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HEIKOOP, KARIN W., MATHIEU DECLERCK, SANDER A. LOS i IRING KOCH. "Dissociating language-switch costs from cue-switch costs in bilingual language switching". Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 19, nr 5 (19.04.2016): 921–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728916000456.
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Cued language switching is used to examine language-control processes by comparing performance in language-switch trials with performance in repetition trials. In 1:1 cue-to-language mappings, language repetitions involve cue repetitions and language switches involve cue switches. Hence, the observed switch costs might reflect cue-switch costs rather than language-related control processes. By introducing a 2:1 cue-to-language mapping, we dissociated language switches (cue and language switched vs. cue switched, but language repeated) and cue switches (repeated language, with vs. without switched cue). We found cue-switch costs, but language-related switch costs were substantial, too, presumably reflecting language-control processes in cued language switching.
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Burlando, Martina, Gabriella Fabbrocini, Claudio Marasca, Paolo Dapavo, Andrea Chiricozzi, Dalma Malvaso, Valentina Dini i in. "Adalimumab Originator vs. Biosimilar in Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Multicentric Retrospective Study". Biomedicines 10, nr 10 (9.10.2022): 2522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10102522.
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This study aimed to compare adalimumab originator vs. biosimilar in HS patients, and to evaluate the effect of a switch to a biosimilar, or a switch back to the originator, in terms of treatment ineffectiveness. Patients with a diagnosis of HS were enrolled from 14 Italian sites. Treatment ineffectiveness was measured using Hurley score. The major analyses were 1) comparison between the two treatment groups (non-switcher analysis), and 2) the cross-over trend of Hurley score between treatment switchers (switcher analysis). Cox and Poisson regression models were used to compare the treatment ineffectiveness between groups. A total of 326 patients were divided into four groups: 171 (52.5%) taking originator; 61 (18.7%) patients taking biosimilar; 66 (20.2%) switchers; 28 (8.6%) switchers from originator to biosimilar and switched. A greater loss of efficacy was observed in the group allocated to the biosimilar than the originator group. The switcher analysis showed an effectiveness loss in the biosimilar compared to the originator. These results seem to indicate that a switch from one drug to the other may lead to a greater risk of inefficacy. A return to the previous treatment also does not ensure efficaciousness.
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Cvetkovic, Jovana, Tatjana Zivanovic-Radnic, Jelena Vojinovic, Sonja Stojanovic, Bojana Stamenkovic, Mirjana Veselinovic, Biljana Erdeljan, Marija Atanaskovic i Zoran Velickovic. "Persistence on anti-TNF therapy - data from Serbian national spondyloarthritis registry". Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo, nr 00 (2022): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh220319121c.
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Introduction/Objective. The Aim of our study was to retrospectively analyze data about efficacy and persistence on different anti-TNF? treatment in spondyloarthritis (SpA). Methods. We retrospectively analyzed SpA patients whose data were entered into the Serbian national SpA registry. All patients were divided in two groups: non-switcher (patients who were treated with one anti-TNF?) and switcher group (who has switched from first to second and third anti-TNF?). Disease activity was measured by the Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Score and the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index and functional status was measured by the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index. Results. We identified 290 SpA patients-250 patients with axial SpA(axSpA) and 40 patients with peripheral SpA(pSpA). Among 250 patients with axSpA, 192(76.8%) did not change first anti-TNF?, while 58(23.2%) switched to the second and 14/250(5.6%) switched to the third anti-TNF?. Among 40 patients with pSpA, 29(72.5%) did not change first anti-TNF? while 11(27.5%) switched to the second and 3/40(7.5%) switched to the third anti-TNF?. Survival on the first anti-TNF? was 35.16?28.5 months (switchers29.41?21.89 vs non-switchers 36.89 ? 30.04). ?t the moment of this cross-section 37(19.3%) patients still had very high disease activity, while only 75(39%) patients had inactive disease. Conclusions. In real-life clinical practice in our country, as well as in others, there is reluctance to anti-TNF? switch in SpA patients. Administrative limitations and national reimbursement policy could be one of the main reasons limiting treat to target implementation in SpA patients. Additionally, specific drug efficacy on extra-articular manifestations is often the reason for choosing the first line medication or switching to the next one.
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Shen, Alice, Susanne Gahl i Keith Johnson. "Didn't hear that coming: Effects of withholding phonetic cues to code-switching". Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23, nr 5 (31.01.2020): 1020–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728919000877.
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AbstractCode-switching has been found to incur a processing cost in auditory comprehension. However, listeners may have access to anticipatory phonetic cues to code-switches (Piccinini & Garellek, 2014; Fricke et al., 2016), thus mitigating switch cost. We investigated effects of withholding anticipatory phonetic cues on code-switched word recognition by splicing English-to-Mandarin code-switches into unilingual English sentences. In a concept monitoring experiment, Mandarin–English bilinguals took longer to recognize code-switches, suggesting a switch cost. In an eye tracking experiment, the average proportion of all participants' looks to pictures corresponding to sentence-medial code-switches decreased when cues were withheld. Acoustic analysis of stimuli revealed tone-specific pitch contours before English-to-Mandarin code-switches, consistent with previous work on tonal coarticulation. We conclude that withholding anticipatory phonetic cues can negatively affect code-switched recognition: therefore, bilingual listeners use phonetic cues in processing code-switches under normal conditions. We discuss the implications of tonal coarticulation for mechanisms underlying phonetic cues to code-switching.
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Lin, Chun-Wei, Chang-Yi Peng i Huang-Jen Chiu. "A Novel Three-Phase Six-Switch PFC Rectifier with Zero-Voltage-Switching and Zero-Current-Switching Features". Energies 12, nr 6 (22.03.2019): 1119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061119.
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A novel three-phase power-factor-correction (PFC) rectifier with zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) in six main switches and zero-current-switching (ZCS) in the auxiliary switch is proposed, analyzed, and experimentally verified. The main feature of the proposed auxiliary circuit is used to reduce the switching loss when the six main switches are turned on and the one auxiliary switch is turned off. In this paper, a detailed operating analysis of the proposed circuit is given. Modeling and analysis are verified by experimental results based on a three-phase 7 kW rectifier. The soft-switched PFC rectifier shows an improvement in efficiency of 2.25% compared to its hard-switched counterpart at 220 V under full load.
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Fleury Veloso da Silveira, Augusto, Felippe dos Santos e Silva, Wanderson Rainer Hilário de Araújo, Darizon Alves de Andrade i Augusto Wohlgemuth Fleury Veloso da Silveira. "Reduced Switch Count Converter For Switched Reluctance Generators". Eletrônica de Potência 13, nr 3 (1.08.2008): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18618/rep.2008.3.177183.
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Glintborg, Bente, Anne Gitte Loft, Emina Omerovic, Oliver Hendricks, Asta Linauskas, Jakob Espesen, Kamilla Danebod i in. "To switch or not to switch: results of a nationwide guideline of mandatory switching from originator to biosimilar etanercept. One-year treatment outcomes in 2061 patients with inflammatory arthritis from the DANBIO registry". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 78, nr 2 (5.11.2018): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213474.
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ObjectivesReal-world evidence on effectiveness of switching to biosimila r etanercept is scarce. In Denmark, a nationwide guideline of mandatory switch from 50 mg originator (ETA) to biosimilar (SB4) etanercept was issued for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and axial spondyloarthritis (AxSpA) in 2016. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes were studied in ETA-treated patients, who switched to SB4 (switchers) or maintained ETA (non-switchers). Retention rates were compared with that of a historic cohort of ETA-treated patients. Switchers who resumed ETA treatment (back-switchers) were characterised.MethodsObservational cohort study based on the DANBIO registry. Treatment retention was explored by Kaplan-Meier plots and Cox regression (crude, adjusted).Results1621 (79%) of 2061 ETA-treated patients switched to SB4. Disease activity was unchanged 3 months’ preswitch/postswitch. Non-switchers often received 25 mg ETA (ETA 25 mg pens/syringes and powder solution were still available). One-year adjusted retention rates were: non-switchers: 77% (95% CI: 72% to 82%)/switchers: 83% (79% to 87%)/historic cohort: 90% (88% to 92%). Patients not in remission had lower retention rates than patients in remission, both in switchers (crude HR 1.7 (1.3 to 2.2)) and non-switchers (2.4 (1.7 to 3.6)). During follow-up, 120 patients (7% of switchers) back-switched to ETA. Back-switchers’ clinical characteristics were similar to switchers, and reasons for SB4 withdrawal were mainly subjective.ConclusionSeventy-nine per cent of patients switched from ETA to SB4. After 1 year, adjusted treatment retention rates were lower in switchers versus the historic ETA cohort, but higher than in non-switchers. Withdrawal was more common in patients not in remission. The results suggest that switch outcomes in routine care are affected by patient-related factors and non-specific drug effects.
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Li, Ming. "Delay Analysis of Networked Control Systems Based on 100 M Switched Ethernet". Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/751491.
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For the delay may degrade the performance of networked control systems, networked control systems based on 100 M switched Ethernet are proposed in this paper. According to the working principle of Ethernet switch, the formulas of the upper bound delay of the single-level switched Ethernet and the multiple-level switched Ethernet are deduced by the timing diagram method, and the values of the upper bound delay are also given. The key factors that influence the upper bound delay of switched Ethernet are analyzed; then, the characteristics of the upper bound delay are presented, which show that the delay induced by the single-level 100 M switched Ethernet has little effect on the performance of control systems, while the delay induced by the multiple-level 100 M switched Ethernet may meet the time requirements of all classes of control systems if the numbers of levels and the numbers of nodes connecting to switches are set properly. Finally, the performance of networked control systems is simulated by TrueTime, and the results further show the feasibility and superiority of 100 M switched Ethernet based networked control systems without modification of the network protocols.
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Waradzyn, Zbigniew, Robert Stala, Aleksander Skała, Andrzej Mondzik i Adam Penczek. "A Cost-Effective Resonant Switched-Capacitor DC-DC Boost Converter – Experimental Results and Feasibility Model". Power Electronics and Drives 3, nr 1 (1.12.2018): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pead-2018-0004.
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Abstract This paper presents the results of experimental research of a resonant switched capacitor voltage multiplier in a cost-effective topology (CESCVM) with a limited number of active switches. In the charging mode of the switched capacitors, the converter utilizes only one active switch and a required number of diodes. Therefore, the cost of the converter is decreased as compared with that of a classical SCVM converter, owing to a lower number of switches and gate driver circuits, as well as a smaller PCB area. Moreover, the CESCVM has simpler control circuits and higher reliability. This paper presents the original experimental results of the operation of the CESCVM converter. A concept of the bootstrap supply of gate drivers of the flying switches is also examined.
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McKee, Seth C., Antoine Yoshinaka, Keith E. Lee, Jr. i Richard McKenzie. "Party Switchers and Reelection: A Precinct-Level Analysis". American Review of Politics 35, nr 2 (6.12.2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-7781.2016.35.2.1-26.
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We use precinct-level data to examine two questions: how an incumbent’s “reelection constituency” changes following a party switch and whether incumbents who switch parties do worse than non-switchers. Our data come from four members of the U.S. House who switched parties between 1995 and 2004. Among this group, one switched parties prior to the enactment of a controversial redistricting plan, and thus we can assess how boundary changes mitigate the negative impact of party switching. We also compare each party switcher’s vote following the switch with that of non-switching incumbents running for reelection that year.
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McKee, Seth C., Antoine Yoshinaka, Keith Lee i Richard McKenzie. "Party Switchers and Reelection: A Precinct-Level Analysis". American Review of Politics 35, nr 2 (6.12.2016): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-779x.2016.35.2.1-26.
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We use precinct-level data to examine two questions: how an incumbent’s “reelection constituency” changes following a party switch and whether incumbents who switch parties do worse than non-switchers. Our data come from four members of the U.S. House who switched parties between 1995 and 2004. Among this group, one switched parties prior to the enactment of a controversial redistricting plan, and thus we can assess how boundary changes mitigate the negative impact of party switching. We also compare each party switcher’s vote following the switch with that of non-switching incumbents running for reelection that year.
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Kolluru, Ashok Kumar, i Malligunta Kiran Kumar. "Closed-loop speed control of switched reluctance motor drive fed from novel converter with reduced number of switches". International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 11, nr 1 (1.03.2020): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i1.pp189-199.
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This paper presents a novel converter configuration with fewer for switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive. The proposed novel converter insists for less number of switches compared to conventional asymmetrical type of converter configuration for switched reluctance motor. Switch count reduction in converter reduces the losses, volume of heat sink, and number of gate drive circuits and thereby the performance of the system. Closed loop speed control of switched reluctance motor fed from proposed novel converter topology was presented in this paper. Performance of closed loop operation is compared to open loop system. Further the proposed converter for SRMT is evaluated with loaded condition and comparative analysis of no-load and loaded SRM is presented. The model presented is developed and the results are analyzed using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Closed loop performance of proposed novel converter fed switched reluctance motor drive is verified at fixed speed and variable speed conditions.
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Gohil, S. "POS0626 MONEY MATTERS: ASSESSING THE VALUE OF THE ADALIMUMAB BIOSIMILAR SWITCH FOR RHEUMATOLOGY PATIENTS". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (19.05.2021): 551.2–551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.2566.
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Background:The adalimumab biosimilar switch plan, actioned 2018-19 was one of the most complex of all biologic switches across several specialties. Non-medical switches are considered to ensure the best value medicines are prescribed for patients in line with NICE Technology Appraisals.Objectives:This 2 year follow up review explores the value of the switch for Rheumatology (R) patients in comparison to two other major specialisms; Dermatology (R) and Gastroenterology (G).Methods:403 homecare (HC) patients had been identified as eligible for switch to a citrate containing biosimilar (R;189, G;176, D;38) between April-December 2019. 35 hospital FP10 patients receiving the citrate-free originator biologic were also identified for switch to the citrate containing biosimilar and prescription processing via HC (R; 24, G; 9, D;2). Biosimilar switch information was communicated via patient letters/clinic reviews. FP10 patients also received remote pharmacist telephone support, as part of a PDSA (Plan, Do, Study, Act) quality improvement pilot. Data in regard to switch refusal, treatment cessation, withheld treatment and patient satisfaction ratings for pharmacist phonecalls (1 = unsatisfactory, 5=very satisfied) was documented.Results:235/403 HC patients successfully switched (R;99, G;107, D;29). 64/403 HC patients switched back to the originator (R;47, G;12; D;5). Of the 64 switch back HC patients; 52% = reported lack of efficacy; 27% = injection site pain and 21% = various other factors such as blepharitis, insomnia and hair loss. 38/403 HC patients refused the switch and remained on the originator biologic (R;11, G;27, D;0). 31/403 HC patients switched to an alternative biologic (R;19, G;9, D;3). 32/403 HC patients stopped treatment (R;13, G;19, D;0). Treatment was withheld for 3/403 HC patients (R;0, G;2, D;1). 100% of FP10 patients switched to HC. 31/35 FP10 patients switched to the biosimilar (R; 22, G; 7, D; 2). 3/31 patients switched back to the originator due to lack of efficacy or side effects. 4 patients refused the switch to biosimilar (R;3, G;1, D;0). 89% of patients were very satisfied with the pharmacist telephone support.Conclusion:In summary, 58% of all eligible HC patients switched in comparison to 89% of FP10 patients who received pharmacist telephone support; total cost saving following HC and FP10 switch = £270,000. Rheumatology demonstrated the least success in HC switching (52%) and the highest HC switch back figure (25%). Injection site pain and subjective lack of efficacy appear to be the main reasons for ongoing switch backs. The PDSA project demonstrates that a thorough pharmacist assessment of patient concerns in rationalising the use of a biologic agent versus biosimilar can be valuable for patients. Further cost effective adalimumab biosimilars have recently been launched. This seminal review emphasises the ongoing need for robust critical appraisals of biosimilars, with consideration for both clinical and cost effective parameters, before establishing their placement in treatment pathways.Acknowledgements:Mark Easter, UHCW and Interim Integrated Care System Chief Pharmacist, Hardeep Bagga, Deputy Chief Pharmacist, UHCW Pharmacy Homecare Team and UHCW Specialist Rheumatology, Gastroenterology and Dermatology Clinical Teams.Disclosure of Interests:None declared
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Huiart, L., S. Dell'Aniello i S. Suissa. "Patterns of use of tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors: A population-based observational study". Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, nr 15_suppl (20.05.2009): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.556.
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556 Background: Few data are available outside clinical trials on the use of aromatase inhibitors (AI) as adjuvant treatment for early breast cancer (BC). We therefore used a large population-based database to describe patterns of use of AI over time, in comparison with tamoxifen, as well as switches between these regimens. Methods: We identified 13,479 women treated for BC with tamoxifen, anastrazole, letrozole, or exemestane between 1998 and June 2008 in the UK General Practice Research Database (GPRD). Patients were followed from their first prescription for 5 years or until recurrence, death, switch to another treatment or occurrence of a major thromboembolic or uterine event. Results: Mean age at cohort entry was 62 years (SD=14.0) in the tamoxifen group (n=10,806) and 70.8 (SD = 12.4) in the AI group (n=2,673). Overall, in the first year of treatment 88.8% of patients had prescriptions covering more than 80% of the year (88.3% and 90.8% in tamoxifen and in AI group respectively). Table 1 describes prescriptions covering less than 80% of the days for each year of treatment in 3 subgroups. Among women started on AI therapy diagnosed with BC after 2006, 9.6% switched treatment. Half of them switched from one AI to another AI, the other half switched from AI to tamoxifen. Switches occurred within the first year of treatment in 76% of cases. Among women over 50 years of age who started a tamoxifen therapy after 2000, 31% of women switched to AI in the course of the study, of which 12% within the first year of treatment (11.1% and 13.7% for women diagnosed in 2000–2004 and after 2005 respectively). Conclusions: The real-life patterns of use of tamoxifen and AI therapy demonstrate high rates of adherence. However, the relatively high percentage of switchers among AI users is suggestive of an association with side-effects. [Table: see text] No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Du, Tiejun, Boran Guan, Pengquan Zhang, Yue Gu i Dujuan Wei. "An Intrinsically Switched Tunable CABW/CFBW Bandpass Filter". Electronics 10, nr 11 (31.05.2021): 1318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10111318.
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In this paper, a novel intrinsically switched tunable bandpass filter based on a dual-mode T-shaped varactor-loaded resonator is presented. The varactors loaded in the T-shaped resonator are capable of efficiently tuning the resonant frequencies of the even and odd modes, as well as the transmission-zero frequency. Without any additional RF switches, the passband of the filter can be intrinsically switched off by adjusting the transmission zero to the resonant frequencies. In the switch-on state, the constant absolute bandwidth (CABW) or constant fractional bandwidth (CFBW) passband can be achieved by controlling the frequency space between the two resonances. For a demonstration, a 0.8–1.1 GHz intrinsically switched tunable bandpass filter with 74 MHz CABW or 8.5% CFBW was fabricated and tested. In the whole operating band with |S11| < 10 dB, the insertion losses for CABW and CFBW are better than 3.3 dB and 3 dB, respectively, and the isolations are better than 20 dB in the switch-off state. The measured results have a good agreement with simulated results, which verifies the design theory.
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Rosembert, D., A. Malaviya, J. How, J. Tomlison, F. Toh, M. Roe, A. Nightingale i in. "P505 Different failure rates after non-medical switching of 744 patients from adalimumab originator to 2 different adalimumab biosimilars at Cambridge University Hospitals, UK: real-world experience". Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 14, Supplement_1 (styczeń 2020): S438—S439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz203.634.
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Abstract Background Biosimilar adalimumab became available in the UK in October 2018, with payers introducing a series of measures to drive the adoption of the ‘best value’ adalimumab.1 Consideration of value should include risk of loss of efficacy and adverse reactions, which might drive further biologic switches or ‘reverse switches’ to originator. Managing potential ‘nocebo effect’ requires high levels of patient engagement, whilst the presence or absence of citrate buffer may affect patient-reported discomfort, hence patient treatment perceptions. Methods Patients were switched to 2 different biosimilar adalimumabs, one buffered with citrate (ADA1) and one in a citrate-free buffer (ADA2). The choice of adalimumab biosimilar was made for clinical and economic reasons. Patients were informed of the switch to either ADA1 or ADA2 in advance via letter and at clinic visits. Patients who reported problems after switching were reviewed. Results A total of 744 patients were switched from originator adalimumab (ADA0) to ADA1 or ADA2. Rheumatology and dermatology patients were switched to ADA1, whilst gastroenterology patients were switched to ADA2, except for those with a latex allergy, where ADA1 was used (or ADA2 in a latex-free syringe). A total of 49 (6.6%) patients reported problems and a further switch of drug was judged necessary in 48 (Table 1). Switch failure was significantly more likely with ADA1 than ADA2 (7.7% vs. 1.8%; p = 0.006). The median time to switch failure was 97 days (range 5–196 days). The commonest reason for switch failure was disease flare (23 patients, 48%), followed by injection site pain or reaction (21 patients, 44%). Disease flare and injection site problems were more likely to be reported with ADA1 than ADA2 (flare: 23/583 vs. 0/161, p = 0.008; injection site pain 20/583 vs. 1/161, p = 0.06). For patients reporting disease flare, clinicians tended to select a reverse switch to ADA0, whilst for those with injection site problems, a further switch to a different biosimilar was the preferred approach; both strategies were effective at recapture. Conclusion In the context of an effective patient communication strategy, adalimumab biosimilar switching was associated with overall low rates of patient-reported problems in a large cohort. Despite an identical communication strategy, significantly higher rates of injection site problems and disease flares were seen between 2 different biosimilars, reflected in a higher need for further switches. These differences may impact the cost-effectiveness of any chosen strategy. Reference
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KJ, Sinu, i G. Ranganathan. "A Photo Voltaic Source Fed Novel Boosting Switched Z-Source Multilevel Inverter". Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 9, nr 1 (1.01.2018): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v9.i1.pp20-23.
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<p>This paper presents a new switched z-source multilevel inverter powered from a photovoltaic source. Addition of a power electronic switch in conventional z-source network provides excellent voltage boosting capability with moderate power rating which makes it suitable for low voltage photo voltaic applications. Proposed topology consists of single dc source, six power switches, two diodes, four capacitors and two inductors comparing to conventional five level schemes proposed topology contains less number of switches and passive elements. This scheme produces voltage waveform with lesser harmonics and shows lesser THD percentage by using different modulation index of multi carrier level shifted PWM technique. Proposed switched z-source multilevel inverter is implemented using MATLAB software and results are presented to verify merits of the scheme. </p>
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Goldberg, Stuart, Mauricette Michallet, Rudiger Hehlmann, Teresa Zyczynski, Aimee Foreman, Brian Calimlim, Ron Paquette i in. "Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI) Switching Patterns during the First 12 Months in Simplicity, an Observational Study of Chronic-Phase Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CP-CML) Patients (Pts) in Routine Clinical Practice". Blood 128, nr 22 (2.12.2016): 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.937.937.
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Abstract Introduction:SIMPLICITY (NCT01244750) is an ongoing observational study of CP-CML pts in routine clinical practice receiving first-line (1L) imatinib (IM) prior to 2010 (retrospective) or 1L IM, dasatinib (DAS) or nilotinib (NIL) since 2010 (prospective) in the US and Europe. Methods: This analysis was designed to identify baseline characteristics associated with TKI switching in pts pooled from the prospective and retrospective cohorts. Pts were characterized as 'early switchers' (who discontinued 1L TKI and switched to a second-line [2L] TKI within 3 months of TKI initiation) or 'late switchers' (who discontinued 1L TKI and switched to a 2L TKI between 3 and 12 months after TKI initiation). A comparator group of 'non-switcher' pts did not discontinue 1L TKI within 12 months of TKI initiation; 'early non-switchers' did not switch 1L TKI within the first 3 months and 'late non-switchers' did not switch 1L TKI between 3 and 12 months after TKI initiation. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with early vs. late switching (gender, age at diagnosis ≥65 years, 1L TKI, region, reason for discontinuation). Results: By March 07 2016, 1494 pts were enrolled at 197 sites in 7 countries. Within 12 months of initiating 1L TKI 238 pts (16%) had switched to 2L TKI. Of switchers, 31% and 69% were early and late, respectively. Of the overall cohort, 1189 pts were early non-switchers and 1146 were late non-switchers. Most early switchers received IM as 1L TKI (49%), followed by NIL (32%) and DAS (19%); most late switchers received IM (56%), followed by DAS (26%) and NIL (18%). Fewer early non-switchers than switchers received IM as 1L TKI (43%), followed by NIL (28%) and DAS (28%); fewer late non-switchers than switchers received IM (44%), followed by DAS (28%) and NIL (28%). Most switchers were female; a higher proportion of female switchers was early vs. late (63% vs. 52%, respectively). In comparison, 43% of pts in both non-switching groups were female. Median ages of early and late switchers were 54 (interquartile range [IQR]: 46-68) and 58 (IQR: 46-69) years, respectively; median ages of early and late non-switchers were 56 (IQR: 46-68) and 56 (IQR: 45-67) years, respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that pts who switched due to intolerance had greater odds of switching early compared with those who switched due to resistance (odds ratio = 3.49; 95% confidence interval: 1.11-10.98; p=0.0323). Among the 238 pts who switched 1L TKI, the main reason for 1L TKI discontinuation was intolerance (early switchers: 76%; late switchers: 71%; Figure). The most common intolerances leading to changes in early and late switchers varied by 1L TKI. Most common for IM early switchers (n=26) was general disorders/administration site conditions (including fatigue, edema, pain) and skin/subcutaneous disorders; for IM late switchers (n=53), gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, general disorders/administration site conditions and skin/subcutaneous disorders. Most common for DAS early switchers (n=10) was GI disorders; for DAS late switchers (n=36), respiratory/thoracic/ mediastinal disorders. Most common for NIL early switchers (n=19) was GI disorders; for NIL late switchers (n=25), GI disorders, general disorders/administration site conditions and skin/subcutaneous disorders. TKI resistance less commonly contributed to 1L TKI discontinuation. Primary and acquired resistance were seen in higher proportions of late than early switchers (Figure). In late switchers, primary resistance was a more common reason for discontinuation in IM pts vs. DAS pts or NIL pts (22%, 5% and 4%, respectively). Acquired resistance was only reported as a reason for discontinuation in IM-treated pts (early switchers: 0.3%; late switchers: 11%). Conclusions: Of pts switching or discontinuing 1L TKI in the first 12 months of therapy, around one third switched within the first 3 months; compared with late switchers and non-switchers these pts were more likely to be younger and female. TKI intolerance was the main reason for switching and was significantly associated with early switching. Resistance was a less common reason for changing TKI therapy and was seen more frequently after 3 months and among pts treated with IM. More research is necessary to make definitive conclusions about comparisons between TKI groups, given the small numbers of pts in the TKI cohorts and the non-controlled nature of the trial. Disclosures Goldberg: COTA Inc: Employment; Novartis: Consultancy; Neostem: Equity Ownership; Pfizer: Honoraria; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Speakers Bureau. Michallet:Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Pfizer: Consultancy, Honoraria; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria; Pfizer: Consultancy, Honoraria; Astellas Pharma: Consultancy, Honoraria; MSD: Consultancy, Honoraria; Genzyme: Consultancy, Honoraria. Hehlmann:Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy; Novartis: Research Funding; German CML-Group: Research Funding. Zyczynski:Bristol-Myers Squibb: Employment. Foreman:ICON Clinical Research: Employment. Calimlim:ICON Clinical Research: Employment. Paquette:Incyte: Consultancy, Honoraria; Novartis: Consultancy; Ariad: Consultancy. Gambacorti:Pfizer: Honoraria, Research Funding. Cortes:ARIAD: Consultancy, Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squib: Consultancy, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Research Funding; Pfizer: Consultancy, Research Funding; Teva: Research Funding. Zagorska:Bristol-Myers Squibb: Employment. Rong:Bristol-Myers Squibb: Employment. Mauro:BMS: Consultancy; Ariad: Consultancy; Pfizer: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy.
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Kypuros, Javier A., i Raul G. Longoria. "Model Synthesis for Design of Switched Systems Using a Variable Structure System Formulation". Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 125, nr 4 (1.12.2003): 618–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1636774.
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A Variable Structure System (VSS) formulation and bond graph approach are used to develop a novel scheme for synthesizing reduced order models of switched systems. Switches are physical mechanisms that discontinuously redirect power, and switched systems employ switches for more efficient power conversion and/or to incorporate a control structure. A variety of power converters including electronic converters, hydraulic pumps, and clutched transmissions/differentials employ switches. It is shown how reduced order models can be derived using bond graphs and a VSS formulation to provide insight for optimizing design of switched systems. Experimental results are presented to validate this utility.
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Guérin, A., A. Guo, D. Williams, A. P. Yu, E. Wu, D. Latremouille-Viau, M. Tsaneva, J. Signorovitch i J. D. Griffin. "Treatment patterns of chronic myelogenous leukemia patients with suboptimal responses to imatinib". Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, nr 15_suppl (20.05.2009): 7090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.7090.
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7090 Background: Imatinib is the first-line therapy for Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Patients with suboptimal responses may have the dose of imatinib escalated or may be switched to an alternative kinase inhibitor such as dasatinib. The aim of this study is to examine the real-world treatment patterns of imatinib and dasatinib in CML patients. Methods: Two large U.S. administrative claims databases from January 1999 to March 2008 were combined (MarketScan and Ingenix Impact) to extract de-identified information of patients diagnosed with CML (ICD-9 code: 205.1) who were initiated on imatinib. Patients were followed from the first observed imatinib prescription to the end of data availability. Patients who increased imatinib dose to >400 mg/day were defined as dose escalators, while patients who initiated on imatinib and further switched to dasatinib were considered as switchers. Rates of imatinib dose escalation and switching to dasatinib were estimated. Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival analyses were used to estimate the rate of imatinib discontinuation, defined as a lack of imatinib supply for at least 90 days. Among switchers, the rate of switching back to imatinib was also estimated using KM survival analysis. Results: Among the 5,159 CML patients initiated with imatinib, 1,144 patients either had dose escalation of imatinib (839) or were switched to dasatinib (305) during the study period. Of the 5,159 patients, 12.1% patients discontinued imatinib by the end of the first year, and 25.4% discontinued by the end of the third year. Among the 305 switchers, 115 (37.7%) had an imatinib dose increase prior to the switch, and 66 (21.6%) were escalated to 800 mg of imatinib before switching. 51 patients (16.7%) had used imatinib for <6 months before switching, and 17.1% switched back to imatinib within 6 months of dasatinib treatment. Conclusions: This study showed that great variability was observed in the real world treatment pattern of CML patients. Most CML patients who initiated on imatinib did not dose increase or switch during the study period. Of those who switched to dasatinib, most did not attempt to increase the dose before switching, and a sizeable portion of patients had to switch back to imatinib. [Table: see text]
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Pitkänen, Visa, i Ismo Linnosmaa. "Choice, quality and patients’ experience: evidence from a Finnish physiotherapy service". International Journal of Health Economics and Management 21, nr 2 (19.01.2021): 229–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10754-020-09293-z.
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AbstractWe study the relationship between patient choices and provider quality in a rehabilitation service for disabled patients who receive the service frequently but do not have access to quality information. Previous research has found a positive relationship between patient choices and provider quality in health services that patients typically do not have previous experience or use frequently. We contribute by examining choices of new patients and experienced patients who were either forced to switch or actively switched their provider. In the analysis, we combine register data on patients’ choices and switches with provider quality data from a competitive bidding, and estimate conditional logit choice models. The results show that all patients prefer high-quality providers within short distances. We find that the willingness to travel for quality is highest among new patients and active switchers. These results suggest that new patients and active switchers compare different alternatives more thoroughly, whereas forced switchers choose their new provider in limited time leading into poorer choices.
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Buriakovskyi, S. G., A. S. Maslii, L. V. Asmolova i N. T. Goncharuk. "Mathematical modelling of transients in the electric drive of the turnout of the mono-sleeper type with switched-inductor motor". Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, nr 2 (10.04.2021): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2074-272x.2021.2.03.
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Introduction. The study is devoted to the development of the functionality of a railway track switch by introducing a switched-inductor electric drive. This solution justifies simplifying the mechanical part of the switches by changing the gearbox to a ball-screw and locating the all kinematic line of the switches on the mono-sleeper type. Goal. A study of the mono-sleeper turnout type behaviour to meet modern traffic safety requirements and improve operational reliability factors. Methodology. Based on electric drive theory, a kinematic line of a mono-switch turnout type with nonlinear friction characteristic is presented. Using differential equation theory and Laplace transformation, a mathematic description of a four-phase switched-inductor motor with ball-screw in a mechanical line of a single-mass electromechanical system has been made. A simulation mathematical model of the electric drive of mono-sleeper turnout type as the control system with a switched-inductor motor and nonlinear friction characteristic was built in MATLAB. Results. Simulation modelling of a mathematical model of a mono-sleeper turnout type with a switched-inductor motor and ball-screw gear has been developed and implemented. Studies of dynamics of turnout point movement have shown that, in contrast to the motors used today, the switched-inductor motor makes it possible to simplify the mechanical part of the drive, which leads to reduced time spent on laying and maintenance of turnout points, and therefore makes the design more reliable. The application of PID controller and fuzzy speed controller has shown improved dynamics of turnout point, while the fuzzy PID controller provides better performance of the set values and turnout point movements. Originality. First developed a mathematical model of the electric drive of the mono-sleeper turnout type, taking into account nonlinear friction characteristic, as an object of speed control of turnout point movement, is developed. Practical value. The developed mathematical model of a railway track turnout of the mono-sleeper type with a switched-inductor motor and ball-screw gear enables more efficient use of a microprocessor control system, creation of promising electric motor protection means and control of a turnout point.
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Olson, Daniel. "The phonetics of insertional code-switching". Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 2, nr 4 (30.11.2012): 439–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.2.4.05ols.
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This study investigates the phonetic production of Spanish-English insertional code-switches, constituents of an embedded language inserted within a discourse of a matrix language. While previous research on the phonetics of codeswitching has focused exclusively on the segmental properties, the current study provides a detailed examination of the suprasegmental features of code-switched tokens, including pitch height and duration. Code-switched productions are compared with non-code-switched tokens, and results indicate that insertional code-switched tokens are produced with a degree of hyper-articulation, evidenced by an increase in pitch height and duration. The results are discussed within Hyper- and Hypo-articulation Theory, drawing on the notion of a decreased local probability incurred by insertional code-switches.
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Buvana, D., i R. Jayashree. "ANFIS Controller-Based Cascaded Nonisolated Bidirectional DC–DC Converter". Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 28, nr 01 (15.10.2018): 1950001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126619500014.
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The development of bidirectional DC–DC converters has become important because of their requirement in energy-storage systems. The simple structure of nonisolated bidirectional DC–DC converter types includes multilevel, switched-capacitor, buck-boost, and coupled inductor type. In multilevel and switched-capacitor types, if large voltage gain must be provided, more switches and capacitors are required. Since the leakage inductor energy cannot be recycled, voltage stresses on the switches are present. Therefore, the control strategy is easily implemented in the system operation. This paper presents a cascaded nonisolated dc–dc switched coupled converter for enhancement of the switching operation. For the optimal switching performances, an Artificial Intelligence (AI) technique is utilized. The AI technique is the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) for generating the optimal control pulses to enhance the performance of boost and buck switch. In addition, the proposed technique is utilized in cascaded nonisolated DC–DC switched coupled converter to reduce the losses. In the ANFIS technique, the error voltage and change in error voltage are given as inputs. At the same time, the ANFIS controller is employed to reduce the error value and produce the optimized gain pulses. In the buck and boost switch mode of operation, it is enhanced with the help of the proposed technique. Moreover, the operating principle and voltage conversion ratio are discussed. It is seen that the implementation of the proposed controller improves the efficiency of the system and also reduces the voltage drop across the switching operation. Then the proposed ANFIS technique with bidirectional converter topology was implemented in MATLAB/Simulink working platform and the output performance is analyzed. Then the proposed circuit performance is compared to the existing circuit such as proportional integral derivative (PID), artificial neural network (ANN) and Fuzzy, respectively.
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Kapantzoglou, Maria, Julie Esparza Brown, Lauren M. Cycyk i Gerasimos Fergadiotis. "Code-Switching and Language Proficiency in Bilingual Children With and Without Developmental Language Disorder". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64, nr 5 (11.05.2021): 1605–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00182.
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Purpose This study examined the frequency of code-switching by Spanish–English-speaking children as a function of language proficiency in each language and diagnosis (developmental language disorder [DLD] or typical language development [TLD]). Method Sixty-two Spanish–English-speaking children, 5–7 years of age, participated in this study (24 with DLD and 38 with TLD). Language samples were used to determine the level of language proficiency in each language as a continuum of performance. Correlational analyses were conducted to evaluate the relationship between Spanish and English language proficiency and the frequency of code-switching considering the total number of code-switched words, intrasentential code-switching (i.e., number of sentences/C-units with code-switched parts), and intersentential code-switching (i.e., code-switched sentences/C-units). Negative binomial and zero-inflated Poisson regressions were conducted to evaluate whether the frequency of code-switched words, code-switched parts, and code-switched sentences is different across children with DLD and their peers with TLD, controlling for Spanish and English proficiency. Results When Spanish was the target language, lower proficiency in Spanish was associated with higher frequency of code-switches to English for the group with DLD, but not for their peers with TLD who code-switched to English regardless of their Spanish and English proficiency. There were no statistically significant effects of diagnosis on the frequency of code-switches. Conclusion Results indicate that code-switching occurs similarly across children with DLD and their peers with TLD; therefore, the frequency and type of code-switches should not be used as an indicator of DLD.
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Mac, Stephanie, Rita L. Hui, Kris N. Nishimura, Evelyn Tan, Timothy Chiu i Diana D. Shen. "Evaluation of the safety and effectiveness of switching from standard to extended interval dosing for durvalumab in unresectable stage III non-small cell lung cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, nr 15_suppl (20.05.2021): e20501-e20501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.e20501.
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e20501 Background: In 2018, the FDA approved durvalumab with weight-based dosing of 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks for unresectable, Stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) following chemoradiation therapy based on the results of the PACIFIC trial. The feasibility of a fixed, extended interval dosing was assessed in a population pharmacokinetics (PK) modeling study. The PK model compared the approved weight-based dosing vs. flat-dosing at 750 mg every 2 weeks or 1,500 mg every 4 weeks and showed similar median steady-state exposure. At our institution, patients were switched from the standard every 2 weeks to the extended every 4 weeks dosing interval due to the 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic to minimize patient visits. To our knowledge, our study offers the first real-word data on patients who switched to an extended dosing interval of durvalumab. Methods: This was an observational study that included adults with a diagnosis of unresectable, Stage III NSCLC and who received treatment with durvalumab 02-16-2018 through 08-31-2020. The study group (“switcher”) included patients who switched from every 2 weeks to every 4 weeks dosing while the control group (“non-switcher”) remained on every 2 weeks interval. Patients were followed until therapy discontinuation, death, or end of data collection date (12-31-2020), whichever occurred first. Both groups were matched on age, sex, and durvalumab exposure. The primary outcome was to evaluate any differences in the incidence of immune-mediated adverse events (IMAE) for patients receiving standard interval dosing of durvalumab compared to patients that switched to extended interval dosing. The secondary outcome was to assess any differences in objective response (OR). Worsening OR was defined as response of scan prior to last durvalumab dose compared to baseline scan. The rate of IMAE and worsening OR were compared using Fisher’s exact test. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odd ratio for IMAE between the two groups. Results: This matched cohort included 16 patients in each of the two groups. The overall mean age was 70±6 years old, 39% were male, 71% were former smokers, 78% had an ECOG performance score of 0-1, 92% had non-squamous histological subtype, and 71% achieved a partial response to concurrent chemoradiation therapy prior to durvalumab. The rate of IMAE was 12.5% in switcher group and 31.3% in non-switchers group (OR 2.5; 95% CI: 0.5, 12.9); p = 0.39). The rate of worsening OR was 60.0% in the switcher group and 41.7% in the non-switcher group (p = 0.67). Conclusions: Though the data are limited, these results may serve as early clinical data validation for the use of extended dosing of durvalumab. Rates of IMAE were not significantly different, but trended higher in the non-switcher group. Similarly, the rate of worsening OR was not significantly different between switchers and non-switchers.
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Klimash, S. V., B. D. Tabarov, V. S. Klimash i A. M. Konstantinov. "A method for Improving the Accuracy of Reactive Power Regulation by a Capacitor Plant". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2096, nr 1 (1.11.2021): 012197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2096/1/012197.
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Abstract The problem of low accuracy of reactive power regulation by the most common three-component condenser installations in the industry and its impact on the quality of electricity and the efficiency of its consumption and use in industrial power supply systems is considered. To increase the accuracy of reactive power regulation by at least 2.3 times without changing the circuit of the capacitor plant and the number of switching equipment, a new control algorithm is proposed and described in detail. The results of testing a method for regulating reactive power in the Matlab environment based on the proposed algorithm for controlling capacitor blocks with changed parameters are presented. Numerical experiments have shown the possibility of seven-stage regulation, versus three-stage control in known industrial installations. The capacitor unit is switched on by a mains switch and then by thyristor switches without a surge of currents in the capacitors and without an asymmetry of currents in the network. The installation is switched off in the reverse sequence, first by thyristor switches with natural switching, and then by a mains switch without arcing on its contacts.
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Antolin-Fontes, B., A. Borsi, R. Nissinen, I. Bravatà, J. N. Barthelmes, M. Le Bars, J. Lee i in. "P091 Switching to TNFi versus non-TNFi biologics in Crohn’s Disease patients: Real-world outcomes from a German claims data analysis". Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 15, Supplement_1 (1.05.2021): S189—S191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab076.220.
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Abstract Background Determining the best treatment path for Crohn’s Disease (CD) patients following loss of response (LoR) to a tumour necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) is challenging for clinicians. This study seeks to provide real-world evidence on treatment failure, treatment discontinuation and corticosteroid-free drug survival in CD patients with LoR to a first TNFi, switching to another TNFi compared to a non-TNFi biologic. Methods Adult CD-patients without biologics therapy in the last 6 months who started treatment with adalimumab or infliximab and switched due to LoR to another biologic between 01/10/2014–31/12/2018 were identified from German claims data (AOK PLUS). The identified patients were classified as either within-class switchers (WCS) (if they switched to adalimumab or infliximab) or outside-class switchers (OCS) (if they switched to vedolizumab or ustekinumab). The date of first treatment switch was set as the index date. Patients were followed for at least one year after treatment switch. To compare WCS and OCS, baseline covariate adjustment through inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) of the propensity scores was conducted. Time-to-event analyses were performed using Cox Proportional Hazard regressions adjusted for an indicator of primary non-response and secondary LoR (if the first switch happened within or after 6 months from the initial TNFi). Results 112 patients (53 WCS and 59 OCS) were identified. Upon IPTW, 43 WCS and 54 OCS satisfying the common support assumption were included for comparative analyses with adjustment for primary non-response and secondary LoR. WCS were significantly more likely to receive corticosteroid therapy, more likely to fail and to discontinue the treatment they had switched to; and more likely to switch again to another biologic compared to OCS (Figure 1). Having switched due to primary non-response or due to secondary LoR was not significantly associated with any outcome. Figure 1: Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for an indicator variable of primary non-response/secondary loss of response Abbreviations: CD, Crohn’s disease; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio Conclusion Whilst small sample size is a limitation, these results suggest that following loss of response to a TNFi, patients may benefit from switching to vedolizumab or ustekinumab rather than switching to a different TNFi.
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Luo, Fang Lin. "Switched-Capacitorized DC/DC Converters". Applied Mechanics and Materials 310 (luty 2013): 453–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.310.453.
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Switched capacitor DC/DC converters are new prototype of DC/DC conversion technology. Since switched capacitor can be integrated into a power IC chip, consequently, these converters have small size and high power density. Switched capacitor can be used in voltage-lift technique to construct DC/DC converters. The clue is that for the converters operating in discontinuous input current mode (DICM) the switched capacitors can be charged during the input current discontinuous period. The switched capacitors are charged to the source voltage during the switch-off period. They will join the conversion operation during switch-on period, and the stored energy in them will be delivered through further elements to the load. These converters are called switched-capacitorized DC/DC converters. Simulation and experimental results are provided for verification of this design.
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Suresh, P., S. George Fernandez, S. Vidyasagar, V. Kalyanasundaram, K. Vijayakumar, Vaidheeswaran Archana i Soham Chatterjee. "Reduction of transients in switches using embedded machine learning". International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 11, nr 1 (1.03.2020): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i1.pp235-241.
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<p>Non-linear loads can cause transients in electronic switches. They also result in a fluctuating output when the device is switched ON or OFF. These transients can harm not only the switches but also the devices that they are connected to, by passing excess currents or voltages to the devices. By applying machine learning, we can improve the gate drive voltages of the switches and thereby reduce switch transients. A feedback system is built that measures the output transients and then feeds it to a neural network algorithm that then gives a proper gate drive to the device. This will reduce transients and also improve performances of switch based devices like inverters and converters.</p>
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BULTENA, SYBRINE, TON DIJKSTRA i JANET G. VAN HELL. "Language switch costs in sentence comprehension depend on language dominance: Evidence from self-paced reading". Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 18, nr 3 (6.06.2014): 453–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728914000145.
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This study investigated two prominent issues in the comprehension of language switches. First, how does language switching direction affect switch costs in sentence context? Second, are switch costs modulated by L2 proficiency and cross-linguistic activation? We conducted a self-paced reading task involving sentences that switched between participants’ L1 Dutch and L2 English. The cognate status of the main verb was manipulated to examine the influence of co-activation on intra-sentential switch costs. The reading times indicated the influence of switch direction: a cost was observed for switches into L2 but not for switches into L1, and the magnitude of the costs was correlated with L2 proficiency, indicating that switch costs in language comprehension depend on language dominance. Verb cognates did not yield a cognate facilitation effect nor did they influence the magnitude of switch costs in either direction. The results are interpreted in terms of an activation account explaining lexical comprehension based on L2 proficiency.
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Küsters, Ferdinand, i Stephan Trenn. "Switch observability for switched linear systems". Automatica 87 (styczeń 2018): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.automatica.2017.09.024.
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Grose, Christian R. "Is it Better to Join the Majority? The Electoral Effects of Party Switching by Incumbent Southern State Legislators, 1972 to 2000". American Review of Politics 25 (1.04.2004): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-7781.2004.25.0.79-98.
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What are the electoral effects of a change in partisan affiliation for legislators? To answer this question, 6357 state legislative elections from 1972 to 2000 in five southern states are examined. By comparing this subset of party-switching southern legislators to their non-switching colleagues, I am able to examine (1) whether partisan affiliation and changes in party labels affect electoral outcomes over the short- and long-term; and (2) whether switching parties into the majority party in the legislature affects electoral out-comes. The findings are that incumbent legislators who switch parties do worse in general elections following their switch, especially in elections immediately following their switch. However, once these legislators have switched parties, if their party takes control of the legislature, they do no worse than their non-switching colleagues. Interestingly, other results demonstrate that southern legislators who have switched from Democrat to Republican in the 1990s have done worse following their switches, suggesting that partisan realignment among voters has not been realized completely at the state legislative level.
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Morgan, J. A., A. Guo, D. Williams, A. Guérin, D. Latremouille-Viau, M. Tsaneva, A. P. Yu, E. Wu, J. Signorovitch i G. D. Demetri. "Real world treatment patterns of gastrointestinal stromal tumor patients". Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, nr 15_suppl (20.05.2009): e15602-e15602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.e15602.
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e15602 Background: Imatinib is accepted as the standard first-line therapy to treat gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) in patients with unresectable or metastatic disease. In the case of disease progression, physicians may consider increasing imatinib dose or switching to another second-line agent, such as sunitinib. The aim of this study was to analyze the real-world long term treatment patterns of GIST patients. Methods: Two large claims databases from 01/1999 to 03/2008 were combined (MarketScan and Ingenix Impact) to extract patients diagnosed with GIST who initiated on imatinib ≥400 mg/day. Patients were followed from the first observed imatinib prescription to the end of data availability. Patients who dose increased during the study period were defined as dose escalators, while patients who later switched to sunitinib with or without dose escalation were defined as switchers. Kaplan Meier analyses were used to estimate the rate of treatment changes over time including imatinib discontinuation, defined as a lack of imatinib supply for ≥60 days, and switching back to initial treatment. Results: Among the 1,508 GIST patients who initiated on imatinib, 253 patients had a dose increase and 153 patients switched to sunitinib during the study period. 20.1% patients on imatinib discontinued by the end of the first year, and 43.0% discontinued by the end of the third year. Among the 153 switchers, 61 patients had a dose escalation prior to the switch, of which 82.0% reached 800 mg before switching. Among all the switchers, 20.3% switched back to imatinib within 6 months. Conclusions: These claims-based findings on the duration of first-line imatinib therapy of GIST patients supports data on imatinib efficacy in treating GIST from formal clinical research studies. Most of GIST patients who initiated imatinib continued on this therapy without undergoing dose increase or switch to sunitinib. Among switchers, most did not dose escalate before switching and many eventually switched back to imatinib. It appears that physicians tend to not always follow clinical practice guidelines developed based on expert consensus, with respect to decision rules for dose escalation, or for the appropriate time to change kinase inhibitor therapy. [Table: see text]
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Chang, Yuen-Haw, i Yu-Jhang Chen. "A switch-utilization-improved switched-inductor switched-capacitor converter with adapting stage number". International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications 44, nr 3 (4.06.2015): 709–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cta.2102.
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Wang Haiyang, 王海洋, 何小平 He Xiaoping, 周竞之 Zhou Jingzhi, 陈维青 Chen Weiqing, 郭帆 Guo Fan, 谢霖燊 Xie Linshen, 李俊娜 Li Junna, 邹丽丽 Zou Lili, 汤俊萍 Tang Junping i 贾伟 Jia Wei. "Lifetime of high power reversely switched dynistor switches". High Power Laser and Particle Beams 24, nr 5 (2012): 1191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/hplpb20122405.1191.
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Wang, Cheng-Ping, i Chin-Long Wey. "Fault macromodel for switches in switched-current circuits". International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications 26, nr 1 (styczeń 1998): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-007x(199801/02)26:1<93::aid-cta1>3.0.co;2-n.
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Kiltz, Uta, Styliani Tsiami, Xenofon Baraliakos, Ioana Andreica, David Kiefer i Jürgen Braun. "Effectiveness and safety of a biosimilar-to-biosimilar switch of the TNF inhibitor etanercept in patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases". Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease 14 (styczeń 2022): 1759720X2211195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1759720x221119593.
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Background: Biosimilar disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bsDMARDs) has created a financial incentive to encourage switching to cheaper products. Objectives: We aim to study the effectiveness and safety of a non-medical bsDMARD-to-bsDMARD switch from originator etanercept (ETN) to bsDMARD ETN (SB4) and successive to another bsDMARD ETN (GP2015) in patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases in a real-life setting. Methods: Retrospective chart review of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA) or axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) who had been treated with originator ETN and were switched twice to ETN bsDMARD for non-medical reasons thereafter. All patients received ETN 50 mg/week. Disease activity and physical function was assessed every 12 weeks with standardized questionnaires. Results: A total of 100 patients who switched twice [54 RA, 27 axSpA, 19 PsA, mean age 54.3 (15.1), 46% male] were included. Patients with axSpA were younger than RA and PsA patients. Patients with SpA were less likely to receive conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) than RA patients. Duration of treatment with originator ETN before the first switch was 3.3 (2.3) years. Retention rate 6 months after the second ETN bsDMARD switch was 89%. Disease activity and physical function scores remained rather unchanged in patients with RA and axSpA longitudinally, while there was some more fluctuation in PsA patients. Six patients lost efficacy and were switched back to originator ETN in month 6 ( n = 4) or to another mode of action ( n = 2). There were 14 adverse events (AE) reported in eight patients. One patient re-administered bsDMARD GP2015 successfully 3 months after healing of mucosal erosions. Conclusion: No relevant change in disease activity and physical function were observed in a non-medical bsDMARD-to-bsDMARD switch scenario. The retention rate after switches from originator ETN to two ETN bsDMARD was close to 90%. Multiple switches resulted in a high adherence rate without clinically important efficacy or safety signals.
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Sayed, Wafaa S., Moheb M. R. Henein, Salwa K. Abd-El-Hafiz i Ahmed G. Radwan. "Generalized Dynamic Switched Synchronization between Combinations of Fractional-Order Chaotic Systems". Complexity 2017 (2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9189120.
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This paper proposes a novel generalized switched synchronization scheme amongnfractional-order chaotic systems with various operating modes. Digital dynamic switches and dynamic scaling factors are employed, which offer many new capabilities. Dynamic switches determine the role of each system as a master or a slave. A system can either have a fixed role throughout the simulation time (static switching) or switch its role one or more times (dynamic switching). Dynamic scaling factors are used for each state variable of the master system. Such scaling factors control whether the master is a single system or a combination of several systems. In addition, these factors determine the generalized relation between the original systems from which the master system is built as well as the slave system(s). Moreover, they can be utilized to achieve different kinds of generalized synchronization relations for the purpose of generating new attractor diagrams. The paper presents a mathematical formulation and analysis of the proposed synchronization scheme. Furthermore, many numerical simulations are provided to demonstrate the successful generalized switched synchronization of several fractional-order chaotic systems. The proposed scheme provides various functions suitable for applications such as different master-slave communication models and secure communication systems.
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Chen, Zhe, Ji-Xin Chen, Pinpin Yan, Debin Hou i Fang Zhu. "K-Band Low Phase Noise VCO Based on Q-Boosted Switched Inductor". Electronics 8, nr 10 (8.10.2019): 1132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8101132.
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In this article, the development of the K-band low phase noise voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) based on Q-boosted switched inductor is presented. Compared with the conventional switched inductor, the eddy current will be decreased using a 2-turn secondary coil, and then the dissipated power from the switch on-resistance will also be decreased, leading to a boosted inductor Q at switch ON-state. The equivalent inductance, quality factor, and self-resonance frequency at switch ON/OFF states are analyzed and derived. For comparison, K-band VCOs have been designed and fabricated in a 130nm BiCMOS process with the Q-boosted and conventional switched inductors. Measured results show that the phase noise has been typically improved by 2–5dB at 100 kHz and 1 MHz offset at switch ON-state, using the Q-boosted switched inductor.
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Kibirova, Albina, Samantha Hall, Abdul Miah i Mohamad Adham Salkeni. "Switching endocrine therapy in breast cancer as a strategy for musculoskeletal symptoms, tolerance, and adherence." Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, nr 34_suppl (1.12.2018): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.34_suppl.192.
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192 Background: Adverse effects of endocrine therapy (ET), especially musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS), represent the major cause of treatment discontinuation in breast cancer (BC) patients, resulting in increased risk of recurrence. Aromatase inhibitors (AI), the mainstay of ET, are associated with a high incidence of MSS such as arthralgia and myalgia. The hypothesis of whether switching ET subclass improves adherence and symptoms was tested. Methods: We conducted a retrospective single site chart review of female patients with nonmetastatic BC, who were seen at Cancer Clinic from January to June of 2017. All patients received AI as a first choice of adjuvant ET; those with disease recurrence while on ET were excluded. We collected data on baseline health, adherence and discontinuation rate, as well as whether switching to a different ET agent (another AI or tamoxifen) was attempted. The subsequent compliance and symptomatology after switching were assessed. Results: 483 eligible patients were identified and divided into 4 groups based upon adherence: 354 (73.3%) were found to be compliant with AI without interruption, 109 (22.5%) switched to a different ET and remained compliant (≥ 1 switch), 16 (3.3%) eventually discontinued ET despite attempting ≥ 1 switch, and 5 patients (1.0%) stopped treatment without a switch. On comparison of the different groups, patients who permanently discontinued ET were more likely to be elderly and have preexisting musculoskeletal condition. MSS was found to be the single most common cause for AI intolerance (105 patients, 81.4%). The median time to switch was 6.3 months (0.3-63.9). Among the compliant switchers, most needed only 1 switch (79) but there were patients who required 2 or 3 switches (23 and 6, respectively). Majority of patients switched from anastrozole to exemestane (84, 51.8%). Significant improvement in symptoms after the switch was reported by 73.3% of patients. Conclusions: Switching between different ET subclasses is an effective treatment strategy to alleviate side effects and enhance adherence to ET. A higher compliance rate of 95.8% was observed in our study compared to a national average estimated at < 80%.
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Shaji, Liju, i Praveen Bansal. "A Novel 9-Level Switched Capacitor Inverter Using Different Carrier Based PWM Techniques". International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, nr 6 (11.07.2020): 1200–1205. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20jun1076.
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In this paper, a new 9-level inverter employing switched capacitor technique is proposed. Three bidirectional voltage blocking switches are employed to connect the four H-bridges and to incorporate the three switched capacitors. The proposed multilevel inverter (MLI) circuit outputs a 9-level waveform with a maximum boosting factor of four. Unlike the already established switched capacitor based MLI consisting of two stages the proposed MLI is single stage inverter. The switches in the proposed MLI is subjected to a low value of voltage stress equal to Vdc. The proposed MLI is further analyzed by using various multicarrier sinusoidal PWM technique such as Phase Shift PWM (PSPWM), Phase disposition PWM (PDPWM), Phase Opposition Disposition PWM (PODPWM), Alternate Phase Opposition Disposition PWM (APODPWM) and Variable Frequency PWM (VFPWM).
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Fan, Xinxin, Xiuguo Chen, Hongmei Yan i Jianbing Wang. "Design of an 8X8 Optical Matrix Protection Device based on Electric Power Communication Network". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2083, nr 2 (1.11.2021): 022062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2083/2/022062.
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Abstract In order to realize the fast establishment of power fiber circuitous channels, the reliability of power communication optical cable network is guaranteed. An optical matrix 8X8 protection device is designed by using all-optical switcher. The test results show that at the end of each input light path, any 8 paths can be switched, it can achieve 1:8 protection switch, realized the arbitrary switching of three modes and has the function of remote fiber route scheduling.
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Castellanos, Juan. "Integrated Hybrid Switched Converters: A Review". Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 17, nr 1 (30.04.2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v17i1.570.
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The requirements of portable devices and other applications for a compact and efficient power converter drives the integration of power converters. However, conventional switched-inductor and switched-capacitor converters struggle with these requirements in integrated circuit dimensions. This paper introduces the state-of-the-art of a growing trend in integrated power converters, called hybrid switched converters. Here, the issues of conventional topologies are introduced, as well as the improvements addressed by hybrid converters, in terms of power efficiency, power density and voltage conversion ratio. Also, the characteristics of the four main trends in fully and highly integrated hybrid switched converters topologies are discussed. Finally, their state-of-the-art metrics are presented and compared to the metrics of conventional integrated switched converters.
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Epple, Dennis, i Martin Kutz. "Parity Lights". Mathematical Gazette 88, nr 511 (marzec 2004): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025557200174224.
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Almost everybody has a light in their house that can be switched on and off from two or more different places. If your electrician set up the wiring properly, you are able to toggle the light with every single switch, independent of the others' current configuration.We may think of the switches as implementing a parity function. If we label the two positions of a switch by 0 and 1, the light is on if the sum of switch positions is even and off if this sum is odd (or vice versa). So in the common case of only two switches, ‘light on’ is just the binary relation xor. (Not all real-life installations are of this kind. We also find the binary and implemented in a few houses—which can be very annoying, and even dangerous, at nights.)
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Nguyen, Minh-Khai, Truong-Duy Duong, Young-Cheol Lim i Yi-Gon Kim. "Switched-Capacitor Quasi-Switched Boost Inverters". IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 65, nr 6 (czerwiec 2018): 5105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2017.2772179.
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Baschirotto, A., R. Castello i G. P. Montagna. "Active series switch for switched-opamp circuits". Electronics Letters 34, nr 14 (1998): 1365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19980734.
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Rahman, Rahnuma, i Supriyo Bandyopadhyay. "The Cost of Energy-Efficiency in Digital Hardware: The Trade-Off between Energy Dissipation, Energy–Delay Product and Reliability in Electronic, Magnetic and Optical Binary Switches". Applied Sciences 11, nr 12 (17.06.2021): 5590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125590.
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Binary switches, which are the primitive units of all digital computing and information processing hardware, are usually benchmarked on the basis of their ‘energy–delay product’, which is the product of the energy dissipated in completing the switching action and the time it takes to complete that action. The lower the energy–delay product, the better the switch (supposedly). This approach ignores the fact that lower energy dissipation and faster switching usually come at the cost of poorer reliability (i.e., a higher switching error rate) and hence the energy–delay product alone cannot be a good metric for benchmarking switches. Here, we show the trade-off between energy dissipation, energy–delay product and error–probability for an electronic switch (a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor), a magnetic switch (a magnetic tunnel junction switched with spin transfer torque) and an optical switch (bistable non-linear mirror). As expected, reducing energy dissipation and/or energy–delay product generally results in increased switching error probability and reduced reliability.
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Patil, Jayesh B. "Compare the Symmetric Hybridized Cascaded MLI with 17 levels with the Asymmetric Switched Capacitor MLI Topologies for Dynamic Loading". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, nr VII (20.07.2021): 1951–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36774.
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This article builds a symmetric hybridized cascaded a switching capacitor unit in a multilayer inverter and compares it to For 17 level inverters, A switched capacitor unit is utilized with an asymmetric multilevel inverter. In the symmetric hybridized multilevel inverter design, a In the midst of a dual-input dc source, there is a bi-directional switch is utilized to create a modified H-bridge inverter with a five-level output voltage instead of three. In the proposed scenario, In an asymmetric multilevel inverter, the switched capacitor unit substitutes the dc sources. which enlarges By a factor of two, The output voltage has been increased. and the voltage levels at the loads are increased by a factor of two. MATLAB-SIMULINK was used to verify the suggested topology using the staircase modulation approach. The findings show that multilayer inverter topologies with low total harmonic distortion, fewer switches, With greater levels of output voltage are better stable during load disturbance circumstances, making them ideal for renewable energy applications.
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Balochian, S. "Stabilization of autonomous linear time invariant fractional order derivative switched systems with different derivative in subsystems". Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 62, nr 3 (1.09.2014): 495–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bpasts-2014-0053.
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Abstract In this paper, the stabilization problem of a autonomous linear time invariant fractional order (LTI-FO) switched system with different derivative order in subsystems is outlined. First, necessary and sufficient condition for stability of an LTI-FO switched system with different derivative order in subsystems based on the convex analysis and linear matrix inequality (LMI) for two subsystems is presented and proved. Also, sufficient condition for stability of an LTI-FO switched system with different derivative order in subsystems for more than two subsystems is proved. Then a sliding sector is designed for each subsystem of the LTI-FO switched system. Finally, a switching control law is designed to switch the LTI-FO switched system among subsystems to ensure the decrease of the norm of the switched system. Simulation results are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed variable structure controller.