Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Supersymmetry - Dark Matter”

The dark matter (DM) blind spots in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) refer to the parameter regions where the couplings of the DM particles to the Z-boson or the Higgs boson are almost zero, leading to vanishingly small signals for the DM direct detections. In this paper, we carry out comprehensive analyses for the DM searches under the blind-spot scenarios in MSSM. Guided by the requirement of acceptable DM relic abundance, we explore the complementary coverage for the theory parameters at the LHC, the projection for the future underground DM direct searches, and the indirect searches from the relic DM annihilation into photons and neutrinos. We find that (i) the spin-independent (SI) blind spots may be rescued by the spin-dependent (SD) direct detection in the future underground experiments, and possibly by the indirect DM detections from IceCube and SuperK neutrino experiments; (H) the detection of gamma rays from Fermi-LAT may not reach the desirable sensitivity for searching for the DM blind spot regions; (Hi) the SUSY searches at the LHC will substantially extend the discovery region for the blind-spot parameters. The dark matter blind spots thus may be unblinded with the collective efforts in future DM searches.

The Minimally Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) provides us with a WIMP dark matter candidate particle, the neutralino. Neutralinos from the dark matter halo can potentially become captured by the sun and concentrated in the core, where they can undergo self-annihilation and so produce a distinct neutrino signal. The IceCube Neutrino Observatory has the potential to detect this neutrino signal and thus give indirect evidence of the presence and properties of neutralino dark matter. Although the full, unconstrained MSSM has 105 parameters this can be reduced to 25 parameters by the application of physically motivated assumptions. Scans of this MSSM-25 parameter space are conducted using the DarkSUSY software package and an adaptive scanning technique based on the Monte-Carlo VEGAS algorithm. The IceCube exclusion confidence level is then calculated for a set of points produced by these scans. Results indicate that the detection capability of IceCube exceeds that of current direct detection methods in certain regions of the parameter space. The use of a 25 dimensional parameter space reveals that there are new regions of observables with high exclusion confidence levels compared to earlier simulations performed with a seven dimensional parameter space.

We report investigations of physical possibilities beyond the Standard Model, performed in the years between Runs I and II of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). First, we explore the feasibility of using a hadron collider to unmask hidden sectors by means of a novel signal, the ``monocline". Dilepton production provides the cleanest channel to anticipate a monocline. A compelling sector to seek is dark matter with scalar messengers coupling it to standard fermions. We present current bounds from dilepton spectrum measurements at the LHC and make predictions for sensitivities at Run II of the LHC as well as at a future 100 TeV collider. Second, we corner the space of parameters of supersymmetric frameworks with an appreciable Yukawa coupling between the Higgs fields and a gauge singlet, the so-called Fat Higgs and $\lambda$-SUSY models, in the context of the discovery of the 125 GeV Higgs particle. These models are motivated by their alleviation of the electroweak fine-tuning that supersymmetry breaking entails, via raising the tree-level quartic coupling Higgs boson. Heavy Higgs scalars that couple strongly to the standard Higgs boson induce large radiative corrections to the Higgs quartic coupling, which is crucial to phenomenology; in particular, a very large ratio of the Higgs VEVs ($\tan \beta$), that was previously presumed unfavorable in these models, becomes viable and can be probed by future experiments. In such regions, the most stringent limits come from dark matter constraints on the lightest neutralino. Finally, we place limits on colored scalar production at the LHC in supersymmetric models where gauginos acquire both Dirac and Majorana masses, that we call ``mixed gauginos". While it was known that purely Dirac gluinos were less constrained by LHC searches than their purely Majorana counterparts, we find that the constraints further weaken or strengthen depending on which of the ``mixed" colored fermions acquires a Majorana mass. Also explored are the effects on squark production of turning on Majorana masses for electroweak gauginos. This dissertation consists of previously published and unpublished co-authored material.

In this thesis, we analyse a class of supersymmetric models first introduced by ArkaniHamed et al and Borzumati et al. in which the light neutrino masses result from higherdimensional supersymmetry-breaking terms in the M88M super- and Kahler-potentials. The mechanism is closely related to the Giudice-Masiero mechanism for the M88M p, parameter, and leads to TeV-scale right-handed neutrino and sneutrino states. The dominant contribution to the light neutrino (Majorana) mass matrix is a one-loop term with a sub-dominant tree-level 'see-saw' contribution which may lead to interesting perturbations of the leading flavour structure, possibly generating the small ratio !:lm;olarl!:lm~tm dynamically. Using this mechanism it is also possible to construct a natural model of TeV-scale resonant leptogenesis. The model leads to large cosmological lepton asymmetries via the resonant behaviour of the one-loop self-energy contribution to the right-handed neutrino (Ni ) decay. This model addresses the primary problems of previous phenomenological studies of low-energy leptogenesis: a rational for TeV-scale right-handed neutrinos with small Yukawa couplings so that the out-of equilibrium condition for Ni decay is satisfied; the origin of the tiny, but non-zero mass splitting required between at least t,vo Ni masses; and the necessary non-trivial breaking of flavour symmetries in the right-handed neutrino sector. Following this, a weakly broken gauged 80(3) flavour symmetry is used to produce. two highly-degenerate right-handed neutrinos. It is shown that this 80(3) flavour symmetry is compatible with all fermion masses and mixings if it is supplemented with a further 8U(3) flavour symmetry. This mechanism is then embedded into the model of neutrino masses and leptogenesis described above. Lastly, we investigate why the inferred values of the cosmological baryon and dark matter densities are so strikingly similar. We consider models of dark matter possessing a particle-antiparticle asymmetry where this asymmetry determines both the baryon asymmetry and strongly effects the dark matter density, thus naturally linking Ob and 0dm. We show that sneutrinos can play the role of such dark matter.

Under the umbrella of Theoretical Physics, progress in ‘Beyond the Standard Model’ (BSM) physics proceeds broadly along two main avenues of investigation. The first is concerned with constructing theories that attempt to explain observations, or address theoretical problems, which cannot be explained within the tremendously successful Standard Model (SM) of particle physics. The second involves looking for new ways to observe or test BSM physics, and such tests are usually developed with current experimental hints, or attractive theoretical models, in mind. This thesis contains material which falls under both approaches. Part I is concerned with Supersymmetry (SUSY). We review the basics of SUSY, and the current state of this field, and then present a novel model for SUSY at the TeV scale. This model has a Higgs sector similar to the SM and possesses a continuous U(1)_R symmetry, dramatically suppressing contributions to flavour-changing neutral currents, which can be problematic in SUSY models. After this we demonstrate that if more than one SUSY-breaking sector is present then this could lead to a rich spectrum of states with mass roughly twice the gravitino mass. In particular, if SUSY-breaking in a hidden sector arises dynamically then multiple ‘Goldstini’ and ‘Modulini’ states can arise, which couple to visible sector fields via the ‘Goldstino Portal’. We also demonstrate a new phenomenon which can occur in the context of multiple hidden sectors. If one sector breaks SUSY then this can ‘stimulate’ other sectors into also breaking SUSY, even if they are incapable of doing so on their own. Part II focusses on the matter in our Universe. We review our current understand- ing of how the visible matter in our Universe came into existence, and our current understanding of the nature of dark matter (DM). Following this we describe how DM could potentially be indirectly observed through its effects on cold white dwarf stars. Alternatively, if DM were detected by independent means, then observed cold white dwarfs could be used to place limits on the DM density in globular clusters, giving clues as to how these clusters of stars formed. We then present a new model for the co-generation of both the visible and dark matter in our Universe. This proceeds by generating a particle anti-particle asymmetry in the dark sector, which is then shared with the visible sector. This model predicts the existence of a light, m ≲ 5 eV, scalar particle which derivatively couples to DM, and provides a final state for the symmetric DM component to annihilate away into. Work completed during the period of this D.Phil is contained in [1–8], however only material in [3–6, 8] is presented in this thesis.

Well motivated theoretical models predict the annihilation of dark matter (DM) into standard model particles, a phenomenon which could be a significant source of photons in the gamma-ray sky. With its unprecedented sensitivity and its broad energy range (20 MeV to more than 300 GeV) the main instrument on board the Fermi satellite, the Large Area Telescope (LAT), might be able to detect an indirect signature of DM annihilations. In this work we revisit several interesting claims of extended dark matter emission made from analyses of Fermi-LAT data: First, based on three years of Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) gamma-ray data of the Virgo cluster, evidence for an extended emission associated with dark matter pair annihilation in the bb̄ channel has been reported by Han et al. (arxiv:1201.1003). After an in depth spatial and temporal analysis, we argue that the tentative evidence for a gamma-ray excess from the Virgo cluster is mainly due to the appearance of a population of previously unresolved gamma-ray point sources in the region of interest. These point sources are not part of the LAT second source catalogue (2FGL), but are found to be above the standard detection significance threshold when three or more years of LAT data is included. Second, we confirm the detection of a spatially extended excess of 2-5 GeV gamma rays from the Galactic Center (GC), consistent with the emission expected from annihilating dark matter or an unresolved population of about 10³ milisecond pulsars. However, there are significant uncertainties in the diffuse galactic background at the GC. We have performed a revaluation of these two models for the extended gamma ray source at the GC by accounting for the systematic uncertainties of the Galactic diffuse emission model. We also marginalize over point source and diffuse background parameters in the region of interest. We show that the excess emission is significantly more extended than a point source. We find that the DM (or pulsars population) signal is larger than the systematic errors and therefore proceed to determine the sectors of parameter space that provide an acceptable fit to the data. We found that a population of order a 10³ MSPs with parameters consistent with the average spectral shape of Fermi-LAT measured MSPs was able to fit the GC excess emission. For DM, we found that a pure τ⁺τ⁻ annihilation channel is not a good fit to the data. But a mixture of τ⁻τ⁻ and bb̄ with a (σν) of order the thermal relic value and a DM mass of around 20 to 60 GeV provides an adequate fit. We also consider the possibility that the GeV excess is due to nonthermal bremsstrahlung produced by a population of electrons interacting with neutral gas in molecular clouds. The millisecond pulsars and dark matter alternatives have spatial templates well fitted by the square of a generalized Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW) profile with inner slope γ = 1.2. We model the third option with a 20-cm continuum emission Galactic Ridge template. A template based on the HESS residuals is shown to give similar results. The gamma-ray excess is found to be best fit by a combination of the generalized NFW squared template and a Galactic Ridge template. We also find the spectra of each template is not significantly affected in the combined fit and is consistent with previous single template fits. That is, the generalized NFW squared spectrum can be fit by either of order 10³ unresolved MSPs or DM with mass around 30 GeV, a thermal cross section, and mainly annihilating to bb̄ quarks. While the Galactic Ridge continues to have a spectrum consistent with a population of nonthermal electrons whose spectrum also provides a good fit to synchrotron emission measurements. We also show that the current DM fit may be hard to test, even with 10 years of Fermi-LAT data, especially if there is a mixture of DM and MSPs contributing to the signal, in which case the implied DM cross section will be suppressed.

Identifying the relic particles that constitute the cold dark matter in our Universe is an outstanding problem in astro-particle physics. Direct detection experiments are among the most promising methods of detecting particle dark matter through non-gravitational interactions. In this thesis, the usual assumptions made when calculating the event rate at direct detection experiments are examined. Varying astrophysical parameters and the dark matter velocity distribution leads to significant changes in acceptance regions and exclusion curves for scenarios in which the tail of the velocity distribution is sampled; this includes 'light dark matter' (mass less than 10 GeV) and 'inelastic dark matter'. The DAMA and CoGeNT collaborations both report an annual modulation in their event rate that they attribute to dark matter. Two analyses of these experiments are performed. In the first, it is shown that these experiments can be compatible with each other and with the constraints from other direct detection experiments. This requires some isospin violation in the couplings of dark matter to protons and neutrons and a small inelastic splitting to boost the modulation fraction. The second analysis provides a comparison of the modulation signals free from all astrophysical parameters, under the assumption that dark matter scatters elastically. Again it is found that some isospin violation and a boosted modulation fraction is required in order that DAMA and CoGeNT are consistent with all experiments. A boosted modulation fraction may arise from a velocity distribution different from the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, which is usually assumed. Finally, a supersymmetric theory in which the dark matter candidate is a mixture of left- and right-handed sneutrino is considered. This theory has many novel signatures at colliders, indirect detection and direct detection experiments.

Deux problèmes majeurs requièrent une extension du Modèle Standard (MS) : le problème de hiérarchie dans le secteur de Higgs, et la matière noire de notre Univers. La découverte d'un boson de Higgs avec une masse d'environ 125 GeV est clairement l'événement majeur en provenance du Large Hadron Collider (LHC) du CERN. Cela représente le triomphe définitif du MS, mais cela met également en lumière le problème de hiérarchie et ouvre de nouvelles voies pour sonder la nouvelle physique. Les différentes mesures effectuées pendant le run I du LHC contraignent les couplages du Higgs aux particules du MS ainsi que les désintégrations invisibles et non-détectées. Dans cette thèse, l'impact des résultats sur le boson de Higgs au LHC est étudié dans le cadre de différents modèles de nouvelle physique, en prenant soigneusement en compte les incertitudes et leurs corrélations. Des modifications génériques à la force des couplages du Higgs (pouvant provenir de secteurs de Higgs étendus ou d'opérateurs de dimension supérieure) sont étudiées. De plus, des modèles de nouvelle physique spécifiques sont testés, notamment, mais pas seulement, le Modèle Standard Supersymétrique Minimal phénoménologique.Alors qu'un boson de Higgs a été trouvé, il n'y a toutefois nulle trace de physique au-delà du MS au run I du LHC en dépit du grand nombre de recherches effectuées par les collaborations ATLAS et CMS. Les conséquences des résultats négatifs obtenus lors de ces recherches constituent un autre volet important de cette thèse. Tout d'abord, des modèles supersymétriques avec un candidat à la matière noire sont étudiés à la lumière des résultats négatifs dans les recherches de supersymétrie au LHC, en utilisant une approche basée sur les "modèles simplifiés". Ensuite, des outils pour contraindre un modèle de nouvelle physique quelconque à partir des résultats du LHC et d'événements simulés sont présentés. De plus, au cours de cette thèse, les critères de sélection de plusieurs analyses au-delà du MS ont été réimplémentés dans le cadre de MadAnalysis 5 et ont été intégrés à une base de données publique
Two major problems call for an extension of the Standard Model (SM): the hierarchy problem in the Higgs sector and the dark matter in the Universe. The discovery of a Higgs boson with mass of about 125 GeV was clearly the most significant piece of news from CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC). In addition to representing the ultimate triumph of the SM, it shed new light on the hierarchy problem and opened up new ways of probing new physics. The various measurements performed at Run I of the LHC constrain the Higgs couplings to SM particles as well as invisible and undetected decays. In this thesis, the impact of the LHC Higgs results on various new physics scenarios is assessed, carefully taking into account uncertainties and correlations between them. Generic modifications of the Higgs coupling strengths, possibly arising from extended Higgs sectors or higher-dimensional operators, are considered. Furthermore, specific new physics models are tested. This includes, in particular, the phenomenological Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model.While a Higgs boson has been found, no sign of beyond the SM physics was observed at Run I of the LHC in spite of the large number of searches performed by the ATLAS and CMS collaborations. The implications of the negative results obtained in these searches constitute another important part of this thesis. First, supersymmetric models with a dark matter candidate are investigated in light of the negative searches for supersymmetry at the LHC using a so-called "simplified model" approach. Second, tools using simulated events to constrain any new physics scenario from the LHC results are presented. Moreover, during this thesis the selection criteria of several beyond the SM analyses have been reimplemented in the MadAnalysis 5 framework and made available in a public database

While the dark matter has so far only revealed itself through the gravitational influence it exerts on its surroundings, there are good reasons to believe it is made up by WIMPs – a hypothetical class of heavy elementary particles not encompassed by the Standard Model of particle physics. The Inert Doublet Model constitutes a simple extension of the Standard Model Higgs sector. The model provides a new set of scalar particles, denoted inert scalars because of their lack of direct coupling to matter, of which the lightest is a WIMP dark matter candidate. Another popular Standard Model extension is that of supersymmetry. In the most minimal scenario the particle content is roughly doubled, and the lightest of the new supersymmetric particles, which typically is a neutralino, is a WIMP dark matter candidate. In this thesis the phenomenology of inert scalar and supersymmetric dark matter is studied. Relic density calculations are performed, and experimental signatures in indirect detection experiments and accelerator searches are derived. The Inert Doublet Model shows promising prospects for indirect detection of dark matter annihilations into monochromatic photons. It is also constrained by the old LEP II accelerator data. Some phenomenological differences between the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model and a slight extension, the Beyond the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model, can be found. Also, supersymmetric dark matter models can be detected already within the early LHC accelerator data.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Stockholms universitet, 2010.
At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 5: Accepted. Paper 6: Submitted. Härtill 6 uppsatser.

Despite its indisputable successes, the Standard Model of particle physics (SM) is widely considered to be an effective low-energy approximation to an underlying theory that describes physics at higher energy scales. While there are many candidates for such a theory, nearly all of them predict the existence of additional particles beyond those of the Standard Model. In this work, we present three analyses aimed at discovering new particles at current and future particle colliders. The first two analyses are designed to probe extended scalar sectors, which often arise in theories beyond the Standard Model (BSM). The structure of these extended scalar sectors can be described by a physically well-motivated class of models, known collectively as Two- Higgs Doublet Models (2HDMs). The scalar mass spectrum of 2HDMs is comprised of two CP-even states h and H, a CP-odd state A, and a pair of charged states H± . Traditional searches for these states at particle colliders focus on finding them via their decays to SM particles. However, there are compelling scenarios in which these heavy scalars decay through exotic modes to non-SM final states. In certain regions of parameter space, these exotic modes can even dominate the conven- tional decay modes to SM final states, and thus provide a complementary avenue for discovering new Higgs bosons. The first analysis presented aims to discover charged Higgs bosons H± via top decay at the LHC. We find that the exotic decay modes outperform the conventional decay modes for regions of parameter space with low values of the 2HDM parameter tan β. The second analysis aims to systematically cover all the exotic decay scenarios that are consistent with theoretical and experimental con- straints, at both the 14 TeV LHC and a future 100 TeV hadron collider. We find that the preliminary results are promising - we are able to ex- clude a large swathe of 2HDM parameter space, up to scalar masses of 3.5 TeV, for a wide range of values of tan β, at a 100 TeV collider. In addition to these two analyses, we also present a third, aimed at discovering pair produced higgsinos that decay to binos at a 100 TeV collider. Higgsinos and binos are new fermion states that arise in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM). This heavily- studied model is the minimal phenomenologically viable incorporation of supersymmetry - a symmetry that connects fermions and bosons - into the Standard Model. In the scenario we consider, the bino is the lightest supersymmetric partner, which makes it a good candidate for dark matter. Using razor variables and boosted decision trees, we are able to exclude Higgsinos up to 1.8 TeV for binos up to 1.3 TeV.

Weak-scale supersymmetry is one of the most favoured theories beyond the Standard Model of particle physics that elegantly solves various theoretical and observational problems in both particle physics and cosmology. In this thesis, I describe the theoretical foundations of supersymmetry, issues that it can address and concrete supersymmetric models that are widely used in phenomenological studies. I discuss how the predictions of supersymmetric models may be compared with observational data from both colliders and cosmology. I show why constraints on supersymmetric parameters by direct and indirect searches of particle dark matter are of particular interest in this respect. Gamma-ray observations of astrophysical sources, in particular dwarf spheroidal galaxies, by the Fermi satellite, and recording nuclear recoil events and energies by future ton-scale direct detection experiments are shown to provide powerful tools in searches for supersymmetric dark matter and estimating supersymmetric parameters. I discuss some major statistical issues in supersymmetric global fits to experimental data. In particular, I further demonstrate that existing advanced scanning techniques may fail in correctly mapping the statistical properties of the parameter spaces even for the simplest supersymmetric models. Complementary scanning methods based on Genetic Algorithms are proposed.
At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Submitted.

This thesis deals with Dark Matter (DM) properties, mainly in the context of the Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (NMSSM). First, it is examined whether a neutralino in the NMSSM could explain a monochromatic photon excess possibly present in the Fermi-LAT data. It is shown that neutralino pair annihilation with a CP-odd Higgs exchanged in s-channel can, in principle, give rise to a sufficiently large cross section. Asymmetric dark matter models, aiming at the explanation of the coincidence of present-day DM and baryon abundances, are also discussed. Upper bounds on DM self-annihilation cross section, which can potentially destroy the DM asymmetry, are derived and applied to a variety of models. Finally, a supersymmetric model is proposed, providing sneutrinos as viable asymmetric DM and explaining the smallness of neutrino masses. Bounds on this model from particle physics, cosmology and DM searches are studied.

In this thesis we present a study of two different dark matter candidates. We focus on the neutralino in split supersymmetric models and in models of Dirac gauginos, and on the QCD axion. In the first part of the thesis we discuss supersymmetric searches at future hadron colliders and dark matter direct detection experiments. We obtain mass reach for several simplified models in split supersymmetry with neutralino or gravitino lightest supersymmetric particle at 14, 33 and 100 TeV collider. In particular, a supersymmetric simplified model of anomaly mediation with long lived Winos has crucial importance in the hunt for dark matter since a Wino lightest supersymmetric particle is expected to thermally saturate the relic density for $m_{\tilde{W}}\sim 3$ TeV. In addition, we consider the discovery reach of a future 100 TeV collider for strongly coupled states in supersymmetric theories with Majorana gluinos, and extend this to the cases with Dirac gluinos. Furthermore, we discuss the current bounds and future reach from dark matter direct detection experiments for split SUSY models with universal gaugino masses and models of anomaly mediation. We then study the interplay between the collider and dark matter searches for the models considered. Also, we consider the dark matter candidate in Dirac gaugino models and the relation between collider searches and dark matter direct detection experiments. In the second part of this thesis, we study the properties of the QCD axion at zero and finite temperature. The computation of the relic abundance for QCD axion from the misalignment mechanism dramatically depends on the behaviour of the axion potential at finite temperature. Consequently, we compute the axion potential, and therefore its mass, at temperatures below the crossover ($T_c\sim170$ MeV) exploiting chiral Lagrangians. Around the critical temperature $T_c$ there is no known reliable perturbative expansion under control and non-perturbative methods, such as lattice QCD, are required. At higher temperatures, when QCD becomes perturbative, the dilute instanton gas approximation is available, which is expected to be reliable at temperatures large enough. We point out however that the bad convergence of the perturbative QCD expansion at finite temperatures makes the instanton result unreliable for temperatures below $10^{6}$ GeV. Therefore, we study the impact of the uncertainty in the computation of the axion relic abundance, providing updated plots for the allowed axion parameter space. Finally, motivated by the fact that zero temperature properties of the QCD axion are fundamental in case of axion discovery in order to infer its possible UV completion, we perform a NLO computation using chiral Lagrangians. We extract zero temperature axion properties, such as the mass, the potential, the self-coupling, the coupling to photon and the tension of domain walls, at the percent level. Moreover, we show a new strategy to extract couplings to nucleons directly from first principle QCD at the 10\% level. Such result can be improved as more lattice QCD simulations become available.

We consider three distinct categories of supersymmetric scenarios with heavy scalars and light gauginos. First, we investigate the SO(10) SUSY GUTs, and locate MSSM parameter space regions that satisfy GUT scale Yukawa unification, which is a distinct feature of these models. Then taking example SO(10) cases, we perform a Monte Carlo study with toy detector simulation at 14 TeV at the LHC on the no $met$ leptonic channels 2,3 leptons + $ge$4 jets and show that discovery is possible with $sim$1 fb$^{-1}$ of integrated luminosity. We also demonstrate the feasibility of invariant mass endpoint measurements for $sim$100 fb$^{-1}$. Furthermore, in a cosmological context, we propose that SO(10) scenarios with excess neutralino relic abundance can be made WMAP-compatble by assuming neutralino decays to axinos, and show that there are various axino/axion cold and warm dark matter admixtures which can be consistent with non-thermal leptogenesis requirements for the thermal re-heat temperature. Afterwards we complement the SO(10)s with the string-inspired G$_2$-MSSM and focus point mSUGRA scenarios and perform a full simulation search of these at $sqrt{s} =$ 14 TeV at the LHC with the CMS detector where the main production mechanism is through gluino pair production and the final states are cheracterized by all-hadronic topologies (including $b$s and $t$s). Through the design of six prototype all-hadronic selection paths and using the CMS High Lever Trigger paths with highest significance (including the $b$-enriched ones), we find that all but one model benchmarks are accessible with 100 pb$^{-1}$ integrated luminosity. We present the results as a function of the gluino mass considering the major detector systematic effects.

Cette thèse présente la recherche de nouvelle physique avec un état final contenant un seul photon et de l'énergie transverse manquante. On recherche la matière sombre (ou noire) et la signature de particules supersymétriques. L'analyse des données collectées par le détecteur ATLAS au LHC, issues de collisions proton-proton dont l'énergie dans le centre de masse est de 8 TeV, est faite avec une luminosité intégrée de 20.3fb−1. L'accord entre les données mesurées et les prédictions du modèle standard permet d'établir une limite sur la section effi- cace de production mesurable. Cette limite est observée à la valeur de 3.64 fb à 95% de niveau de confiance.Dans cette thèse, la limite expérimentale obtenue est également interprétée comme une limite dans l'espace des paramètres de deux nouveaux modèles.Le premier est basé sur une théorie des champs effective qui s'inspire des résultats du satellite Fermi-LAT. Dans ce modèle, les particules de matière sombre se couplent aux pho- tons par une interaction de contact. Les limites sur l'échelle de masse effective sont établies et dépendent d'un postulat sur les constantes de couplage. Elles contraignent l'espace des paramètres qui est compatible avec les résultats de Fermi-LAT.Le second est un modèle supersymétrique simplifié décrivant la production de paires de squarks se désintégrant en un quark et un neutralino. Dans ce cas, le photon est émis soit dans l'état initial soit dans l'état final. De plus, le spectre en masse est compressé, i.e. que la différence de masse entre les squarks et les neutralinos est supposée petite. Les limites sont établies sur la section efficace de production. Ces limites montrent une exclusion sur la masse des squarks jusqu'à 250 GeV dans la région la plus compressée de l'espace des paramètres. Le photon pouvant être émis par le squark intermédiaire, cet état final pourrait permettre de déterminer la charge du squark.Enfin, une étude préliminaire prospective à l'énergie de collision de 13 TeV a égale- ment été menée. Elle montre qu'avec 5fb−1 de données seulement, les limites peuvent être améliorées de 10%
This thesis presents the search for new physics in the final state containing a single photon and missing transverse momentum. The analysis is performed on 20.3fb−1 of proton-proton collisions data at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV collected by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Given the good agreement of the data with the Standard Model pre- diction of such events, an upper limit to the visible cross section produced by new physics is derived. The observed limit at 95% confidence level is 3.64 fb.In this thesis, the results are also interpreted as limits in the parameter space of two new physics models. The first model is an effective field theory, inspired by Fermi-LAT results, in which dark matter particles couple to photons via a contact interaction vertex. Limits are set on the effective mass scale and depend on the postulated coupling constants. The limits set in this dark matter model provide an effective constraint in the parameter space of the theory compatible with the Fermi-LAT results. The second one is a simplified supersymmetric model describing squark pair production with their subsequent decay into a quark and a neutralino. The photon is emitted as initial or final state radiation and the spectrum is compressed, i.e. the mass difference between the squark and the neutralino is assumed to be small. Limits are set on the production cross-section; squark masses are excluded up to 250 GeV in the very compressed region. As the photon can be irradiated from the intermediate squark, this final state would eventually provide the possibility to probe the charge of the squark.A preliminary study has also been carried out to show the search sensitivity with 13 TeV data, which indicate that the limits presented in this thesis can already be improved by 10% with 5fb−1

Le Modèle Standard de la physique des particules a été renforcé par la récente découverte du très attendu boson de Higgs. Le modèle standard cosmologique a lui relevé le défi de la haute précision des observations cosmologiques et des expériences d'astroparticules. Toutefois, ces deux modèles standards sont encore confrontés à plusieurs problèmes théoriques, comme le problème de naturalité dans le secteur de Higgs du Modèle Standard, ainsi que des problèmes observationnels à l'image des nombreuses preuves de l'existence d'un genre inconnu de matière, appelé Matière Noire, qui représenterait la majeure partie du contenu en matière de l'Univers. Les tentatives visant à résoudre ces problèmes ont conduit au développement de nouveaux modèles physiques au cours des dernières décennies. La supersymétrie est un de ces modèles qui traite du problème du réglage fin dans le secteur de Higgs et fournit de bons candidats à la Matière Noire. Les expériences actuelles de physique des hautes énergies et de haute précision offrent de nombreuses possibilités pour contraindre les modèles supersymétriques. C'est dans ce contexte que cette thèse s'inscrit. En considérant le Modèle Standard Supersymétrique Minimal (MSSM), l'extension supersymétrique la plus simple du Modèle Standard, et son candidat à la Matière Noire, le neutralino, il est montré que les contraintes obtenues en collisionneur pourraient fournir des informations sur une période de l'Univers jeune, l'ère inflationnaire. Il est également démontré que la Détection Indirecte de Matière Noire, en dépit de plusieurs inconvénients, peut se révéler être une technique efficace pour explorer les modèles de Matière Noire supersymétrique. Au-delà du MSSM il est montré que des caractéristiques uniques du candidat à la Matière Noire dans le NMSSM peuvent être explorées aux collisionneurs. L'étude d'un modèle supersymétrique avec une symétrie de jauge étendue, le UMSSM, est également développée. Les caractéristiques d'un autre candidat de la matière noire de ce modèle, le sneutrino droit, sont analysées. Des contraintes plus générales telles que celles provenant d'observables de basse énergie sont finalement prise en compte
The Standard Model of particle physics has been strengthened by the recent discovery of the long-awaited Higgs boson. The standard cosmological model has met the challenge of the high precision observations in comology and astroparticle physics. However these two standard models face both several theoretical issues, such as the naturalness problem in the Higgs sector of the Standard Model, as well as observational issues, in particular the fact that an unknown kind of matter called Dark Matter accounts for the majority of the matter content in our Universe. Attempts to solve such problems have led to the development of New Physics models during the last decades. Supersymmetry is one such model which addresses the fine-tuning problem in the Higgs sector and provides viable Dark Matter candidates. Current high energy and high precision experiments give many new opportunities to probe the supersymmetric models. It is in this context that this thesis is written. Considering the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM), the simplest supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model of particle physics, and its conventional Dark Matter candidate, the neutralino, it is shown that collider constraints could provide informations on the very early Universe at the inflation area. It is also demonstrated that the Indirect Detection of Dark Matter, despite several drawbacks, can be a powerful technique to probe supersymmetric Dark Matter models. Beyond the MSSM it is shown that unique characteristics of the Dark Matter candidate in the NMSSM could be probed at colliders. The study of a supersymmetric model with an extended gauge symmetry, the UMSSM, is also developed. The features of another Dark Matter candidate of this model, the Right-Handed sneutrino, are analysed. More general constraints such as those coming from low energy observables are finally considered in this model

En esta tesis se presenta una búsqueda de nuevos fenómenos en sucesos de colisiones entre protones con un chorro de hadrones (jet) energético y un gran momento transverso faltante en el estado final. El análisis se realiza con un conjunto de datos recogido en 2015 y 2016 por el detector ATLAS con una energía de centro de masa de 13 TeV, correspondiente a una luminosidad integrada de 36,1 fb⁻¹. Muchas teorías más allá del Modelo Estándar predicen una abundancia de eventos con un momento transverso faltante muy alto sobre los eventos esperados de los procesos de fondo del Modelo Estándar. La selección de eventos requiere como máximo cuatro jets, un jet principal con pT > 250 GeV, ETmiss > 250 GeV y sin leptones reconstruidos en el estado final. Requisitos adicionales aseguran que los datos se correspondan con un detector completamente operativo y suprimen las contribuciones de fondo de los eventos multijet y eventos inducidos por los haces y muones cósmicos. Se definen cuatro regiones de control ortogonales a la región de señal que requieren electrones o muones en el estado final. Estas regiones de control se utilizan para estimar los fondos principales en la región de señal que provienen de la producción de W/Z + jets, y para restringir las incertidumbres relacionadas con W/Z+jets y la producción de top-quarks. La producción de los sucesos Z (-> νν)+jets y W (-> τν)+jets constituyen los fondos dominantes. Se estiman en un ajuste de probabilidad simultánea a las distribuciones en las regiones de control. Por lo tanto, la predicción de Monte Carlo de todos los procesos V+jets se vuelve a ponderar de acuerdo con los órdenes más altos en el cálculo perturbativo: NNLO QCD y nNLO EW. Con el conocimiento de las correlaciones entre los diferentes procesos y la propagación de errores en diferentes regiones del pT del bosón, todos los procesos de V + jets pueden combinarse con un solo factor de escala que se obtiene por el ajuste simultáneo a los datos en las regiones de control. Un segundo factor de escala asignado a la normalización controlada por datos del fondo del quark top es un parámetro libre en el ajuste. Estos factores de escala obtenidos se aplican a los respectivos fondos en el SR para obtener la estimación de fondo final. Dado que los datos están de acuerdo con la predicción de fondo del Modelo Estándar y no hay exceso significativo, los resultados se interpretan en términos de límites de exclusión en varios modelos: el modelo ADD de dimensiones extra espaciales, los procesos de supersimetría que involucran escenarios comprimidos y producción de materia oscura en modelos simplificados. Los límites existentes de los análisis ATLAS anteriores se han mejorado en un 15-30%. Los límites de los modelos ADD de dimensiones adicionales se establecen en el espacio de parámetros de n (número de dimensiones adicionales) y MD(reducción de la masa de Planck en n dimensiones adicionales). Los límites alcanzan hasta MD= 7.74 TeV para n = 2 y MD=4.77 TeV para n = 6. Límites en la producción supersimétrica de squarks ligeros con una diferencia de masa de 5 GeV entre el squark y el neutralino alcanzan hasta 710 GeV en la masa del squark. Se excluye la producción de pares de stop (decaimiento a quark charm + neutralino) y de bbstom (decaimiento a b-quark + neutralino) hasta masas de squark de 430 GeV, en el escenario comprimido de masas de squarks y neutralino. La producción de pares de stop con un posterior decaimiento de cuatro cuerpos se excluye hasta 390 GeV para diferencias entre masas de stop y neutralino de hasta 7 GeV. En el caso de la producción de WIMPs, los límites se derivan en el plano de masa de materia oscura frente a masa del mediador. La masa máxima de mediador excluida es 1,55 TeV (masa de materia oscura baja), la masa máxima de materia oscura excluida es de 440 GeV con una masa de mediador de 1.2 TeV para un modelo de mediador vector-axial con producción en el canal s.
A search for new phenomena in pp-collision events with a high-energetic jet and large missing transverse momentum is presented in this thesis. The analysis is carried out with a dataset collected in 2015 and 2016 by the ATLAS detector at a centre-of-mass energy of =13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb⁻¹. Many theories beyond the Standard Model predict an abundance of events with very high missing transverse momentum over the events expected from Standard Model background processes. The event selection requires at most four jets, a leading jet with pT >250 GeV, missing transverse momentum with formula ETmiss >250 GeV and no reconstructed leptons. Additional requirements ensure that the data corresponds to a fully operational detector and suppress background contributions from multijet events (mismeasured jet momenta) and non-collision events (beam induced, comsic muons). Four control regions are defined orthogonal to the signal region requiring either electrons or muons in the final state. These control regions are utilised to estimate the major backgrounds in the signal region stemming from vector-boson+jets production and to constrain the uncertainties related to the former and to top-quark production. The production of Z(->νν)+jets and W(->τν)+jets constitute the dominant backgrounds. They are estimated in a simultaneous likelihood fit to the formula distributions in the control regions. Therefore, the Monte Carlo prediction of all W/Z+jets processes is reweighted according to the predictions from higher-orders perturbative calculations: next-to-leading order in QCD and next-to-next-to-leading order in EW precision. With the knowledge of the correlations among different processes and the error propagation in different regions of boson-pT, all W/Z+jets processes can be combined with one single scale factor that is obtained by the simultaneous fit to the data in the control regions. A second scale factor assigned to the data-driven normalisation of the top-quark background is a free parameter in the likelihood fit. These obtained scale factors are applied to the respective backgrounds in the SR to obtain the final background estimate. Since the data is in agreement with the Standard Model background prediction and no significant excess is present, the results are interpreted in terms of exclusion limits on various models: the model of ADD large extra spatial dimensions, Supersymmetry processes involving compressed scenarios and WIMP dark matter production in simplified models. Existing limits from previous ATLAS analyses have been improved by 15%-30%. Limits on ADD extra dimensions models are set in the parameter space of n (number of additonal dimensions) and (reduced Planck-mass MD in n extra dimensions). The limits reach up to MD = 7.74 TeV for n=2 and MD = 4.77 TeV for n=6. Limits in Supersymmetric production of light squarks with a mass splitting of 5 GeV between squark and neutralino mass reach up to 710 GeV in squark mass. The production of stop (decay to charm-quark+neutralino) and sbottom-pairs (decay to bottom-quark+neutralino) and same mass splittings is excluded up to squark masses of 430 GeV. The pair production of stop-quarks with a subsequent four-body decay is excluded up to 390 GeV for mass splittings of 7 GeV. In the case of WIMP DM production, limits are derived in the plane of dark matter mass vs. mediator mass. The maximum mediator mass excluded is 1.55 TeV (low dark matter mass), the maximum dark matter mass excluded is 440 GeV at mediator mass of 1.2 TeV for an s-channel axial-vector mediator model.

L’introduction d’une symétrie entre les bosons et les fermions, appelée supersymétrie, étend de manière naturelle le modèle standard de la physique des particules. Néanmoins, une telle symétrie n’a jamais été observée dans la nature : elle doit être nécessairement brisée. L’étude de la brisure de la supersymétrie induite par la gravitation est le coeur du travail effectué dans cette thèse. En 1983, Soni et Weldon ont classifié les formes analytiques des deux fonctions fondamentales - le potentiel de Kahler et le superpotentiel - de manière à conduire à une supersymétrie brisée à basse énergie. Depuis, les analyses phénoménologiques sont basées sur cette classification. Le principal résultat du présent manuscrit est de démontrer l'incomplétude de leur classification. Pour un potentiel de Kahler dit canonique, une classification complète est réalisée tandis qu'un début de classification est proposé pour le cas non-canonique. Dans les deux cas, de nouvelles solutions sont établies menant à de possibles nouvelles conséquences phénoménologiques à basse énergie. L'apport de candidats pour le problème de la matière noire fait partie des contributions majeures des modèles supersymétriques. En parallèle du travail de classification, le développement d'un nouveau calculateur, permettant d'estimer la densité relique de matière noire dans l'Univers, est également proposé
Supersymmetry extends naturally the Standard Model through the introduction of a new symmetry between bosons and fermions. However, such symmetry has never been observed in nature : Supersymmetry must be broken. Gravity-mediated supersymmetry breaking is the main subject of this doctoral thesis. In 1983, Soni and Weldon classified the analytical forms of the two fundamental functions - the Kahler potential and the superpotential - leading to a consistent low energy broken Supersymmetry. Up to nowadays, this classification has been used for phenomenological model building. The main result of the current thesis demonstrates the incompleteness of their classification. A complete classification is presented for a given canonical Kahler potential while a first sight of the classification is proposed for the non-canonical case. From these assumptions, new solutions are obtained leading to new possibilities for model building at low energy.The proposition of new dark matter candidates is one of the several contributions coming from supersymmetric models. In addition of the new classification, the development of a new generator, allowing to estimate the relic density of dark matter particles, is also proposed

This thesis deals with phenomenological and theoretical aspects of cosmoparticle physics and string theory. There are many open questions in these topics. In connection with cosmology we would like to understand the detailed properties of dark matter, dark energy, generation of primordial perturbations, etc., and in connection with particle physics we would like to understand the detailed properties of models that stabilize the electroweak scale, for instance supersymmetry. At the same time, we also need to understand these issues in a coherent theoretical framework. Such a framework is offered by string theory. In this thesis, I analyze the interplay between Higgs and dark matter physics in an effective field theory extension of the minimally supersymmetric standard model. I study a theory of modified gravity, where the graviton has acquired a mass, and show the explicit implementation of the Vainshtein mechanism, which allows one to put severe constraints on the graviton mass. I address the question of Planck scale corrections to inflation in string theory, and show how such corrections can be tamed. I study perturbations of warped throat regions of IIB string theory compactifications and classify allowed boundary conditions. Using this analysis, I determine the potential felt by an anti-D3-brane in such compactifications, using the explicit harmonic data on the conifold. I also address questions of perturbative quantum corrections in string theory and calculate one-loop corrections to the moduli space metric of Calabi-Yau orientifolds.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows:  Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript. Paper 6: Manuscript.

La quête de la nouvelle physique est un défi impliquant à la fois la recherche de particules de matière noire dans les halos galactiques, et celle, aux collisonneurs, de particules dont l’existence est prédite par des théories au-delà du Modèle Standard, telles que la supersymétrie. Alors que les contraintes expérimentales sur ces particules s’intensifient, il devient capital de combiner les limites provenant de ces deux volets afin de guider la suite des recherches. Pour ce faire, il est indispensable d’évaluer et de tenir compte correctement des incertitudes astrophysiques, cosmologiques et nucléaires, pourtant souvent ignorées. La première partie de cette thèse est dédiée à l’étude de ces incertitudes et leur impact sur les contraintes obtenues en supersymétrie, ainsi que la complémentarité entre les contraintes des collisionneurs et de matière noire pour la recherche de nouvelle physique. La deuxième partie est consacrée au développement d’outils de calculs pour les détections directe et indirecte de matière noire, conçus afin de prendre correctement en compte les incertitudes astrophysiques et nucléaires, et à leur implémentation dans le code public SuperIso Relic. Enfin la troisième partie du travail concerne l’étude des implications cosmologiques d’une éventuelle découverte de nouvelles particules aux collisionneurs. Nous avons montré qu’il serait possible de tester les hypothèses du modèle cosmologique standard et d’obtenir des informations sur les propriétés de l’Univers primordial à une époque observationnellement inaccessible
The quest for new physics is a challenging task which involves, on the one hand, the search for dark matter particles from space, and on the other hand, the search at colliders for particles predicted by theories beyond the Standard Model, such as supersymmetry. With the experimental constraints on new particles getting stronger, it becomes crucial to combine the limits from both sectors in order to guide future searches. To this end, it is essential to estimate and take into account correctly the astrophysical, nuclear and cosmological uncertainties, which are most often ignored. The first part of this thesis is dedicated to the study of such uncertainties and to their impact on the constraints applied on supersymmetry. Moreover, we investigate the interplay between the constraints from colliders and dark matter searches in some detail. The second part concerns the development and the implementation in the public code SuperIso Relic of numerical tools for the calculation of direct and indirect dark matter detection constraints which were designed specifically to take correctly into account astrophysical and nuclear uncertainties. Finally, in the third part of this work, we consider the cosmological implications of a hypothetical discovery of new particles at colliders. We show that it would be possible to test the assumptions of the standard cosmological model and to obtain information on the properties of the primordial Universe at an epoch which is beyond observational reach

On the 4th of July 2012, the discovery of a new scalar particle with a mass of order 125 GeV was announced by the ATLAS and CMS collaborations. An important era is now opening: the precise determination of the properties of the produced particle. This is of extreme importance in order to establish that this particle is indeed the relic of the mechanism responsible for the electroweak symmetry breaking and to pin down effects of new physics if additional ingredients beyond those of the Standard Model are involved in the symmetry breaking mechanism. In this thesis we have tried to understand and characterize to which extent this new scalar field is the Standard Model Higgs Boson and set the implications of this discovery in the context of Supersymmetric theories and dark matter models.In a first part devoted to the Standard Model of particle physics, we discuss the Higgs pair production processes at the LHC and the main output of our results is that they al-low for the determination of the trilinear Higgs self-coupling which represents a first important step towards the reconstruction of the Higgs potential and thus the final verifica-tion of the Higgs mechanism as the origin of electroweak symmetry breaking.The second part is about Supersymmetric theories. After a review of the topics one of our result is to set strong restrictions on Supersymmetric models after the Higgs discov-ery. We also introduce a new approach which would allow experimentalists to efficiently look for supersymmetric heavy Higgs bosons at current and next LHC runs.The third part concerns dark matter. We present results which give strong constraints on Higgs-portal models. We finally discuss alternative non-thermal dark matter scenario. Firstly, we demonstrate that there exists a tight link between the reheating temperature and the scheme of the Standard Model gauge group breaking and secondly we study the genesis of dark matter by a Z' portal.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
One of the main problems that permeates the Particle Physics and Cosmology is the Dark Matter (DM), which makes up about 26% of the energy content of the Universe. The main evidence pointing to its existence provides us with important features, such as being neutral, stable (with lifetime over the age of the Universe), cold or warm, weakly interacting with Particle Physics Standard Model (SM) particles and sufficiently abundant. The SM does not provide a candidate who meets these characteristics and hence it is necessary to extend it. One of the most sophisticated extensions of the SM is the Supersymmetry, that in addition to solving the problem of DM, explains other unsolved puzzles that are present in SM, among them, the hierarchy and the unification of the gauge couplings. This model implies the inclusion of a new symmetry that puts bosons and fermions in equal footing. The minimal supersymmetric version of the SM is the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM), whose viable candidate is the neutralino, which is a fermion composed of superpartners of neutral Higgs and gauge bosons. In this work, we performed the neutralino analysis as DM candidate in CMSSM or mSUGRA scenario, which contains 5 free parameters, M0, M1/2, tan , sign(μ) and A0, for two different analyzes. In the first one we varied the M0 and M1/2 parameters for three different values of tan while in the second and third one we varied all parameters except the sign(μ). In this study, we use some computational tools, including, SARAH, SPheno, SSP and Micromegas, in order to obtain DM Relic Abundance and DM scattering cross section in this scenario. We compared our results with the most recent experimental data, namely, we have used Planck satellite data for the relic abundance, LUX and XENON1T (prospect) for the spin-independent scattering cross section and XENON100 for the spin dependent one. We finally analyzed the implications concerning the viability of the MSSM under the light of the DM problem.
Um dos principais problemas que permeia a Física de Partículas e Cosmologia é a Matéria Escura (ME), que compõe cerca de 26% do conteúdo energético do Universo. As principais evidências que apontam para a sua existência nos fornecem importantes características, tais como, ser neutra, estável (com tempo de vida maior que a idade do Universo), fria ou morna, pouco interagente com partículas do Modelo Padrão de Física de Partículas (MP)e suficientemente abundante. O MP não fornece um candidato que supre estas características, sendo necessário estendê-lo. Uma das mais sofisticadas extensões do MP é a Supersimetria, que além de resolver o problema da ME, soluciona outros que estão presentes no MP, dentre eles, a hierarquia e a unificação dos acoplamentos de gauge. Tal modelo implica na inclusão de uma nova simetria que coloca bósons e férmions em pé de igualdade. A versão mínima supersimétrica do MP é o Modelo Padrão Supersimétrico Mínimo (MSSM), cujo candidato viável à ME é o neutralino, que se trata de um férmion composto pelos superparceiros dos bósons de gauge e Higgs neutros. Neste trabalho, fizemos uma análise do neutralino como candidato à ME no cenário CMSSM ou mSUGRA, que contém 5 parâmetros livres, M0, M1/2, tan , sinal(μ) e A0, para três análises distintas. Na primeira variamos apenas os parâmetros M0 e M1/2 para três valores distintos da tan e na segunda e terceira variamos todos os parâmetros com exceção do sinal(μ). Neste estudo, utilizamos algumas ferramentas computacionais, entre as quais, SARAH, SPheno, SSP e micrOMEGAs, no intuito de obter abundância e seção de choque de espalhamento de ME neste cenário. Obtidos os gráficos, comparamos com os resultados experimentais mais recentes, para a abundância utilizamos dados do satélite Planck, para a seção de choque de espalhamento independente de spin, o LUX e XENON1T (2017) e para dependente de spin, XENON100 e verificamos suas implicações na viabilidade do modelo.

This thesis reviews building blocks of the supersymmetric particle physics models and how the Standard Model (SM) drawbacks can be addressed within this framework. In particular, the emphasis is put on exploring the regions, where the neutralino (χe 0 1 ) dark matter (DM), gauge invariant inflation and electroweak baryogenesis could coexist. We chose a few benchmark points within the minimal supersymmetric SM (MSSM) with non–universal Higgs masses to illustrate how the allowed regions for the DM relic abundance and the particle physics constraints could possibly pin down the masses of supersymmetric inflaton candidates, mφ, and the vacuum expectation value (VEV) of the inflaton field at the beginning of inflation φ0. Similarly, we probed the MSSM augmented with singlino component, NMSSM, to find how the requirement to achieve first order electroweak phase transition constraint NMSSM free parameters and what the subsequent implications on the DM phenomenology and supersymmetric inflation are. Since certain direct detection (DD) searches hint at the light χe 0 1 DM, complementary studies were carried out to explore the lower bounds on DM mass, which yielded mχe 0 1 & 10 GeV within phenomenological MSSM (pMSSM) and mχe 0 1 & 1 GeV within NMSSM setup.

The object of this thesis is the study of several, possibly complementary, aspects of generation mechanism and detection of the two dark matter (DM) candidates provided by the Minimal Supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model (MSSM), i.e. the gravitino and the neutralino. We have first of all focused on the generation mechanism of neutralino dark matter, examining the possible consequences of relaxing some of the hypothesis on which the typically adopted thermal WIMP paradigm relies. We have, indeed, considered non-thermal dark matter production scenarios motivated, in the context of Supersymmetric theories, in supergravity and superstring frameworks. These classes of theories often feature the presence of long-lived states capable of dominating the energy budget of the Universe at early stages before possibly decaying into dark matter particles. Non thermal production have been studied in a systematic way by mean of a numerical code developed for this purpose. In particular the impact in selecting a preferred mass scale for the Dark matter and, consequently, the impact on the interpretation of new physics discovered or excluded at LHC have been discussed. The second aspect of neutralino dark matter generation which has been investigated is the assumption of kinetic equilibrium during the whole phase of dark matter generation and the validity of the factorization usually implemented to rewrite the system of coupled Boltzmann equation for each coannihilating species as a single equation for the sum of all the number densities. To this purpose has been developed and numerically implemented a formalism for the computation of the kinetic decoupling temperature in the case of coannhilating particles. This formalism has been applied to a definite scenario referred as G2-MSSM. The next topic discussed in this thesis, remaining in the context of neutralino DM, is the capability of current and next generation direct detection experiments of probing the MSSM parameter space. Focusing on some definite setups, satisfying the cosmological bounds on the DM relic density and the current particle physics constraints, the possibility for them of producing direct detection signals has been inspected through Montecarlo Simulations. The final purpose of this analysis is to show as indications about the DM properties, as provided by an experimental detection, can influence some features of the underlying Supersymmetric model which can be probed in the next future by LHC. We have finally moved the focus to the other dark matter candidate within the MSSM, i.e. the gravitino. Remarkably it is a viable dark matter candidate also in presence of R-parity violation. Gravitino dark matter have been studied in the context of a class of Supersymmetric models referred as Tree-Level Gauge Mediation (TGM). These models provide rather definite predictions for the mass of the dark matter being it related to the mechanism of mediation of SUSY breaking. In particular has been investigated a realization of TGM predicting a gravitino mass in the range 10-100 GeV. Cosmological bounds have been investigated both in presence and in absence of R-parity. The model results disfavored in case the R-parity holds, being in severe tension with Big Bang Nucleosynthesis; on the contrary is naturally feasible in presence of a small amount of R-parity violation.

De nombreuses mesures cosmologiques et astrophysiques tendent à montrer que notre galaxie serait englobée par un halo de matière sombre non-baryonique. La détection directionnelle vise à mesurer la direction du recul nucléaire issu d'une interaction avec une particule de matière sombre. Cela permettrait de mettre en évidence la forte dépendance angulaire de la distribution de reculs due à la rotation du système solaire autour du centre galactique. Cette thèse aborde la détection directionnelle par une approche multi-thématique : phénoménologie, expérimentale et analyse de données. L'objectif des études phénoménologiques est de montrer l'apport d'un détecteur directionnel en terme de recherche de matière sombre. Grâce au développement de méthodes statistiques dédiées, on montre qu'un détecteur tel que celui proposé par la collaboration MIMAC, devrait permettre de découvrir la matière sombre avec une grande significance jusqu'à des sections efficaces 2 à 3 ordres de grandeur en dessous des limites actuelles. La mise en place d'une méthodologie d'analyse de données directionnelles constitue un second objectif de cette thèse car la reconstruction 3D des traces mesurées est un point clef de cette nouvelle stratégie de détection. On présente ainsi une nouvelle méthode d'analyse basée sur une approche par vraisemblance, permettant d'optimiser l'estimation des paramètres de chaque événement mesuré: position dans le détecteur et direction. Dans le cadre de la discrimination du bruit de fond électronique, on a mis en place une étude basée sur la topologie de la trace et utilisant une analyse par arbres de décision boostés qui nous permet d'obtenir des facteurs de rejet environ 20 fois supérieurs à ceux obtenus avec des analyses séquentielles. Du point de vue expérimental, on présente une méthode originale de la mesure de vitesse de dérive des électrons permettant d'obtenir des incertitudes de l'ordre du pourcent et de contraindre simultanément les coefficients de diffusion longitudinale. On termine enfin sur l'analyse des données obtenues auprès du champ de neutrons AMANDE permettant de valider la stratégie de détection du projet MIMAC.

Le réseau d'imageurs Cherenkov atmosphériques HESS (High Energy Stereoscopic System) est présenté. La simulation des gerbes atmosphériques et de l'instrument est détaillée et comparée aux données obtenues pendant les six premiers mois de fonctionnement. Après la présentation des méthodes d'étalonnage et d'extraction du signal gamma, ces techniques sont appliquées aux données prises sur la nébuleuse du Crabe. On obtient un signal significatif permettant d'estimer un flux différentiel à 1 TeV en accord avec les résultats obtenus par d'autres expériences dans le même domaine en énergie. Ces résultats sont exploités pour estimer le potentiel de détection de HESS au signal gamma d'annihilation de neutralinos en provenance du centre galactique et de l'amas globulaire Omega du Centaure. Dans cette étude, une modélisation des halos de matière noire est confrontée aux observations astrophysiques.

Le Modèle Standard Supersymétrique Minimal (MSSM), le plus étudié des modèles de Nouvelle Physique, contient un candidat à la matière noire : le neutralino. Un des mécanismes qui permet de réduire la densité relique de neutralino jusqu'à l'intervalle expérimental de WMAP et de Planck est la coannihilation entre le neutralino et le stop. Dans cette thèse nous étudions deux aspects différents liés à la prédiction de la densité relique dans la région de coannihilation neutralino-stop, ainsi qu'au calcul des sections efficaces d'annihilation et de coannihilation correspondantes. Nous présentons tout d'abord la matière noire en tant que WIMP ainsi que le Modèle Standard de la Physique des Particules, puis nous abordons le MSSM ainsi la phénoménologie de la densité relique de neutralino. Nous étudions ensuite la phénoménologie de la violation de saveur non minimale dans le secteur des squarks dans le contexte de la densité relique de neutralino. Nous considérons des termes violant la saveur dans le secteur des squarks up et down de chiralité droite et de troisième génération et montrons qu'ils peuvent avoir un impact important sur les sections efficaces d'annihilation et de coannihilation du neutralino, et en conséquence sur la densité relique. Finalement, nous nous intéressons à la possibilité d'améliorer la précision avec laquelle la densité relique est prédite, en calculant les sections efficaces d'annihilation et de coannihilation à l'ordre supérieur dans la théorie des perturbation. En se basant sur des travaux antérieurs qui ont montré que l'impact des corrections SUSY-QCD à une boucle pour l'annihilation de neutralino était supérieur à l'incertitude expérimentale, nous avons calculé de telles corrections dans le cas de la coannihilaiton neutralino-stop en bosons de jauge électrofaibles et bosons de Higgs.

De nombreux arguments astrophysiques sont en faveur de l'existence de matière sombre non-baryonique dans l'Univers. Le neutralino, postulé par les extensions supersymétriques du modèle standard de la physique des particules, constitue l'un des candidats privilégiés à cette masse manquante. La détection de neutralinos peut être directe, par interaction dans le détecteur, ou indirecte, via la recherche des produits d'annihilation. Dans le cadre de la détection indirecte, le travail a été effectué au sein de la collaboration AMS dont la première phase a eu lieu en juin 1998 à bord de la navette Discovery. Le spectromètre AMS est équipé d'un détecteur Cherenkov à seuil (ATC) dont les performances ont été étudiées dans le but d'optimiser la sélection d'antiprotons. Le spectre de ces derniers peut en effet signer la présence de neutralinos. Une analyse des données antiprotons d'AMS est également présentée. Finalement, une étude phénoménologique permet d'évaluer le potentiel de découverte par cette méthode. D'autre part, cette thèse porte sur le développement d'un projet de nouveau détecteur (MACHe3) pour la détection directe de neutralinos. Il s'agit d'un bolomètre à He3 superfluide, fonctionnant à ultra-basses températures. L'analyse des données expérimentales de la cellule prototype est présentée. Afin d'optimiser la configuration du détecteur pour la détection directe, une simulation Monte Carlo a été développée, permettant d'évaluer ses performances futures. La confrontation de la simulation et des prédictions des modèles supersymétriques démontre le potentiel de découverte de MACHe3 et souligne sa complémentarité avec les détecteurs existants
A substantial body of astrophysical evidence supports the existence of non-baryonic dark matter in the Universe. One of the leading dark matter candidates is the neutralino predicted by the supersymmetric extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics. Different detectors have been designed for the detection, either indirect or direct, of the neutralino. Related to indirect detection, the present work has been performed in the context of the AMS experiment. A precursor version of the spectrometer was flown on the space shuttle Discovery in June 1998. The detector included an Aerogel Threshold Cherenkov (ATC) counter to identify antiprotons, whose spectrum may be used to infer a neutralino signal. The analysis of the ATC data is presented including an evaluation of the flight performance and a description of the optimization of the antiproton selection. An antiproton analysis is also reported. A phenomenological study allows to investigate the discovery potential of this indirect method. This thesis also includes the development of a new detector (MACHe3) designed for direct neutralino search using a superfluid He3 bolometer operated at ultra low temperatures. The data analysis of the prototype cell is presented. A Monte Carlo simulation has been developed, in order to optimize the detector design for direct neutralino search. These results are compared with theoretical predictions of supersymmetric models, thus highlighting the discovery potential of this detector and its complementarity with existing devices

Dans la premi ère partie de cette th èse, je pr ésenterai le 5D MSSM qui est un mod èle supersym étrique avec une dimension suppl émentaire. (Five Dimensional Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model). Apr ès compactication sur l'orbifold S1=Z2, le calcul des equations du groupe de renormalisation (RGE) a une boucle montre un changement dans l' évolution des param ètres ph énom énologiques. D es que l' énergie E = 1=R est atteinte, les états de Kaluza-Klein interviennent et donnent des contributions importantes. Plusieurs possibilit és pour les champs de mati ère sont discut és : ils peuvent se propager dans le "bulk" ou ils sont localis és sur la "brane". Je pr ésenterai d'une part l' évolution des équations de Yukawa dans le secteur des quarks ainsi que les param ètres de la matrice CKM, d'autre part, les e ffets de ce mod èle sur le secteur des neutrinos notamment les masses, les angles de m élange, les phases de Majorana et de Dirac. Dans la deuxi ème partie, je parlerai du mod èle AMSB et ses extensions (MM-AMSB et HC-AMSB). Ces mod èles sont des sc enarios de brisure assez bien motiv es en supersym étrie. En calculant des observables issues de la physique des particules puis en imposant des contraintes de cosmologie standard et alternative sur ces sc enarios, j'ai d étermin e les r égions qui respectent les contraintes de la mati ère noire et les limites de la physique des saveurs. Je reprendrai ensuite l'analyse de ces mod èles en utilisant de nouvelles limites pour les observables. La nouvelle analyse est faite en ajoutant les mesures r écentes sur la masse du Higgs et les rapports de branchement pour plusieurs canaux de d ésint égrations.

Different aspects of specific models in supersymmetry as well as constraints on decaying dark matter are analysed in this thesis. In chapter 1 we give a general introduction to supersymmetry, and briefly discuss some of the concepts that are used throughout the thesis. In chapter 2 we present a version of Gauge Mediated Supersymmetry Breaking which preserves an $R$-symmetry---the gauginos are Dirac particles, the $A$-terms are zero, and there are four Higgs doublets. This offers an alternative way for gauginos to acquire mass in the supersymmetry-breaking models of Intriligator, Seiberg, and Shih \cite{Intriligator:2006dd} . Additionally, we investigate the possibility of using $R$-symmetric gauge mediation to realise the spectrum and large sfermion mixing of the model of Kribs, Poppitz, and Weiner \cite{Kribs:2007ac}. In chapter 3 we investigate the Higgs sector of the $R$-symmetric model presented in chapter 2. Furthermore, a scan of the parameter space and sample spectra are provided. Other attributes like the tuning of the model are discussed. In chapter 4 we present a complete analysis of the cosmological constraints on decaying dark matter. In order to do this, we have updated and extended previous analyses to include Lyman-$\alpha$ forest, large scale structure, and weak lensing observations. Astrophysical constraints are not considered in this thesis. The bounds on the lifetime of decaying dark matter are dominated by either the late-time integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect for the scenario with weak reionization, or CMB polarisation observations when there is significant reionization. For the respective scenarios, the lifetimes for decaying dark matter are $\Gamma^{-1} \gtrsim 100$ Gyr and $ (f \Gamma) ^{-1} \gtrsim 5.3 \times 10^8$ Gyr (at 95.4\% confidence level), where the phenomenological parameter $f$ is the fraction of the decay energy deposited in baryonic gas. This allows us to constrain particle physics models with dark matter candidates through investigation of dark matter decays into Standard Model particles via effective operators. For decaying dark matter of $\sim 100$ GeV mass, we found that the size of the coupling constant in the effective dimension-4 operators responsible for dark matter decay has to generically be $ \lesssim 10^{-22}$.

The Standard Model of particle physics attempts to unify the fundamental forces in the Universe (except gravity). Over the years it has been tested in numerous experiments. While these experimental results strengthen our understanding of the SM, they also point out directions for physics beyond the SM. In this thesis we assume supersymmetry (SUSY) to be the new physics beyond the SM. We have tried to analyze the present status of low energy SUSY after the recent results from direct (collider) and indirect (flavor, dark matter) searches .We have tried to see the complementarity between these apparently different experimental results and search strategies from the context of low energy SUSY. We show that such complementarity does exist in well-defined models of SUSY breaking like mSUGRA, NUHM etc. The first chapter outlines the present status of the SM and discusses about the unanswered questions in SM. Keeping SUSY as the new physics beyond the SM, we also detail about its present experimental status. Chapter1 ends with the motivation and comprehensive description about each chapter of the thesis. In chapter2, we present an introduction to formal structure of SUSY algebra and the structure of MSSM. One of the such complementarities we have studied is between flavor and dark matter. In general flavor violation effects are not considered when studying DM regions in minimal SUSY models like mSUGRA. If however flavor violation does get generated through non-minimal SUSY breaking sector, one of the most susceptible regions would be the co-annihilation region for neutralino DM. In chapter 3 we consider flavor violation in the sleptonic sector and study its implications on the stau co-annihilation region. In this work we have taken flavor violation between the right-handed smuon (˜µR) and stau (˜τR). Due to this flavor mixing the lightest slepton (ĺ1) is a flavor mixed state. We have studied the effect of such ĺ11’s in the ‘stau co-annihilation’ region of the parameter space, where the relic density of the neutralinos gets depleted due to efficient co-annihilation with the staus. Limits on the flavor violating insertion in the right-handed sleptonic sector mainly comes from BR(τ → µγ). These limits are weak in some regions of the Parameter space where cancellations happen with in the amplitudes. We look for overlaps in parameter space where both the co-annihilation condition as well as the cancellations with in the amplitudes occur. We have shown that in models with non-universal Higgs boundary conditions (NUHM) overlap between these two regions is possible. The effect of flavor violation is two fold: (a) It shifts the co-annihilation regions towards lighter neutralino masses and (b) the co-annihilation cross sections would be modified with the inclusion of flavor violating diagrams which can contribute significantly. In the overlap regions, the flavor violating cross sections become comparable and in some cases even dominant to the flavor conserving ones. A comparison among the different flavor conserving and flavor violating channels, which contribute to the neutralino annihilation cross-section, is presented. One of the challenges of addressing quantitatively the complementarity problems is the lack of proper spectrum generator (numerical tools which computes SUSY sparticle spectrum in the presence of flavor violation in the sfermionic sector). For the lack of a publicly available code which considers general flavor violating terms in the renormalization group equations (RGE) we have developed a SUSY spectrum calculator, named as SuSeFLAV .It is a code written in FORTRAN language and calculates SUSY particle spectrum (with in the context of gravity mediation) in type I seesaw, in the presence of heavy right handed neutrinos (RHN). SuSeFLAV also calculates the SUSY spectrum in other type of SUSY breaking mechanisms (e.g. gauge mediation). The renormalization group (RG) flow of soft-SUSY breaking terms will generate large off-diagonal terms in the slepton sector in the presence of this RHNs, which will give rise to sizable amount of flavor violating (LFV) decays at the weak scale. Hence, in this code we also calculate the different rare LFV decays like, µ → eγ, τ → µγ etc. In SuSeFLAV the user has the freedom to choose the scale of the RHNs as well as the mixing matrix in neutrino sector. It is also possible to choose the values of the SUSY breaking input parameters at the user defined scale. The details of this package is discussed in chapter 4. Many of the present studies of complementarity between the direct and indirect searches are inadequate to address realistic scenarios, where SUSY breaking could be much more general compared to the minimal models. The work in this thesis is a step to wards this direction. Having said that, in the present thesis we have considered modifications of popular models with either explicit flavor violating terms (in some sectors) or sources of flavor violation through new particles and new couplings motivated by strong phenomenological reasons like neutrino masses. It should be noted however, the numerical tool which has been developed during the thesis can be used to address more complicated problems like with complete flavor violation in models of SUSY breaking. One of the popular mechanisms of neutrino mass generation is the so called Seesaw Mechanism. Depending on the extra matter sector present in the theory there are three basic types of them. The type I seesaw, which has singlet bright-handed neutrinos, the type II seesaw contains scalar triplets and type III seesaw has additional fermionic triplets. One of the implications of the seesaw mechanism is flavor violation in the sfermionic sector even in the presence of flavor universal SUSY breaking. This leads to a complementarity between flavor experiments and direct SUSY searches at LHC. With the announcement of the results from the reactor neutrino oscillation experiments, the reactor mixing angle (θ13) in the neutrino mixing matrix (PMNS matrix) gets fixed to a rather large non-zero value. In SO (10) GUT theories neutrino Yukawa couplings of type I seesaw gets related to the up-type fermion sector of the SM. In chapter 5 we update the status of SUSY type I seesaw assuming SO (10)- like relations for neutrino Dirac Yukawa couplings and two cases of mixing, one large, PMNS-like, and another small, CKM-like, are considered. It is shown that for the large mixing case, only a small range of parameter space with moderate tan β is still allowed. It is shown that the renormalization group induced flavor violating slepton mass terms are highly sensitive to the Higgs boundary conditions. Depending on the choice of the parameters, they can either lead to strong enhancements or cancellations with in the flavor violating terms. We have shown that in NUHM scenario there could be possible cancellations which relaxes the severe constraints imposed by lepton flavor violation compared to mSUGRA. We further updated the flavor consequences for the type II seesaw in SUSY theories. As mentioned previously in type II seesaw neutrino mass gets generated due to exchange of heavy SU (2) L triplet Higgs field. The ratio of lepton flavor violating branching ratios (e.g. BR(τ → µγ) /BR (µ → eγ) etc.) are functions of low energy neutrino masses ans mixing angles. In chapter 6 we have analyzed how much these ratios become, after the experimental measurement of θ13, in the whole SUSY parameter space or in other words how much these ratios help to constrain the SUSY parameter space. We compute different factors which can affect this ratios. We have shown that the cMSSM-like scenarios, in which slepton masses are taken to be universal at the high scale, predict 3.5 BR(τ → µγ) / BR(µ → eγ) 30 for normal hierarchical neutrino masses. We Show that the current MEG limit puts severe constraints on the light sparticle spectrum in cMSSM-like model for seesaw scale with in1013 - 1015 GeV. These constraints can be relaxed and relatively light sparticle spectrum can be still allowed by MEG result in a class of models in which the soft mass of triplet scalar is taken to be non-universal at the GUT scale. In chapter 7 we have analyzed the effect of largen eutrino Yukawa couplings on the supersymmetric lightest Higgs mass. In July 2012, ATLAS and CMS collaboration have updated the Higgs search in LHC and found an evidence of a scalar particle having mass around 125 GeV. The one-loop contribution to Higgs mass mainly depends on the top trilinear couplings (At), the SUSY scale and the top Yukawa (Yt). Thus in models with extra large Yukawa couplings at the high scale like the seesaw mechanism ,the renormalization scaling of the At parameter can get significantly affected. This in turn can modify the light Higgs mass at the weak scale for the same set of SUSY parameters. We have shown in type I seesaw with (Yν ~ 3Yu) the light Higgs mass gets reduced by 2 - 3 GeV in most of the parameter rspace. In other words the SUSY scale must be pushed high enough to achieve similar Higgs mass compared to the cMSSM scenario. We have got similar effect in SUSY type III seesaw scenario with (Yν ~Yu) at the GUT scale. In chapter 8 we summarize the results of the thesis and discuss the possible future directions.

The Standard Model of particle physics attempts to unify the fundamental forces in the Universe (except gravity). Over the years it has been tested in numerous experiments. While these experimental results strengthen our understanding of the SM, they also point out directions for physics beyond the SM. In this thesis we assume supersymmetry (SUSY) to be the new physics beyond the SM. We have tried to analyze the present status of low energy SUSY after the recent results from direct (collider) and indirect (flavor, dark matter) searches .We have tried to see the complementarity between these apparently different experimental results and search strategies from the context of low energy SUSY. We show that such complementarity does exist in well-defined models of SUSY breaking like mSUGRA, NUHM etc. The first chapter outlines the present status of the SM and discusses about the unanswered questions in SM. Keeping SUSY as the new physics beyond the SM, we also detail about its present experimental status. Chapter1 ends with the motivation and comprehensive description about each chapter of the thesis. In chapter2, we present an introduction to formal structure of SUSY algebra and the structure of MSSM. One of the such complementarities we have studied is between flavor and dark matter. In general flavor violation effects are not considered when studying DM regions in minimal SUSY models like mSUGRA. If however flavor violation does get generated through non-minimal SUSY breaking sector, one of the most susceptible regions would be the co-annihilation region for neutralino DM. In chapter 3 we consider flavor violation in the sleptonic sector and study its implications on the stau co-annihilation region. In this work we have taken flavor violation between the right-handed smuon (˜µR) and stau (˜τR). Due to this flavor mixing the lightest slepton (ĺ1) is a flavor mixed state. We have studied the effect of such ĺ11’s in the ‘stau co-annihilation’ region of the parameter space, where the relic density of the neutralinos gets depleted due to efficient co-annihilation with the staus. Limits on the flavor violating insertion in the right-handed sleptonic sector mainly comes from BR(τ → µγ). These limits are weak in some regions of the Parameter space where cancellations happen with in the amplitudes. We look for overlaps in parameter space where both the co-annihilation condition as well as the cancellations with in the amplitudes occur. We have shown that in models with non-universal Higgs boundary conditions (NUHM) overlap between these two regions is possible. The effect of flavor violation is two fold: (a) It shifts the co-annihilation regions towards lighter neutralino masses and (b) the co-annihilation cross sections would be modified with the inclusion of flavor violating diagrams which can contribute significantly. In the overlap regions, the flavor violating cross sections become comparable and in some cases even dominant to the flavor conserving ones. A comparison among the different flavor conserving and flavor violating channels, which contribute to the neutralino annihilation cross-section, is presented. One of the challenges of addressing quantitatively the complementarity problems is the lack of proper spectrum generator (numerical tools which computes SUSY sparticle spectrum in the presence of flavor violation in the sfermionic sector). For the lack of a publicly available code which considers general flavor violating terms in the renormalization group equations (RGE) we have developed a SUSY spectrum calculator, named as SuSeFLAV .It is a code written in FORTRAN language and calculates SUSY particle spectrum (with in the context of gravity mediation) in type I seesaw, in the presence of heavy right handed neutrinos (RHN). SuSeFLAV also calculates the SUSY spectrum in other type of SUSY breaking mechanisms (e.g. gauge mediation). The renormalization group (RG) flow of soft-SUSY breaking terms will generate large off-diagonal terms in the slepton sector in the presence of this RHNs, which will give rise to sizable amount of flavor violating (LFV) decays at the weak scale. Hence, in this code we also calculate the different rare LFV decays like, µ → eγ, τ → µγ etc. In SuSeFLAV the user has the freedom to choose the scale of the RHNs as well as the mixing matrix in neutrino sector. It is also possible to choose the values of the SUSY breaking input parameters at the user defined scale. The details of this package is discussed in chapter 4. Many of the present studies of complementarity between the direct and indirect searches are inadequate to address realistic scenarios, where SUSY breaking could be much more general compared to the minimal models. The work in this thesis is a step to wards this direction. Having said that, in the present thesis we have considered modifications of popular models with either explicit flavor violating terms (in some sectors) or sources of flavor violation through new particles and new couplings motivated by strong phenomenological reasons like neutrino masses. It should be noted however, the numerical tool which has been developed during the thesis can be used to address more complicated problems like with complete flavor violation in models of SUSY breaking. One of the popular mechanisms of neutrino mass generation is the so called Seesaw Mechanism. Depending on the extra matter sector present in the theory there are three basic types of them. The type I seesaw, which has singlet bright-handed neutrinos, the type II seesaw contains scalar triplets and type III seesaw has additional fermionic triplets. One of the implications of the seesaw mechanism is flavor violation in the sfermionic sector even in the presence of flavor universal SUSY breaking. This leads to a complementarity between flavor experiments and direct SUSY searches at LHC. With the announcement of the results from the reactor neutrino oscillation experiments, the reactor mixing angle (θ13) in the neutrino mixing matrix (PMNS matrix) gets fixed to a rather large non-zero value. In SO (10) GUT theories neutrino Yukawa couplings of type I seesaw gets related to the up-type fermion sector of the SM. In chapter 5 we update the status of SUSY type I seesaw assuming SO (10)- like relations for neutrino Dirac Yukawa couplings and two cases of mixing, one large, PMNS-like, and another small, CKM-like, are considered. It is shown that for the large mixing case, only a small range of parameter space with moderate tan β is still allowed. It is shown that the renormalization group induced flavor violating slepton mass terms are highly sensitive to the Higgs boundary conditions. Depending on the choice of the parameters, they can either lead to strong enhancements or cancellations with in the flavor violating terms. We have shown that in NUHM scenario there could be possible cancellations which relaxes the severe constraints imposed by lepton flavor violation compared to mSUGRA. We further updated the flavor consequences for the type II seesaw in SUSY theories. As mentioned previously in type II seesaw neutrino mass gets generated due to exchange of heavy SU (2) L triplet Higgs field. The ratio of lepton flavor violating branching ratios (e.g. BR(τ → µγ) /BR (µ → eγ) etc.) are functions of low energy neutrino masses ans mixing angles. In chapter 6 we have analyzed how much these ratios become, after the experimental measurement of θ13, in the whole SUSY parameter space or in other words how much these ratios help to constrain the SUSY parameter space. We compute different factors which can affect this ratios. We have shown that the cMSSM-like scenarios, in which slepton masses are taken to be universal at the high scale, predict 3.5 BR(τ → µγ) / BR(µ → eγ) 30 for normal hierarchical neutrino masses. We Show that the current MEG limit puts severe constraints on the light sparticle spectrum in cMSSM-like model for seesaw scale with in1013 - 1015 GeV. These constraints can be relaxed and relatively light sparticle spectrum can be still allowed by MEG result in a class of models in which the soft mass of triplet scalar is taken to be non-universal at the GUT scale. In chapter 7 we have analyzed the effect of largen eutrino Yukawa couplings on the supersymmetric lightest Higgs mass. In July 2012, ATLAS and CMS collaboration have updated the Higgs search in LHC and found an evidence of a scalar particle having mass around 125 GeV. The one-loop contribution to Higgs mass mainly depends on the top trilinear couplings (At), the SUSY scale and the top Yukawa (Yt). Thus in models with extra large Yukawa couplings at the high scale like the seesaw mechanism ,the renormalization scaling of the At parameter can get significantly affected. This in turn can modify the light Higgs mass at the weak scale for the same set of SUSY parameters. We have shown in type I seesaw with (Yν ~ 3Yu) the light Higgs mass gets reduced by 2 - 3 GeV in most of the parameter rspace. In other words the SUSY scale must be pushed high enough to achieve similar Higgs mass compared to the cMSSM scenario. We have got similar effect in SUSY type III seesaw scenario with (Yν ~Yu) at the GUT scale. In chapter 8 we summarize the results of the thesis and discuss the possible future directions.

Dark matter has been shown to be extremely abundant in our universe. It comprises about 23 percent of the energy density of the entire universe, which is more than five times greater than the regular matter we already know about. Dark matter cannot be explained within the Standard Model of particle physics. However, models which extend the Standard Model, such as supersymmetry, can explain dark matter. This dissertation investigates the signals of some supersymmetry models in the context of collider physics. If dark matter particles or other supersymmetry particles are produced at some collider experiment, such as the Large Hadron Collider, it is important to know how we can find and measure the signatures and properties of these particles. This dissertation provides some measurement techniques for that exact purpose. These measurement techniques are also very general, making them useful for examining other models of particle physics as well. Lastly, if the supersymmetry model can be understood well enough from collider data, the connection back to cosmology can be made. Namely, it is possible to determine (from LHC data and using a standard cosmological calculation) the abundance of dark matter in the universe. Comparing this collider value with the value already measured will be a crucial step in understanding dark matter. This dissertation provides simulated results of this dark matter abundance calculation for a number of supersymmetry model points.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Física apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
In this work, we propose a model for which a comparable dark and baryonic matter energy density naturally arises. Based on Supersymmetry, we created a model where dark matter has an identical gauge structure and unification conditions at high energies as the Standard Model. We generalize the Affleck-Dine mechanism for Baryogenesis to be also responsible for the generation of Dark matter's number density, the Dark-genesis. We show that these sectors may have its number densities and masses to almost contra-balance with each other, resulting comparable energy densities in a natural way. We achieve this goal without requiring a mass or number coincidence between the sectors. This model may give rise to an asymmetric reheating, evading the constrains imposed by Primordial Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and the Cosmic Microwave Background. We present the dark-neutron as a dark matter candidate, capable of replicating the approximately spherical distributions, as presented by evidence of dark matter in galaxies. The viability conditions of the model are presented, imposing a subdominant abundance of the Lightest Supersymmetric Particle (LSP). Future measurements of the baryonic isocurvature perturbation power spectrum from observations of the Hydrogen 21cm line may become useful. Ater comparison with the corresponding matter isocurvature power spectrum presented by the Cosmic Microwave Background. These two observations might provide crucial information in order to test the model presented in this work.
Neste trabalho, propõe-se um modelo no qual densidades comparáveis de matéria escura e bariónica emergem naturalmente. Baseado em Supersimetria, é criado um modelo em que a matéria escura tem uma estrutura de gauge e condições de unificação a altas energias idênticas àquelas do Modelo Padrão. Generaliza-se o mecanismo de Affleck-Dine para a Bariogénese, de forma a ser também responsável pela "génese da matéria escura". Mostra-se que estes sectores podem tem massas e densidades populacionais que contrabalançam uma com a outra de forma a criar densidades de energia comparáveis nos dois sectores, sem necessitar de alguma coincidencia de massa ou número. Este modelo poderá dar lugar a um Reheating assimétrico, escapando às condições impostas pela Nucleossíntese Primordial e pela Radiação Cósmica de Fundo. Apresentamos como candidato à matéria escura o neutrão-escuro, capaz de replicar as distribuições aproximadamente esféricas apresentadas pela evidência de matéria escura nas galáxias. São apresentadas as condições de viabilidade do modelo, impondo uma abundância subdominante da LSP, a partícula supersimétrica mais leve. Medições do espectro de potência das perturbações de isocurvatura bariónica a partir de observações futuras da linha de 21cm do Hidrogénio poderão vir a ser úteis, após comparação com o espetro das perturbações de isocurvatura de matéria apresentadas na Radiação cósmica de fundo. Estas duas observações poderão trazer informações cruciais na testagem do modelo apresentado neste trabalho.

In this dissertation results are presented from a search for the pair production of heavy colored particles (gluinos, squarks) in R-parity conserving supersymmetric models, in which the lightest supersymmetric particle is a stable and neutral object. The search was performed for events with at least two tau leptons, two highly energetic jets and large missing transverse momentum in the final state on a data sample of proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV. The data sample was collected by the Compact Muon Solenoid detector at the Large Hadron Collider in 2011, and it corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5fb^−1. The tau isolation variable was optimized for this search. The number of events corresponding to standard model processes in the final selection was estimated to be 7.49 ± 0.74 using background estimation techniques based on data. Nine observed events are found to be in agreement with the standard model prediction, and exclusion limits on gluino mass are obtained in the context of supersymmetric models at the 95% confidence level.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2004.
Advisor: Dr. Howard Baer, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Physics. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 24, 2004). Includes bibliographical references.

The recent discovery of a Higgs boson with a mass around 125 GeV, taken together with experimental results from flavor factories, dark matter direct detection, and searches for SUSY particles in the LHC suggest that supersymmetric particles could be heavy in the range of multi-TeV beyond the reach of LHC. In typical supersymmetry breaking models, supersymmetry breaking in the hidden sector is parametrised by a single spurion field mediated at a specific scale, which we call single scale breaking. Although in this case, heavy-scale SUSY breaking models have very large fine-tuning, they are simultaneously economic from the phenomenological perspective. In a typical heavy-scale SUSY model, the gauginos and higgsinos are still around the TeV scale since they can be protected by chiral symmetry, and contain a dark matter candidate. The heavy sfermions relax bounds coming from flavor changing processes and CP violation, and also increase the radiative corrections to the Higgs mass. The aim of the thesis is to study the implications of the heavy supersymmetry while relaxing the assumption of single scale mediation for supersymmetry breaking. In the first study of this thesis, we consider MSSM with N_HS sequestered hidden sectors at a high scale, contributing to supersymmetry breaking. Each hidden sector communicates supersymmetry breaking to the visible (MSSM) sector through effective interactions. Considering a random distribution for the spurion parameters leads a normal distribution for the soft parameters with mean values and standard deviations that are analytically computable. We study the probability of getting Higgs mass in the correct range while having successful electroweak symmetry breaking. We show that the probability distribution is peaked when the quanta of supersymmetric breaking is around m ̃=220 GeV for the parametrisation of the spurion fields we have considered. For these regions we study the supersymmetric spectrum. In the next work, we study fine-tuning, where each of the spurion's contribution is parametrised as m ̃M_Pl c_α. We treat each spurion field as an independent source of supersymmetry breaking. Requiring minimal fine tuning from each sector, gives C_r^((2N_HS-1) ) solutions. In fact, we find there is only one solution independent of all the RG coefficients, where all the sectors contribute coherently. The fine-tuning becomes almost negligible even with a small number of hidden sectors, N_HS=20. The coherent SUSY framework also has a well-tempered dark matter region due to high cancellation in gaugino soft terms. It also has regions of coannihilation with charginos. A concrete realisation with a large number of hidden sectors is presented in the next chapter, where we consider a Stringy landscape like scenario inspired by Bousso-Polchinski's solution to the cosmological constant problem. The spurion fields are given in terms of quantized four form fluxes whose vacuum expectation values set the supersymmetry breaking scales. Coupled to supergravity, we compute the soft spectrum in this framework assuming a uniform distribution for the quantized flux charges. We have shown that this framework naturally leads to a suppression of the flavor violating entries as 1/√(N_HS ) There is further suppression due to the renormalisation group running at the weak scale, especially for the hadronic mass insertions. In the last part of the thesis, we consider single scale supersymmetry breaking and study the implications of the heavy spectrum in the context of SUSY GUT. We consider SUSY SU(5) with a novel decoupling scenario named flavored 'split-generation', where O(1) flavor violation can be present in the model. In this scenario, first and second generation of sfermions are assumed to be heavy (order of 10s of TeV) and the remaining SUSY spectrum lies around a few TeV. Two codes have been developed for this work. 1) A modified version of SuSeFLAV has been developed where we calculate the full two-loop $\beta-$coefficients and one-loop threshold at the two different scales. 2) A code for full SUSY SU(5) proton decay analysis. In this work, we study gauge coupling unification and the two dominant proton decay channels ( p→e^+ π^0 and p→K^+ ν ̅) both with and without flavor mixing in a heavy and light (third) generation. The flavored ‘split-generation' scenario leads to peculiar cancellations in the amplitudes. The rate of p→e^+ π^0 is highly sensitive to amount of flavor violation present as it opens the gluino contribution to the amplitudes. On the other hand, we find that sensitivity of the rates of p→K^+ ν ̅ is related to the flavor of the neutrino emitted. The implications for future proton decay experiments like Hyper-K, DUNE and JUNO are reported.