events could potentially be forecasted, which is of great practical significance, since human lives and property can be saved. The paper presents the research results of synoptic and mesoscale weather conditions which created a favourable meteorological environment for a waterspout development in Tivat (Montenegrin coast) on June 9, 2018, around 01 UTC (03 CET). Based on field survey analysis, the rating of tornado intensity by the Fujita scale (F-scale) has been done by assessing the damage. The synoptic type for this situation was CLOSED-SW and was determined by a detailed examination of atmospheric circulation. The results presented in the manuscript can help decision makers in Montenegro to take certain adaptation measures (above all, in tourism and construction) in order to mitig te the negative consequences of weather extremes.
2
Scharf, Rüdiger E. "Hemostasis Laboratory Diagnostics: Characteristics, Communication Issues, and Current Challenges Resulting from Centralization of Laboratory Medicine". Hämostaseologie 40, nr 04 (22.10.2020): 403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1249-8767.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
AbstractLaboratory diagnostics of patients with bleeding and thrombotic disorders can be a delicate task, which requires special skills and expertise. In this article, characteristic features of hemostasis testing are reviewed, including staged protocols and synoptic assessment of the patient history, clinical symptoms, and laboratory findings. Despite major progress in the diagnostic and therapeutic management, centralized testing of hemostasis can be associated with substantial challenges, resulting from the current dissociation between the clinical and laboratory world. To address some of these challenges, possible solutions are discussed, including adaptation of an established working paradigm.
3
Horton, P., M. Jaboyedoff, R. Metzger, C. Obled i R. Marty. "Spatial relationship between the atmospheric circulation and the precipitation measured in the western Swiss Alps by means of the analogue method". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12, nr 3 (23.03.2012): 777–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-777-2012.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract. An adaptation technique based on the synoptic atmospheric circulation to forecast local precipitation, namely the analogue method, has been implemented for the western Swiss Alps. During the calibration procedure, relevance maps were established for the geopotential height data. These maps highlight the locations were the synoptic circulation was found of interest for the precipitation forecasting at two rain gauge stations (Binn and Les Marécottes) that are located both in the alpine Rhône catchment, at a distance of about 100 km from each other. These two stations are sensitive to different atmospheric circulations. We have observed that the most relevant data for the analogue method can be found where specific atmospheric circulation patterns appear concomitantly with heavy precipitation events. Those skilled regions are coherent with the atmospheric flows illustrated, for example, by means of the back trajectories of air masses. Indeed, the circulation recurrently diverges from the climatology during days with strong precipitation on the southern part of the alpine Rhône catchment. We have found that for over 152 days with precipitation amount above 50 mm at the Binn station, only 3 did not show a trajectory of a southerly flow, meaning that such a circulation was present for 98% of the events. Time evolution of the relevance maps confirms that the atmospheric circulation variables have significantly better forecasting skills close to the precipitation period, and that it seems pointless for the analogue method to consider circulation information days before a precipitation event as a primary predictor. Even though the occurrence of some critical circulation patterns leading to heavy precipitation events can be detected by precursors at remote locations and 1 week ahead (Grazzini, 2007; Martius et al., 2008), time extrapolation by the analogue method seems to be rather poor. This would suggest, in accordance with previous studies (Obled et al., 2002; Bontron and Obled, 2005), that time extrapolation should be done by the Global Circulation Model, which can process atmospheric variables that can be used by the adaptation method.
4
Trojáková, Alena, Máté Mile i Martina Tudor. "Observation Preprocessing System for RC LACE (OPLACE)". Advances in Science and Research 16 (26.09.2019): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-16-223-2019.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract. Meteorological observations are indispensable for the initialization of numerical weather prediction (NWP) forecast. To enable the application of observations in NWP models a technical preprocessing is necessary. Within the framework of RC LACE (Regional Cooperation for Limited Area modelling in Central Europe) consortium, a common observation preprocessing system (OPLACE) has been built up to deliver meteorological observations in an appropriate format for data assimilation in the NWP system ALADIN (Air Limiteée Adaptation Dynamique Développment International) The purpose of this paper is to document the OPLACE data sources, preprocessing steps and means to make preprocessed observations available. Furthermore, it describes an exchange of dense national surface synoptic measurements and high-resolution aircraft data in real-time among RC LACE national meteorological services (NMS) of Austria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia.
5
Dunkerley, James. "ANDRES BELLO AND THE CHALLENGES OF SPANISH AMERICAN LIBERALISM". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 24 (24.10.2014): 105–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s008044011400005x.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
ABSTRACTAndrés Bello (1781–1865) is generally reckoned to be the foremost intellectual amongst opponents of the Spanish empire in the Americas after the Napoleonic Wars. This paper provides a synoptic account of Bello's development as a scholar, politician and statesman from his early career as a servant of the crown in colonial Caracas, through his nineteen-year exile in London, to his prominent role in the institutional design and management of the young Chilean republic. The paper traces the historiographical treatment of Bello and the application of his cosmopolitan learning to the tasks of nineteenth-century state-building. It is suggested that his trajectory reflected a successful adaptation of liberal precepts to a conservative local social setting within a world order dominated by British promotion of free trade.
6
Kurek-Chomycz, Dominika A. "The Fragrance of Her Perfume". Novum Testamentum 52, nr 4 (2010): 334–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853610x492316.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
AbstractThe limited number of olfactory images in the NT has tempted interpreters to read them all along similar lines, without paying sufficient attention to individual contexts. Another tendency, especially with regard to the account of the anointing in Bethany in the Fourth Gospel, has been to concentrate on the question of its historicity and its relationship to the Synoptic parallels, while neglecting one of the important characteristics of John’s version, namely its heightened attention to the sensory aspect and its implications for the portrayal of Mary of Bethany in the FG. In this essay I discuss the specific features of the Fourth Evangelist’s adaptation of the anointing story, highlighting the sensory elements and pointing out that they are an important, albeit often neglected, indication of the Johannine redaction.
7
Torres, Omar, Hiren Jethva, Changwoo Ahn, Glen Jaross i Diego G. Loyola. "TROPOMI aerosol products: evaluation and observations of synoptic-scale carbonaceous aerosol plumes during 2018–2020". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, nr 12 (15.12.2020): 6789–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6789-2020.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract. TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) near-ultraviolet (near-UV) radiances are used as input to an inversion algorithm that simultaneously retrieves aerosol optical depth (AOD), single-scattering albedo (SSA), and the qualitative UV aerosol index (UVAI). We first present the TROPOMI aerosol algorithm (TropOMAER), an adaptation of the currently operational OMI near-UV (OMAERUV and OMACA) inversion schemes that takes advantage of TROPOMI's unprecedented fine spatial resolution at UV wavelengths and the availability of ancillary aerosol-related information to derive aerosol loading in cloud-free and above-cloud aerosols scenes. TROPOMI-retrieved AOD and SSA products are evaluated by direct comparison to sun-photometer measurements. A parallel evaluation analysis of OMAERUV and TropOMAER aerosol products is carried out to separately identify the effect of improved instrument capabilities and algorithm upgrades. Results show TropOMAER improved levels of agreement with respect to those obtained with the heritage coarser-resolution sensor. OMI and TROPOMI aerosol products are also intercompared at regional daily and monthly temporal scales, as well as globally at monthly and seasonal scales. We then use TropOMAER aerosol retrieval results to discuss the US Northwest and British Columbia 2018 wildfire season, the 2019 biomass burning season in the Amazon Basin, and the unprecedented January 2020 fire season in Australia that injected huge amounts of carbonaceous aerosols in the stratosphere.
8
Nabat, Pierre, Samuel Somot, Christophe Cassou, Marc Mallet, Martine Michou, Dominique Bouniol, Bertrand Decharme, Thomas Drugé, Romain Roehrig i David Saint-Martin. "Modulation of radiative aerosols effects by atmospheric circulation over the Euro-Mediterranean region". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, nr 14 (17.07.2020): 8315–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8315-2020.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract. The present work aims at better understanding regional climate–aerosol interactions by studying the relationships between aerosols and synoptic atmospheric circulation over the Euro-Mediterranean region. Two 40-year simulations (1979–2018) have been carried out with version 6.3 of the Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques (National Centre for Meteorological Research) – Aire Limitée Adaptation dynamique Développement InterNational (CNRM-ALADIN) regional climate model, one using interactive aerosols and the other one without any aerosol. The simulation with aerosols has been evaluated in terms of different climate and aerosol parameters. This evaluation shows a good agreement between the model and observations, significant improvements compared to the previous model version and consequently the relevance of using this model for the study of climate–aerosol interactions over this region. A first attempt to explain the climate variability of aerosols is based on the use of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index. The latter explains a significant part of the interannual variability, notably in winter for the export of dust aerosols over the Atlantic Ocean and the eastern Mediterranean, and in summer for the positive anomalies of anthropogenic aerosols over western Europe. This index is however not sufficient to fully understand the variations of aerosols in this region, notably at daily scale. The use of “weather regimes”, namely persisting meteorological patterns, stable at synoptic scale for a few days, provides a relevant description of atmospheric circulation, which drives the emission, transport and deposition of aerosols. The four weather regimes usually defined in this area in winter and in summer bring significant information to answer this question. The blocking and NAO+ regimes are largely favourable to strong aerosol effects on shortwave surface radiation and near-surface temperature, either because of higher aerosol loads or because of weaker cloud fraction, which reinforces the direct aerosol effect. Inversely, the NAO− and Atlantic Ridge regimes are unfavourable to aerosol radiative effects, because of weaker aerosol concentrations and increased cloud cover. This study thus puts forward the strong dependence of aerosol loads on the synoptic circulation from interannual to daily scales and, as a consequence, the important modulation of the aerosol effects on shortwave surface radiation and near-surface temperature by atmospheric circulation. The role of cloud cover is essential in this modulation as shown by the use of weather regimes.
9
Hochman, Assaf, Dorita Rostkier-Edelstein, Pavel Kunin i Joaquim G. Pinto. "Changes in the characteristics of ‘wet’ and ‘dry’ Red Sea Trough over the Eastern Mediterranean in CMIP5 climate projections". Theoretical and Applied Climatology 143, nr 1-2 (11.11.2020): 781–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-020-03449-0.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
AbstractThe Eastern Mediterranean resides on the border between the temperate and semi-arid and arid climate zones, and is thus influenced by both mid-latitude and sub-tropical weather systems. Precipitation and extreme weather in this region are mainly associated with either Cyprus Lows or the “wet” Red Sea Troughs. Current regional climate projections indicate that the region may become warmer and drier in future decades. Here, we analyze the influence of enhanced greenhouse gas forcing on the climatological properties of the ‘wet’ and ‘dry’ Red Sea Trough (WRST & DRST, respectively). With this aim, a regional synoptic classification and a downscaling algorithm based on past analogs are applied to eighteen rain stations over the main ground water basins in Israel. The algorithms are applied to the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data for 1986–2005 and to eight CMIP5 model simulations for the historical (1986–2005) and end of the century (2081–2100) climate conditions according to the RCP8.5 scenario. For the historical period, the CMIP5 models are largely able to represent the characteristics of the Red Sea Trough. Based on the multi-model mean, significant changes are found for WRST and DRST for the late XXI Century. First, an increase in the meridional pressure gradient is found for both the WRST and the DRST, implying stronger horizontal winds. Furthermore, a significant decrease in the occurrence of the WRST (− 20%) and a significant increase in the frequency of the DRST (+ 19%) are identified. Accordingly, the persistence of the WRST decreases (− 9%), while for DRST increases (+ 9%). The decline in the frequency of WRST occurs primarily in the transition seasons, while the increase for DRST is found throughout the wet season. In total, the daily rainfall associated with the WRST system is projected to significantly decline (− 37%) by the end of the XXI century. These results document the projected changes in a dominant synoptic system in this area, which can facilitate a better estimation of the arising challenges, e.g., related to shortage of water resources and associated political unrest, reduced agricultural potential, and increased air pollution and forest fires. Such a pathway can ultimately foster novel mitigation strategies for water resources management and regional climate change adaptation.
10
Vokoun, Martin, i Martin Hanel. "Comparing ALADIN-CZ and ALADIN-LAEF Precipitation Forecasts for Hydrological Modelling in the Czech Republic". Advances in Meteorology 2018 (18.09.2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5368438.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Precipitation forecasting has great significance for hydrological modelling, particularly for issuing flood alerts. This study assesses the high-resolution deterministic model ALADIN-CZ (Aire Limitée, Adaptation Dynamique, Development International–Czech Republic) and the ensemble model ALADIN-LAEF (Limited Area Ensemble Forecasting). Verified precipitation data were modified to the form in which they enter the hydrological model used for flood forecasting in the Czech Republic. ALADIN-LAEF, unlike ALADIN-CZ, is currently not considered to be of any value for hydrological predictions in the Czech Republic. In the present paper, we assess the added value of the ensemble model. The most significant rainfall events from the summer seasons during 2011–2015 were selected for the purpose of this study. The results show that ALADIN-LAEF does not have a lower success rate than ALADIN-CZ in predicting significant rainfall events. In fact, for the most verification scores and metrics, ALADIN-LAEF was assessed as more skilful. Surprisingly, the high-resolution ALADIN-CZ does not yield higher success rates than ALADIN-LAEF even at short prediction lead times. This is due to spatial aggregation into hydrological regions, with an area significantly larger than the resolution of the forecasting models. Furthermore, the relationship between synoptic weather types, hydrological regions, and predictability was considered. It was found that the worst prediction results are related to weather situation C (cyclone over central Europe), which dominantly affects Berounka and Lower Elbe catchments.
11
Oliveira, Ana, António Lopes, Ezequiel Correia, Samuel Niza i Amílcar Soares. "Heatwaves and Summer Urban Heat Islands: A Daily Cycle Approach to Unveil the Urban Thermal Signal Changes in Lisbon, Portugal". Atmosphere 12, nr 3 (24.02.2021): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030292.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Lisbon is a European Mediterranean city, greatly exposed to heatwaves (HW), according to recent trends and climate change prospects. Considering the Atlantic influence, air temperature observations from Lisbon’s mesoscale network are used to investigate the interactions between background weather and the urban thermal signal (UTS) in summer. Days are classified according to the prevailing regional wind direction, and hourly UTS is compared between HW and non-HW conditions. Northern-wind days predominate, revealing greater maximum air temperatures (up to 40 °C) and greater thermal amplitudes (approximately 10 °C), and account for 37 out of 49 HW days; southern-wind days have milder temperatures, and no HWs occur. Results show that the wind direction groups are significantly different. While southern-wind days have minor UTS variations, northern-wind days have a consistent UTS daily cycle: a diurnal urban cooling island (UCI) (often lower than –1.0 °C), a late afternoon peak urban heat island (UHI) (occasionally surpassing 4.0 °C), and a stable nocturnal UHI (1.5 °C median intensity). UHI/UCI intensities are not significantly different between HW and non-HW conditions, although the synoptic influence is noted. Results indicate that, in Lisbon, the UHI intensity does not increase during HW events, although it is significantly affected by wind. As such, local climate change adaptation strategies must be based on scenarios that account for the synergies between potential changes in regional air temperature and wind.
12
Horvath, Kristian, Alica Bajić i Stjepan Ivatek-Šahdan. "Dynamical Downscaling of Wind Speed in Complex Terrain Prone To Bora-Type Flows". Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 50, nr 8 (sierpień 2011): 1676–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jamc2638.1.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
AbstractThe results of numerically modeled wind speed climate, a primary component of wind energy resource assessment in the complex terrain of Croatia, are given. For that purpose, dynamical downscaling of 10 yr (1992–2001) of the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) was performed to 8-km horizontal grid spacing with the use of a spectral, prognostic full-physics model Aire Limitée Adaptation Dynamique Développement International (ALADIN; the “ALHR” version). Then modeled data with a 60-min frequency were refined to 2-km horizontal grid spacing with a simplified and cost-effective model version, the so-called dynamical adaptation (DADA). The statistical verification of ERA-40-, ALHR-, and DADA-modeled wind speed on the basis of data from measurement stations representing different regions of Croatia suggests that downscaling was successful and that model accuracy generally improves as horizontal resolution is increased. The areas of the highest mean wind speeds correspond well to locations of frequent and strong bora flow as well as to the prominent mountain peaks. The best results are achieved with DADA and contain bias of 1% of the mean wind speed for eastern Croatia while reaching 10% for complex coastal terrain, mainly because of underestimation of the strongest winds. Root-mean-square errors for DADA are significantly smaller for flat terrain than for complex terrain, with relative values close to 12% of the mean wind speed regardless of the station location. Spectral analyses suggest that the shape of the kinetic energy spectra generally relaxes from k−3 at the upper troposphere to the shape of orographic spectra near the surface and shows no seasonal variability. Apart from the buildup of energy on smaller scales of motions, it is shown that mesoscale simulations contain a considerable amount of energy related to near-surface and mostly divergent meso-β-scale (20–200 km) motions. Spectral decomposition of measured and modeled data in temporal space indicates a reasonable performance of all model datasets in simulating the primary maximum of spectral power related to synoptic and larger-than-diurnal mesoscale motions, with somewhat increased accuracy of mesoscale model data. The primary improvement of dynamical adaptation was achieved for cross-mountain winds, whereas mixed results were found for along-mountain wind directions. Secondary diurnal and tertiary semidiurnal maxima are significantly better simulated with the mesoscale model for coastal stations but are somewhat more erroneous for the continental station. The mesoscale model data underestimate the spectral power of motions with less-than-semidiurnal periods.
13
Marsh, R., A. E. Hickman i J. Sharples. "S2P3-R (v1.0): a framework for efficient regional modelling of physical and biological structures and processes in shelf seas". Geoscientific Model Development 8, nr 10 (8.10.2015): 3163–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3163-2015.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract. An established one-dimensional (1-D) model of Shelf Sea Physics and Primary Production (S2P3) is adapted for flexible use in selected regional settings over selected periods of time. This Regional adaptation of S2P3, the S2P3-R framework (v1.0), can be efficiently used to investigate physical and biological phenomena in shelf seas that are strongly controlled by vertical processes. These include spring blooms that follow the onset of stratification, tidal mixing fronts that seasonally develop at boundaries between mixed and stratified water, and sub-surface chlorophyll maxima that persist throughout summer. While not representing 3-D processes, S2P3-R reveals the horizontal variation of the key 1-D (vertical) processes. S2P3-R should therefore only be used in regions where horizontal processes – including mean flows, eddy fluxes and internal tides – are known to exert a weak influence in comparison with vertical processes. In such cases, S2P3-R may be used as a highly versatile research tool, alongside more complex and computationally expensive models. In undergraduate oceanography modules and research projects, the model serves as an effective practical tool for linking theory and field observations. Three different regional configurations of S2P3-R are described, illustrating a range of diagnostics, evaluated where practical with observations. The model can be forced with daily meteorological variables for any selected year in the reanalysis era (1948 onwards). Example simulations illustrate the considerable extent of synoptic-to-interannual variability in the physics and biology of shelf seas. In discussion, the present limitations of S2P3-R are emphasised, and future developments are outlined.
14
Holman, Kathleen D., i Stephen J. Vavrus. "Understanding Simulated Extreme Precipitation Events in Madison, Wisconsin, and the Role of Moisture Flux Convergence during the Late Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries*". Journal of Hydrometeorology 13, nr 3 (1.06.2012): 877–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-11-052.1.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract Understanding extreme precipitation events in the current and future climate system is an important aspect of climate change for adaptation and mitigation purposes. The current study investigates extreme precipitation events over Madison, Wisconsin, during the late twentieth and late twenty-first centuries using 18 coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation models that participated in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3). An increase of ~10% is found in the multimodel average of annual precipitation received in Madison by the end of the twenty-first century, with the largest increases projected to occur during winter [December–February (DJF)] and spring [March–May (MAM)]. It is also found that the observed seasonal cycle of precipitation in Madison is not accurately captured by the models. The multimodel average shows a strong seasonal peak in May, whereas observations peak during midsummer. Model simulations also do not accurately capture the annual cycle of extreme precipitation events in Madison, which also peak in summer. Instead, the timing of model-simulated extreme events exhibits a bimodal distribution that peaks during spring and fall. However, spatial composites of average daily precipitation simulated by GCMs during Madison’s wettest 1% of precipitation events during the twentieth century strongly resemble the spatial pattern produced in observations. The role of specific humidity and vertically integrated moisture flux convergence (MFC) during extreme precipitation events in Madison is investigated in twentieth- and twenty-first-century simulations. Spatial composites of MFC during the wettest 1% of days during the twentieth-century simulations agree well with results from the North American Regional Reanalysis dataset (NARR), suggesting that synoptic-scale dynamics are vital to extreme precipitation events.
15
Yazdanpanah, Hojjatollah, Josef Eitzinger i Marina Baldi. "Analysis of the extreme heat events in Iran". International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 9, nr 4 (21.08.2017): 418–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-04-2016-0046.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the spatial and temporal variations of extreme hot days (H*) and heat wave frequencies across Iran. Design/methodology/approach The authors used daily maximum temperature (Tmax) data of 27 synoptic stations in Iran. These data were standardized using the mean and the standard deviation of each day of the year. An extreme hot day was defined when the Z score of daily maximum temperature of that day was equal or more than a given threshold fixed at 1.7, while a heat wave event was considered to occur when the Z score exceeds the threshold for at least three continuous days. According to these criteria, the annual frequency of extreme hot days and the number of heat waves were determined for all stations. Findings The trend analysis of H* shows a positive trend during the past two decades in Iran, with the maximum number of H* (110 cases) observed in 2010. A significant trend of the number of heat waves per year was also detected during 1991-2013 in all the stations. Overall, results indicate that Iran has experienced heat waves in recent years more often than its long-term average. There will be more frequent and intense hot days and heat waves across Iran until 2050, due to estimated increase of mean air temperature between 0.5-1.1 and 0.8-1.6 degree centigrade for Rcp2.6 and Rcp8.8 scenarios, respectively. Originality/value The trend analysis of hot days and heat wave frequencies is a particularly original aspect of this paper. It is very important for policy- and decision-makers especially in agriculture and health sectors of Iran to make some adaptation strategies for future frequent and intense hot days over Iran.
16
Welp, Anamaria Kurtz de Souza, Álvaro Rutkoski Didio i Bibiana Finkler. "Questões contemporâneas no cinema e na literatura: o desenho de uma sequência didática para o ensino de inglês como língua adicional". BELT - Brazilian English Language Teaching Journal 10, nr 2 (31.12.2019): 35861. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/2178-3640.2019.2.35861.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This article presents the design process of a task sequence produced for an English course of the Languages and Arts Program of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Having as its theme contemporary issues in cinema and literature, the sequence was developed around movie adaptations from the Cinderella tale. The tasks were designed from authentic texts with the final production proposed being a synopsis of a movie adaptation from a literary work. The produced tasks seek to create opportunities for both meaningful language use and broadening of students’ transit in social practices that happen in the target language.
17
Horvath, Kristian, Stjepan Ivatek-Šahdan, Branka Ivančan-Picek i Vanda Grubišić. "Evolution and Structure of Two Severe Cyclonic Bora Events: Contrast between the Northern and Southern Adriatic". Weather and Forecasting 24, nr 4 (1.08.2009): 946–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009waf2222174.1.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract While statistical analyses and observations show that severe bora with maximum gusts exceeding 40 m s−1 can occur in all parts of the Adriatic, the bora research to date has been mainly focused on the dynamics and structure of severe bora in the northern Adriatic. Examined to a significantly lesser degree is a less predictable counterpart in the southern Adriatic, where the Dinaric Alps are higher, broader, and steeper, and where the upwind bora layer is generally less well defined. Identification of the main differences in the sequence of mesoscale and macroscale events leading to the onset of bora in the northern and southern parts of the eastern Adriatic is of fundamental importance for its forecasting. To this end, presented here is a comparative analysis of the evolution and structure of two typical severe cyclonic bora events—one “northern” (7–8 November 1999) and one “southern” (6–7 May 2005) event. The analysis utilizes airborne, radiosonde, and ground-based observations, as well as the hydrostatic Aire Limitée Adaptation Dynamique Developement International (ALADIN/HR) mesoscale model simulations. It is shown that the development of a severe bora in both the northern and southern Adriatic is critically dependent on the synoptic setting to create an optimal set of environmental conditions. For severe bora in the northern Adriatic, these conditions include a strong forcing of the northeasterly low-level jet and pronounced discontinuities in the upstreamflow structure that promote layering, such as lower- to midtropospheric inversions and environmental critical levels. The development of severe bora in the southern Adriatic is crucially dependent on the establishment of a considerably deeper upstream layer that is able to overcome the strong blocking potential of the southern Dinaric Alps. While the upstream layering is less pronounced, it is closely tied to the presence of a cyclone in the southern Adriatic or over the southern Balkan peninsula. The upstream atmospheric layering is shown to strongly modulate bora behavior, and different phases of severe bora, related to the presence or absence of upstream layering, are shown to occur within a single bora episode. Furthermore, the presence of a mountain-parallel upper-level jet aloft appears to impede severe bora development in both the northern and southern Adriatic.
18
Yu, Jack C., James L. Borke i Guigen Zhang. "Brief synopsis of cranial sutures: Optimization by adaptation". Seminars in Pediatric Neurology 11, nr 4 (grudzień 2004): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spen.2004.10.002.
Pełny tekst źródła
19
Prober, Suzanne M., Brad M. Potts, Tanya Bailey, Margaret Byrne, Shannon Dillon, Peter A. Harrison, Ary A. Hoffmann i in. "Climate adaptation and ecological restoration in eucalypts". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 128, nr 1 (2016): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs16004.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Eucalypts are the cornerstone of ecological restoration efforts across the highly modified agricultural landscapes of southern Australia. ‘Local provenancing’ is the established strategy for sourcing germplasm for ecological restoration plantings, yet this approach gives little consideration to the persistence of these plantings under future climates. This paper provides a synopsis of recent and ongoing research that the authors are undertaking on climate adaptation in eucalypts, combining new genomic approaches with ecophysiological evidence from provenance trials. These studies explore how adaptive diversity is distributed within and among populations, whether populations are buffered against change through capacity for phenotypic plasticity, and how this informs provenancing strategies. Results to date suggest that eucalypts have some capacity to respond to future environmental instability through adaptive phenotypic plasticity or selection of putatively adaptive alleles. Despite this, growing evidence suggests that eucalypts will still be vulnerable to change. Provenancing strategies that exploit adaptations found in non-local provenances could thus confer greater climate-resilience in ecological restoration plantings, although they will also need to account for potential interactions between climate adaptations and other factors (e.g. cryptic evolutionary variation, non-climate-related adaptations, herbivory and elevated CO2).
20
Lam, Emily K., Kaitlin N. Allen, Julia María Torres-Velarde i José Pablo Vázquez-Medina. "Functional Studies with Primary Cells Provide a System for Genome-to-Phenome Investigations in Marine Mammals". Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, nr 2 (9.06.2020): 348–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa065.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Synopsis Marine mammals exhibit some of the most dramatic physiological adaptations in their clade and offer unparalleled insights into the mechanisms driving convergent evolution on relatively short time scales. Some of these adaptations, such as extreme tolerance to hypoxia and prolonged food deprivation, are uncommon among most terrestrial mammals and challenge established metabolic principles of supply and demand balance. Non-targeted omics studies are starting to uncover the genetic foundations of such adaptations, but tools for testing functional significance in these animals are currently lacking. Cellular modeling with primary cells represents a powerful approach for elucidating the molecular etiology of physiological adaptation, a critical step in accelerating genome-to-phenome studies in organisms in which transgenesis is impossible (e.g., large-bodied, long-lived, fully aquatic, federally protected species). Gene perturbation studies in primary cells can directly evaluate whether specific mutations, gene loss, or duplication confer functional advantages such as hypoxia or stress tolerance in marine mammals. Here, we summarize how genetic and pharmacological manipulation approaches in primary cells have advanced mechanistic investigations in other non-traditional mammalian species, and highlight the need for such investigations in marine mammals. We also provide key considerations for isolating, culturing, and conducting experiments with marine mammal cells under conditions that mimic in vivo states. We propose that primary cell culture is a critical tool for conducting functional mechanistic studies (e.g., gene knockdown, over-expression, or editing) that can provide the missing link between genome- and organismal-level understanding of physiological adaptations in marine mammals.
21
García Mahamut, Rosario. "La reforma de la LOREG para el supuesto de convocatoria automática de elecciones en virtud del artículo 99.5 CE: ¿una oportuna adaptación técnica o una conculcación del derecho de sufragio? // The reform to the Spanish People Institutional Act (LOREG) for the automatic call of elections under article 99.5 CE: A timely technical adaptation or a breach of the right to vote?" Revista de Derecho Político 1, nr 100 (20.12.2017): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rdp.100.2017.20709.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Resumen:Este trabajo aborda un análisis detallado de la LO 2/2016 de modificación de la Ley Orgánica del Régimen Electoral General (LOREG) para el supuesto de convocatoria automática de elecciones en virtud del artículo 99.5 CE. La nueva Disposición adicional séptima de la LOREG regula las especificidades procedimentales de un proceso electoral que, para este supuesto, dura 47 días en lugar de los 54 días. Se reduce el tiempo destinado a la campaña electoral y se establece una serie de medidas que permiten recurrir a trámites utilizados en el proceso electoral inmediatamente anterior. En este estudio se analizan pormenorizadamente aquellas especialidades procedimentales que, aunque revisten la apariencia de ajustes técnicos en el calendario electoral, pueden afectar de forma nuclear al contenido esencial del derecho de sufragio activo y pasivo amparado en el artículo 23 CE. Summary:I. Introduction. II. The formal and material peculiarities of the representation of the people institutional act 2/2016, october 31st, modifying the spanish «LOREG». 1. The drafting of the law and its contextualization in the calendar of the investiture process. 2. A synoptic overview of the material content of the reform. III. The serious incidents that the new additional seventh provision of the LOREG may add to the exercise of the voting rights act: 1. The length of theelectoral process, the domino effect and the legal anchorage of proceduralspecialities. 2. Presentation, publication and proclamation of candidacies: the difficult balance on gender equality. 3. The appeals against the proclamation of candidacies and candidates: The nonaffectation of the jurisdictional guarantees and the dangerous exception. 4. The impact of the reduction of the electoral process on the right to vote of the Spaniards Residents Abroad. Electoral campaigns: main developments and risks. IV. Conclusions.Abstract:This paper provides a detailed analysis of the current Act 2/2016, October 31st, modifying the Spanish People Institutional Act (LOREG) which regulates the organisation of the automatic call of an election under article 99.5 of the Spanish Constitution (CE). The new 7th Additional Provision of the Spanish «LOREG» examines the procedural specifities of an electoral process which, in this case, lasts 47 days instead of 54. On the one hand, the time assigned to the electoralcampaign is reduced and, on the other hand, a series of measures are provided in order to allow the implementation of the procedures used in the immediately preceding electoral process. This study analyses in detail those procedural singularities that, although they may seem as technical adjustments of the electoral timetable, they can directly affect the essential content of the right to vote and stand for election protected by artículo 23 CE.
22
Parker, Geoff A. "Conceptual developments in sperm competition: a very brief synopsis". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, nr 1813 (19.10.2020): 20200061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0061.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The past half century has seen the development of the field of post-ejaculatory sexual selection, the sequel to sexual selection for mate-acquisition (pre-ejaculatory) described by Darwin. In richness and diversity of adaptations, post-ejaculatory selection rivals that of pre-ejaculatory sexual selection. Anisogamy—and hence two sexes—likely arose by primeval gamete competition, and sperm competition remains a major force maintaining high sperm numbers. The post-ejaculatory equivalent of male–male competition for matings, sperm competition was an intense ancestral form of sexual selection, typically weakening as mobility and internal fertilization developed in many taxa, when some expenditure became diverted into pre-ejaculatory competition. Sperm competition theory has been relatively successful in explaining variation in relative testes size and sperm numbers per ejaculate and is becoming more successful in explaining variation in sperm phenotype. Sperm competition has generated many other male adaptations such as seminal fluid proteins that variously modify female reproduction towards male interests, and copulatory plugs, prolonged copulations and post-ejaculatory guarding behaviour that reduce female remating probability, many of which result in sexual conflict. This short survey of conceptual developments is intended as a broad overview, mainly as a primer for new researchers. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Fifty years of sperm competition'.
23
Faurobert, M., M. Carbillet, L. Marquis, A. Chiavassa i G. Ricort. "Temperature gradient in the solar photosphere. Test of a new spectroscopic method and study of its feasibility for ground-based telescopes". Astronomy & Astrophysics 616 (sierpień 2018): A133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833195.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Context. The contribution of quiet-Sun regions to the solar irradiance variability is currently unclear. Some solar-cycle variations of the quiet-Sun physical structure, such as the temperature gradient, might affect the irradiance. The synoptic measurement of this quantity along the activity cycle would improve our understanding of long-term irradiance variations. Aims. We intend to test a method previously introduced for measuring the photospheric temperature gradient from high-resolution spectroscopic observation and to study its feasibility with ground-based instruments with and without adaptative optics. Methods. We used synthetic profiles of the FeI 630.15 nm obtained from realistic three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations of the photospheric granulation and line radiative transfer computations under local thermodynamical equilibrium conditions. Synthetic granulation images at different levels in the line are obtained by convolution with the instrumental point spread function (PSF) under various conditions of atmospheric turbulence, with and without correction by an adaptative optics (AO) system. The PSF are obtained with the PAOLA software, and the AO performances are inspired by the system that will be operating on the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope. Results. We consider two different conditions of atmospheric turbulence, with Fried parameters of 7 cm and 5 cm, respectively. We show that the degraded images lead to both a bias and a loss of precision in the temperature-gradient measurement, and that the correction with the AO system allows us to drastically improve the measurement quality. Conclusions. Long-term synoptic observations of the temperature gradient in the solar photosphere can be undertaken by implementing this method on ground-based solar telescopes that are equipped with an AO correction system.
24
Wilby, Robert L. "Resilience Viewed through the Lens of Climate Change and Water Management". Water 12, nr 9 (9.09.2020): 2510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092510.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Resilience is not a new idea but there has been an upsurge in efforts to operationalize the concept within water management. This review begins with a synopsis of related themes around persistent and emerging pressures on freshwaters; environmental thresholds (or tipping points); ‘safe’ operating conditions; multiple stable states; regime shifts. A case is made for viewing and managing the resilience of water systems at nested scales. Indicators are needed to track evolving climate risks as well as to measure socio-ecological responses. Catchment properties can identify those river systems that are more or less likely to return to a pre-disturbance state; resilience further depends on institutional and social landscapes. Ideally, allied notions of resistance and reliability are applied alongside resilience to broaden the portfolio of adaptation measures. Water managers would also benefit from more consistent use of resilience terminology; incentives to build back better after catastrophes; strategic monitoring of incipient threats and tipping points; availability of long-term adaptation indicators; coordinated efforts to reduce non-climatic pressures on freshwaters (especially in headwaters); evidence-based, practical guidance on adaptation measures that build resilience.
25
Hunter, Richard G. "Stress, Adaptation, and the Deep Genome: Why Transposons Matter". Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, nr 6 (1.06.2020): 1495–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa050.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Synopsis Stress is a common, if often unpredictable life event. It can be defined from an evolutionary perspective as a force an organism perceives it must adapt to. Thus stress is a useful tool to study adaptation and the adaptive capacity of organisms. The deep genome, long neglected as a pile of “junk” has emerged as a source of regulatory DNA and RNA as well as a potential stockpile of adaptive capacity at the organismal and species levels. Recent work on the regulation of transposable elements (TEs), the principle constituents of the deep genome, by stress has shown that these elements are responsive to host stress and other environmental cues. Further, we have shown that some are likely directly regulated by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), one of the two major vertebrate stress steroid receptors in a fashion that appears adaptive. On the basis of this and other emerging evidence I argue that the deep genome may represent an adaptive toolkit for organisms to respond to their environments at both individual and evolutionary scales. This argues that genomes may be adapted for what Waddington called “trait adaptability” rather than being purely passive objects of natural selection and single nucleotide level mutation.
26
Silva, Susana, Dayane Gôuvea Lima i Juliana Teixeira Correia. "Vichy goes to Brazil: the road to success". Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 9, nr 4 (6.12.2019): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-10-2018-0212.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Learning outcomes The learning outcomes are as follows: analyze the risks and difficulties involved in the internationalization process and the impact of cultural variables (external analysis); understand how the balance between adaptation and standardization can be worked out in building a successful international marketing strategy (adaptation vs standardization dilemma); and analyze how a restructuring of marketing mix variables can shape an assertive and effective repositioning strategy (marketing-mix program). Case overview/synopsis The case of Vichy presents a specific internationalization process, from a European brand in a growing segment, to Brazil, a country with extreme cultural diversity where the barriers to internationalization are large and complex. The case can be analyzed from the point of view of brand repositioning, as it discusses the strategies adopted by the brand during entry into the Brazilian market, and its subsequent repositioning, bearing in mind a better adaptation to the market in question. The goal is to encourage discussions about how cultural barriers can influence the internationalization process of a brand and how the balance between adaptation and standardization can be worked out in building an assertive and effective international marketing strategy. Complexity academic level Master students. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 8: Marketing.
27
Gold, Heather Taffet, Raj J. Karia, Alissa Link, Rachel Lebwohl, Joseph D. Zuckerman, Thomas J. Errico, James D. Slover, Aaron J. Buckland, Devin M. Mann i Michael N. Cantor. "Implementation and early adaptation of patient-reported outcome measures into an electronic health record: A technical report". Health Informatics Journal 26, nr 1 (5.12.2018): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1460458218813710.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
We integrated and optimized patient-reported outcome measures into the electronic health record to provide quantitative, objective data regarding patients’ health status, which is important for patient care, payer contracts, and research. With a multidisciplinary team from information technology, clinical informatics, population health, and physician champions, we used formal human–computer interaction techniques and user-centered design to integrate several technology platforms and computerized adaptive testing for the National Institutes of Health Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System. The patient-reported outcome measure system leverages software frequently used by health systems and provides data for research and clinical care via a mobile-responsive web application using Symfony, with REDCap for configuring assessments and de-identified data storage. The system incorporates Oracle databases and Epic flowsheets. Patients complete patient-reported outcome measures, with data viewable in MyChart and Epic Synopsis Reports. Researchers can access data portals. The highly usable, successful patient-reported outcome measures platform is acceptable to patients and clinicians and achieved 73 percent overall completion rates.
28
McCaw, Beth A., Tyler J. Stevenson i Lesley T. Lancaster. "Epigenetic Responses to Temperature and Climate". Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, nr 6 (29.05.2020): 1469–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa049.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Synopsis Epigenetics represents a widely accepted set of mechanisms by which organisms respond to the environment by regulating phenotypic plasticity and life history transitions. Understanding the effects of environmental control on phenotypes and fitness, via epigenetic mechanisms, is essential for understanding the ability of organisms to rapidly adapt to environmental change. This review highlights the significance of environmental temperature on epigenetic control of phenotypic variation, with the aim of furthering our understanding of how epigenetics might help or hinder species’ adaptation to climate change. It outlines how epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation and histone/chromatin modification, (1) respond to temperature and regulate thermal stress responses in different kingdoms of life, (2) regulate temperature-dependent expression of key developmental processes, sex determination, and seasonal phenotypes, (3) facilitate transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of thermal adaptation, (4) adapt populations to local and global climate gradients, and finally (5) facilitate in biological invasions across climate regions. Although the evidence points towards a conserved role of epigenetics in responding to temperature change, there appears to be an element of temperature- and species-specificity in the specific effects of temperature change on epigenetic modifications and resulting phenotypic responses. The review identifies areas of future research in epigenetic responses to environmental temperature change.
29
Kavanaugh, Maria T., Matthew J. Oliver, Francisco P. Chavez, Ricardo M. Letelier, Frank E. Muller-Karger i Scott C. Doney. "Seascapes as a new vernacular for pelagic ocean monitoring, management and conservation". ICES Journal of Marine Science 73, nr 7 (1.07.2016): 1839–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw086.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract For terrestrial and marine benthic ecologists, landscape ecology provides a framework to address issues of complexity, patchiness, and scale—providing theory and context for ecosystem based management in a changing climate. Marine pelagic ecosystems are likewise changing in response to warming, changing chemistry, and resource exploitation. However, unlike spatial landscapes that migrate slowly with time, pelagic seascapes are embedded in a turbulent, advective ocean. Adaptations from landscape ecology to marine pelagic ecosystem management must consider the nature and scale of biophysical interactions associated with organisms ranging from microbes to whales, a hierarchical organization shaped by physical processes, and our limited capacity to observe and monitor these phenomena across global oceans. High frequency, multiscale, and synoptic characterization of the 4-D variability of seascapes are now available through improved classification methods, a maturing array of satellite remote sensing products, advances in autonomous sampling of multiple levels of biological complexity, and emergence of observational networks. Merging of oceanographic and ecological paradigms will be necessary to observe, manage, and conserve species embedded in a dynamic seascape mosaic, where the boundaries, extent, and location of features change with time.
30
Mauro, Alexander A., i Cameron K. Ghalambor. "Trade-offs, Pleiotropy, and Shared Molecular Pathways: A Unified View of Constraints on Adaptation". Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, nr 2 (1.06.2020): 332–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa056.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Synopsis The concept of trade-offs permeates our thinking about adaptive evolution because they are exhibited at every level of biological organization, from molecular and cellular processes to organismal and ecological functions. Trade-offs inevitably arise because different traits do not occur in isolation, but instead are imbedded within complex, integrated systems that make up whole organisms. The genetic and mechanistic underpinning of trade-offs can be found in the pleiotropic nodes that occur in the biological pathways shared between traits. Yet, often trade-offs are only understood as statistical correlations, limiting the ability to evaluate the interplay between how selection and constraint interact during adaptive evolution. Here, we first review the classic paradigms in which physiologists and evolutionary biologists have studied trade-offs and highlight the ways in which network and molecular pathway approaches unify these paradigms. We discuss how these approaches allow researchers to evaluate why trade-offs arise and how selection can act to overcome trait correlations and evolutionary constraints. We argue that understanding how the conserved molecular pathways are shared between different traits and functions provides a conceptual framework for evolutionary biologists, physiologists, and molecular biologists to meaningfully work together toward the goal of understanding why correlations and trade-offs occur between traits. We briefly highlight the melanocortin system and the hormonal control of osmoregulation as two case studies where an understanding of shared molecular pathways reveals why trade-offs occur between seemingly unrelated traits. While we recognize that applying such approaches poses challenges and limitations particularly in the context of natural populations, we advocate for the view that focusing on the biological pathways responsible for trade-offs provides a unified conceptual context accessible to a broad range of integrative biologists.
31
Protopopova, Alexandra, Lexis H. Ly, Bailey H. Eagan i Kelsea M. Brown. "Climate Change and Companion Animals: Identifying Links and Opportunities for Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies". Integrative and Comparative Biology 61, nr 1 (19.04.2021): 166–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icab025.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Synopsis Recent natural disasters and weather extremes are a stark reminder that we live in a climate crisis. Climate scientists and policymakers have asked each discipline to anticipate and create mitigation and adaptation plans in preparation for a worsening future. Companion animals both impact and are impacted by the changing climate through their intrinsically linked relationships to human society. In this theoretical paper, we argue that companion animal scientists are well-suited to address climate change issues. We identify several anticipated climate change outcomes, such as an increase in extreme weather events, human migration, disasters, and an increase in human inequity, and connect these outcomes to identified or hypothesized impacts on companion animals and the human–animal bond. We suggest opportunities to reduce climate change impacts on companion animals that include alterations to owner caretaking behaviors and breeding practices, and education of owners and governments on zoonosis and disaster preparedness. Furthermore, building climate resilience through decreasing inequity in companion animal fields is paramount; and we propose that a starting place can be in animal sheltering and other support services. We also summarize how companion animals and owners’ caretaking behaviors are impacting climate change through the use of finite natural resources as well as pollution and carbon emissions. We propose that replacement, reduction, and refinement, that guide laboratory animal research, can also be useful to mitigate the effects of companion animals on the environment. We suggest criteria for successful mitigation and adaptation plans to include equitability, sustainability, respect for animals, and measurability. Finally, we end on a call to all companion animal professionals to actively consider their role in mitigating the impact of companion animals on the climate and preparing for the fallout of climate change in their communities.
32
Ewald, D. Rose, Robert W. Strack i Muhsin Michael Orsini. "Rethinking Addiction". Global Pediatric Health 6 (styczeń 2019): 2333794X1882194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2333794x18821943.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Addiction is a complex and challenging condition with many contributing factors. Although addictive behaviors appear to be individual choices, behavior alterations cannot be addressed successfully without considering characteristics of the physical and social environments in which individuals live, work, and play. Exposure to chronic psychosocial stressors and the physiological response of individuals to their external environment activates the brain’s neuroendocrine hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, with profound conditioning effects on behavior. This brief synopsis describes the social determinants of health; examines the interconnectedness of the psychosocial environment, behavior, and subsequent health outcomes; discusses the environment’s critical influence on brain plasticity, adaptation and functioning; and explores additional factors that complicate adolescent addiction. Because the environment is both a determinant of behavior and an opportunity for intervention, in the context of addictions, it is important to incorporate these factors in the analysis of risk and design of early interventions for prevention and amelioration of addiction.
33
Dennehy, Maureen, Hamieda Parker, Sarah Boyd i Claire Barnardo. "On purpose: leading manufacturing at Shonaquip social enterprise". Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 10, nr 1 (11.03.2020): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-09-2019-0234.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Learning outcomes The case introduces students to aspects of operations management (OM) and management theory and provides examples of the real-world challenges facing a practitioner. It requires students to think about the operational manager’s responsibilities and how organisational context influences choices and possibly even fit within an organisation. Case overview/synopsis In this case, a factory lead protagonist presents her OM challenges and choices within a for-purpose, rather than for-profit, a social enterprise in South Africa. The context presented unusual constraints that required thoughtful adaptation and judicious choices. The case introduces students to aspects of OM and management theory and provides examples of the real-world challenges facing a practitioner. It requires students to think about the operational manager’s responsibilities and how organisational context influences choices and possibly even fit within an organisation. Complexity academic level The case is aimed at postgraduate business students studying OM. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 9: Operations and logistics.
34
CHALMERS, IAIN W., i KARL F. HOFFMANN. "Platyhelminth Venom Allergen-Like (VAL) proteins: revealing structural diversity, class-specific features and biological associations across the phylum". Parasitology 139, nr 10 (2.05.2012): 1231–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182012000704.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
SUMMARYDuring platyhelminth infection, a cocktail of proteins is released by the parasite to aid invasion, initiate feeding, facilitate adaptation and mediate modulation of the host immune response. Included amongst these proteins is the Venom Allergen-Like (VAL) family, part of the larger sperm coating protein/Tpx-1/Ag5/PR-1/Sc7 (SCP/TAPS) superfamily. To explore the significance of this protein family during Platyhelminthes development and host interactions, we systematically summarize all published proteomic, genomic and immunological investigations of the VAL protein family to date. By conducting new genomic and transcriptomic interrogations to identify over 200 VAL proteins (228) from species in all 4 traditional taxonomic classes (Trematoda, Cestoda, Monogenea and Turbellaria), we further expand our knowledge related to platyhelminth VAL diversity across the phylum. Subsequent phylogenetic and tertiary structural analyses reveal several class-specific VAL features, which likely indicate a range of roles mediated by this protein family. Our comprehensive analysis of platyhelminth VALs represents a unifying synopsis for understanding diversity within this protein family and a firm context in which to initiate future functional characterization of these enigmatic members.
35
Biwer, C., B. Kawam, V. Chapelle i F. Silvestre. "The Role of Stochasticity in the Origin of Epigenetic Variation in Animal Populations". Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, nr 6 (29.05.2020): 1544–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa047.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Synopsis Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation modulate gene expression in a complex fashion are consequently recognized as among the most important contributors to phenotypic variation in natural populations of plants, animals, and microorganisms. Interactions between genetics and epigenetics are multifaceted and epigenetic variation stands at the crossroad between genetic and environmental variance, which make these mechanisms prominent in the processes of adaptive evolution. DNA methylation patterns depend on the genotype and can be reshaped by environmental conditions, while transgenerational epigenetic inheritance has been reported in various species. On the other hand, DNA methylation can influence the genetic mutation rate and directly affect the evolutionary potential of a population. The origin of epigenetic variance can be attributed to genetic, environmental, or stochastic factors. Generally less investigated than the first two components, variation lacking any predictable order is nevertheless present in natural populations and stochastic epigenetic variation, also referred to spontaneous epimutations, can sustain phenotypic diversity. Here, potential sources of such stochastic epigenetic variability in animals are explored, with a focus on DNA methylation. To this day, quantifying the importance of stochasticity in epigenetic variability remains a challenge. However, comparisons between the mutation and the epimutation rates showed a high level of the latter, suggesting a significant role of spontaneous epimutations in adaptation. The implications of stochastic epigenetic variability are multifold: by affecting development and subsequently phenotype, random changes in epigenetic marks may provide additional phenotypic diversity, which can help natural populations when facing fluctuating environments. In isogenic lineages and asexually reproducing organisms, poor or absent genetic diversity can hence be tolerated. Further implication of stochastic epigenetic variability in adaptation is found in bottlenecked invasive species populations and populations using a bet-hedging strategy.
36
Bauer, Karen. "The Study Quran". American Journal of Islam and Society 34, nr 4 (1.10.2017): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v34i4.800.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The Study Quran (hereafter SQ) is an impressive undertaking that took severalscholars years to complete. It consists of a general introduction, a translationof the Qur’an, a synopsis/adaptation of certain Quran commentaries,and a series of essays that seek to explain the sacred text’s place in Islamiclife and thought. These latter range from “How to Read the Quran” and“The Islamic View of the Quran” to “Quranic Ethics, Human Rights, andSociety” and different aspects of the text’s interpretation, such as “TheQur’an and Sufism” and “Quranic Commentaries.” The project includesmaps that reconstruct the position of important events such as the Battle ofBadr and the Conquest of Makkah. Several of the essays are written by excellentscholars, and the project as a whole is grand in its scope. The entirework, including introductions and maps, exceeds 2,000 pages.It is difficult to review such a work as a whole, because there is somuch of it and at almost every level it represents a construction of particularvalues and views. From the choice of the editors and their approach to themanner of translating the text, the commentaries that are included, and eventhe maps – each of these elements has been chosen by the editors as a partof an overall vision of what it takes to understand the Quran correctly ...
37
McBrayer, Lance D., Richard W. Orton, Chase T. Kinsey i Lauren K. Neel. "Conservation and Management Strategies Create Opportunities for Integrative Organismal Research". Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, nr 2 (12.06.2020): 509–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa069.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Synopsis Conservation and management activities are geared toward the achievement of particular goals for a specific species, or groups of species, at the population level or higher. Conversely, organismal or functional research is typically organized by hypothesis tests or descriptive work that examines a broader theory studying individual organismal traits. Here, we outline how integrative organismal biologists might conduct mutually beneficial and meaningful research to inform or assist conservation and management biologists. We argue that studies of non-target species are very useful to both groups because non-target species can meet the goals of managers and organismal biologists alike, while also informing the other. We highlight our work on a threatened lizard species’ thermal physiology, behavior, and color pattern—all of which are impacted by species management plans for sympatric, threatened, bird species. We show that management practices affect activity time, thermal adaptation, and substrate use, while also altering predation rates, crypsis, ectoparasite load, and sexual coloration in the study species. These case studies exemplify the challenges of conservation and management efforts for threatened or endangered species in that non-target species can be both positively and negatively affected by those efforts. Yet, the collaboration of organismal biologists with conservation and management efforts provides a productive system for mutually informative research.
38
Goredema-Matongera, Nakai, Thokozile Ndhlela, Cosmos Magorokosho, Casper N. Kamutando, Angeline van Biljon i Maryke Labuschagne. "Multinutrient Biofortification of Maize (Zea mays L.) in Africa: Current Status, Opportunities and Limitations". Nutrients 13, nr 3 (23.03.2021): 1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13031039.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Macro and micronutrient deficiencies pose serious health challenges globally, with the largest impact in developing regions such as subSaharan Africa (SSA), Latin America and South Asia. Maize is a good source of calories but contains low concentrations of essential nutrients. Major limiting nutrients in maize-based diets are essential amino acids such as lysine and tryptophan, and micronutrients such as vitamin A, zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe). Responding to these challenges, separate maize biofortification programs have been designed worldwide, resulting in several cultivars with high levels of provitamin A, lysine, tryptophan, Zn and Fe being commercialized. This strategy of developing single-nutrient biofortified cultivars does not address the nutrient deficiency challenges in SSA in an integrated manner. Hence, development of maize with multinutritional attributes can be a sustainable and cost-effective strategy for addressing the problem of nutrient deficiencies in SSA. This review provides a synopsis of the health challenges associated with Zn, provitamin A and tryptophan deficiencies and link these to vulnerable societies; a synthesis of past and present intervention measures for addressing nutrient deficiencies in SSA; and a discussion on the possibility of developing maize with multinutritional quality attributes, but also with adaptation to stress conditions in SSA.
39
CONSTANTINESCU, Ștefan, i Mihnea TĂNĂSESCU. "Simplifying a deltaic labyrinth: anthropogenic imprint on river deltas". Revista de Geomorfologie 20, nr 1 (25.09.2018): 66–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21094/rg.2018.023.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The information contained by historical maps provides a good source of understanding the complex transformation of a deltaic environment by human activity. Using the Danube delta as an example, here we show that a artographic diagnosis for river deltas is based on four main steps that outline the learning stages for every similar area: 1) exploring coasts (for the early stages of the portolan and Ptolemaic maps); 2) exploring depths (for the succeeding imperial and military maps which focused on the access along the deltaic distributaries); 3) exploring deltaic networks (when economic and ecological reasons led to detailed topographic maps based on field measurements and aerial photos); 4) ecological protectionism (when ecological reasons dictate land use patterns and determine land use change). This synopsis is applicable to other river deltas with some adaptations imposed by the local context. We interpret the four stages in the description of the Delta as resting on and further reinforcing the power of the centre to dictate the uses of the periphery. We further argue that the way the territory is lived by local inhabitants is continuously marginalized and effaced. This stands in the way of future adaptive strategies.
40
Smith, Ian M. "WATER MITES (ACARI: PARASITENGONA: HYDRACHNIDA) OF SPRING HABITATS IN CANADA". Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 123, S155 (1991): 141–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm123155141-1.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
AbstractThis paper reviews and summarizes information on the systematics, distribution, life history, and ecology of water mites in spring habitats in Canada, primarily on the basis of new data. The fauna comprises over 115 species, representing 57 genera and 25 families, in three ecological groups adapted for living in helocrenes, rheocrenes, and limnocrenes, respectively, though many species are able to exploit more than one type of spring habitat. The evolution of adaptations in water mites for living in spring habitats is discussed within the context of new hypotheses on the origins and zoogeography of spring-inhabiting taxa. A synopsis of available data suggests that knowledge of the species composition and structure of water mite communities can be used to characterize springs, and to assess and monitor the impact of environmental changes on these habitats. Inadequacies in the current database on Canadian species are identified, specifically uncertain species identities, incomplete zoogeographic data, inconsistent definition of spring habitats, and inadequate collecting techniques. Future studies are proposed to encourage research designed to overcome these inadequacies, and improve understanding of the biological roles of water mites inhabiting springs.
41
Nikolin, E. G., E. V. Kirillin i I. M. Okhlopkov. "POTENTIAL FORAGE PLANTS FOR THE MUSKOX (Ovibos moschantus Zimm.) ON ZAVYALOV ISLAND (MAGADAN PROVINCE, RUSSIA)". VAVILOVIA 2, nr 1 (8.08.2019): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2658-3860-2019-1-31-48.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Following the targeted expansion of the area of distribution for the muskox (Ovibos moschantus Zimm.) in Russia, expert assessment of animal feed resources was carried out on Zavyalov Island, located in the Sea of Okhotsk. The island’s area is 116.7 sq. km, with 45.5% (53.1 sq. km.) unsuitable for grazing by muskoxen. The rest of the island is potentially pasture-friendly. A synopsis of the vegetation on Zavyalov Island (Zavyalov Island, 2012) had previously been made by the researchers from the Institute for Biological Problems of the North (IBPN FEB RAS), which was adopted by us as a basis for the reconnaissance survey of the area. Guided by the published data and our own observations on the grazing habits of ungulates, we compiled a list of vascular plant species from the basic potential forage ration of the muskox and a list of possible substitutive forage species on Zavyalov Island. Out of the Island’s total vegetation, 154 species can be regarded as edible or potentially suitable forage plants for the muskox, including 45 species known from published sources as already present in this animal’s feeding ration. Of these, only 26 species are abundant and frequent enough to be considered as having significant feeding potential for the muskox, while the rest are rare or produce too little biomass. Having been placed in the new environment, muskoxen are expected to safely switch to substitute forage plants, represented here by 109 species. In total, 44 species can be recognized as the most promising, considering their abundance and frequency of occurrence. Such set of vascular plants is likely to be sufficient for the adaptation of a limited number of muskoxen in the area. According to prior estimates based on the area of suitable pastures, Zavyalov Island will be able to provide up to 25 individual animals with enough forage. It is recommended to supply additional feed, such as hay and branches, during the initial phase of their adaptation, and later launch scientific monitoring over the animals as they get used to the forage potential of Zavyalov Island.
42
Mucharraz y Cano, Yvette. "Minute Zero". Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 11, nr 1 (26.02.2021): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-04-2020-0113.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Learning outcomes The expected learning outcomes are: to clarify the meaning of resilience and its attributes. To explore the influence of the leader on the development of organizational resilience. To identify critical decisions for the recovery of a business after an external event such as the earthquake that took place on September 19th in Mexico City. To point out the stages for the development of organizational resilience, in the short, and long term: anticipation, coping and adaptation. To clarify the actions that could be taken to prepare an organization for an extreme event or respond to a large-scale crisis. Case overview/synopsis The case is framed within the context of the September 19, 2017 earthquake in Mexico City. ProActive Strategies’ offices collapsed, causing some people to lose their lives and others to be injured. The protagonist needed to decide if the organization could survive and recover or needed to be closed after the earthquake. After ProActive Strategies survived and recovered, it was possible to identify the main stages to develop organizational resilience in this organization: anticipation, coping and adaptation. Also, the paper provides empirical evidence about how organizational resilience is anchored in the attributes at individual and community levels that include human, economic, social and political capitals, enhanced by technological capital. Furthermore, the enablers of resilience add external entities and the ecosystem at a macro-level, considering political, social and economic aspects of the context. Complexity academic level The study level and expertise required to address this case is medium. The richness of the discussion from the perspective of the students is related to the possibility to empathize with the protagonist and the different actors involved and to build on previous experience with crisis management to observe the potential risks and courses of action. Moreover, the professor also requires taking a neutral position to balance the requirements from a humanitarian perspective, with the business needs. Subject code Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 6: Human resource management.
43
Egerton, Sian, Sharon A. Lynch, Maria Prado-Alvarez, Grace Flannery, Elaine Brennan, Tristan Hugh-Jones, David Hugh-Jones i Sarah C. Culloty. "A Naïve Population of European Oyster Ostrea edulis with Reduced Susceptibility to the Pathogen Bonamia ostreae: Are S-Strategy Life Traits Providing Protection?" Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, nr 2 (13.06.2020): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa071.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Synopsis European populations of the native flat oyster, Ostrea edulis, have been heavily depleted by two protozoan parasites, Marteila refringens and Bonamia ostreae, with mortalities of up to 90% reported in naïve populations. However, in studies carried out over a 10-year period, researching the parasite–host relationship of B. ostreae and O. edulis in several age cohorts within a naïve O. edulis population from Loch Ryan (LR), Scotland, 1364 specimens were challenged and only 64 (5%), across multiple testing protocols, screened positive for B. ostreae. This article presents a case for the development of S-strategy life traits in the LR population that coincide with enhanced immune function and survival. Oysters are considered typical r-strategists (small in size with fast development and high fecundity) while S-strategists, as outlined in Grime’s (1977) competitor–stress tolerant–ruderal (C–S–R) triangle theory, are characterized by slow growth and investment in the durability of individuals. This study hypothesizes that slower growth and reduced reproductive output in LR oysters has resulted in the investment of an enhanced immune function and reduced susceptibility to B. ostreae that is, r-strategists with S-strategy life traits equates to protection from significant pathogens. The findings presented here within provide a strong case study for local adaptation of energy allocation and provides empirical support for the C–S–R triangle theory in a marine organism.
44
Singh, Geeta, Rishi Dwesar i Satish Kumar. "Uber’s bumpy ride in China". CASE Journal 16, nr 2 (11.04.2020): 185–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tcj-03-2018-0040.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Theoretical basis The purpose of this paper is to explore all the strategies adopted by Uber China to gain more and more market shares of Chinese markets. It included localization of its core product, adaptation to Chinese demands and tying up with different Chinese companies. Research methodology The case study has been prepared after thoroughly studying Uber’s business in China. Secondary data is collected from credible sources such as the Uber website, newspapers, interviews and journal publications. This data helped in arriving at a basic understanding of the company, its objectives, strategies and the business model. The strategies formulated by Uber and the challenges it faced while operating in China are studied and explained based on this secondary data. Various published papers, reports released by reputed organizations and universities, interviews of managers and experts and research papers were also used to develop this case. Case overview/synopsis This case is developed considering the bent of today’s consumers toward sharing economy. The scope of businesses based on the concept of sharing economy is very wide and is increasing. China’s sharing economy sector was one of the fastest economies in the world. The case chronicles ride of Uber in China: from its entry in the country, strategies adopted, challenges faced and to the exit from China. Complexity academic level International business management at the undergraduate and postgraduate programs in management
45
Dawson, H. M., K. R. Heal, A. Torstensson, L. T. Carlson, A. E. Ingalls i J. N. Young. "Large Diversity in Nitrogen- and Sulfur-Containing Compatible Solute Profiles in Polar and Temperate Diatoms". Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, nr 6 (22.09.2020): 1401–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa133.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Synopsis Intense bottom-ice algal blooms, often dominated by diatoms, are an important source of food for grazers, organic matter for export during sea ice melt, and dissolved organic carbon. Sea-ice diatoms have a number of adaptations, including accumulation of compatible solutes, that allows them to inhabit this highly variable environment characterized by extremes in temperature, salinity, and light. In addition to protecting them from extreme conditions, these compounds present a labile, nutrient-rich source of organic matter, and include precursors to climate active compounds (e.g., dimethyl sulfide [DMS]), which are likely regulated with environmental change. Here, intracellular concentrations of 45 metabolites were quantified in three sea-ice diatom species and were compared to two temperate diatom species, with a focus on compatible solutes and free amino acid pools. There was a large diversity of metabolite concentrations between diatoms with no clear pattern identifiable for sea-ice species. Concentrations of some compatible solutes (isethionic acid, homarine) approached 1 M in the sea-ice diatoms, Fragilariopsis cylindrus and Navicula cf. perminuta, but not in the larger sea-ice diatom, Nitzschia lecointei or in the temperate diatom species. The differential use of compatible solutes in sea-ice diatoms suggests different adaptive strategies and highlights which small organic compounds may be important in polar biogeochemical cycles.
46
Benoit, Joshua B., i Geoffrey M. Attardo. "Mechanisms that contribute to the establishment and persistence of bed bug infestations". Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 6, nr 3 (2013): 227–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18749836-06001067.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Bed bugs have reestablished as pests over the last two decades after a period of near eradication throughout large portions of the world. The increasing frequency of bed bug infestations has prompted research into every facet of bed bug biology. Of particular interest is identification of the specific factors that allow bed bugs to be transported, to thrive within human dwellings and to survive pest control strategies. This review provides a synopsis of the biochemical, physiological and molecular mechanisms that contribute to the resurgence of bed bugs, with a focus upon the aspects that allow bed bugs to overcome the roadblocks preventing establishment and persistence in close proximity to humans. Topics discussed include dispersal, host avoidance, mating, chemical signaling, symbiosis, blood feeding, thermal tolerance, starvation resistance, dehydration resistance and pesticide resistance. These aspects of Cimex biology are explored within the context of the effect that these traits have upon transportation, establishment and eradication of bed bugs with an emphasis on the issues of pesticide resistance and population resurgence. In general, bed bugs are exceptional in their ability to proliferate in close-proximity to humans. The emergence of recent adaptations such as pesticide resistance has exacerbated the already difficult task of eliminating bed bug infestations.
47
Schwarz, Rachel, Gavin Stark, Antonis Antonopolous, Yuval Itescu, Panayiotis Pafilis, David G. Chapple i Shai Meiri. "Specialist versus Generalist at the Intraspecific Level: Functional Morphology and Substrate Preference of Mediodactylus kotschyi Geckos". Integrative and Comparative Biology 61, nr 1 (28.06.2021): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icab066.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Synopsis Populations of the same species occupying different microhabitats can either exhibit generalized traits across them or display intraspecific variability, adapting to each microhabitat in order to maximize performance. Intraspecific variability contributes to the generation of diversity, following selection and adaptation, and understanding such variability is important for comprehending how individuals choose their microhabitats. Compared with interspecific variability, however, intraspecific variability in functional morphology and its relationship with microhabitat preference and use have been relatively little studied. Here we examined whether populations of the gecko Mediodactylus kotschyi that differ in the substrates they occupy display habitat-specific behaviors and differing morphologies associated with functional adaptation to their microhabitats. We collected 207 geckos from under or on rocks or on trees from seven populations in Greece. On large islands individuals occupy both substrates; whereas small islets are devoid of trees and the geckos are restricted to rocks, while on the mainland they are only found on trees. We determined gecko substrate preferences in the laboratory, together with their clinging abilities to the different substrates. We measured their limbs, digits, and claws and assessed how these measurements relate to clinging ability. Geckos from all populations preferred the tree made available to them, but this preference was not statistically significant. Geckos from both large and small islands clung better to the tree than to the rock in the laboratory, while those from the mainland clung similarly to both substrates. Geckos collected from trees had longer manual digits and hind limbs. Geckos collected from large and small islands had taller (longer on the dorso-ventral axis; henceforth “deeper”) claws. Longer digits and deeper but shorter claws were associated with a better ability to cling to rocks. Our findings suggest that while M. kotschyi is potentially preferentially arboreal, due to the great variation and plasticity it possesses, it can successfully also exploit the habitats available on the smallest, treeless islets in the Aegean Sea. Our study suggests that the dichotomous use of generalist versus specialist in describing species’ habitat use is oversimplified, and we suggest the use of a generalist–specialist gradient instead.
48
Spraggon, Martin, i Virginia Bodolica. "The media roller coaster: The Dawn and evolution of Multimedia Ventures in Middle East and beyond". Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 10, nr 1 (2.01.2020): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-10-2019-0252.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Learning outcomes Upon completion of this case study analysis, students should be able to: perform a detailed diagnosis of an entrepreneurial venture, applying relevant strategic management tools and techniques; evaluate the effectiveness of managerial actions and decisions at different stages of organizational lifecycle; and demonstrate the importance of strategic adaptation of organizations through the deployment of viable decision-making skills. Case overview/synopsis This case describes the story of Multimedia Ventures, a small business located in the UAE that provides media solutions to cleaning and hygiene-related technology sectors. The company was founded through a partnership arrangement and later transformed into a family enterprise. The case study illustrates the firm operations from its grass root stages to being a well-known name in the cleaning industry, both within the Middle East and beyond. Since its establishment in 2008, Multimedia Ventures has embarked on a path of continuous growth with the ambition of globalizing activities to offer various media solutions to customers worldwide. To achieve this objective, the company engaged in collaborations with many international partners to facilitate the exchange of expertise and increase the scale of operations. Yet, the Managing Director of Multimedia Ventures, Mr Arjun Khatri, was currently faced with two difficult strategic decisions that were critically important for the future development of his enterprise. Complexity academic level Undergraduate courses. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 11: Strategy.
49
Macedo-Lima, Matheus, i Luke Remage-Healey. "Dopamine Modulation of Motor and Sensory Cortical Plasticity among Vertebrates". Integrative and Comparative Biology 61, nr 1 (3.04.2021): 316–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icab019.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Synopsis Goal-directed learning is a key contributor to evolutionary fitness in animals. The neural mechanisms that mediate learning often involve the neuromodulator dopamine. In higher order cortical regions, most of what is known about dopamine’s role is derived from brain regions involved in motivation and decision-making, while significantly less is known about dopamine’s potential role in motor and/or sensory brain regions to guide performance. Research on rodents and primates represents over 95% of publications in the field, while little beyond basic anatomy is known in other vertebrate groups. This significantly limits our general understanding of how dopamine signaling systems have evolved as organisms adapt to their environments. This review takes a pan-vertebrate view of the literature on the role of dopamine in motor/sensory cortical regions, highlighting, when available, research on non-mammalian vertebrates. We provide a broad perspective on dopamine function and emphasize that dopamine-induced plasticity mechanisms are widespread across all cortical systems and associated with motor and sensory adaptations. The available evidence illustrates that there is a strong anatomical basis—dopamine fibers and receptor distributions—to hypothesize that pallial dopamine effects are widespread among vertebrates. Continued research progress in non-mammalian species will be crucial to further our understanding of how the dopamine system evolved to shape the diverse array of brain structures and behaviors among the vertebrate lineage.
50
Jimenez, Ana Gabriela. "The Physiological Conundrum That is the Domestic Dog". Integrative and Comparative Biology 61, nr 1 (10.03.2021): 140–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icab005.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Synopsis Across Mammalia, body size and lifespan are positively correlated. However, in domestic dogs, the opposite is true: small dogs have longer lives compared with large dogs. Here, I present literature-based data on life-history traits that may affect dog lifespan, including adaptations at the whole-organism, and organ-level. Then, I compare those same traits to wild canids. Because oxidative stress is a byproduct of aerobic metabolism, I also present data on oxidative stress in dogs that suggests that small breed dogs accumulate significantly more circulating lipid peroxidation damage compared with large breed dogs, in opposition to lifespan predictions. Further, wild canids have increased antioxidant concentrations compared with domestic dogs, which may aid in explaining why wild canids have longer lifespans than similar-sized domestic dogs. At the cellular level, I describe mechanisms that differ across size classes of dogs, including increases in aerobic metabolism with age, and increases in glycolytic metabolic rates in large breed dogs across their lifespan. To address potential interventions to extend lifespan in domestic dogs, I describe experimental alterations to cellular architecture to test the “membrane pacemaker” hypotheses of metabolism and aging. This hypothesis suggests that increased lipid unsaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes can increase cellular metabolic rates and oxidative damage, leading to potential decreased longevity. I also discuss cellular metabolic changes of primary fibroblast cells isolated from domestic dogs as they are treated with commercially available drugs that are linked to lifespan and health span expansion.