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1
Thorp, Susan Jane Economics Australian School of Business UNSW. "Risk management in superannuation". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Economics, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/20858.
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The aim of this thesis is to investigate how members of Australian superannuation funds can manage risks arising from uncertain security returns and unpredictable mortality so as to ensure a steady income stream during retirement. In chapter 2 we note that the proportion of superannuation assets invested in foreign assets has increased over the past two decades, exposing investors to currency risk. Surveys of superannuation funds verify that most international bond holdings, but not equity holdings, have been hedged for currency risk. We test the mean-variance efficiency of this practice against two alternative hedging strategies: a conventional forward hedge and a selective hedge conditioned on the domestic-foreign interest differential. Implementing optimal hedging results in portfolios whose returns stochastically dominate portfolios constructed under restricted equity hedging, according to our new adaptation of Barrett-Donald (2003) tests. Selective hedging works best for equities and conventional hedging for bonds. Chapter 3 applies a discrete-time Merton (1971) model to questions of optimal decumulation and asset allocation for self-funded retirees drawing down lump-sum retirement benefits. Risk management is taken to revolve around protecting a pre-specified minimum consumption stream. Risk tolerances and lifetimes are allowed to span a range of possibilities. In the case of an agent living to age 90, ideal investment in equity-type assets increases gradually from 27-43 % over remaining life. This is much lower than the 55-60% observed among retirees. Conservative investment strategies are needed to meet consumption goals over long lifetimes. Milevsky and Young (2002, 2003) attribute the reluctance to voluntarily annuitise to a valuable real option to delay annuitisation (RODA). Chapter 4 extends the RODA analysis to the case of HARA preferences. A formula for the optimal timing of annuitisation is derived from the solution to a dynamic stochastic consumption and investment problem with uncertain lifetime. The effect of introducing a consumption floor is to reduce the delay before annuity purchase. As in the CRRA case, delayed annuitisation is associated with optimistic predictions of the Sharpe ratio and divergence between annuity purchaser and provider predictions of mortality.
2
Marisetty, Vijaya Bhaskar 1973. "Performance evaluation of Australian superannuation funds". Monash University, Dept. of Accounting and Finance, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5843.
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Ma, Kexin. "Superannuation member disengagement and fund efficiency: the impact of the fees and costs section in superannuation fund product disclosure statements". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/235045/1/Kexin_Ma_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis adopts behavioural finance as the theoretical framework to investigate whether the fees and costs section in Product Disclosure Statements (PDSs), following two regulatory changes affecting this section, engage members and enhance superannuation fund efficiency. By using a mixed-method, this research shows that the fees and costs section in PDSs examined over seven years (2013 to 2019) are readable by the general public but are not accessible. More importantly, the fees and costs section in PDSs do not effectively engage superannuation members or enhance fund efficiency, even though this section has undergone different regulatory changes to achieve these goals.
4
Hargita, C. Starla. "Disruptive time : parental leave, flexible work, and superannuation in Australia". Thesis, University of Kent, 2018. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/69539/.
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Reproduction and child-rearing are distinctly gendered, temporalising acts in Australia. As such, reproduction is structured around temporalities of care and labour, and these temporalities emerge and disrupt established orderings in daily life, lifetimes, and larger-scale timelines. This thesis uncovers the underlying conception of time in the Australian legal regimes of parental leave, flexible work, and superannuation and its gendered connotations. As a socio-legal project, this thesis uses existing empirical evidence and theoretical material to conceptualise, critically analyse, and theorise the gendered temporalities of women with children in Australia. By constructing a feminist critique of neo-maternalistic productivism in Australia's parental leave, flexible work and superannuation systems, the thesis provides an alternate theory of disrupted temporalities in maternity.
5
Lunn, Sandra. "The politics of and the effects of compulsory superannuation in Australia /". Title page, abstract and contents only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arl9632.pdf.
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De, Zwaan Laura. "The Integration of Environmental, Social and Governance Investing by Australia Superannuation Funds: An Institutional and Member Perspective". Thesis, Griffith University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365539.
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Environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues are becoming more material to the long-term valuation of investments. Superannuation Funds are uniquely placed to be able to embrace investing according to ESG principles. They have a long-term investment horizon, which can be matched to the often long-term benefits of integrating ESG. Also, superannuation funds are considered to be “universal owners” (Hawley and Williams, 2000), and should invest according to what is good for the economy overall and not just what is good for portfolio returns.
This exploratory study seeks to determine the factors that influence superannuation funds’ use of ESG as part of standard investment analysis, also known as ESG investing. It uses a mixed methods approach consisting of an analysis of superannuation fund websites, face-to-face interviews, and an online survey, to determine the drivers and barriers to ESG integration. It then surveys superannuation fund members, arguably the most important stakeholder for funds, and finds their perceptions of superannuation funds and ESG investing.
This study contributes to the literature for the emerging area of ESG integration. It provides empirical evidence for factors that are significant in influencing the take-up of ESG investing for superannuation funds, and it examines the reasons behind the low take-up of ESG investment options by fund members. This research is useful for policy makers to promote the integration of ESG into superannuation investment practices. Also, as an exploratory study, it provides the groundwork for future research into the areas of ESG investing for superannuation funds and their members.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
Full Text
7
Fukasawa, Kazuko. "Voluntary provision for old age by trade unions by Britain before the coming of the welfare state the cases of the amalgamated society of engineers and the typographical association /". Thesis, Online version, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=2&uin=uk.bl.ethos.312761.
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Yang, Wei. "Risk assessment of defined benefit pension schemes: an economic capital approach". Thesis, University of Kent, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.594096.
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9
Ong, Collin. "Impaired consent to the splitting of superannuation contributions: Issues, impact and potential solutions". Thesis, Ong, Collin (2016) Impaired consent to the splitting of superannuation contributions: Issues, impact and potential solutions. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2016. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/35612/.
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The Australian superannuation system seeks to ensure that individuals have income in retirement. The government implemented the superannuation contributions splitting scheme to allow spouses to share their superannuation with each other. The scheme was intended to provide low-income and non-working spouses with superannuation assets under their control. This was expected to benefit women in particular.
However, there is a risk that the scheme will operate to the detriment of spouses and jeopardise their financial position in retirement. There is a lack of safeguards to protect spouses from applying to split their contributions where their decision is not free, informed or independent. Further, imposing the scheme’s application process into the superannuation system’s trust structure has caused a dissociation between the legal and practical decision maker under the scheme. These issues are particularly detrimental in light of the heightened risk of vitiated consent between spouses for financial decisions.
This thesis seeks to examine these issues and their impact and propose potential solutions to prevent the scheme operating to spouses’ detriment and remedy the situation where it occurs. It is argued that the scheme does not sufficiently protect spouses’ interests. It is also argued that the dissociation between the legal and practical decision maker exposes trustees to potential liability and leaves spouses without a clear avenue of recourse where their contributions are transferred in circumstances of impaired consent. Thus, both the trustees and spouses are left in a difficult position under the scheme. As a result, despite the government’s intentions, the contributions splitting scheme may disadvantage, rather than benefit, vulnerable spouses.
10
Ang, Gerard S. L. "Measuring the performance of the Australian multi-sector superannuation funds using data envelopment analysis /". [St. Lucia, Qld], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18227.pdf.
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Palm, Chrisann T. "Financial literacy and superannuation investment decision-making in a choice environment : an exploratory study". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2014. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/78464/4/78464.pdf.
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This thesis examines superannuation fund members' level of financial literacy and its association with investment choice decisions in the setting of the mandatory superannuation system in Australia. It also investigates a range of contextual and socio-demographic factors in explaining financial literacy and investment choice. The empirical analysis shows that while most survey respondents displayed high levels of self-rated and general financial literacy, fewer scored as well in relation to more advanced literacy regarding superannuation investment options. The findings of this study have important implications for policy-makers and the superannuation industry in educating and engaging with fund members.
12
Hýblová, Barbora. "Problematika penzijního připojištění pracovníků společnosti Alca plast s.r.o". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221485.
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This diploma work analyse probléme connected with supplementary pension insurance of Alca plast, s.r.o. copany. It includes a draft of choice of an adequate pension fond and propsal of employer s contribution payments of pension insurance for individua employees with the purpose to eliminace company costs.
13
Ahle, James. "The Impact of Social Security on Early Retirement: A Cross-Country Analysis". Thesis, Boston College, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107436.
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Thesis advisor: Matthew RutledgeThis paper explores the relationship between social security wealth (SSW) and the decision to retire early in five countries: the United States, Germany, Denmark, Poland, and Australia. Individual probit regressions are used to analyze the impact of SSW on early retirement in each specific country. Next, a cross-country probit model including the United States, Germany, and Denmark is estimated to highlight the same relationship in three very different social insurance schemes. Finally, a counterfactual experiment is run in order to examine the impact of a 6.67 percent benefit cut on the likelihood of early retirement. This paper finds that SSW is associated with a greater likelihood of early retirement in the United States, Poland, and Denmark. However, these results are only statistically significant in the United States and Poland. Conversely, the relationship is statistically significant and negative in Australia, and statistically insignificant and negative in Germany. The counterfactual experiment reinforces these findings, demonstrating a particularly high responsiveness of a benefit cut in Denmark and Poland relative to the other countries. The results of the cross-country model finds that SSW has the largest positive effect on early retirement in the United States, followed by Germany, and finally Denmark. However, these contradictory results are not statistically significant. This paper presents interesting policy implications to consider in the United States. The statistically significant but small effect of SSW on early retirement in the United States indicates that policies aimed at reducing benefits as a means of decreasing the likelihood of early retirement may not be the most effective. Additionally, the creation of a system similar to Australia’s low-cost superannuation may be worth investigating, as superannuation benefits appear to have a similar negative impact on early retirement as pension benefits in the United States
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2017
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Departmental Honors
Discipline: Economics
14
Enticott, Steven John, i n/a. "A critical evaluation of exchange traded option 'Delta' as a risk management tool for self-managed superannuation funds". Swinburne University of Technology, 2006. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20061117.125347.
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This research discusses the use of Delta in regulating the investment behaviour of the
Trustees of Self-Managed Superannuation Funds (SMSFs) who use Exchange Traded
Options (ETOs) in their investment strategies.
An ETO represents a contract between two parties, giving the taker (the buyer) the
right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a parcel of shares at a predetermined price,
on or before a predetermined date, to or from the writer (the seller).
It is acceptable for SMSF Trustees to use ETO investments as part of their overall
investment strategy, providing that leverage or mere speculation are not the reasons
behind that investment.
It is important to note that neither the Regulator, the Australian Taxation Office (ATO),
nor its predecessor, the Australian Prudential Regulatory Authority (APRA), actually
state what constitutes 'speculation', or what the allowable uses for derivatives are.
There are no practical guidelines. This is a key issue for this research, which aims, as
practically as possible, to fill these crucial gaps.
A Trustee must abide by their superannuation fund's overriding covenants and
investment strategy, and inform its members, through Risk Management Statements, of
the trust's derivative strategy.
While ETOs can be used to manage risk, they also carry a level of risk themselves.
Delta measures an ETO's value movement in correlation with a movement in the
option's underlying share price. An ETO carrying a low Delta generally means a
cheaper price (premium) per contract than an option carrying a higher Delta. The lower
the Delta, however, the lower the chance there is of a positive result for the buyer. This
research shows that an ETO Delta of less than 0.2 gives results in favour of buyers in
only 11 out of 100 occurrences. This figure rises to 42 out of 100 when Delta is greater
than 0.8.
From the sampled data, there is an overall financial loss to the buyer of -1.91%, with
the financial return results being mixed at all levels of Delta. The overall return results
have been compiled without preference to market direction, and clearly highlight the
natural premium bias (which the buyer pays) to the seller. What this data does is reenforce
the need for Trustees to have a solid view of market directions, or a set
strategy in place, as buyers of ETOs.
The conclusions drawn from the findings show that the chance of loss (when buying),
or gain (when selling) ETOs with a Delta of;
- less than 0.20 is 89%;
- less than 0.40 is 74%;
- less than 0.60 is 66%;
- less than 0.80 is 57%;
- greater than 0.80 is 58%;
For example, a Trustee buying an ETO with a Delta of less than 0.20, faces an 89%
chance of loss; a Trustee selling an ETO with a Delta of less than 0.20, faces an 89%
chance of gain.
The findings on overall financial returns (profit or loss) offer additional support to this
critical review of Delta as a risk measurement tool. Whist it is impossible to know the
motives or actual positions of portfolio managers of SMSF at any time, the aim of the
thesis is to provide a measurement tool that can be used to assist the trustee at any
given time by measuring the option risk element alone. When interpreting the findings,
the reader must remember that ETO strategies are numerous, and a high-risk profile
for one strategy may represent a low risk for another. Further to this, an ETO strategy's
risk profile may change with the overlaying of another ETO. For example, where a Call
option is bought, the risk involved in that purchase is represented by the premium paid.
However, another Call option can then be sold against that position, with a later (or
earlier) date to expiry, and with a higher strike price. This 'overlay' reduces the initial
risk, but impacts on the maximum gain.
It is vital that Trustees have a solid understanding of the basics of ETO strategies
before considering using Delta as a measure of risk. The research proposes some
guidelines Trustees can use when assessing an ETO strategy against their
derivative/investment risk profile.
For example, a Trustee buying an ETO with a Delta of less than 0.20, faces an 89%
chance of loss; a Trustee selling an ETO with a Delta of less than 0.20, faces an 89%
chance of gain.
The findings on overall financial returns (profit or loss) offer additional support to this
critical review of Delta as a risk measurement tool. Whist it is impossible to know the
motives or actual positions of portfolio managers of SMSF at any time, the aim of the
thesis is to provide a measurement tool that can be used to assist the trustee at any
given time by measuring the option risk element alone. When interpreting the findings,
the reader must remember that ETO strategies are numerous, and a high-risk profile
for one strategy may represent a low risk for another. Further to this, an ETO strategy's
risk profile may change with the overlaying of another ETO. For example, where a Call
option is bought, the risk involved in that purchase is represented by the premium paid.
However, another Call option can then be sold against that position, with a later (or
earlier) date to expiry, and with a higher strike price. This 'overlay' reduces the initial
risk, but impacts on the maximum gain.
It is vital that Trustees have a solid understanding of the basics of ETO strategies
before considering using Delta as a measure of risk. The research proposes some
guidelines Trustees can use when assessing an ETO strategy against their
derivative/investment risk profile.
(table inserted)
The findings from 2400 data samples show strong trends in support of the underlying
premise (see Figure: Positive Results Versus Delta (ETO Buyers) below). Given these
findings, the research concludes that Delta can be used as a measure of risk by SMSF
Trustees. Delta may not be suitable, however, for measuring multiple layers of
combined ETO positions, a type of derivative strategy not suited to or usual in the
context of measuring risk within a SMSF.
(table inserted)
There is a major difference between simple and simplistic solutions offering practical
answers in an environment of increasing complexity. Often, simple solutions offer far
more value to the less experienced, when compared to complex ones, especially given
the growing number of SMSFs, and the increasing lack of expertise in the areas of
superannuation and risk management that this growth implies.
15
Enticott, Steven John. "A critical evaluation of exchange traded option 'Delta' as a risk management tool for self-managed superannuation funds". Australasian Digital Thesis Program, 2006. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au/public/adt-VSWT20061117.125347.
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Thesis (DBA) - Swinburne University of Technology, 2006.Submitted to the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Business Administration, Australasian Graduate School of Management, Swinburne University of Technology, 2006. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-92).
16
Lennox, Peter. "Employer accounting for defined benefit superannuation plans : current practices and the impact of ED 53 "Accounting for employee entitlements" /". Title page, and contents only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09C/09cl568.pdf.
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Taylor, Suzanne Mary. "A statistical analysis of the origins and impacts of twenty-six years of regulatory regime changes in the Australian occupational superannuation industry". Connect to thesis, 2008. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/3138.
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Wiafe, Osei Kuffour. "Investment strategies in retirees' decumulation phase". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/82829/1/Osei%20Kuffour_Wiafe_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis consists of three studies on investment strategies for Australian retirees. Specifically, it investigates retirees' preference between alternative drawdown strategies in the presence of government pensions, appropriate management of longevity risk through the use of deferred annuities and asset allocation in retirement. It finds drawdown strategies linked to life expectancy to be the best performers. Deferred annuities are found to improve retirement incomes for risk averse retirees. For retirees who want to meet certain wealth thresholds in retirement, equity dominated portfolios provide superior outcomes for higher threshold levels.
19
Gribben, Melodie Jo. "Social attitudes towards the New Zealand superannuation scheme : a manifestation of normative intergenerational justice : a thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Sociology at Massey University, Palmerston North". Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1253.
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The purpose of the current study is to investigate New Zealanders’ social attitudes towards the economic support for the aged provided by the New Zealand Superannuation Scheme. The structure and nature of those social attitudes is revealed. The study examines social attitude responses to determine if intergenerational justice plays any role in the nature of support for the aged. One thousand and eighty-three participants were selected from the electoral roll and all were sent a survey pack followed by two subsequent reminders. Five hundred and nineteen people agreed to participate. The hypothesis is that New Zealanders agree that economic support for the aged should be provided through the Superannuation Scheme, but that the nature of this support varies according to demographic characteristics and individual perceptions of intergenerational justice. The survey results found that respondents support the economic provision for the aged in the current Superannuation Scheme. However, they are less prepared to support those mechanisms that maintain the Superannuation Scheme and they consider intergenerational transferability of the Superannuation Scheme as important. A generational difference was found in the survey among younger respondents, those forty-one and below, with regard to need taking precedence for supporting the aged, concerning ideas about assessing the economic circumstances of the aged and ideas about the balance of ‘advantages and disadvantages’ distributed to different generations. Older generations, those respondents aged forty-two and above, supported the social democratic form of the Superannuation Scheme. They believed that entitlement to returns was more important than need and they opposed economic assessments for the receipt of the Superannuation Benefit. However, older generations did not believe that differences in the balance of ‘advantages and disadvantages’ between generations have occurred in New Zealand. The survey results indicate that New Zealand is unique compared with other developed countries in that there is little predictor value or correlation value for most of the demographic characteristics pertaining to welfare attitudes towards the economic support of the aged. Meanwhile, generation and household income have some predictor and correlation value in relation to welfare attitudes towards the New Zealand Superannuation Scheme. Finally, the Superannuation Scheme exists in a momentary formal state. It may be the non-transferability of this Scheme between generations that poses a threat to the economic support of the aged, given that the number of people in New Zealand reaching sixty-five is set to increase dramatically.
20
Dittrich, Ivo. "Zajištění se na důchod pomocí kapitálového trhu". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221616.
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A theme of the master’s thesis is to describe current state of capital market and pension system in the Czech Republic. It includes a list of laws that are relevant to this topic. Foreign pension systems are also described. A main is Proposel Part where for concrete person are proposed variations of saving or investing to keep money in reserve for retirement. In each variation is described advantage and disadvantage of this solution.
21
Georgiou, Jonathan. "Exploring the benefits of attracting, recruiting and retaining mature age employees up to and beyond the traditional age of retirement: Perspectives from Western Australia". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2015. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1632.
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There has been a recent upsurge in media attention surrounding Australia’s ageing workforce. A review of academic, media and grey literature highlighted inadequacies in existing workplace polices, as well as flaws in financial and social security schemes. Of particular concern were persistent negative attitudes and counterproductive policies regarding mature age employees (MAEs). Poor retention rates among this cohort of workers aged 45 years and over are leading to skilled labour shortages and losses in corporate knowledge. This expected mass exodus of mature cohorts into retirement has been predicted to negatively impact the socio-economic sustainability of ageing societies world-wide and is a pertinent issue for Western Australia (WA).
The overarching objective of this study was to identify the ‘place’ of mature cohorts within WA workplaces and promote strategies that will improve the employment conditions and overall quality of life of ageing workforces. Research questions aimed to address the need for greater mature age employment up to and beyond pensionable age; identify ‘gaps’ in policies and programmes; and explore how mature cohorts were perceived (valued) and the extent their departure may affect WA society (labour force).
By using a mixed methods research design, this Doctoral dissertation developed a conceptual framework for limiting significant issues individuals, businesses and society may experience as a result of WA’s ageing workforce; whilst simultaneously promoting the benefits of maturity and mature age employment. This Re-Model draws upon the community development work principles of social justice, empowerment and social capital; and is further contextualised by methods of best practice identified from the triangulation of secondary sources, quantitative data and qualitative inquiry. Primary data collection involved the completion of 362 surveys, followed by 27 semistructured interviews and four focus group activities, with a cross section of MAEs, volunteers, their employers, retirees and unemployed cohorts from across WA.
Over one-third of current MAEs, employers and volunteers in this study reported they intended working later than the traditional age of retirement, with 71 per cent of this sample planning to semi-retire. Furthermore, almost 60 per cent of a sample that had previously exited the labour force was working at the time of data collection as semi-retirees or rehired retirees (rehirees). Collectively, these statistics indicated that despite predictions of mass disengagement among mature cohorts, most of this crosssection of Western Australians are seeking to remain in (or re-enter) the WA workforce beyond pensionable age. However, quantitative and qualitative findings revealed several barriers to their continued engagement, including access to ‘age-friendly’ workplaces; a dearth of targeted training (career) development and employment assistance; and a lack of value attributed to mature age skills and experience, particularly deleterious in WA’s youth-centric culture.
Primary data also highlighted several enabling factors for mature age employment. ‘Flexibility’ and ‘autonomy of choice’ were cited as key dimensions across all aspects of paid work, volunteering and retirement – whether in terms of worklife- balance; the individuation of training and development; or options available to those transitioning out of traditional employment. Data indicated that sustainable cultural change required more than just the removal of negative policies or introduction of punitive legislation. Maintaining a positive outlook among mature age individuals and simultaneously educating (younger) co-workers, employers, policy-makers (stakeholders) and society about the virtues of maturity and non-traditional work (skills) were considered essential to changing societal attitudes, behaviour and culture.
22
Paxton, Jennifer Anne. "Women and superannuation: the impact of the family law superannuation regime". Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/90796.
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This doctrinal analysis considers the impact of the 2002 superannuation reforms upon the treatment of superannuation in family law property settlement proceedings. Pre-reform the courts had limited ability to evaluate and split superannuation in property settlement proceedings. The parameters of inconsistency, uncertainty, lack of clarity and unfairness to women were identified to be key characteristics of the pre-reform law. Superannuation was becoming more widespread and valuable and notwithstanding changes in the public sphere women’s superannuation entitlements remained significantly less than men’s thus reinforcing the need for change. The 2002 reforms introduced a technical regime of superannuation payment splitting and flagging underpinned by obligations to provide information and undertake valuations but did not mandate the splitting of superannuation payments. Nor did the legislation provide guidance about how the discretion to alter the interests of parties in superannuation should be exercised. This doctrinal thesis presents a study of the relevant background policy issues, a review of the notable literature and a critical analysis of the significant case law to evaluate the evolving legal principles post reform. The parameters of inconsistency, uncertainty, lack of clarity and unfairness to women are employed to evaluate the treatment of superannuation in property settlement proceedings. The success of the post-reform law is also measured against the standard of a substantive equality approach. This framework focusses the findings of the doctrinal analysis throughout the thesis. The findings of the empirical analysis of the reforms reported in the 2008 Evaluation are assessed and compared with those of the doctrinal analysis. As well the results of the doctrinal analysis are assessed against the elements of the policy objectives identified by the Revised Explanatory Memorandum as being necessary to the success of the reforms. The reforms have led to improvements in the treatment of superannuation on separation and divorce. Separating couples can obtain information about each other’s entitlements that will allow most types of superannuation to be valued in accordance with prescribed valuation methods. Superannuation payments can be split and flagged, and the consideration of superannuation is no longer restricted to its treatment as a financial resource. Nevertheless there are shortcomings. The expected benefits of clear law to guide separating couples, lawyers and courts have been impeded by the judicial response to legislative ambiguity that has led to the preferred approach of treating superannuation as a separate species of asset. Consequentially there is no consistent treatment of different types of superannuation as property together with all forms of family wealth. There is uncertainty and inconsistency about the valuation of different types of superannuation. There is no consistency about the assessment of different types of contributions to superannuation compared to other assets. There is no certainty about the approach to the assessment of the relative economic positions of separated couples in relation to superannuation compared to other assets. Unfairness continues both because of the lack of retrospectivity of the reforms and as a result of layered disadvantage resulting from the evolving legal principles. Areas of future review and reform are identified and recommendations proposed. The retention of the discretionary approach is preferred to a rule based approach to property settlement generally or to superannuation specifically. However amendment of pt VIIIB is recommended to remove the Coghlan legislative ambiguity and to clearly state the policy intention of pt VIIIB by way of guidance. Also amendment of the transitional provisions is recommended to achieve fairness of access to the reforms for women. A range of other ancillary options are considered and the limitations discussed. Finally an empirical analysis of identified issues is recommended that builds on the present findings and addresses the limitations of the doctrinal approach.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Law School, 2014
23
Millane, Emily. "The Ghost of National Superannuation". Phd thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/201546.
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The thesis uses the case study of Australian superannuation to examine the conditions for systemic policy change. It tells the history of a modern reform. Long-running debates about superannuation policy have led to the system that Australians know today. A narrative of superannuation emerges, showing that it was a product of long-term institutional continuities, more than existing narratives would suggest.
The theory of historical institutionalism is brought to bear to argue that the introduction of Australia's national superannuation system was the evolution of a welfare system whose architecture was established around the time of Australian Federation. Occupational superannuation had existed in Australia since the 1840s, old age pension schemes were introduced in NSW, Victoria and Queensland in the 1890s, and the Commonwealth Old Age Pension was introduced in 1908.
The thesis traces the history of debates about public pension financing and the eventual pivot towards Australia's unique state-mandated, private superannuation system based on defined contributions. Throughout this history, the thesis considers the cross-cutting themes of gender coverage, influences on policy makers and risk. The thesis is arranged around the points in time when the introduction of a national superannuation system was considered and legislated by Australian governments. It moves through the 1890s during the old age pension debates; the 1920s and the Royal Commission on National Insurance and National Insurance legislation introduced by the Bruce government; the 1930s and the National Health and Pensions Insurance Act, passed but never implemented by the Lyons government; the 1970s and the Whitlam government's proposal for national superannuation, and then, finally, the introduction of the modern system in 1992 under the Keating government's "Superannuation Guarantee."
After years of opposition, following World War II the Australian Labor Party changed its policy to support contributory pensions. The policy rhetoric towards this change began after World War II. Occupational superannuation was radically reconceived and remodelled by labour reformers between the 1970s and the early 1990s, creating a new pathway of policy development and "layering" new elements so that the institution would serve a broad working constituency. During the term of the Hawke and Keating governments, there was a "critical juncture" in superannuation policy but incremental change was occurring too. This points to the limits of institutional theory, in which different modes of change are said to occur at different points in time.
The history of superannuation policy is drawn into the present by looking at the period between the introduction of the Superannuation Guarantee in 1992 and 2019. It focuses on the changes in respect of "choice of fund," arguing that heavily politicised debates over choice over superannuation fund were the result of the decision to create a private system of superannuation. The Choice of Fund legislation in 2005 and the MySuper reforms in 2013 that deal with the choice of superannuation fund are examples of policy "layering" and "displacement," reflecting the power struggle between the Labor Party and the conservative parties to control financial flows in the system. This struggle was one which labour actors set themselves up for by establishing superannuation within an industrial framework debate rather than as a government scheme.
Why does systemic policy change happen when it happens? Why does reform go in one direction rather than another? Why do political parties introduce policies that their predecessors opposed in the past? These are the fundamental questions with which this thesis grapples.
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Hargita, Christina Starla. "Disruptive time : parental leave, flexible work, and superannuation in Australia". Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10453/135067.
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University of Technology Sydney. Faculty of Law.Reproduction and child-rearing are distinctly gendered, temporalising acts in Australia. As such, reproduction is structured around temporalities of care and labour, and these temporalities emerge and disrupt established orderings in daily life, lifetimes, and larger-scale timelines. This thesis uncovers the underlying conception of time in the Australian legal regimes of parental leave, flexible work, and superannuation and its gendered connotations. As a socio-legal project, this thesis uses existing empirical evidence and theoretical material to conceptualise, critically analyse, and theorise the gendered temporalities of women with children in Australia. By constructing a feminist critique of neo-maternalistic productivism in Australia’s parental leave, flexible work and superannuation systems, the thesis provides an alternate theory of disrupted temporalities in maternity.
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Culbert, Ben. "Better member outcomes in superannuation through data driven financial literacy prediction". Thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10453/153359.
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University of Technology Sydney. Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology.Through a combination of product innovation and government reform the retirement savings system in Australia has become increasingly complex. Everyday Australians are now required to possess sophisticated financial decision making skills in order to safely navigate the many risks and opportunity costs associated with their superannuation. The decisions that savers make regarding their investments will have a significant impact on their retirement wellbeing. As a result, it is paramount for any responsible financial institution to actively measure, monitor and elevate the financial literacy of its members. To date, there is no research which proposes a suitable context specific construct for financial literacy in superannuation which is predictive of financial outcomes and utilises passive administrative data to enable ongoing measurement. To address these challenges this research first proposes a measurement construct for financial literacy in superannuation informed by the results of a financial literacy survey enriched with administrative member data. Next, it proposes a novel solution for the prediction of superannuation literacy using a vast dataset of demographic and behavioural features. The prediction framework addresses the issue of non-response bias while maximising predictive performance. Finally, the prediction framework is validated against a real world business problem, customer churn. The findings of this research indicate that the measurement construct for superannuation literacy significantly outperforms the conventional measure against a number of financial outcomes. Superannuation literacy outperforms common financial literacy by a multiple of 7.1, 11.2 and 8.9 for account balance, portfolio return and portfolio volatility respectively. The prediction framework for superannuation literacy outperforms a number of state of the art algorithms for prediction. The aggregate measure for superannuation literacy achieves an R square of 84.6% and is highly correlated to positive financial outcomes in super. Validation against customer churn provides an insight into the complex relationship between financial sophistication and decision making. This research provides the framework and tools to monitor and engage superannuation members based on their sophistication and intervene where they are determined to be at-risk, requiring additional support to manage their retirement savings, or to maximise member satisfaction and engagement.
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Seelajaroen, Ruttachai. "The Impact of style on performance and classification of Australian superannuation funds". Phd thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/148738.
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HUANG, Chih-Ling, i 黃芝齡. "A Study on the Correlation between Superannuation Retirement Consolation Welfare Measures Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment: An Example of C University". Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2qdazf.
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碩士國立臺灣師範大學
科技應用與人力資源發展學系人力資源碩士在職進修專班
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To deal with the impact of fewer children, human resource management is the key factor for private schools. C University of Technology (CUT) pioneered the Superannuation Retirement Consolation Welfare Measures (SRCWM) in 2010. With higher pensions, CUT was able to retain excellent staffs. This research studied, after the implementation of SRCMW, the difference in welfare satisfaction (WS) and organizational commitment (OC) due to staff personal backgrounds, and the effects of staff on WS and OC. The research objects were the full-time staff of CUT with better than A evaluations in 2014. A total of 370 valid questionnaires were returned, with a return rate of 93.43%. T-test, one-way ANOVA, correlation analysis, and regression analysis were used to analyze data. The study found that personal background variables: gender, campus of service, age, marital status, and position, excluding seniority, have significant effect on WS and OC. There is also positive correlation between WS and OC. Keywords: superannuation retirement consolation welfare measures (SRCWM), staff welfare, welfare satisfaction (WS), retirement and pension system, organizational commitment (OC)
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Mihaylov, George Simon. "Essays on the impacts of household financial decision making". Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/92662.
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The thesis examines the consequences of household and individual financial decision making in three different areas: mortgages, superannuation and family businesses. The questions posed in each case cannot be tackled using conventional financial databases. I therefore address each case by applying survey methods. First, I examine the socioeconomic impacts of households choosing to take out shared appreciation mortgages (SAMs). Tax and regulatory barriers have impeded the development and use of SAMs in many mortgage markets. Empirical studies on household impacts stemming from SAMs have therefore also been limited. However, the State Government of South Australia has implemented SAMs as a means of enabling and encouraging low-income homeownership, thereby creating a unique dataset of SAM financed households. I survey this population, finding that SAM borrowers benefit from increased budgetary expenditure on discretionary items following take-up, while simultaneously saving on some non-discretionary items relative to control samples of renters and other homeowners from the general population. Furthermore, SAM homeownership also appears to be associated with increased levels of neighbourhood satisfaction and community involvement for borrowers. The results from this study indicate that SAM financed homeownership leads to changes in household behaviour and deserves further consideration by the housing industry and research community. Second, I examine the influence of investor knowledge and the cognitive bias which arises from overconfidence on the advice seeking behaviour of investors in self-managed superannuation funds (SMSFs). I trace whether overestimating one’s own technical and financial abilities can hinder the willingness to seek advice. I identify a subset of investors who are not knowledgeable and yet do not seek advice to compensate for this. These investors appear to be overconfident in their ability to manage their SMSF, despite holding under-diversified and less financially sophisticated portfolios when compared to their peers. Given the global rise in investors choosing to manage their own retirement funds and the importance of seeking advice in this context, there are direct policy implications from these findings. They suggest a need to identify and target self-managed retirement investors who display overconfidence since they are the most likely to manage under-performing SMSFs in the longer term. Third, I examine links between the succession planning decisions, operational management and financial performance of small-to-medium sized agricultural enterprises (SMAEs). I differentiate between written, verbal and other succession arrangements to investigate how each type embeds within the broader operational environment of SMAE households. Further tests are performed to see if differences in financial outcomes can be linked with a particular approach to succession. The results indicate that succession planning decisions are positively associated with the use of written business plans and crop insurance, but that this is only true for SMAEs with professionalised written succession arrangements. This was also the only cohort associated with improved return on assets relative to peer agricultural businesses with alternative succession arrangements in place. Given the critical role of succession in the long-term sustainability of family business households, these results have direct implications for farmers and practitioners advising the private agricultural sector. They suggest that the value in planning succession at least partly lies in the value of going down pathways for professionalization.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Business School, 2015
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(12235765), Muhammad Ali Chishti. "An expert system approach to personal financial planning in Australia". Thesis, 1992. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/An_expert_system_approach_to_personal_financial_planning_in_Australia/19352426.
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The objectives of this research were to investigate issues involved in the development of a financial planning expert system for the Australian environment and to test the system's effectiveness as a decision support tool. A prototype expert system was developed and tested outside the development environment. Findings indicate that it is possible to develop a simple rule-based system which gives advice useful to practitioners in an area of personal financial planning, namely, advice on superannuation. Findings also indicated that expert systems help to overcome several kinds of representational failures in the human analysis process including: inconsistency, inaccuracy, individual differences, and inefficiency. Those aspects of expert systems that directly support a decision maker in reaching an effective decision were identified. These aspects were: intelligent calculation capabilities, explanation as to why certain information was required by the system, and explanation as to how conclusions were reached by the
system.
From a general perspective the methodology used in this study offers the foundations needed to attest the value of expert systems as effective decision support tools. Future studies should incorporate a longitudinal design to more accurately assess cumulative effects of an expert system
in decision making. This study was of an exploratory nature and the major limitation of the study was the small number of test cases studied. However the study is of significance as there are very few reported studies evaluating the effectiveness of expert systems in decision making. The
successful verification of the system developed demonstrates its feasibility. The main messages to expert system developers and researchers from this study are that expert systems will flourish more by focusing on 'how' they
can be improved as decision tools and that there is a clear need for more attention to theoretical grounding than is generally assumed or practiced in expert system development and research. Expert system research should also be integrated with Decision Support System [DSS] design literature since, as was found in this project, understanding which DSS are effective and what makes them effective is of great assistance in improving the design
of expert systems.
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Hentzen, Janin Karoli. "Technology-Facilitated Customer Engagement and Actor Networks in Financial Services – A Retirement Planning Perspective". Thesis, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/2440/135613.
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This thesis contributes to the emerging debate in the financial services literature on digital technology, consumer engagement, and service actor ecosystems. Comprising of one systematic literature review and two empirical papers, the overall aim of this thesis is to develop a deeper understanding of the impact of digital technology on the financial services industry and the effects on both service providers and consumers. Using artificial intelligence and mobile apps as suitable exemplars of digital technology, the focus of this thesis is the Australian retirement context. The first paper is titled ‘Artificial Intelligence in Customer-Facing Financial Services - A Systematic Literature Review and Agenda for Future Research’. Through the application of a systematic literature review methodology guided by the TCCM (Theory, Context, Characteristics, Methodology) framework, this study provides an overview of academic research to date while simultaneously identifying gaps in the existing literature and offering a comprehensive agenda for future research. The findings of the review suggest that select financial services have experienced greater academic research interest (e.g., banking) than others (i.e., retirement planning). Additionally, more than half of the sampled studies adopt a data-driven approach, as opposed to a theory-driven approach, thus rendering the calls for future research to refocus on developing relevant theory and conceptualizations. The second paper is titled ‘The Role of Digital Technology in Communication and Information Flow in the Australian Superannuation Industry: A Multi-Actor Service Ecosystem Perspective’ and empirically examines the impact of digital technology on the Australian retirement ecosystem. Accordingly, the study adopts a qualitative research methodology using 21 semi-structured interviews to investigate the impact of digital technology on both actor communication as well as information search and avoidance behaviours related to Superannuation. The findings highlight a need for ecosystem actors to improve their resource and knowledge sharing capabilities to enable a seamless information flow and consequently improve consumer experience and foster retirement planning. The third and final paper included in the thesis is titled ‘Which consumers are more likely to adopt a retirement app and how does it explain mobile technology-enabled retirement engagement?’ This study focuses on mobile technology-enabled retirement planning. That is, it empirically examines the drivers of consumer’s intention to and anticipated engagement with a mobile retirement planning app. Data is collected from 440 Australian consumers, and analysed using PLS-SEM. Results highlight that consumers’ perceived skills (i.e., financial self-efficacy), information/ usage avoidance (i.e., perceived financial security), and perceived relevance (i.e., consideration of future consequences, retirement planning involvement, and perceived usefulness) have direct effects on their anticipated engagement with a mobile retirement app as well as indirect effects through their intention to adopt the app. Additionally, the findings demonstrate that the closer the consumer is to retirement, the more likely they are to use a mobile retirement app. Overall, the research of this thesis contributes to the understanding of the importance of digital technology in fostering financial behaviours such as retirement planning, and service provider and consumer relationships, as well as its impact on the broader financial services industry.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Business School, 2022
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GRÜNNOVÁ, Milena. "Penzijní připojištění a jeho úloha ve vytvoření finanční rezervy pro důchodový věk". Master's thesis, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-53772.
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The diploma work is oriented on the additional pension insurance (superannuation scheme) and on it{\crq}s value as a reserve for the retirement age. In the theoretical part there is described the history of the additional pension insurance, main terms and definition and next there are in detail described the particular pension funds and their rentability. The theoretical part finishes with the integral part of the additional pension insurance, which is the tax prefference. In the introduction of the practical part there I am concerned with the pension reform, because the additional pension insurance is an instrument used for saving for the pension age. The pension reform has three phases. The first phase already has been confirmed by the government and it{\crq}s main consequence are the rules for the retirement. Next two phases are being discussed. No matter how the discussion about the reform ends I consider as reasonable to care of securing myself in the future by using the additional pension insurance. This is demonstrated on four independent examples, where I show that it is advantageous to start saving money by additional pension insurance. In the final phase of the practical part there is the general conclusion of the diploma work and my own opinion about the importance of the additional pension insurance.
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King, Christopher. "Exploring the intensive and extensive margin of employment in a CGE framework". Thesis, 2020. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/41797/.
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This research incorporates a model of labour demand into a computable general equilibrium model for Australia. It extends the underlying model by disaggregating the price of labour into (1) ordinary wage costs, (2) payments for overtime hours and (3) fixed costs of labour. It also distinguishes the labour input into hours worked per worker and the number of workers.
This research developed a model of labour demand where firms chose between increasing the number of hours worked per worker and paying overtime wage premiums which increase with overtime hours or expanding the size of their workforce and paying fixed costs for each additional worker. A labour services function was adopted to represent the aggregate quantity of labour so that an additional hour per worker had a differing marginal product than an additional worker.
A two-stage least squares model of wage premiums and overtime was estimated to represent Australia’s industry-specific overtime regulations based on the set of modern awards and collective bargaining agreements. This provided a relationship between the average wage premium per hour of overtime and the number of overtime hours performed. This was used to calibrate the labour demand model integrated into the CGE framework.
The Australian government has a compulsory retirement savings scheme, the superannuation guarantee, which requires employers to set aside a portion of an employees wage income to provide income support in retirement. The effects of increasing the superannuation guarantee from 9.5% to 12% of employees ordinary wage earnings is simulated using the labour demand model developed within this research. It demonstrates how industries respond to the increase in the superannuation guarantee by substituting away from workers to additional hours per worker. The main findings are that industries with (a) higher fixed costs, (b) higher levels of ordinary hours and (c) flatter wage premium schedules comparatively experience larger increases in overtime.
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O'Leary, Eileen. "Optimisation of retirement benefits for Australians". Thesis, 2015. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/28775/.
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Australians have three principal sources for retirement funding - the Age Pension, individual superannuation and individual savings outside of the superannuation umbrella. The Age Pension, a non-contributory payment that, alone, provides only for a modest lifestyle, is means tested for both assets and income, with the provision available to receive either a full or part pension. Most Australians also hold a personal superannuation account into which is contributed a mandatory percentage of labour income, known as the Superannuation Guarantee. These accounts, for which the individual is responsible for the investment strategy and for which the individual bears the risk, can also receive discretionary, tax-advantaged contributions.