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1
Nováky, György. "Small Company Trade and the Gold Coast: The Swedish Africa Company 1650-1663". Itinerario 16, nr 1 (marzec 1992): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300006562.
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The Swedish Africa Company (Svenska Afrikakompaniet, SAK) was a chartered trading company which conducted a limited and short-lived trade in the middle of the seventeenth century. Its political and economic significance for Sweden itself was negligible, and in West Africa the Company was one of the smallest and shortest lived of trading companies. At first glance, the SAK appears to be merely a historical curiosity and therefore outside the interest of scientific research. Yet closer examination reveals that the Company was actually quite profitable. An understanding of how t i achieved its success will surely add to our knowledge about European trade in West Africa.
2
Deo, Sarang, Sanjay Kumar Singh, G. Raghuram i Sanjay Choudhari. "Adani Wilmar Limited (AWL)". Asian Case Research Journal 13, nr 01 (czerwiec 2009): 157–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927509001200.
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The total size of the edible oils market in India was estimated to be 13 million tons (mt) out of which imports amounted to about 4 mt. This made India the largest importer of edible oils in the world. Various edible oils are consumed in the India depending on the regional tastes and preferences. A differential in the duties on oil seed and oils made it favorable to import edible oils instead of oilseeds. Similarly, a differential duty between the refined oil and the raw oil encouraged the import of raw oil in order to support the domestic refineries. Adani Wilmar Limited (AWL) was a part of the Adani group, which started as a trading company mainly into exports of commodities. The group had recently entered into the infrastructure sector with the building of the Mundra port. The group had formed a joint venture with Wilmar Trading of Singapore to enter into the edible oil business. The company was setting up a re.nery with capacity of 600 tons per day. It planned to sell half of the production as bulk oil and the rest as packed oil. The company viewed supply chain management as one of the important means to get a competitive edge. Approximately 70% of the total logistics cost was accounted for by transportation cost. Some of the key decisions the company faced was the location of the warehouses, mode choice and routing.
3
S. Mohan i Lalit Kumar. "Danish East India Company: Establishment and Company's business activities in India and Southeast Asia 1620-1650". TECHNO REVIEW Journal of Technology and Management 1, nr 2 (15.01.2022): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/trjtm2021.v01.n02.003.
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In the history of India of the 17th century, the activities of European trading companies started in India, mostly English, Portuguese, Dutch, and French have been studied mostly about them. But at the same time there was another major trading company. The one we are studying here was the Danish East India Company. The main purpose of this thesis is to know how this company was established. And how this company, despite its limited resources, continued its economic activities in India and South-East Asia. Along with this, what challenges did the company face from its representatives in India. and how the company had relations with the local rulers in India. In the end, due to many reasons, this company collapsed earlier than other European companies.
4
Frewer, Michael. "Bus Identification, Communication and Control System (BICCS)". Journal of Navigation 47, nr 2 (maj 1994): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300012054.
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What's in a name? Well quite a lot really, and first of all, an explanation is required of our company name. PMT Limited is the trading name used for our core business area of North Staffordshire. The original full title was ‘The Potteries Motor Traction Company Limited’ but it is the abbreviation to PMT by which we have been known and loved for many decades – and who are we to argue with our customers? Under the terms of the 1985 Transport Act, we became one of the early management buyouts from the government-owned National Bus Company and chose to call the new company just PMT Limited.
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Shah, Mausam. "Performance Analysis of Trading Company Through Cost Volume Profit (A Case Study of Salt Trading Corporation Limited)". National College of Computer Studies Research Journal 2, nr 1 (27.11.2023): 79–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nccsrj.v2i1.60084.
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The objective of the research is to analyze the performance of a Trading Company through cost-volume-profit with reference to Salt Trading Corporation Limited. The major goal of this paper is to scrutinize the financial performance from 2069-70, as well as its influence on the economic growth of Nepal. According to the findings, Salt Trading Corporation has a low contribution margin, low P/V ratio, high breakeven point, and low margin of safety. It further indicates that cost and breakeven point have a positive correlation as sales price and breakeven point have a negative correlation. The company's condition is very poor and requires effective improvement in the given situation.
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Wibawa, Anak Agung Bagus Putra. "Pembuatan Surat Izin Usaha Perdagangan Bagi Perseroan Terbatas Dengan Terbitnya Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 29 Tahun 2016". Acta Comitas 4, nr 3 (30.12.2019): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ac.2019.v04.i03.p02.
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The issuance of Government Regulation Number 29 Year 2016 concerning Changes in the Authorized Capital of Limited Liability has an impact on the founders of the company related to the cost reduction of the establishment of a Limited Liability Company which gives freedom to the founders of the company in determining the legal basis of a Limited Liability Company. Limited Liability Company is a company that carries out trading activities. Every company that carries out trading activities is obliged to take care of the Trade Business License. The making of Trade Business License is regulated in the Minister of Trade's Regulation No. 46 / M-DAG / PER / 9/2009 concerning Issuance of Trading Business License. One of the conditions is to have a wealth of Rp 50,000,000 (fifty million rupiah). From this regulation arises a norm conflict between the Government Regulation and the Ministerial Regulation. The problems arising from this research are the process of establishing a limited company and how is the legal implication of establishing a limited company in making a trade business license with government regulation number 29 of 2016. This research is a normative study with a legal approach and a legal concept analysis approach. The process of establishing a limited liability company is by ordering the name of the company online, then making the deed of establishment of a Limited Liability Company with the conditions set. After all is fulfilled, then the registration is done online on the web https://www.ahu.go.id. the legal implications of establishing a Limited Company in making Trade Business License with Government Regulation Number 29 of 2016 is that the company's founder can make Trade Business License with an authorized capital based on the agreement of the company's founders.
Terbitnya Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 29 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan Modal Dasar Perseroan Terbatas berdampak pada pendiri perseroan terkait keringanan biaya pendirian Perseroan Terbatas (PT) yang memberikan kebebasan bagi para pendiri perseroan dalam menentukan bersaran modal dasar Perseroan Terbatas. Perseroan Terbatas merupakan perusahaan yang didalamnya melakukan kegiatan perdagangan. Setiap perushaaan yang melakukan kegiatan perdagangan wajib untuk mengurus Surat Izin Usaha Perdangan (SIUP). Pembuatan SIUP diatur dalam Perautran Menteri Perdagangan Republik Indonesia Nomor 46/M-DAG/PER/9/2009 tentang Penerbitan Surat Izin Usaha Perdagangan. Salah satu syaratnya adalah memiliki kekayaan sebesar Rp 50.000.000, (lima puluh juta rupiah). Dari peraturan tersebut timbul konflik norma antara Peraturan Pemerintah dengan Peraturan Menteri tersebut. Adapun permasalahan yang timbul dari penelitian ini adalah Bagaimanakah Proses Pendirian Persoran Terbatas dan Bagaimanakah Implikasi Hukum Pendirian Perseoran Terbatas Dalam Membuat Surat Izin Usaha Perdagangan dengan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 29 Tahun 2016. Penelitian ini berupa penelitian normatif dengan pendeketan undang-undang dan pendekatan analisis konsep hukum. Peroses pendirian perseroan terbatas yaitu dengan memesan nama perseroan secara online, lalu pembuatan akta pendirian Perseroan Terbatas dengan syarat-syarat yang telah diatur. Setelah semua terpenuhi baru dilakukan pendaftarkan melalui online di web https://www.ahu.go.id. implikasi hukum pendirian Perseoran Terbatas dalam membuat SIUP dengan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 29 Tahun 2016 adalah pendiri perseroan dapat membuat SIUP dengan modal dasar kesepakatan para pendiri perseroan.
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Bieluk, Jerzy. "Przekształcenia spółek kapitałowych a ustawa o kształtowaniu ustroju rolnego". Przegląd Prawa Rolnego, nr 2(25) (29.06.2020): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ppr.2019.25.2.7.
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The Act of 11 April 2003 on shaping the agricultural system introduced a number of restrictions on trading in agricultural property. As of 30 April 2016, the regulations of the Act also apply to companies undergoing a division, change of status or a merger. In this article a change of status of a company which owns agricultural real estate was analysed. For practical reasons, the most common situation of this kind is the conversion of a limited liability company into a public limited company. The analysis of this has revealed that the construction of legal regulations regulating this issue is highly imprecise. However, the biggest problem seems to be the fact that statutory objectives provided for in the Act have not been achieved. In the case of a conversion of a limited liability company into a public limited company, the shareholders of the limited liability company become shareholders of the public limited company, so from the substantive law point of view, the same entity continues to exist. Solutions of this kind do not make any legal sense and certainly do not achieve any of the objectives set out in the Act analysed.
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Sitorus, Oktaviandi Bangun Tri Anugrah. "Legal Protection for Shareholders of Dissolved Insurance Companies". Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Sains 5, nr 04 (1.05.2024): 876–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.59141/jiss.v5i04.1088.
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The capital market is the meeting place between supply and demand in trading securities, including stocks, which is proof of ownership of a company in exchange for shareholders' rights to profits or dividends. Although there are two main groups of shareholders, namely majority and minority, both groups have equal status in company ownership. To protect shareholders, capital market and limited liability company laws provide legal protection, including in cases of dissolution of insurance companies. In this research, normative legal methods were used to analyze relevant laws. The results show that shareholders' legal protection is contained in capital market and limited liability company laws, which give shareholders the right to file a lawsuit or request a company inspection if they feel aggrieved. The case of the dissolution of an insurance company by OJK shows that the institution can carry out its supervisory role and guarantee legal protection for shareholders by ensuring the company is responsible for losses incurred.
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Veselý, T. "Method of export strategy formulation for manufacturing or trading company". Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 51, No. 4 (20.02.2012): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5088-agricecon.
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The objective of the paper is to present one method that solves the problem of election of a suitable export strategy using method of multi criteria evaluation. The initial hypothesis assumes limited financial and personal resources of a company generating necessity of incremental penetration to export markets with dependence on budget and expected results. The method also assumes individual choice of a single export strategy for each market. Number of formulated export strategies equals to the number of penetrated markets. The process of formulation of a new strategy consists of two steps. In the first step, an export market is chosen and in the second step, one of the export strategies is attached to the export market. The company management according to the company orientation and the management experience creates criteria for market selection. The method is supported with software that leads the company management through the entire process of export strategy formulation. The final order of suitable export strategies for the chosen market allows management to elect the best ranked variant or discuss about the order of export strategies and justify the diversion from strict mathematic evaluation of entered data.
10
Truong, Hong-Ngoc, i Thi Ngoc Nguyen. "SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT: A CASE OF TAN LONG TRADING AND SERVICE TECHNOLOGY COMPANY LIMITED". International Journal of Supply Chain, Operation Management and Logistics 5, nr 10 (5.03.2024): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijscol.510002.
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The supplying of raw materials and products plays an extremely vital role in meeting demands and goals of an enterprise, especially keeping a balance between product production and consumption. If a company knows how to manage its supply chain, it will help develop sustainability and easily compete with competitors, thereby rocketing profits tremendously and serving consumers wholeheartedly. Vietnamese businesses in the international market recognize the significance of the supply chain in creating competitive advantages and boosting companies’ performance. This analysis delves into the knowledge and practices of supply chain management in Vietnam, by using qualitative research methods such as observing input processes of supply chains. Also, in-depth interviews will identify key factors causing current issues in management activities of Tan Long Trading and Service Technology Company. After demonstrating the present state and ways to manage its supply chain, this research proposes some valuable reference solutions to save costs, enhance customer service and optimize profits for similar businesses in the market.
11
Peráček, Tomáš, Boris Mucha, Patricia Brestovanská i Jana Kajanová. "Simple Company on Shares as Startup Support Tool". Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 66, nr 6 (2018): 1601–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201866061601.
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On January 1st 2017, the amendment to the Commercial Code implementing the Capital Market Concept. This is a measure of the implementation which is the part of the Startup Support Concept and the Development of the Startup Ecosystem in the Slovak Republic. A new form of capital trading company has been created to offer a comprehensive solution for capital investments in companies. An example of such an investment is start‑up investment as business initiatives with high innovation and growth potential that can not provide funding through banks. When investing capital, it is necessary to flexibly set the investor’s entry, coexistence and output beyond what is currently possible in the form of trading companies in the conditions of the Slovak Republic. Until now, it has been a limited liability company, which has been mainly used for investing capital of start‑ups. Later was used the joint stock company as the capital‑intensive type of business. A public limited company and a limited partnership belonging to a group of private partnerships were not and are not used as startups, because of unlimited liability of the partners for the company’s obligations. The main obstacle for a joint‑stock company, as support for startups until their advanced stages of life cycle, is relatively high statutory minimum capital requirement of EUR 25,000. Another issue may be legal regulation aimed at medium and large businesses allowing them to trade their shares on the stock Exchange market, with the associated increased demands to ensure the functioning of the company. However, the Simple company, representing the hybrid form of a capital company, also has its serious shortcomings and is not a boon to support startups. Since it is a “young” type of business company that has not yet been the subject of research, it is the intention of the contributors to analyse a Simple company on shares and, by means of a number of scientific research methods, to provide a critical view of its shortcomings. Despite the fact that the reason for the establishment of this business company was mostly economic, research is mainly directed at the area of commercial law.
12
Arora, Yatin. "What Went Wrong With Wrongful Trading?" Business Law Review 43, Issue 4 (1.07.2022): 164–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2022024.
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In seeking to combat the abuse of limited liability, the wrongful trading provision under section 214 of the Insolvency Act 1986 has long formed part of the UK’s ex post facto creditor protection strategy. However, despite being introduced nearly forty years ago, claims for wrongful trading have been far and few, raising key questions over the provision’s potential. In light of these low numbers, this article assesses the effectiveness of section 214, by examining whether it achieves its underlying objectives. It is argued that, as the regime’s development has been riddled with a lack of clarity, judicial discretion, and inconsistency, officeholders currently face a number of difficulties. These difficulties mean there is currently insufficient incentive for officeholders to bring an action and thus section 214 is not achieving its objectives. However, the provision’s effectiveness can be improved by introducing an ex-ante measure into the ex post facto regime. Premised upon the idea that prevention is better than cure, this author proposes a new model for compulsory preappointment director education. By targeting potential troublemakers from the outset, this eliminates, or at least drastically reduces, the need to rely on section 214 in the first place. wrongful trading, limited liability, company law, insolvency, creditor protection, directors’ duties
13
Yao, Suqing. "Research on the "Right of Retraction" Of the Transferee Shareholders in The Process of Equity Transfer of a Limited Liability Company". Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 15, nr 3 (11.07.2024): 317–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/zt2hd772.
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Among the rights and obligations of the shareholders of limited liability company, the interleaving of the shareholders' preemption right and the shareholders' transfer right of repentance has aroused extensive attention and discussion. This paper discusses the legal basis of these rights and their practical application in corporate governance. By analyzing the scope of application of Article 20 of the Fourth Judicial Interpretation of the Company Law and the imperfection of the liability mechanism for damages, this paper reveals the existing problems under the current legal framework and puts forward relevant legal and practical suggestions. These studies provide theoretical support and practical guidance for improving the equity trading system of limited liability companies.
14
Gelderblom, Oscar, Abe de Jong i Joost Jonker. "The Formative Years of the Modern Corporation: The Dutch East India Company VOC, 1602–1623". Journal of Economic History 73, nr 4 (15.11.2013): 1050–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050713000879.
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With their legal personhood, permanent capital, transferable shares, separation of ownership and management, and limited liability, the Dutch and English colonial trading companies VOC and EIC are considered institutional breakthroughs. We analyze the VOC's business operations and financial policy and show that its novel corporate form owed less to foresight than to piecemeal engineering to remedy design flaws. The crucial feature of managerial limited liability was not, as previously thought, integral to that design, but emerged only after protracted experiments with various solutions to the company's financial bottlenecks. Legal form followed economic function, not the other way around.
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Олейник, А. Н., Е. А. Болотнова, К. Н. Святкина i Е. А. Ховятская. "Analysis of the financial condition of a specific trading organization of Stal-invest llc". Journal of Applied Research, nr 5 (31.05.2024): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.47576/2949-1878.2024.5.5.013.
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В статье представлены краткий обзор теоретических аспектов проведения оценки финансового состояния организации, а также отражены результаты комплексного анализа финансового положения конкретного общества с ограниченной ответственностью, а также дана оценка ликвидности и платежеспособности. Был проведен анализ финансовых отчетов организации за определенный период и осуществлена оценка различных коэффициентов, отражающих ее финансовую устойчивость. Полученные данные дают всестороннюю оценку общего финансового состояния организации. Выявлены и проанализированы отклонения от нормативных значений некоторых показателей ликвидности и платежеспособности, что подчеркивает важность разработки и реализации соответствующих мер по улучшению финансового положения общества с ограниченной ответственностью. This scientific article provides a brief overview of the theoretical aspects of assessing the financial condition of an organization, as well as reflects the results of a comprehensive analysis of the financial situation of a particular limited liability company, as well as an assessment of liquidity and payment capacity. The study analyzed the financial statements of the organization for a certain period and assessed various coefficients reflecting its financial stability. The data obtained provide a comprehensive assessment of the overall financial condition of the organization. During the study, deviations from the normative values of some indicators of liquidity and solvency were identified and analyzed, which emphasizes the importance of developing and implementing appropriate measures to improve the financial situation of a limited liability company.
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Tuan, Nguyen Anh, i Nguyen Thi Vien Ly. "Factors affecting customers' satisfaction on service quality – the case of Duong Vy service trading limited company". Science & Technology Development Journal - Economics - Law and Management 4, nr 3 (7.07.2020): First. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjelm.v4i3.649.
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This study analyzes the factors affecting customer satisfaction about the service quality of businesses operating in the field of logistics, using the case study conducted at Duong Vy company. From the SERVQUAL model of Parasuraman, this study develops a model to measure the satisfaction of logistics service quality which consists of five factors, including (1) reliability, (2) responsiveness, (3) assurance, (4) empathy, and (5) tangibles. The study used quantitative methods (linear regression) to analyze data sets collected from 256 customers of Duong Vy to test the research hypotheses. The results show that responsiveness, assurances, and empathy have a positive impact on customer satisfaction. This comes from the characteristics of logistics industries that require assurance and accurate responsiveness. Therefore, the study offers some solutions for Duong Vy as well as the logistics industry to improve the quality of logistics services, such as (1) invest to improve the assessment of tangible value and customer trust; and (2) promote assurance, responsiveness, and empathy to increase customer satisfaction and enhance business efficiency.
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Vreeman, Nicole L. "Trading the Straightjacket for a Leotard: Introducing the New Dutch B.V. Law". European Company Law 9, Issue 6 (21.01.2012): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eucl2012051.
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The Netherlands enacted new legislation on 12 June 2012 concerning the private limited liability company, termed the B.V. (besloten vennootschap met beperkte aansprakelijkheid). This law strives to change the current straightjacket of B.V. law into a legal leotard. This has caused the new law to be referred to as the Flex(ible) B.V. law and the corporate entity of the B.V. to be referred to as the Flex B.V. The new law entered into force on 1 October 2012. Notable changes that the Flex B.V. law has brought are in the fields of capital, shares, the board of managing directors, and minority shareholders
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Iakobiuk, Liubov, i Marina Vinogradova. "Econometric model of the effective activity of the enterprise". E3S Web of Conferences 381 (2023): 01028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338101028.
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In modern conditions of globalization and growing economic instability, many enterprises cannot withstand competition and find themselves in a state of crisis. In order to carry out successful trading activities, there is a growing demand for reliable information about the future development of the organization, and therefore the most urgent problem of any enterprise is its financial stability. Using the example of an enterprise with a registered form of a limited liability company, the authors considered the assessment and analysis of the stability of the enterprise's development in order to confirm the future prospects of its functioning in the Russian markets. With the help of basic methodological approaches and principles of using the apparatus of econometric modeling and analysis of economic phenomena and processes, an assessment of the state of efficiency of a limited liability company is considered and a forecast of the development of economic phenomena and processes is made, which is an urgent task. The problem at this point in time. As a result of our research, we have determined a linear model of the dependence of indicators such as profit and cost of sales, which is statistically significant with a probability of 95% and allows us to predict the profit of a limited liability company. A comprehensive assessment of the financial condition of the company allowed us to formulate conclusions and proposals to improve the efficiency of the company.
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CARMODY, DANA. "THE T. EATON COMPANY LIMITED: A CASE ANALYSIS". Journal of Enterprising Culture 10, nr 03 (wrzesień 2002): 225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495802000104.
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The T Eaton company, considered the world's first department store, was named after its founder Timothy Eaton. In 1869, it as a small dry goods business in Toronto. By 1907, at the death of its founder, it was a giant retail store, with a branch in Winnipeg, alongside a country-wide mail-order business. Innovative practices established during his time included sales for cash only and satisfaction guaranteed or money refunded. Eaton's successors extended the Eaton empire across Canada, continuing the tradition of quality goods, prices, customer service and also fair labour practices. It became a Canadian institution. Eaton's filed for protection from its creditors in February 1997 and once again in August 1999 (see Appendix 1 for a chronology of events) under the federal Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act and the Ontario Business Corporations Act (Closings). The restructuring that followed the first bankruptcy was only partially successful. However, it had a significantly positive impact on Eaton's operations, and seemed to turn things around. Were it not for bad economic news and misfortune in mid-to-late 1998 (CNW 3 and CNW 5), the plan might have worked. Store-closings, employee terminations, and a huge liquidation sale followed the second bankruptcy declared in August 1999, as did the suspension of the trading of Eaton's stock (Chron). Sears Canada Inc. agreed to purchase 16 of the Eaton's stores in September 1999 (Sears 1; Material 1). These will open by the fall of 2000 (Material 2; Sears 1). A compromise was made with Eaton's creditors (including the employees) to give them approximately $0.50 on the dollar (Olijnyk 1). A compromise was also arrived at with Eaton's shareholders whereby the latter would be given participation units in exchange for their common shares (on a one-for-one trade) (Amended; Trachuk). These participation units are to be used in a contingent and conditional settlement based upon the possible utilization of tax credits by Sears acquired as a result of Eaton's $390 million in losses since 1996 (Receivership; Amended; Trachuk). These settlement monies might or might not be realized by the former shareholders (Amended; Trachuk). Today, Eaton's is no more. In its place are many great memories by a former generation of Canadians who used to go to the Eaton's stores to buy big things that were always of high quality. "Agnes Lunn, who was visiting [Edmonton, Calgary,] from Dartmouth, N.S., said she will miss the chain because of its trustworthiness. "If you bought something from Eaton's, you knew it was worth having, you knew it would be quality," she said (Auction)." Perhaps having six of the Eaton's stores open up this fall with the Eaton's name on them will rekindle a loyalty in a new generation of Canadians?
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Bure, Vladimir M., Vladimir V. Karelin i Ludmila N. Polyakova. "Exact penalty functions in the problem of choosing the optimal wholesale order in the face of rapid fluctuations in demand". Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Applied Mathematics. Computer Science. Control Processes 17, nr 4 (2021): 397–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu10.2021.408.
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The current article discusses a different situation in the market, when there is a rush demand for a new product followed by a sharp drop in demand. The trading company uses the following scheme for the wholesale order of goods. The ordered product is divided into two parts, and the first batch of goods arrives immediately, it is sold over a certain period of time (0, Z,]. The second batch of goods is delivered at the time 7’, but at the time interval [0, 7]. This batch is sold at a discount and is completely sold out. Time T' corresponds to the end of the sale of the entire product. The time points 7), T' are selected by the trading firm from the condition of maximizing income. The need to consider such a wholesale order scheme is related to the fact that, firstly, the warehouses of the trading firms have limited capacity and cannot accommodate all the ordered goods, and secondly, a manufacturer may not offer the entire ordered batch of goods, since not all goods can be produced at the initial (zero) point of time immediately after receiving the order. At the time 71, the trading company completely sells the first batch of goods and receives financial resources, part of which is paid to the manufacturer. At the moment of time Т', Ме сотр/ефе sale of all purchased goods is completed. The choice of time points 7; and T' allow to determine the volume of the first batch of ordered goods and the total volume of product ordered from the manufacturer. In the article, a mathematical model is proposed that makes it possible to choose the optimal ordering strategy for a trading company in the conditions of excessive growth of demand for the new product in time 71,72 at some unknown point in time and т. Е [73,74], and the subsequent sharp drop in demand in the period of time [73, 74] due to the saturation of the market with a new product. Four possible variants of optimization problems are considered. A method of exact penalty function is suggested, which allows one to find their solutions.
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Rajak, Harry H. "Director and Officer Liability in the Zone of Insolvency; A Comparative Analysis". Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 11, nr 1 (26.06.2017): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2008/v11i1a2751.
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It is the duty of the directors of a company to run the business of the company in the best interests of the company and its shareholders. In principle, the company, alone, is responsible for the debts incurred in the running of the company and the creditors are, in principle, precluded from looking to the directors or shareholders for payment of any shortfall arising as a result of the company's insolvency. This principle has, in a number of jurisdictions undergone statutory change such that in certain circumstances, the directors and others who were concerned with the management of the company may be made liable to contribute, personally, to meet the payment – in part or entirely – of the company's debts. This paper aims to explore this statutory jurisdiction. It also seeks to describe succinctly the process by which the shift from unlimited to limited liability trading was achieved. It will end by examining briefly a comparatively new phenomenon, namely that of a shift in the focus of the directors' duties from company and shareholders to the creditors as the company becomes insolvent and nears the stage of a formal declaration of its insolvent status – the so-called 'zone of insolvency'.
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Trtić Vukotić, Sonja. "TRANSFORMACIJA IZ DRUŠTVA SA OGRANIČENOM ODGOVORNOŠĆU U OTVORENO AKCIONARSKO DRUŠTVO". Glasnik prava XIII, nr 1 (2022): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/gp.1301.089tv.
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The Company Law of the Republic of Srpska envisages four forms of companies: partnerships, limited partnerships, limited liability companies and joint stock companies, and in practice the last two forms of companies are most common. Although before, now more than ten years ago, the stock exchanges in Bosnia and Herzegovina had a large turnover by trading in the shares of listed joint stock companies, today this is not the rule, but the exception. Having mentioned this exception, I cannot but mention another circumstance that can be considered the same, and that is the change of legal form from a limited liability company to a joint stock company, which is the topic of this text. The only recorded case of such a transformation of the legal form in Bosnia and Herzegovina is the transformation carried out by the limited liability company „Fratelo trade“ from Banja Luka in 2008, transforming into an open joint stock company through the initial public offering (IPO) procedure. The initial public offering or „opening“ or „going public“ appears as a logical step after limited liability companies reach the maximum development in this legal form. Opening allows them to more easily raise funds for further development and improvement of business. Despite the above, this type of business transformation has not yet taken root in our country, although it has been current in the world since the 1990s, and the increase in the number of delisted joint stock companies does not inspire hope that it will happen soon. The reason for writing on this topic is an attempt to point to the IPO as an opportunity to finance further development of companies that can lead to an increase in the number of investors interested in investing in companies that decide to „go public“, which can ultimately contribute market development.
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Soputro, Stefanus Gilmore, Ali Imron i Kasuwi Saiban. "Consumer Protection in Commodity Futures Trading Transactions in the Physical Crypto Asset Market". International Journal of Social Science Research and Review 6, nr 12 (6.12.2023): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.47814/ijssrr.v6i12.1707.
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In 2014, cryptocurrencies entered Indonesia, introduced by a trading company named Indodax. Cryptocurrencies are distributed on the blockchain and have fluctuating prices. Since 2014 until now, cryptocurrencies have been widely used as an investment instrument by the Indonesian community. However, consumers/customers of cryptocurrencies still need to understand the limited regulations governing cryptocurrencies. There are also numerous issues related to cryptocurrencies in Indonesia, and consumer protection for customers in futures commodity trading transactions in the physical market of cryptocurrencies needs to be improved. The research method used is normative legal research with a statutory, case, and historical approach. The research findings reveal normative provisions and mechanisms for trading cryptocurrency futures, which begin with Law No. 32 of 1997 on Commodity Futures Trading and its amendments, the Regulation of Bappebti No. 3 of 2019 on Commodities Eligible as Futures Contract Subjects, Sharia Derivative Contracts, and Other Derivative Contracts Traded on Commodity Futures Exchanges, along with other Bappebti regulations. The mechanism for trading cryptocurrency futures in Indonesia is regulated by Bappebti Regulation No. 8 of 2021 on Guidelines for the Operation of Physical Market Trading of Crypto Assets (Crypto Asset) on Futures Exchanges and its amendments. The formulation of consumer protection for customers can be based on Bappebti regulations, OJK Regulation No. 6/POJK.07/2022 on Consumer and Community Protection in the Financial Services Sector, and Law No. 4 of 2023 on PPSK.
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Hendrawaty, Ernie, i Raden Ayu Fiska Huzaimah. "Testing of January Effect, the Day of the Week Effect, and Size Effect: a Study of LQ45 Stocks in Indonesia Stock Exchange". Jurnal Dinamika Manajemen 10, nr 2 (10.02.2020): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jdm.v10i2.20620.
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The purpose of this study is to examined the anomalies on the efficient capital market. However, research that combines January Effect, the day of the week Effect, and size Effect of getting a complete and clear picture of the phenomenon on the market is still limited. The variables used are stock returns, trading days, company size. This study uses linear panel regression. The January Effect hypothesis in The Indonesian Capital Market does not support, whereas the combined test conducted to differentiate the behavioral pattern of the days of the week Effect and the size Effect in January and Non-January months. The study proved the hypothesis which states that seasonal pattern dominated occurs in January trading months, while the size pattern occurs in Non-January trading months. In the future, the arguments about the emergence of the day of the week Effect phenomenon in the Indonesian capital market by revealing the role of investors and essential information as factors that cause the phenomenon to arise. Further studies should continue to use all listed stocks but use a more extended period.
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Hariyanto, Dedi. "Effect of Trading Volume, Market Capitalization, Firm Size in explaining Return on Vultures". Journal of Advanced Research in Economics and Administrative Sciences 2, nr 2 (29.04.2021): 50–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.47631/jareas.v2i2.228.
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Purpose: The study aims to examine the effect of trading volume, market capitalization, and firm size in explaining return on vultures in selected companies in Indonesia. Methodology/Approach/Design: The population is 131 JII forming companies in IDX between December 2009 – May 2010 to December 2019 – May 2020. All data is transformed into standard form because the model used is path analysis. The corresponding regression of equation 1 is the Random Effect model and the corresponding Regression equation 2 is the Fixed Effect model. This study uses panel data analysis; the Chow test and Hausman test are also used. Data is processed using statistics EViews software. Results: The results of the equalization test 1, trading volume has a significant negative effect on the return of shares. The results also show that the market capitalization has a significant negative effect on the return of shares, and consequently the size of the company has a significant negative effect on the return of shares. Hasil testing for equalization 2, trading volume has a significant effect on vultures, while market capitalization has no significant effect on vultures. The size of the company has a significant effect on vultures, and the return of the company has a significant effect on vultures. Practical Implications: This research is limited to the variety of indices and varieties of securities that become populations and samples. Future research can be developed by focusing on indices and securities as well as the development of other variables in the behavioral finance section in addition to herding. Originality/Value: This study differs greatly from previous studies in emerging markets in contributing to literature from a new direction in exploring investor returns and herding.
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Sinh, Bui Duc, Nguyen Van Tien, Nguyen Van Thuy, Tran Lan Anh i Ngo Thi Xuan Binh. "Developing a sustainable sport-tourism event planning a case study in pulse production and trading company limited, Vietnam". International Journal of Research in Marketing Management and Sales 3, nr 2 (1.07.2021): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33545/26633329.2021.v3.i2a.77.
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Mustika, Komang Ayu Pradnyatiwi, i Dewa Ayu Dian Sawitri. "PENGATURAN TEKNIS PEMBUKTIAN INSIDER TRADING DI INDONESIA". Kertha Semaya : Journal Ilmu Hukum 10, nr 10 (5.08.2022): 2267. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ks.2022.v10.i10.p06.
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Penelitian ini mempunyai tujuan untuk memberikan pemahaman mengenai pengaturan pengaturan perlindungan investor pada insider trading pada pasar modal Indonesia serta untuk memberikan pengetahuan terkait pengaturan teknis pembuktian insider trading di Indonesia. Metode yang dipergunakan pada penelitian terkait pengaturan teknis pembuktian insider trading di Indonesia ini menggunakan penelitian hukum yuridis normatif, pendekatannya yakni pendekatan perundang-undangan untuk melakukan analisis isu hukum penelitian ini. Penelitian ini pada akhirnya menghasilkan yakni jika Perlindungan investor terhadap insider trading dalam pasar modal Indonesia pada hakikatnya diatur dalam UU No. 8/1995, tercantum dalam bab XI dengan judul Penipuan, Manipulasi Pasar, dan Perdagangan Orang Dalam. Konsep serupa juga terdapat pada UU No. 40/ 2007 yang mana direksi serta komisaris wajib melaksanakan tugas serta fungsi dalam keperluan perusahaan yang memiliki kesesuaian makna serta tujuan perusahaan. Selanjutnya terkait pengaturan teknis pembuktian insider trading di Indonesia belum terdapat pengaturan secara khusus sehingga memprsulit pembuktian pada kasus insider trading di Indonesia sehingga para pelaku insider trading di Indonesia dapat dengan mudah mendapatkan putusan bebas.
This study aims to provide an understanding of the regulation of investor protection against insider trading in the Indonesian capital market and to find out the technical arrangements for proving insider trading in Indonesia. The method used in this article related to the technical arrangements for proving insider trading in Indonesia uses normative juridical legal research, with a statutory approach to analyze the legal issues of this article. The result of this study is that if the protection of investors against insider trading in the Indonesian capital market is essentially regulated in Law no. 8/1995 concerning the Capital Market, it is stated in chapter XI with the title Fraud, Market Manipulation, and Insider Trading. A similar concept is also found in Article 92 paragraph (1) and Article 108 paragraph (2) of Law no. 40/2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies in which the directors and commissioners are obliged to carry out their duties and functions in the company's needs that have a conformity with the meaning and purpose of the company. Furthermore, regarding the technical arrangements for proving insider trading in Indonesia, there are no specific arrangements that make it difficult to prove in cases of insider trading in Indonesia so that the perpetrators of insider trading in Indonesia can easily get an acquittal.
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Singh, Hari Narain. "Supply issues in ACPL – an electrical manufacturing company". Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 2, nr 8 (17.10.2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/20450621211292373.
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Subject area Supply chain management. Study level/applicability The case is suitable for post graduates in management, and for those managing small sector supply and manufacturing systems. Case overview ACPL is an organisation which moved from trading to manufacturing a technology product instrument transformers (ITs) for power utility companies for 11 years, competing with the best in industry, reducing internal costs, and modernising the supply chain. ACPL was started as a trading organisation in electrical items in Delhi by Munish Kumar, an engineer by profession in 2001. In 2004 he ventured into manufacturing, which expanded in two locations in Ghaziabad, NCR Delhi. Later his two sons, engineer and management graduate, respectively, joined the organisation. In less than a decade, by 2007, ACPL had grown to be a private limited organisation. ACPL manufactures ITs required by power boards and companies for conversion and usage of high voltage (11 kV/33 kV) transmitted power into 220 V single phase/440 V three phase power. From tender/enquiry through manufacturing to inspection and despatch takes a long supply chain cycle time holding space as well as inventory. An interview with the chairman of ACPL in the case highlights issues affecting its margins and growth. The long process to delivery time may be in vogue in this type of industry but this holds up a huge inventory. The company management has been working to resolve this crisis along with an urgent need to grow in a competitive environment. The problem is being addressed. Expected learning outcomes This case study should help students to understand the concept of the supply chain and supply cycle, in a manufacturing company in particular. It has been found that students understand the supply chain as part of the marketing function dealing with finished stocks, warehousing and delivery to end customers as per agreements, and arranging payments from customers. The supply chain also deals with in bound materials management. Raw materials planning, purchasing, inventory management are crucial for effective business operations management in any organisation. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available; please contact your librarian for access.
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Syahrida, Syahrida, i Junaidi Arif. "Single-Member Private Liability Company in the Job Creation Law on Micro and Small Enterprises". International Journal of Southeast Asian Studies (IJSAS) 1, nr 2 (12.09.2023): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/ijsas.v1i2.15.
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The purpose of research is to know the position of Law No. 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies with the arrangement of Single-Member Private Liability Companies in Law No. 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation in Banjarmasin City. The research methods used in this research are normative research, literature study studies with a regulatory approach, non-legal materials used in the form of interviews with parties related to this research. The results showed that the position of Law No. 11 of 2020 on Job Creation became a general provision, although in fact it became a provision that applies specifically to Micro and Small Enterprises regarding the form of Micro and Small Enterprises in the form of Single-Member Private Liability Companies, so that it could override the provisions of the Limited Liability Company Act into general provisions. Then not many know, the form of Single-Member Private Liability Company Legal Entity for Micro and Small Enterprises, where so far the form of business entity used is Individual Business, Trading Business, Firm and Comnditer Guild which is a form of business entity that is not a legal entity.
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Ruskan, Endang Lestari, i Nesya Leidy Azzura. "Implementation of Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) Method for Selecting Securities Company". IJICS (International Journal of Informatics and Computer Science) 5, nr 3 (30.11.2021): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.30865/ijics.v5i3.3336.
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A securities company has a purpose as an intermediary for stock trading between investors and the stock company to be purchased. Securities companies must be listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange and supervised by the Financial Services Authority. The limited information that potential investors can receive regarding the criteria for selecting securities companies causes potential investors to have difficulty comparing each company. And no system supports decisions in this election. Based on the research, obtained eight assessment criteria in the selection of securities companies, as well as determining the weight of each criterion by calculating the Likert scale and determining the cost or benefit attribute for each criterion, as follows: initial deposit fee (15%) cost, transaction fee (12%) cost, stock recommendation fee (12%) cost, registration process time (12%) cost, support application rating (12%) benefit, company establishment (9%) benefit, customer service response (15%) cost, and features (15%) ) benefits. In this study, the authors use five alternatives. The calculation process results in a ranking, and the top-ranking is a highly recommended alternative based on existing criteria and weights. Then a website-based decision support system is made with the SAW method, which can assist in selecting securities companies based on the desired criteria and weights. Users can also view information on the value of each criterion given by each securities company
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Kezaldo, Kezaldo. "PERANCANGAN ARSITEKTUR ENTERPRISE MENGGUNAKAN FRAMEWORK TOGAF (STUDI KASUS PT XYZ)". Jupiter: Journal of Computer & Information Technology 1, nr 1 (7.07.2021): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.53990/cist.v1i1.80.
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It is undeniable that Covid-19 has indiscriminately stopped activities in various sectors. From the government sector to the business and education sectors. Various efforts have been made by both the government and the company to survive in the Covid-19 period, such as create rules of working from home. However, the existing regulations need good architectural support so that every activity can run well. Through this journal the writer tries to explore architectural changes that can support each activity with the concept of 50% office capacity and working from home with the TOGAF approach. Due to the wide scope of activities, this research is limited to system architecture with activities oil trading at the head office which can later become blueprints for other divisions.
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Kezaldo. "Perancangan Arsitektur Enterprise Menggunakan Framework TOGAF (Studi Kasus PT XYZ)". JUPITER : Journal of Computer & Information Technology 1, nr 1 (3.02.2020): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.53990/jupiter.v1i1.5.
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It is undeniable that Covid-19 has indiscriminately stopped activities in various sectors. From the government sector to the business and education sectors. Various efforts have been made by both the government and the company to survive in the Covid-19 period, such as create rules of working from home. However, the existing regulations need good architectural support so that every activity can run well. Through this journal the writer tries to explore architectural changes that can support each activity with the concept of 50% office capacity and working from home with the TOGAF approach. Due to the wide scope of activities, this research is limited to system architecture with activities oil trading at the head office which can later become blueprints for other divisions.
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Adeduro, Oladapo, Folashade Adedeji i Joseph Ajao. "Predicting Stock Market Trends: A Bivariate Regression Analysis of Trading Volume Impact". CURRENT TRENDS IN INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2, nr 1 (2023): 60–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.61867/pcub.v2i1a.049.
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Stock market prediction presents a perennial challenge for investors attempting to forecast the future value of traded stocks at the exchange. The allure of successful predictions, which can yield substantial profits, has driven this pursuit since the inception of stock markets. The 2008 financial crisis highlighted the complexity of market behaviour, emphasizing the need for a deeper understanding of stock market prediction. Regression analysis, a quantitative research method, quantifies relationships between dependent and independent variables. This study conducted a bivariate regression analysis to assess the predictive potential of traded volume on equity price movements within the Nigerian Exchange Limited (NGX or The Exchange), using Guaranty Trust Holding Company Plc (GTCO) historical data. The results revealed a statistically significant correlation (r=0.59) between volume (X) and price (Y). The regression equation (Y = 44.164 + 0.179X) demonstrated that 34.5% of price variance can be predicted from traded volume, indicating a reasonably strong relationship. These findings suggest a moderately robust association between trading volume and stock price movements. This implies that, to some extent, trading volume can guide predictions of stock prices. As investors seek to outperform the market, using linear Regression for stock price prediction remains an engaging area for further research, aiming to enhance return on investment. In conclusion, our linear regression model can generate more precise stock price predictions with a more extensive dataset. Keywords: Efficient market hypothesis, linear Regression, Price prediction, trading volume, Stock market.
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Harish, Muhammad Rifqi, i Siti Amaroh. "Pengaruh Dividen, Pertumbuhan Aset, dan Volume Perdagangan terhadap Volalitas Harga Saham JII70". Reviu Akuntansi, Manajemen, dan Bisnis 3, nr 2 (12.01.2024): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.35912/rambis.v3i2.2188.
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Purpose: The study is intended to empirically examine the fundamental factors of micro companies in influencing stock price volatility in the Jakarta Islamic Index 70 From the period 2019-2023. The form of Islamic stock market reaction in the Jakarta Islamic Index 70 is shown by fluctuations resulting in stock price volatility events in the 2019-2020 period. Through this research, the fundamental factors taken, namely the distribution of company dividends, the growth of company assets, and the volume of stock trading in stocks in JII70 for the 2019-2020 period. Research Methodology: With data from the Indonesian stock exchange from 2019 to 2022, comparative descriptive approaches and quantitative methodologies were employed in this study. Purposive sampling was used to sample, and it revealed 18 businesses that fit the bill. Results: The findings results of the study, which was conducted on 18 companies listed on the Jakarta Islamic Index 70 during the 2019-2022 period, showed that stock price volatility was influenced by variable dividend payout ratios with a significant value of 0.048, stock trading volume was also influential with a significant value of 0.041, and was not influenced by asset growth variables. Limitation: Some scientific limitations in this study, that this analysis only includes 3 independent variables whose capacity to explain the dependent variable is still somewhat limited. The companies listed in the Jakarta Islamic Index are 70, producing a small research sample and the research period is still relatively short. Contribution: The results of this study will likely be applied in investment decision-making. Businesses with concerns about fluctuations, and stock price volatility can also utilize this research's findings as knowledge.
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Westphall, Johann, i Jean Everson Martina. "Blockchain Privacy and Scalability in a Decentralized Validated Energy Trading Context with Hyperledger Fabric". Sensors 22, nr 12 (17.06.2022): 4585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22124585.
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Lower renewable energy generator prices are leading people to install solar panels to reduce their electricity bills or, in some cases, even sell the surplus generated energy to the grid and earn credits from the grid operator. Generally, they are limited to trading the energy they generate with the grid company, which has a dominant role in price determination. Decentralized energy markets might increase both market competitiveness and incentive to further people’s adoption of renewable energy, reducing security vulnerabilities and improving resiliency. Blockchain is a widely studied technology to provide decentralization for energy markets in this context. Scalability, privacy, market design, and user security are some of the open research topics. This work analyzes the literature related to blockchain and energy markets, proposes a model, implements it, performs experiments, and analyzes network scalability and data generation. The model, implemented with Hyperledger Fabric, enables validated clean energy trading with anonymized buyers to prevent consumption pattern exposure. The maximum transaction throughput was achieved with 5000 sensors, 5000 buyers, and 5000 sellers. The data generation rate by network and the baseline deployment costs were also analyzed to judge the network viability. Furthermore, this work provides empirical results on a topic that the literature lacks.
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Smith, Robert, Susan Moult, Phil Burge i Andrew Turnbull. "BrewDog: Business Growth for Punks!" International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 11, nr 2 (maj 2010): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000010791291785.
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This case study tells an atypical entrepreneurship story about two men and a dog. It explores the rapid growth of the phenomenon that is BrewDog plc – a company situated in the remote north-east of Scotland. What makes this case special is that the business, set up in 2007 by two university graduates in their early twenties with limited experience of the brewing industry, is now trading as a plc. From the outset they deliberately chose a strategy that flew in the face of accepted orthodoxy in the brewing industry. To industry experts, it made little sense because the remote Aberdeenshire town of Fraserburgh, with its peripheral location, would surely be the last place any rational individual would seek to start a new brewery. The story of how James Watt and Martin Dickie did so is uplifting and inspirational.
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Gulbrandsen, Lars H., i Christian Stenqvist. "The limited effect of EU emissions trading on corporate climate strategies: Comparison of a Swedish and a Norwegian pulp and paper company". Energy Policy 56 (maj 2013): 516–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.01.014.
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Baldacchino, Peter J., Frank H. Bezzina, Norbert Tabone i Jean Paul Vassallo. "Financial Audit Report Modifications in Malta**". Journal of Corporate Governance, Insurance, and Risk Management 1, nr 1 (28.03.2014): 107–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.56578/jcgirm010106.
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This paper analyses the modifications of financial audit reports of Maltese companies between 2005 and 2009. It examines the audit reports of a random sample of 374 limited liability companies registered with the Registry of Companies in Malta. The study shows that the average 2005-2009 modification rate in Malta stood at 22.4%, this representing an increase over previous periods. Most modified reports were noted in the case of private exempt and international trading non-exempt companies. Generally, private exempt companies had their audit report qualified on the basis of a limitation of scope, whilst most international trading companies had their reports qualified on the basis of disagreement with management. Furthermore, the “small company qualification” (which has been long abolished) was still incorrectly being used in Maltese audit reports till 2009. The results therefore show that there is still room for improvement in audit reporting in Malta. Whilst the Big Four audit firms do not appear to have issues in appropriately adhering to audit reporting standards, Maltese smaller audit firms and sole practitioners were found still to be the main cause for inappropriate audit reporting. Towards improvement, the study provides various recommendations including: a more consistent regulatory framework, stricter enforcement of quality assurance, and the reconsideration of the statutory small audit. Such recommendations may also be applicable to other jurisdictions.
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Mohiuddin, Md Fazla, Anindo Mahmud, Hamim Islam i Tajandia Rahman Anchal. "Toward opening a new route for coal trading: a case study on a Bangladeshi SME". Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 7, nr 3 (28.07.2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-01-2017-0003.
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Study level/applicability Undergraduate/Masters/MBA. Case overview Anamika Enterprise Limited (AEL) is an export-import company founded in 1988. Today, AEL primarily imports coal from India which it then sells to customers in Bangladesh. However, a recent ban on coal mining in the Indian state of Meghalaya has created a huge problem for AEL. It is now considering opening trade routes to China and Indonesia. For that, it will need to consider both the short- and long-term factors related to its decision. It will need to take into consideration the cultural, economic and social factors in all three countries and trade accordingly. Tariff barriers and transportation costs will be a problem for AEL in the short run but in the long run, that may be overcome because of the experience effect arising from international business. Information and communication technology is also expected to have a huge impact. Expected learning outcomes Students are expected to learn the challenges of running international business in the real world and ways to overcome these challenges. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 5: International Business.
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Svalastog, J. M. "Challenging Porous Frontiers: Atlantic merchants and the potential of the Indian Ocean, 1640–1650". Journal of Early American History 9, nr 2-3 (10.12.2019): 145–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18770703-00902011.
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An imagined divide existed between the Atlantic and Indian Ocean since the earliest days of European transoceanic discovery. The separation was reflected in the charters granted to England’s major trading companies which limited access for private merchants to eastern markets. The Indian Ocean was covered by the charter held by the East India Company and centered on bilateral luxury trade. The trade and activity in Atlantic, by contrast, quickly focused around colonization, agricultural production and trade. However, certain Atlantic merchants saw the potential of applying methods of economic expansion from the Atlantic, more specifically the early American colonies, to new colonization projects in the Indian Ocean. This article considers one such prominent Atlantic merchant, Maurice Thomson. Though his plans did not reach fruition he left a tangible impact on the eic in his attempts to introduce Atlantic methods to the East- thus underlining the porous frontier that separated them.
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Priya Gupta i Ritesh Ranjan. "Exploring Growth Trajectories, Performance Dynamics and Future Opportunities for Indian Fintech Start-ups: With Special Reference to One MobiKwik Systems Limited". International Research Journal on Advanced Engineering and Management (IRJAEM) 2, nr 05 (31.05.2024): 1701–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.47392/irjaem.2024.0247.
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Fintech is not a threat, it’s opportunity.” Said Jamie Dimin, CEO of JPMorgan Chase. Any business that leverages technology to enhance, automate, or modify financial services to businesses or consumers is known as a fintech company. Fintech has been around for a while. Early credit cards in the 1950s were the first fintech products available to the public. Fintech then evolved to include bank mainframes and online stock trading. The revolution has led to the development of mobile payment apps, blockchain networks, and social media-based payment options that we use today. This study examines the growth trajectories, performance dynamics, and future opportunities for Indian fintech startups using secondary data from academic journals, industry reports, and government publications. It explores funding trends, revenue figures, market positioning, and regulatory developments in the sector. The research methodology uses both quantitative and qualitative data analysis techniques to ensure validity and reliability. The study provides strategic insights to guide the growth and development of Indian fintech startups in the dynamic financial technology industry.
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Völker, E. L. M. "Case 174/84, Bulk Oil (Zug) A.G. v. Sun International Limited and Sun Oil Trading Company, Judgment of 18 February 1986." Common Market Law Review 24, Issue 1 (1.03.1987): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola1987008.
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Chatterjee, Shankar. "SMART TOILET CONSTRUCTED UNDER CSR: STUDY FROM TAMIL NADU". International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, nr 10 (14.06.2020): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i10.2019.395.
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When human waste (feces) is not managed well, it pollutes water, food, and soil with germs and leads to diarrhea and other health problems. Using toilets prevents germs from getting into the environment and protects the health. Keeping in mind of the issue, the World Toilet Organization was established in 2001 with the aim to break the taboo around toilets and the sanitation crisis. Since 2001, World Toilet Organization lobbied governments, public and private sector stakeholders and the international community to prioritize sanitation in the development agenda. In India, in addition to Government of India and respective state Governments, one NGO viz., Gramalaya based on its office at Tiruchirappalli district of Tamil Nadu has been doing praiseworthy work as Gramalaya has been promoting SMART toilets (S - Safe and Sustainable, M – Maintainable, A – Affordable, R - Recyclable (waste), T - Technically perfect) under the leadership of its Founder Chairman Shri. S. Damodaran. Also, Gramalaya has been producing sustainable sanitary pads (washable) for the menstrual girls and women for their better health and hygiene under the trade name of FeelFree. In this research article, activities of Gramalaya by constructing SMART toilets were studied by the author at Budalur block of Thanjavur district also locally known as Tanjore district of Tamil Nadu in September 2019. These toilets were under Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), funded by Lion Dates Impex Private limited. Lion Dates Company is India's largest date processing and trading company. The Company has factories located in Tamil Nadu. The Lion Dates brand is available across 29 states and 7 union territories in India.
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Krailassuwan, Somchart. "History of Thai maritime trade". Maritime Technology and Research 1, nr 1 (24.11.2018): Proof. http://dx.doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2019.147777.
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The Thai commercial fleet can carry about 10% of the volume of imports and exports. History of Thai maritime trade is divided into 1) Sukhothai period era 2) Ayutthaya and Thonburi period 3) Rattanakosin period 4) The first of the national fleet period. .Sukhothai period era trade with various foreign countries. In the King Ramkhamhaeng era is a prosperous.. 1) The Gulf of Thailand trade with China 2) Trade on the Andaman sea is a merchant ship from India. Ayutthaya and Thonburi period. Traders of various nationalities come to trade. The Gulf of Thailand (South China Sea) and the Indian Ocean. Trading in Ayutthaya is a monopoly trade, operated by monarchs and noblemen.Rattanakosin period Thailand entered into a Treaty of Burney, the outcome of the agreement was that the country had to cancel its monopoly trade and the end of trade by the government. The growth of the trade has increased. The production structure from the old to be self-transformed into production for export. The first of the national fleet period 1918 - 1925 After the First World War I King Rama VI established a Thai merchant fleet in April 1918, the name of Siam Commercial Maritime Company Limited. It was terminated in 1925. On June 22, 1940, the cabinet approved the establishment of Thai Maritime Navigation Company Limited for international maritime shipping. The The cabinet was terminated in 2011 .The role of Thai National Maritime Navigation.The merchant fleet were not growing. Because lack of and thai merchant fleet too small, there was a lack of negotiating power with the foreign merchant fleet. The government must set up a policy to promote the merchant fleet.
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Hanifah, Dhiya 'ul, i Siti Mundari. "PERENCANAAN KAPASITAS PRODUKSI UNTUK MEMENUHI PERMINTAAN KONSUMEN DI PT. BIP". JISO : Journal of Industrial and Systems Optimization 5, nr 2 (29.12.2022): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.51804/jiso.v5i2.99-105.
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ABSTRAK PT. BIP merupakan perusahaan manufaktur yang bergerak dibidang kontraktor industri, & perdagangan yaitu memproduksi berbagai produk seperti bracket TV, pedal rem, dan lain sebagainya. Perusahaan mengalami kekurangan kapasitas terkait tenaga kerja dan kapasitas mesin yang terbatas, sehingga permintaan sering tidak terpenuhi saat terjadi lonjakan permintaan. Dalam mengatasi hal tersebut perusahaan melakukan subkontrak, tetapi terjadi penurunan kualitas produk dari pihak subkontrak yang mengakibatkan perusahaan mengalami kerugian. Maka perusahaan membutuhkan perencanaan kapasitas produksi dengan tepat agar permintaan konsumen dapat terpenuhi seluruhnya. Solusi yang diberikan yaitu perusahaan dapat menghitung kebutuhan kapasitas yang diperlukan dengan kapasitas tersedia menggunakan metode Rough Cut Capacity Planning (RCCP), agar perusahaan dapat menentukan jumlah produksi optimal dengan biaya yang minimum. Hasil penyelesaian menunjukkan terjadi kekurangan kapasitas pada bulan maret sebesar 83 jam dan 77 jam pada bulan mei. Usulan yang disarankan adalah melakukan alternatif overtime dengan biaya produksi lebih rendah sebesar Rp186.541.392,- dan menghemat biaya produksi sebesar Rp2.889.248,- dibandingkan menggunakan alternatif persediaan dengan biaya lebih tinggi sebesar Rp189.430.640,- ABSTRACTPT. BIP is a manufacturing company engaged in industrial contracting, & trading,, namely producing various products such as TV brackets, brake pedals, and so on. The company suffers from capacity shortages related to labor and limited machine capacity, so demand is often not met when there is a surge in demand. In overcoming this, the company subcontracted, but there was a decrease in product quality from the subcontractor which resulted in the company experiencing losses. So the company needs to plan production capacity appropriately so that consumer demand can be fully met. The solution given is that the company can calculate the required capacity requirements with available capacity using the Rough Cut Capacity Planning (RCCP) method, so that the company can determine the optimal amount of production with minimum costs. The settlement results showed that there was a shortage of capacity in March of 83 hours and 77 hours in May. The suggestion is to do an alternative overtime with a lower production cost of Rp. 186,541,392, - and save production costs of Rp. 2,889,248, - compared to using an alternative inventory with a higher cost of Rp. 189,430,640, -
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Grześków, Mateusz. "The concept of the public company under Polish corporate law". Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne 29 (30.09.2019): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1733-5779.29.5.
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This paper is dedicated to the issue of the notion of the public company in Polish corporate law. This term, contrary to foreign legal systems, is detached from the fact of whether a given company’s shares are listed on the stock exchange, as it is based solely on the technical aspect of whether shares are issued in dematerialized form. This approach should be deemed inappropriate. First of all, it blurs the distinction between a public company and a private company as it does not at all address in substance the nature of listed companies. Secondly, it introduces into the legal system an obsolete category of public companies which are not equivalent to listed companies. Thirdly, the legislator wrongly adopts the private joint-stock company as the model joint-stock company in the Code of Commercial Companies the “CCC” instead of its variant listed on the stock exchange. Consequently, a company which in practice has more in common with a limited liability company than with a listed company has been adopted as a model of a pure capital company. Due to these reasons it is the author’s proposition to redefine the public and private company within the CCC and the capital markets regulation. This paper describes and positively assesses recent legislative proposals concerning the redefinition of the public company through linking its nature with the fact of its shares’ admission to public trading. Koncepcja spółki publicznej w polskim prawie spółekNiniejszy artykuł został poświęcony analizie ujęcia „spółki publicznej” w polskim prawie handlowym, które w odróżnieniu od systemów prawnych państw obcych oderwane jest od faktu notowania akcji danej spółki na giełdzie papierów wartościowych, gdyż zostało oparte wyłącznie na technicznym aspekcie formy dokumentowej akcji. Ujęcie to należy uznać za błędne z kilku przyczyn. Po pierwsze, prowadzi ono to zatarcia granicy między spółką publiczną a spółką prywatną w ten sposób, że w ogóle nie odnosi się ono merytorycznie do specyfiki funkcjonowania spółek giełdowych. Po drugie, wprowadza do systemu prawnego zbędną kategorię spółek publicznych, która nie jest równoważna z kategorią spółek giełdowych. Po trzecie, ustawodawca błędnie przyjmuje, że modelową spółką akcyjną w kodeksie spółek handlowych jest jej podtyp niepubliczny w miejsce podtypu publicznego, przez co za wzorzec spółki kapitałowej przyjęto spółkę, którą w praktyce obrotu więcej łączy ze spółką z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością niż ze spółką giełdową. Z tych względów postuluje się przedefiniowanie tych kategorii w obrębie kodeksu spółek handlowych oraz prawa rynku kapitałowego. Artykuł omawia oraz aprobuje wytyczony kierunek reformy prawa rynku kapitałowego, zgodnie z którym ma dojść do zredefiniowania pojęcia spółki publicznej przez powiązanie jej istoty z faktem dopuszczenia jej akcji do obrotu giełdowego.
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Hung, Nguyen Vinh, Dao Xuan Hoi i Nguyen Dang Duy. "The Organizational Structure of the Securities Company Under the Law of Vietnam Current". International Journal of Professional Business Review 8, nr 5 (15.05.2023): e02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2023.v8i5.2012.
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Purpose: The article researches on the organizational structure of securities company under the Securities Law 2019 in order to point out some limitations and shortcomings and propose for recommendations to improve law about organizational structure on this form of company. Theoretical framework: Recent literature points out that securities companies play very important role in the development of Vietnam's stock market. However, in the current stage of development, from the influence and impact of international integration and the increasingly fierce competitive pressure, the securities companies have encountered many difficulties to survive. In there, limits and problems in regulations about securities company organizational structures has caused many difficulties for these companies when organization and operation. On the other hand, in the context of judicial reform in Vietnam, the issue of complete law system and expanding the freedom to business has always been paid special attention by the Party and Vietnam State. Design/methodology/approach: The authors have combined traditional research methods of legal science such as legal analysis method, legal efficiency assessment method and legal comparison method. Findings: According to research, regulations on the organizational structure of a securities company are directly related to the efficiency of management and administration of this company. In there, Supervisory Board/Internal Audit Committee always ensuring to limit negative and fraudulent acts of the company’s leaders, to better ensure the legitimate rights and interests of the company's members and customers. Therefore, the authors have proposed several solutions such as the need to stipulate the mandatory requirement of a Supervisory Board for the securities trading company under the model of limited liability company, and expand and strengthen the powers of the Supervisory Board/Internal Audit Committee, independent members in securities companies doing business in the form of joint stock company. These are important bases to contribute to perfecting the Law on the organizational structure of securities companies in Vietnam and further enhancing the stability and safety of the Vietnamese stock market. Research, Practical & Social implications: This research may support many develop future research in Vietnam. At the same time, the research to help foreign investors' activities in Vietnam's stock market. Originality/value: The research of the freedom to business and organizational structure of securities companies become more and more urgent and very important in Vietnam.
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Solongo, Ganbold. "Financial Resources Management for SME`S of Mongolia". International Business Research 10, nr 6 (18.05.2017): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v10n6p145.
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This paper Financial resources management analyzes the sources of financing for the medium enterprises in Mongolia by comparing between limited liability companies and public listed companies who are actively working in trading, manufacturing and service providing companies external and internal sources of finances. The paper gives an overview of the related theories of financial sources and capital structuring and aimed to approve based on the empirical studies on the selected three different industries 14 companies (based on the empirical studies done on 14 companies within three different industries). This paper also defined an optimal capital structure for the selected industries and each company based on the scenario analysis and assumptions. This paper investigates the sources of financing for the medium enterprises in Mongolia in different ownership structures by a capital structure theories and their impact on corporate financial performances. There are several theories regarding the process of business financing in general, companies can obtain sources of finances from short term sources, debt finance, venture capital, equity finance and internal sources.
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Nguyen, Thi Minh Phuong, Thi Mai Anh Nguyen, Manh Dung Tran, Quynh Lien Le i Duc Nam Nguyen. "Determinants influencing investment decisions of individual investors: The case of the developing economy". Journal of Governance and Regulation 13, nr 1 (2024): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgrv13i1art12.
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In recent years, the Vietnam stock market has recorded a large number of new investors, of which individual investors account for the majority. Although it has increased both in the number of listed shares and in trading value, price fluctuations are very unpredictable over different periods, and awareness of factors influencing investment decisions is still limited, leading to a high risk of loss in investment activities (Mayfield et al., 2008). The research was carried out in order to point out the factors influencing investment decision-making among potential individual investors, thereby proposing solutions to improve investment efficiency. The study used data from 261 questionnaires with four hypotheses, using qualitative and quantitative research methods, Cronbach’s alpha, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and regression analysis by SPSS software. As a result, four elements influencing: 1) personality traits, 2) behavioral factors, 3) company-related factors, and 4) exogenous factors have a positive impact on the stock investment decisions of individual investors. Thereby the article shows solutions from the government, the stock market, businesses, and individuals to improve investment efficiency.
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Rahmawati, Shinta Chandra. "Policy Evaluation of Determining Asset Quality on Credit Quality at PT. XYZ (National Economic Stimulus Program)". Daengku: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Innovation 3, nr 3 (11.03.2023): 383–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.daengku1611.
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Banks in implementing policies that support economic growth stimulus still pay attention to the application of risk management as stipulated in the Financial Services Authority regulations regarding the application of bank risk management. PT. XYZ is a state-owned company engaged in conventional general banking services. One part that directly impacts this pandemic is the Credit Unit. The impact of PPKM so far has significantly affected business decline. Therefore verification and cleansing of newspaper accounts as well as performing a more thorough analysis of the debtor's finances. So far it hasn't arrived downgrade and is still well guarded even with the restructuring lane. The business prospects and debtor's repayment capacity tend to decrease and the repayment capacity has limited the policy for determining the quality of fixed assets is the same as before, at least 110% of the maximum credit that has been set. For the general trading business sector, it can still be considered prospective, supported by marketability and strategic assets so that debtors are considered capable of carrying out their responsibilities towards their obligations to the bank.