Artykuły w czasopismach: „Sulphide corrosion”

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C. Fatah, Martin, Mokhtar C. Ismail i Bambang Ari-Wahjoedi. "Corrosion behaviour of X52 steel in the presence of sulphite". Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 61, nr 5 (26.08.2014): 343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-03-2013-1246.

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Purpose – The purpose of this work was to study the corrosion behaviour of X52 steel in the presence of sulphite. Design/methodology/approach – The study was conducted in abiotic solutions containing species typical of sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) metabolism. Electrochemical techniques, i.e. linear polarization resistance (LPR), potentiodynamic and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), were used to observe the corrosion kinetics and mechanism of X52 steel in the solution containing sulphite. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the corrosion products. Findings – LPR and EIS results showed that the addition of sulphite ions to the abiotic solutions increased the rate of X52 steel corrosion. The increase of corrosion rate was due to the increase in the cathodic reaction in the presence of sulphite. It was also observed that sulphite thinned the protective FeS film and caused corrosive species to adsorb on the surface, resulting in an increase in corrosion rate. Originality/value – This paper discusses the effects of sulphite on the corrosion behaviour of X52 steel in abiotic solution containing species typically produced by the SRB-type metabolic process. Irrespective of the presence of sulphide, sulphite is produced by SRB during their metabolic process. However, as far as is known, no published papers are available that discuss the effect of the presence of sulphite as one of the metabolic products of SRB.

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Assaad Abdelmseeh, V., J. Jofriet i G. Hayward. "Sulphate and sulphide corrosion in livestock buildings, Part II: Reinforcing steel corrosion". Biosystems Engineering 99, nr 3 (marzec 2008): 382–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2007.11.005.

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Pękala, Marek, Paul Wersin, Veerle Cloet i Nikitas Diomidis. "Reactive transport calculations to evaluate sulphide fluxes in the near-field of a SF/HLW repository". E3S Web of Conferences 98 (2019): 10005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199810005.

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Radioactive waste is planned to be disposed in a deep geological repository in the Opalinus Clay (OPA) rock formation in Switzerland. Cu coating of the steel disposal canister is considered as potential a measure to ensure complete waste containment of spent nuclear fuel (SF) and vitrified high-level waste (HLW) or a period of 100,000 years. Sulphide is a potential corroding agent to Cu under reducing redox conditions. Background dissolved sulphide concentrations in pristine OPA are low, likely controlled by equilibrium with pyrite. At such concentrations, sulphide-assisted corrosion of Cu would be negligible. However, the possibility exists that sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) might thrive at discrete locations of the repository’s near-field. The activity of SRB might then lead to significantly higher dissolved sulphide concentrations. The objective of this work is to employ reactive transport calculations to evaluate sulphide fluxes in the near-field of the SF/HLW repository in the OPA. Cu canister corrosion due to sulphide fluxes is also simplistically evaluated.

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Stephenson, R. J., R. M. R. Branion i K. L. Pinder. "Sulphur Management Strategies in Anaerobic Treatment of a BCTMP/TMP Effluent". Water Quality Research Journal 28, nr 3 (1.08.1993): 635–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1993.033.

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Abstract Anaerobic treatment of a bleached chemithermomechanlcal/ thermomechanical BCTMP/TMP (2:1 by volume) effluent obtained from Quesnel River Pulp Co. was studied on a laboratory scale at 35°C. The experimental apparatus consisted of upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) acidogenic reactors followed by hybrid upflow anaerobic sludge bed/fixed-film methanogenic reactors. Under anaerobic conditions, sulphite and sulphate are reduced to sulphide, presenting problems of toxicity, odour, corrosion and reduced methane yields, and treatment efficiencies. The fate of these compounds was examined under various hydraulic retention times and sulphur management strategies, including: (i) pH control; (ii) inhibition of the sulphur reducing bacteria via molybdenum addition; and (iii) stripping hydrogen sulphide dissolved in the reactor liquor by recycling hydrogen sulphide-free off gas. Controlling the pH of the acidogenic reactor from 5.5 (uncontrolled) to 8.0, in order to shift the formed sulphide species to the less toxic ionic form, appeared to be ineffective in promoting wastewater treatment efficiency. Molybdenum addition to the wastewater, tested at levels from 0.1 to 1.0 mM, was effective at 1.0 mM in retarding sulphide formation. Hydrogen sulphide stripping, using scrubbed and recycled off gas, appeared to be the most effective means of sulphur management for this type of wastewater under these conditions.

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Łabanowski, Jerzy, i J. Ćwiek. "High Temperature Corrosion of Evaporator Tubes with Thermal Sprayed Coatings". Solid State Phenomena 165 (czerwiec 2010): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.165.110.

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Degradation examinations of outer surface of low-emission steam boiler evaporator tubes are presented in the paper. Metallographic evaluation of scale morphology as well as determination of chemical composition of micro sites and distribution of elements on cross-sections is reported. Water-wall tubes were exposed in steam boiler for up to two years period. Common tubes produced from 16Mo3 steel suffered sulphide and molten salts corrosions. Thermal sprayed tubes with the single layer of 70%Ni 30%Cr alloy demonstrate better corrosion resistance, but become susceptible to sulphide corrosion due to presence of internal voids and cracks. Double layer Al2O3/Ni-30Cr coatings withstood corrosion attack for more than one year of operation, and then failed due to internal heterogeneity and crack generation.

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Suleiman, Mabruk I. "Sulphur Species Corrosivity in Refinery Feed Stock". Solid State Phenomena 227 (styczeń 2015): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.227.213.

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High temperature sulphide corrosion and equipment failures have been reported in several crude and condensate processing facilities of petroleum refineries. Affected materials were carbon and low alloy steels operated in temperatures ranging from 200 to 300°C.These failures were attributed to specific sulphur species and were not anticipated by corrosion prediction tools used for their material selection. The corrosion mechanisms of these species are not fully understood. This paper presents Takreer Research Centre (TRC) research work for isolating the active sulphur species responsible for the corrosion. Two condensate samples were first analysed for total sulphur, hydrogen sulphide (H2S), Mercaptans (RSH) and other impurities. Using Gas Chromatograph with Sulphur Chemilumenesence Detector (SCD), it was possible to identify Mercaptans and sulphides from the process samples. Laboratory corrosivity testing of condensate sample using carbon steel and low alloy steel coupons at 275°C indicated that the corrosion rate was mainly related to the Mercaptans species within the Total Sulphur. The results concluded that specific dissociation temperature of respective Mercaptans is a useful tool in predicting the possibility and extent of corrosion and its vulnerable process loop.

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Cwalina, Beata, Weronika Dec, Wojciech Simka, Joanna Michalska i Marzena Jaworska-Kik. "Biofilm Formation on NiTi Surface by Different Strains of Sulphate Reducing Bacteria (Desulfovibrio desulfuricans)". Solid State Phenomena 227 (styczeń 2015): 302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.227.302.

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Bacteria of Desulfovibrio genus belong to group of widespread sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB). D. desulfuricans is considered one among many bacterial species involved in microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of metals, mainly of stainless steels and other alloys. SRB can produce gaseous hydrogen sulphide. This gas is released into the environment leading to formation of metal sulphides that significantly influence electrochemical processes and ultimately enhance the corrosion of materials. Biofilms formed by these bacteria are especially harmful for highly alloyed steels and many alloys. The aim of this work was to compare the character of growth and biofilm formation by three strains of D. desulfuricans (standard soil strain DSM and two wild intestinal strains: DV/A and DV/B) on the surface of NiTi alloy.

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Stephenson, R. J., R. M. R. Branion i K. L. Pinder. "Anaerobic 35°C and 55°C Treatment of a BCTMP/TMP Effluent: Sulphur Management Strategies". Water Science and Technology 29, nr 5-6 (1.03.1994): 433–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0736.

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Pulp manufacture uses sulphur in a variety of forms and these sulphur compounds ultimately end up in the effluent. Under anaerobic conditions, sulphite and sulphate are reduced to sulphide, presenting problems of toxicity, odour, corrosion, and reduced methane yields and treatment efficiencies. The fate of these inorganic sulphur compounds in a bleached chemi-thermomechanical pulp/thermomechanical pulp (BCTMP/TMP) effluent mixture was examined in two phase anaerobic reactors at 35°C and 55°C. The following sulphur management strategies were investigated: 1) controlling the pH of the acidogenic reactor, 2) inhibiting the sulphur reducing bacteria via molybdenum addition to the feed tank, and 3) stripping the hydrogen sulphide dissolved in the methane phase reactor liquor by recycling hydrogen sulphide-free off gas. The laboratory scale experimental apparatus consisted of upflow anaerobic sludge bed pre-treatment or acidogenic reactors followed by hybrid upflow anaerobic sludge bed/fixed film methanogenic reactors. At 35°C, controlling the pH of the acidogenic reactors with sodium carbonate from 5.5 (uncontrolled) to 8.0 in order to shift the formed sulphide species to the less toxic ionic form appeared to be ineffective in promoting wastewater treatment efficiency. Molybdenum addition to the wastewater at levels from 0.1 to 1.0 mM was effective at 1.0 mM in retarding sulphate reduction or sulphide formation. Hydrogen sulphide stripping, using ferric chloride scrubbed and recycled off gas, appeared to be the most effective means of sulphur management for this type of wastewater under these conditions. Tbermophilic 55°C anaerobic treatment was also studied using the same effluent, inocula and sulphur management strategies. Overall, both the treatment efficiency and the sulphate reduction were lower for the thermophilic runs compared to the mesophilic runs. Raising the acidogenic phase reactor pH from 7.0 to 7.5 to 8.0 appeared to have no significant effect on organic carbon removal efficiency or on sulphate reduction. Molybdenum inhibition of sulphur reduction was not as marked as for the 1.0 mM level at 35°C, perhaps due to the already low baseline sulphate reduction efficiency at 55°C. Stripping hydrogen sulphide from the reactor liquor helped to promote the treatment efficiency and lowered the sulphide and sulphate levels. Similar to the 35°C study, sulphide removal by gas stripping appeared to be the most effective means of sulphur management

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Volpi, Enrico, Matteo Stefanoni, Andrea Olietti i Stefano Trasatti. "Mild Steel Passivation and Depassivation in Simulated Concrete Pore Solution Containing Bacteria Metabolites". Solid State Phenomena 227 (styczeń 2015): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.227.203.

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Although much less investigated than that induced by chlorides, the corrosion of steel reinforcing bars due to bacteria metabolic products is recognised as a serious issue, primarily for concrete pipes in sewer network. In order to overcome the complications due to the preparation of concrete samples the investigation was performed using simulating solutions. The passivation of the metallic specimens was obtained by immersion in Ca (OH)2 sat and monitored through several different electrochemical techniques. The depassivation was induced by either sulphuric acid or sulphides in order to simulate different bacterial metabolites. Anodic polarization curves and optical microscopy examination revealed a significant corrosion in the former case, while a competitive interaction among the sulphide and the alkalinity was hypothesized in sulphide-containing solutions.

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Thorhallsson, Andri Isak, i Sigrun Nanna Karlsdottir. "Corrosion Behaviour of Titanium Alloy and Carbon Steel in a High-Temperature, Single and Mixed-Phase, Simulated Geothermal Environment Containing H2S, CO2 and HCl". Corrosion and Materials Degradation 2, nr 2 (29.04.2021): 190–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cmd2020011.

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The corrosion behaviour of a new titanium-based alloy, with nickel, molybdenum and zirconium as the main alloying elements, was studied in a simulated geothermal environment at various phase conditions of a corrosive fluid. Corrosion testing of carbon steel was also conducted for comparison. Both materials were tested at an elevated temperature between 180 and 350 °C and at a 10 bar gauge pressure in H2O containing HCl, H2S, and CO2 gases with an acidic condensate of pH = 3. The study found that the titanium alloy demonstrated good corrosion resistance in a single- and multiphase geothermal environment. In the testing volume, where the boiling of testing fluid occurred, the carbon steel was prone to localized damage of oxide, sulphide and chloride corrosion products. In the superheated testing volume, a homogeneous oxide corrosion layer was observed on the carbon steel. In the testing volume where condensation of the testing fluid occurred, a sulphide layer with an oxide sublayer was formed on the carbon steel.

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Osadebe, Anwuli U., Dorcas C. Olorondu i Gideon C. Okpokwasili. "Environmental and Microbial Influences on Corrosion of Selected Types of Petroleum Industry Steel". Environment and Natural Resources Journal 19, nr 4 (1.06.2021): 310–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32526/ennrj/19/2021004.

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This study explored the influence of brackish water sediment, mangrove swamp sediment, clayey/lateritic soil, and river water (freshwater) sediment on the corrosion rates of carbon, mild, and stainless steels and the species of sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) and iron bacteria associated with the process. The material loss following burial of the steel samples for a 9-month period was assessed. Standard and specialised microbiological techniques were employed in the characterisation of the bacterial species. Qualitative assessment for corrosion was done via optical microscopy and macroscopy. Corrosion was highest on steel buried in brackish water sediment and lowest in that from river water sediment. Carbon steel was the most susceptible to corrosion while stainless steel was the most resistant. Sulphite, sulphide, nitrate and phosphate concentrations had a strong impact on corrosion rates. Thiobacillus, Leptothrix and Gallionella dominated amongst the iron bacteria while Desulfobacter and Desulfovibrio dominated amongst the SRB. There were significant differences in corrosion rates and bacterial abundance from one environment to the other. Iron bacteria showed greater abundance than SRB across the different environments and steel types. Iron bacteria counts, however, did not correlate positively with corrosion rates. The findings suggest that oil industry facilities in brackish water environments are more liable to corrosion than those located in fresh water ecosystems.

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Sease, Catherine. "CASE FURNISHING MATERIALS CAUSE SULPHIDE CORROSION". Studies in Conservation 39, sup1 (wrzesień 1994): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sic.1994.030.

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Valdez Salas, Benjamin, Michael Schorr Wiener, Roumen Zlatev Koytchev, Gustavo López Badilla, Rogelio Ramos Irigoyen, Monica Carrillo Beltrán, Nicola Radnev Nedev, Mario Curiel Alvarez, Navor Rosas Gonzalez i Jose María Bastidas Rull. "Copper Corrosion by Atmospheric Pollutants in the Electronics Industry". ISRN Corrosion 2013 (2.10.2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/846405.

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Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is considered one of the most corrosive atmospheric pollutants. It is a weak, diprotic, reducing acid, readily soluble in water and dispersed into the air by winds when emitted from natural, industrial, and anthropogenic sources. It is a pollutant with a high level of toxicity impairing human health and the environment quality. It attacks copper forming thin films of metallic sulphides or dendrite whiskers, which are cathodic to the metal substrate, enhancing corrosion. H2S is actively involved in microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) which develops in water, involving sulphur based bacteria, in oxidizing and reducing chemical reactions. H2S is found in concentrated geothermal brines, in the atmosphere of geothermal fields, and in municipal sewage systems. Other active atmospheric pollutants include SOX, NOX, and CO. This investigation reports on the effects of H2S on copper in microelectronic components of equipment and devices, with the formation of nonconductive films that lead to electrical failures.

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Assaad Abdelmseeh, V., J. Jofriet i G. Hayward. "Sulphate and sulphide corrosion in livestock buildings, Part I: Concrete deterioration". Biosystems Engineering 99, nr 3 (marzec 2008): 372–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2007.11.002.

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Tran Thi Thuy, Tien, Krishnan Kannoorpatti, Anna Padovan i Suresh Thennadil. "Effect of Alkaline Artificial Seawater Environment on the Corrosion Behaviour of Duplex Stainless Steel 2205". Applied Sciences 10, nr 15 (22.07.2020): 5043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155043.

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Sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) can be found in alkaline environments. Due to their metabolite products such as hydrogen sulphide, the corrosion behaviour of materials in alkaline environments may be affected by the presence of SRB. This study focuses on the investigation of corrosion behaviour of duplex stainless steel DSS 2205 in nutrient rich artificial seawater containing SRB species, Desulfovibrio vulgaris, at different alkaline conditions with pH range from 7 to 10. The open circuit potential value (OCP), sulphide level and pH were recorded daily. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to study the adhesion of SRB on the DSS 2205 surface. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to study the properties of the biofilm. Potentiodynamic polarization was used to study the corrosion behaviour of material. Inductively coupled plasma mass was used to measure the concentration of cations Fe, Ni, Mo, Mn in the experimental solution after 28 days. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used for surface analysis. The results showed that D. vulgaris are active in an alkaline environment with pH 7–9. However, at pH 10, D. vulgaris activity exhibited an 8-day lag. The corrosion rate of DSS 2205 at pH 9 was higher than at other pH environments due to a higher dissolved concentration of hydrogen sulphide.

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Æsøy, A., S. W. Østerhus i G. Bentzen. "Controlled treatment with nitrate in sewers to prevent concrete corrosion". Water Supply 2, nr 4 (1.09.2002): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0131.

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It has generally been accepted that concrete corrosion is caused by bacterial oxidation of hydrogen sulphide in sewage systems. Costs related to sewer replacement and remediation are quite high, but there is limited knowledge and documentation on the relationship between hydrogen sulphide levels and corrosion rates. This is necessary information in order to select the appropriate means of hydrogen sulphide control and to conduct cost-benefit evaluations. This pilot scale study shows that the concrete corrosion rate can be modeled by a Monod type function with Ks=2 ppm H2S in gas and a maximum concrete corrosion rate at 25°C of 16 mm/year. Complete hydrogen sulphide control with 0 ppm H2S in water and gas is required to prevent concrete corrosion. This can be achieved by controlled treatment with nitrate using the Nutriox® Concept where the nitrate dose is based on flow, temperature, sewer design, and sewage concentration. The local conditions will be important for the cost-benefit evaluations, but in general terms, one can say that the longer the hydraulic retention time is, the more cost effective will a controlled treatment with nitrate be for corrosion control.

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Majtás, D., K. Kreislová i L. Turek. "Failure of electric products by H2S". Koroze a ochrana materialu 62, nr 2 (1.05.2018): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kom-2018-0010.

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Abstract Copper is widely used metal for industrial and public purposes due to its good corrosion resistance and excellent electrical conductivity. In indoor atmospheric environments with low level of air pollution the corrosion rate of copper is very low and it is not affected by slight increasing of temperature or relative humidity. In many indoor environment hydrogen sulphide (H2S) occurs and significantly affects the copper corrosion. CuS is a loose of black corrosion product which can’t form protective film on copper surface and promote corrosion by adsorption of moisture as carrier. In sulphide presence, the corrosion product is chalcocite Cu2S. Copper corrosion attack by H2S low concentration caused significant failure of electronic, electric equipment but also other copper parts as tubes, etc. These corrosion films can form an insulating layer on the contact surfaces causing electrical failures on the electronic devices.

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Afanasyev, A. V., A. A. Mel’nikov, S. V. Konovalov i M. I. Vaskov. "The Analysis of the Influence of Various Factors on the Development of Stress Corrosion Defects in the Main Gas Pipeline Walls in the Conditions of the European Part of the Russian Federation". International Journal of Corrosion 2018 (3.06.2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1258379.

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This paper considers the factors influencing the formation and development of stress corrosion defects detected during the inspection and overhaul of the main gas pipeline section. The surveyed gas pipeline is made of large diameter steel pipes made by controlled rolling, produced by various companies, with the predominance of pipes produced by the Khartsyzsk Pipe Plant (KhPP). The correlation between the geometric parameters of defects is described, which makes it possible to estimate the depth of cracks by external parameters. Mechanical tests by cyclic loading of samples containing cracks, based on the site operation data for the last 11 years, showed no crack growth in the absence of a corrosive medium. Micro-X-ray spectral analysis of metal and corrosion products showed no trace of the influence of hydrogen sulphide and nonmetallic inclusions (sulphides) on the development process of SCC. According to the results of the research, the process of development of stress corrosion on the main gas pipelines located in the European part of the Russian Federation is described. The organization operating the gas pipeline is recommended to take into consideration the results of this work during drawing up their repair plan.

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Chen, J., Z. Qin, T. Martino, M. Guo i D. W. Shoesmith. "Copper transport and sulphide sequestration during copper corrosion in anaerobic aqueous sulphide solutions". Corrosion Science 131 (luty 2018): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2017.11.025.

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Witherspoon, J., E. Allen i C. Quigley. "Modelling to assist in wastewater collection system odour and corrosion potential evaluations". Water Science and Technology 50, nr 4 (1.08.2004): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0256.

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Odour emissions and corrosion concerns can be a constant focus for many wastewater treatment and collection system owners, usually from the first day that their collection systems begin operation. Many sewer systems are reaching the end of their useful life, or have experienced either odour or corrosion issues. This paper shows a link between odour generation and corrosion potential, and how modelling can be used to assist in odour/corrosion assessments of existing wastewater collection systems. A model has been developed that is capable of predicting liquid-phase sulphide generation and subsequent release to overlying sewer headspace as hydrogen sulphide (H2S), where it can be the source of either odour or corrosion problems. This paper presents an overview of the model, and uses a case study involving both odour and corrosion issues to demonstrate the utility in modelling. The model was used to identify potential locations within the system where odour/corrosion may be problematic, as well as assisting in the evaluation of potential odour control alternatives.

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A, Adebayo, i Oluwadare B. S. "Corrosion of Steels in Water and Hydrogen Sulphide". Review of Industrial Engineering Letters 1, nr 2 (2014): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.71/2014.1.2/71.2.80.88.

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Paul, Subir, Anjan Pattanayak i Sujit K. Guchhait. "Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel in Synthetically Produced Oil Field Seawater". International Journal of Metals 2014 (17.12.2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/628505.

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The life of offshore steel structure in the oil production units is decided by the huge corrosive degradation due to SO42-, S2−, and Cl−, which normally present in the oil field seawater. Variation in pH and temperature further adds to the rate of degradation on steel. Corrosion behavior of mild steel is investigated through polarization, EIS, XRD, and optical and SEM microscopy. The effect of all 3 species is huge material degradation with FeSx and FeCl3 and their complex as corrosion products. EIS data match the model of Randle circuit with Warburg resistance. Addition of more corrosion species decreases impedance and increases capacitance values of the Randle circuit at the interface. The attack is found to be at the grain boundary as well as grain body with very prominent sulphide corrosion crack.

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Lv, Shanglin, Kefei Li, Jie Chen i Xiaobin Li. "Corrosion of High-Strength Steel Wires under Tensile Stress". Materials 13, nr 21 (27.10.2020): 4790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214790.

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The stress corrosion cracking is the central issue for high-strength wires under high tensile stress used in civil engineering. This paper explores the resistance of stress corrosion cracking of three typical steel wires of high-strength carbon through a laboratory test, combining the actions of tensile stress and corrosive solution. Besides, the impact of tensile stress and immersion time are also investigated. During the tests, the wires were subject to electrochemical measurements of potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and the microstructure analysis was performed on the fractured cross sections. The obtained results show the following: the high-strength wire, conforming to GB/T 5224, has higher resistance to the combined actions of tensile stress and corrosive solution; tensile stress of 70% fracture strength and longer loading-immersion time make the film of corrosion products on steel surface unstable and weaken the corrosion resistance; the surface film consisted of the iron oxide film and the corrosion products film whose components are mainly iron thiocyanate and iron sulphide.

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Gergely, András, Roland Locskai, Péter Szabó, Antal Krójer i Tamás Kristóf. "Hydrogen Sulphide Corrosion of Carbon and Stainless Steel Alloys Immersed in Mixtures of Renewable Fuel Sources and Tested Under Co-processing Conditions". Hungarian Journal of Industry and Chemistry 44, nr 1 (1.10.2016): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hjic-2016-0007.

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Abstract In accordance with modern regulations and directives, the use of renewable biomass materials as precursors for the production of fuels for transportation purposes is to be strictly followed. Even though, there are problems related to processing, storage and handling in wide range of subsequent uses, since there must be a limit to the ratio of biofuels mixed with mineral raw materials. As a key factor with regards to these biomass sources pose a great risk of causing multiple forms of corrosion both to metallic and non-metallic structural materials. To assess the degree of corrosion risk to a variety of engineering alloys like low-carbon and stainless steels widely used as structural metals, this work is dedicated to investigating corrosion rates of economically reasonable engineering steel alloys in mixtures of raw gas oil and renewable biomass fuel sources under typical co-processing conditions. To model a desulphurising refining process, corrosion tests were carried out with raw mineral gasoline and its mixture with used cooking oil and animal waste lard in relative quantities of 10% (g/g). Co-processing was simulated by batch-reactor laboratory experiments. Experiments were performed at temperatures between 200 and 300ºC and a pressure in the gas phase of 90 bar containing 2% (m3/m3) hydrogen sulphide. The time span of individual tests were varied between 1 and 21 days so that we can conclude about changes in the reaction rates against time exposure of and extrapolate for longer periods of exposure. Initial and integral corrosion rates were defined by a weight loss method on standard size of coupons of all sorts of steel alloys. Corrosion rates of carbon steels indicated a linear increase with temperature and little variation with composition of the biomass fuel sources. Apparent activation energies over the first 24-hour period remained moderate, varying between 35.5 and 50.3 kJ mol−1. Scales developed on carbon steels at higher temperatures were less susceptible to spall and detach. Nonetheless, moderate deceleration of corrosion rates as a function of time are due to the less coherent, frequently spalling and low compactness, higher porosity of the scales evolved at lower and higher temperatures, respectively. On the surface of high alloy steels, sulphide scales of an enhanced barrier nature formed during the induction periods and the layer formation mechanism was found to be assisted by the increasing temperature as initial reaction rates considerably decreased over time. Nevertheless, corrosion-related sulphide conversion of metals and mass loss of the high alloys are strongly affected by the composition of the biomass fuel sources especially animal waste lard. Thermal activation in the first 24 hours decreased from 68.9 to 35.2 kJ mol−1. A greater degree of failure to develop protective sulphide scales was experienced by changing to composition of the biomass fuel sources than the impact of thermal activation between a narrow temperature range at around 100ºC. In accordance with the literature, high free fatty acid contents lead to high corrosion rates accounted for direct corrosion of high alloy steels and assisted solubilisation of corrosion products. In addition, the pronounced acceleration of sulphide corrosion is connected to the diminishing inhibition effect of the sulphide scales.

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Bernasovský, Peter. "Atypical Cases of Welded Structure Failures". Solid State Phenomena 270 (listopad 2017): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.270.86.

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First case describes hot temperature corrosion of 1.4841 heat resisting steel, which was caused by formation of the low melting nickel sulphide (LME effect).In the second case centrifugally cast tubes of Ø52.6 x 5.8 mm size made of 25/35 CrNi steel, which are exposed to high temperature and to severe reducing environment (carbon activity ac >> 1), are concerned. In such condition a graphitization may start, that results in the disintegration of its structure, which is called ,,metal dusting”.The third case is dealing with an attack of the 1.4301 steel pipe welds by microbiologically influenced corrosion. After short service time several leakages of water were revealed. It was proved, that failure was caused by microbiologically influenced corrosion of sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and not by an improper welding technology.

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Cheng, Xiaoliang, Houyi Ma, Shenhao Chen, Xiao Chen i Zhiming Yao. "Corrosion of nickel in acid solutions with hydrogen sulphide". Corrosion Science 42, nr 2 (luty 2000): 299–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-938x(99)00092-x.

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King, Fraser, Jian Chen, Zack Qin, David Shoesmith i Christina Lilja. "Sulphide-transport control of the corrosion of copper canisters". Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology 52, sup1 (28.04.2017): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1478422x.2017.1300363.

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Otero, T. F., i C. Achucarro. "Corrosion of mild steel in media containing sulphide ions". British Corrosion Journal 28, nr 3 (styczeń 1993): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/000705993798318506.

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Bishop, Ian, i Steve Martucci. "WELL TUBULAR CORROSION IN THE COOPER/EROMANGA BASIN". APPEA Journal 31, nr 1 (1991): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj90034.

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In September 1987 the Della-1 gas well blew out at approximately 19.5m (64ft) abovesea level (42.7m (140 ft) KB) due to corrosion of the production casing and tubing.The production casing failure and other similar corrosion occurrences were considered to be due to sulphate-reducing bacteria which have been identified in a large number of wells in the Cooper Basin. It was considered possible that iron sulphide was being deposited on the casings in the surface-to-production casing annulus at the air/water interface promoting the formation of anodic sites and therefore corrosion.Further investigations of the evidence indicates that sulphate-reducing bacteria are not the major contributors to the corrosion as was initially believed. Field studies, laboratory analysis and ongoing well programs show that the process of differential aeration is the prime cause of the casing corrosion. Corrosion has been found to occur predominantly at a depth of between 18.3m (60 ft) and 36.6m (120 ft) above sea level and occurs over a band of 6.1 m (20 ft) to 9.1m (SO ft) in each well in conjunction with the external water table.As a result of this corrosion failure SANTOS has initiated a regular program of well maintenance, annulus inhibitor top-ups and pressure testing. A total of 315 wells have been tested to date, production casing corrosion problems have been identified in 35 wells, 31 wells have been repaired and four wells abandoned.

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Chen, J., Z. Qin i D. W. Shoesmith. "The Mechanism of Sulphide Film Growth on Copper in Anaerobic Sulphide Solutions Under Natural Corrosion Conditions". Innovations in Corrosion and Materials Science (Formerly Recent Patents on Corrosion Science) 8, nr 2 (17.01.2019): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2352094909666181126152106.

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31

Grzesik, Z. "On the mechanism of high-temperature sulphide corrosion of niobium and transport properties of niobium sulphide". Solid State Ionics 154-155 (2.12.2002): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2738(02)00577-5.

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Grzesik, Z., i S. Mrowec. "High Temperature Corrosion of Metallic Materials in Composed Oxidizing Environments". High Temperature Materials and Processes 31, nr 4-5 (30.10.2012): 539–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2012-0091.

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AbstractBasing on actual theoretical approach and experimental results, the mechanism of sulphide formation beneath the oxide scale grown on metals in SO2-O2 atmospheres has been described. It has been shown that in spite of much lower sulphur partial pressure in the oxidizing atmosphere than the dissociation pressure of the sulphide to be formed, the sulphidation process takes place beneath the oxide scale. This, at the first sight, unexpected behavior results from the fact that sulphur is diffusing inwards through the primary oxide scale in the molecular form, i.e. SO2 molecules. Reaching thus metal-scale interface, where the oxygen partial pressure is very low, virtually equal to the dissociation pressure of the oxide forming the scale, SO2 ⇔ O2 + ½S2 equilibrium is shifted to the right, as a result of which the partial pressure of sulphur vapor dramatically increases, reaching the value several orders of magnitude higher than that needed for sulphide formation.Analogous situation is observed during oxidation of chromium steels in CO2-O2 atmospheres. In this case, namely, carburisation process is observed beneath the oxide scale, in spite of the fact that carbon activity in this environment is several order of magnitude lower than that required for chromium carbide formation. This again unexpected situation becomes understandable if one assumes – like in the case of metal oxidation in SO2 containing atmosphere – that carbon is transported through the oxide scale in the form of CO2 molecules.The final conclusion is, that the explanation of the mechanism of sulphide formation beneath the oxide scale on metals and of carburization beneath the oxide scales on steels constitutes the important step forward, leading to the better understanding of high temperature corrosion mechanisms of metallic materials, observed in multicomponent agresive gases.

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33

Pacheco Fernández, Micaela, Thorsten Knutz i Matthias Barjenbruch. "Multi-parameter calibration of a UV/Vis spectrometer for online monitoring of sewer systems". Water Science and Technology 82, nr 5 (21.08.2020): 927–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.398.

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Abstract UV/Vis spectrometers are powerful tools for online monitoring of wastewater constituents and processes. However, most studies only focus on typical parameters such as chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids. This work presents a multi-parameter approach for calibration of a UV/Vis spectrometer for online monitoring of sewer systems. Parameters studied include soluble and total COD, nitrate, ammonium, sulphate and orthophosphate, as well as total dissolved sulphide, bisulphide and hydrogen sulphide, because they are one of the main causes for odour and corrosion in sewer systems. Two calibration methods are compared: multiple linear regression included in the manufacturer's software, and partial least square (PLS) computed using the pls package of the R library. Performance of the methods is evaluated for calibration and validation data sets employing four different criteria: relative root mean square error (RMSErel), RMSE-observations standard deviation ratio, Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency and percentage bias. A method-parameter dependency was revealed during the calibration phase but, when predicting new data, the PLS method showed higher robustness for almost all parameters. Both methods were able to predict concentration trends associated with sewer processes, some of which are strongly correlated to the sulphide species.

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Boon, Arthur G. "Septicity in sewers: causes, consequences and containment". Water Science and Technology 31, nr 7 (1.04.1995): 237–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0240.

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This paper reviews research and development on the causes, consequences and methods of controlling septicity in sewers. It draws on information given in 57 published papers on the subject. Explanations are given on the deviation of equations used to predict critical conditions in sewers and rising mains. The consequences of septicity, including toxicity, corrosion and odour nuisance, are described and discussed. Prevention is always recommended over cure, but where this cannot be achieved the methods of controlling septicity generally rely on maintaining an adequate supply of oxygen (dissolved or chemically available) to oxidize previously formed sulphide. Other options to cure the effects of septicity include minimizing the emission of hydrogen sulphide into the atmosphere, deodorizing vented air, and the use of protective coatings or corrosion-resistant pipes.

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35

Barzyk, W., P. Wandzilak i A. Pomianowski. "Electrochemical Corrosion of Copper and Copper Sulphide in Acidic Solutions". Key Engineering Materials 20-28 (styczeń 1991): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.20-28.311.

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Tsay, L. W., W. L. Lin, S. W. Cheng i G. S. Leu. "Hydrogen sulphide stress corrosion cracking of 2.25Cr-Mo steel weldments". Corrosion Science 39, nr 7 (lipiec 1997): 1165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-938x(97)00015-2.

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Xie, Xuejun, Lijun Du, Ling Pan, Shunan Cao, Min Yan i Wanqin Yang. "Effect of sulphide in water on corrosion of copper alloys". Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 54, nr 1 (16.01.2007): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00035590710717375.

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Shanlin, W., C. Shanben, Y. Seonghoon i K. Liming. "Effects of sulphide on pit corrosion in metallic glass steel". Materials Research Innovations 18, sup2 (maj 2014): S2–638—S2–641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1432891714z.000000000475.

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Feng, Y., S. Hu, D. Wang, J. Liu i C. Zhang. "Effects of ultrasonic peening treatment on hydrogen sulphide corrosion behaviour". Surface Engineering 33, nr 9 (27.07.2016): 696–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02670844.2016.1212530.

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Rauscher, Á., i Z. Lukáacs. "Effect of hydrogen sulphide on The corrosion behaviour of titanium". Materials and Corrosion 38, nr 6 (czerwiec 1987): 326–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19870380606.

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Chen, J., Z. Qin, T. Martino i D. W. Shoesmith. "Effect of chloride on Cu corrosion in anaerobic sulphide solutions". Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology 52, sup1 (28.04.2017): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1478422x.2016.1271161.

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SZYPROWSKI, A. J. "Sulphide corrosion of alloy steels in chloride solutions: potentiokinetic investigations". British Corrosion Journal 33, nr 2 (styczeń 1998): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/bcj.1998.33.2.103.

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Danielewski, Marek, i Stanisllstrok;aw Mrowec. "High temperature sulphide corrosion of manganese and MnNb Alloys". Materials Science and Engineering 87 (marzec 1987): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-5416(87)90364-8.

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Schmid, Alexander, Gregor Mori i Roland Haubner. "Metallographic Documentation of the Degradation of Iron and Nickel Based Alloys in HCl and H₂S Containing Environments, between 480 – 680 °C". Defect and Diffusion Forum 405 (listopad 2020): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.405.26.

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Corrosion behavior of the alloys 1.7386 (P9), 1.4462, 1.4841, 1.4959 (Alloy 800HT) and 2.4816 (Alloy 600) was tested for 24, 72 and 240 h between 480 – 680 °C. The testing gas atmosphere contained 3.8 vol. % HCl, 200 ppm H2S and CO, CO2 and N2. It simulated conditions present in a thermal cracking process for post-consumer plastics. Samples were analyzed by metallography, SEM/EDX and XRD after corrosion experiments. Additionally, their mass loss during the test was evaluated. A multilayered structure of corrosion products grew on the samples during the corrosion experiments. The composition of the corrosion products depended not on the material, but on the testing temperature. At 680 °C chromium sulphide formed the outer layer, followed by a chromium oxide layer. Below these two layers a chlorine containing layer was observed. At 480 °C mainly nickel sulphide was detected, besides chromium oxide and iron- and chromium chloride. Especially at higher testing temperatures FeCl2 was not observed directly on the samples, but as colorless crystals at the colder parts of the testing equipment. At 680 °C the mass loss of the samples decreased with increasing nickel content. However, this effect changed entirely at lower testing temperatures. At 480 °C 1.7386 and 2.4816 showed nearly the same mass losses.

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45

Iurchenko, Valentyna, Volodymyr Sierohlazov, Oksana Melnikova, Olena Bryhada i Larysa Mykhailova. "Hydrogen Sulphide in Industrial Enterprises Water Management Infrastructure - The Factor of Chemical and Microbiological Corrosion Concrete Degradation of Water Facilities". Materials Science Forum 1038 (13.07.2021): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1038.401.

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The durability of concrete, the material which is widely used for water facilities depends on accumulation in operational environments (drain water, air-gas space) of hydrogen sulfide. Now the mechanism of corrosion destruction of concrete in drainage pipelines is represented as result of biogenous sulphuric acid aggression – influence of the sulphuric acid formed by thionic bacteria. The analysis of data on H2S concentration in drain waters of various industrial enterprises demonstrates that they create in gaseous operational media H2S concentration, sufficient for development in aerobic conditions of thionic bacteria. As the results of urban sewer networks inspection have shown, the correlation between concentration of H2S in aqueous phase and its concentration in air environment, between concentration of H2S in air environment and the corrosion rate of concrete’s coffering part is observed. Chemical and X-ray crystallography of this concrete showed that in corrosive concrete decreases pH, reaching in some examples of values 1-2, and sulfates collect. In dynamics of corrosion process the exponential growth of concentration in concrete of extremely acidophilic thionic bacteria is noted.

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Wang, Chun Guang, Dong Zhe Wang, Hai Ding Liu, Wei Liu, Yan Mo i Jin Hui Song. "Corrosion Behavior of 718 Nickel Base Alloy in Acid Saline Solution Containing H₂S and CO₂". Materials Science Forum 852 (kwiecień 2016): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.852.90.

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To resolve the materials corrosion problems during exploiting high H2S/CO2 oil and gas field, the corrosion behavior of 718 nickel base alloy for 720 hours was studied, the conditions of the experiment is about temperature=177°C, P(H2S)=3.0MPa, P(CO2)=13.5MPa, solution mixed NaCl 20%wt.. The Electronic Parts Manufacturers Association (EPMA) and electrochemical methods was applied to characterize the microstructure, chemical composition and impedance characteristics of corrosion film. The results show that the surface of corrosion film is mainly composition by sulphide of Ni, Cr and Fe, the inside of corrosion film is mainly composition by oxide of Ni, Cr and Fe, electrochemical analysis found the alloy could resist corrosion in this environment.

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Doyle, Garry, Michael V. Seica i Murray WF Grabinsky. "The role of soil in the external corrosion of cast iron water mains in Toronto, Canada". Canadian Geotechnical Journal 40, nr 2 (1.04.2003): 225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t02-106.

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External corrosion is a major factor contributing to the deterioration of cast iron water mains; it weakens the pipe wall, which increases the risk of failure. External corrosion is a function of the interaction between the pipeline and the soil that surrounds it. The aggressiveness of soil towards cast iron is affected by soil properties such as resistivity, pH, and the presence of sulphate reducing bacteria. Water main sections and accompanying soil samples were collected from locations across Toronto within the framework of a comprehensive research project over a 2 year period. After careful examination of the effect of each of the soil properties, it appears that soil resistivity has the largest effect on the observed maximum average pitting rate. Limitations to the practical application of the American Water Works Association soil corrosiveness scoring system are also presented. A preliminary spatial analysis of the data indicates that water mains in the district of Etobicoke have had a higher average rate of external corrosion than those in the district of Toronto. Microbiological corrosion could be an aggravating factor in the district of Etobicoke, since areas exhibiting increased levels of sulphide concentration were identified in soils that had originated from this district.Key words: water mains, external corrosion, soil properties, Toronto, cast iron, pipes.

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Alekseeva, Ekaterina, Lyudmila Galata, Andrey Lapechenkov i Mark Kovalev. "Evaluation of Corrosion Resistance of Nickel-based Alloy EP718 for use in Hydrogen Sulphide Containing Environment". E3S Web of Conferences 225 (2021): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202122503001.

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Nickel-based alloys cover a wide range of oil and gas applications. Alloy EP718 is used as an analogue of alloy 718. The corrosion resistance of EP718 has been determined in severe environmental conditions of NACE level VI over 3 months (175°С, PCO2 = 3.5 MPa, PH2S = 3.5 MPa, pH 3.5, 20% NaCl). The effects of heat treatment on the corrosion rate were studied. The results indicate that the corrosion rate of EP718 in a simulated environment is less than 0.01 mm per year. Stress corrosion cracking could be observed in low quality production and incorrect heat treatment.

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Lopes, F. A., S. Perrin i D. Féron. "A dual-electrochemical cell to study the biocorrosion of stainless steel". Water Science and Technology 55, nr 8-9 (1.04.2007): 499–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.296.

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The presence of microorganisms on metal surfaces can alter the local physical/chemical conditions and lead to microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). The goal of the present work was to study the effect of a mixed aerobic–anaerobic biofilm on the behaviour of stainless steel (316 L) in underground conditions. Rather than testing different bacteria or consortia, investigations were based on the mechanisms of MIC. Mixed biofilms were simulated by the addition of glucose oxidase to reproduce the aerobic conditions and by sulphide or sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) for the anaerobic conditions. A double thermostated electrochemical cell has been developed to study the coupling between aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Results suggested a transfer of electrons from the stainless steel sample of the anaerobic cell to the stainless steel sample of the aerobic one. Inorganic sulphide was replaced by SRB in the anaerobic cell revealing an increase of the galvanic current which may be explained by an effect of lactate and/or acetate on the anodic reaction or by a high sulphide concentration in the biofilm. The results of this study underline that the dual-electrochemical cell system is representative of phenomena present in natural environments and should be considered as an option when studying MIC.

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Mazlan, Siti Nur Farhana, Azzura Ismail, Lokman Mohd Noh i Sufizar Ahmad. "Failure Analysis on Heat Exchanger Tube Bundle Exposed to Naphthenic Acid Corrosion". Key Engineering Materials 791 (listopad 2018): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.791.95.

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Naphthenic acid is a sort of organic acid which present in crude oil and cause severe corrosion in certain circumstances. This type of acid will lead to the corrosion phenomenon known as naphthenic acid corrosion (NAC). Damage mechanism by NAC attack can be analysed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Electron-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). These characterization methods aim to observe the morphology, element content, and crystal structure of the NAC. The objective of this research is to apply failure analysis (FA) on heat exchanger (HE) tube bundle made form stainless steel 410 (SS410). SEM reveals the inter-granular attack initiate to crack propagation. A particular result of interest is that nickel catalytically decomposes naphthenic acids at high temperatures (e.g. 270°C) via a catalytic mechanism. For XRD testing, the corrosion product have been known and the main causes that lead to the corrosion has been detected which there is a formation of chromium carbide continuously along the pipe tube. However there is also formation of iron sulphide and chromium sulphide obtained in the XRD analysis where both are the reaction element that can retard the formation of NAC. Material selection is the most crucial task to resists from corrosion attack especially in high temperature applications. The mechanism of resistance of these elements provides insight into the failure mode of 304 and 400 series stainless steel in NA service.

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