Książki: „Suicidality”

1

DeSimone, Jeffrey S. Sadness, suicidality and grades. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2010.

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Rudd, M. David. The asssessment and management of suicidality. Sarasota, Fla: Professional Resource Press, 2006.

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Burger, Hermann. Tractatus logico-suicidalis =: Über die Selbsttötung. Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer, 1988.

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Stephen, Taylor, i Dennis F. Bormann. Suicidally beautiful: A collection of sport stories. Charlotte, North Carolina: Mint Hill Books, 2012.

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Schaffner, Paul. Einstellung und Befinden von Inhaftierten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Suicidalität. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: P. Lang, 1986.

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Kleinert, Markus. Suiziddiskurs bei Jean Améry und Hermann Burger: Zu Jean Amérys "Hand an sich legen" und Hermann Burgers "Tractatus logico-suicidalis". Stuttgart: Ibidem, 2000.

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7

Burns, Tom, i Mike Firn. Suicidality. Redaktorzy Tom Burns i Mike Firn. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754237.003.0013.

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The chapter describes ways of understanding, predicting, and managing suicidality and self-harm in people with severe and enduring mental illness in contact with community outreach teams. Data on incidence are presented with evidence on associations with factors such as demographics, diagnosis, co-morbidity, and life events as a way of identifying risk factors. Validated tools and frameworks for assessment are presented and critiqued with research evidence for the effectiveness of interventions. The chapter concludes with a case study, care plan, and risk management plan of a man whose life has been devastated by psychotic illness.

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8

Kissane, David W., i Matthew Doolittle. Depression, demoralization, and suicidality. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0173.

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The development of clinical depression is common during palliative care, adversely affects quality of life and adherence to medical treatments, yet regrettably can pass unrecognized. Screening for distress as the sixth vital sign is therefore highly recommended. Demoralization is another form of distress where the apparent pointlessness of continued life may lead to suicidal thinking. As the mental condition deteriorates, co-morbid states of anxiety, depression, and demoralization become more likely. Rates of suicide are increased with advanced cancer and poor symptom control. Fortunately, combined treatment with medication and counselling is effective in ameliorating depression, demoralization, and suicidality. Meta-analyses of psychotherapy trials confirm clear benefits, with behavioural activation, supportive, interpersonal, and cognitive behavioural therapies all making contributions. Group, couple, and family therapies optimize support for all involved. All members of the multidisciplinary team contribute to the active treatment of depression, demoralization, and the prevention of suicide.

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9

Barron, Daniel, i Noah Capurso. Clozapine for Suicidality in Schizophrenia. Redaktorzy Ish P. Bhalla, Rajesh R. Tampi, Vinod H. Srihari i Michael E. Hochman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190625085.003.0046.

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Patients with schizophrenia have a 50% risk of a suicide attempt during their life, with a nearly an estimated 10% risk of completed suicide. Decreasing this risk is an urgent clinical concern. This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study on how to reduce suicidality in patients with schizophrenia, specifically whether clozapine reduces suicidal events in patients with schizophrenia. This chapter describes the outline of the study, including fundings sources, study locations, the patient population and how many were studied, the study design and intervention through to follow-up, endpoints, results, and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.

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10

Cawthorpe, David. Attachment and Suicidality in Youth. Independently Published, 2018.

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(Editor), P. Gotze, G. Fiedler (Editor) i R. Lindner (Editor), red. Suicidality: Psychoanalytic Concepts for Understanding Treatment & Research. Hogrefe & Huber Publishing, 2008.

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Williams, John P. Indefinite Postponement: A Case Study of Adolescent Suicidality. Pressed Wafer, 2018.

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Saunders, David, i Michael H. Bloch. Suicidality in Pediatric Patients Treated with Antidepressant Drugs. Redaktorzy Ish P. Bhalla, Rajesh R. Tampi, Vinod H. Srihari i Michael E. Hochman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190625085.003.0023.

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This chapter provides a summary of a landmark meta-analysis on the treatment of major depressive disorder in children and adolescents. The results of this study prompted the Food and Drug Administration to issue a black box warning on antidepressant use in pediatric populations. Do antidepressants increase suicidality in children and adolescents who are depressed? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.

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14

Phillips, Katharine A. Suicidality and Aggressive Behavior in Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Redaktor Katharine A. Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190254131.003.0013.

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This chapter reviews suicidality and aggressive/violent behavior in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and presents clinical cases, which reflect the extreme suffering that BDD often causes. Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts are common in BDD. This has been found in both clinical and epidemiologic samples and in adults as well as youth. More severe BDD symptoms are independently associated with an increased risk of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Suicidality appears more common in BDD than in obsessive-compulsive disorder and other clinical samples with which BDD has been directly compared. Although data are limited, the rate of completed suicide appears markedly elevated; indeed, individuals with BDD have many risk factors for completed suicide. Physical aggression and violence are less well studied but appear to commonly occur as a consequence of BDD. Surgeons, dermatologists, and other clinicians who provide cosmetic treatment may be at particular risk. Additional studies designed to investigate these topics are urgently needed.

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15

Praag, Herman M. van 1929-, Plutchik Robert i Apter Alan, red. Violence and suicidality: Perspectives in clinical and psychobiological research. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1990.

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16

CNS Clinical Trials: Suicidality and Data Collection - Workshop Summary. National Academies Press, 2010.

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Van Praag, Herman M., Robert Plutchik i Alan Apter, red. Violence And Suicidality : Perspectives In Clinical And Psychobiological Research. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315803760.

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Cawthorpe, David. Attachment, Depression, Self, Self-Esteem, and Suicidality: A Compendium. Independently Published, 2019.

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19

Rudd, M. David. The Assessment And Management of Suicidality (Practitioner's Resource) (Practitioner's Resource). Professional Resource Exchange, 2006.

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20

Singh, Ambika. Interruptions in Identity: Engaging with Suicidality among the Indian Youth. SAGE Publications India Pvt, Ltd., 2021.

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Singh, Ambika. Interruptions in Identity: Engaging with Suicidality among the Indian Youth. SAGE Publications India Pvt, Ltd., 2021.

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Pflum, Samantha, Peter Goldblum, Joyce Chu i Bruce Bongar. Bullying and Peer Aggression in Children and Adolescents. Redaktor Phillip M. Kleespies. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352722.013.8.

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Crafting prevention and intervention strategies for peer bullying, aggression, and suicidality in youth is a complex, multifaceted task. Involvement in bullying and peer aggression is accompanied by numerous psychosocial consequences, including suicidal ideation and behavior. Care must be taken to examine this relationship in an objective, evidence-based manner, rather than overattributing or causally relating youth suicidality to bullying. Mental health professionals, medical providers, teachers, and school administrators are uniquely positioned to intervene in the risk factors that impact bullying and suicidality in youth. Taking an ecological systems perspective, this chapter will review extant efforts to ameliorate bullying, aggression, and suicidality in children and adolescents, with a focus on individual- and group-level protective factors that can facilitate positive health and academic outcomes. Recommendations for providers, educators, parents, policymakers, and researchers offer evidence-based guidance for future work in these domains.

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23

Clarke, Diana Elaine. Ethnic and geographic differences in suicidality in Canadian adults: A population-based study. 2006.

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24

Apter, Alan, Robert Plutchik i Herman M. Van Praag. Violence and Suicidality : Perspectives in Clinical and Psychobiological Research: Clinical and Experimental Psychiatry. Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.

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25

Apter, Alan, Robert Plutchik i Herman M. Van Praag. Violence and Suicidality : Perspectives in Clinical and Psychobiological Research: Clinical and Experimental Psychiatry. Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.

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Apter, Alan, Robert Plutchik i Herman M. Van Praag. Violence and Suicidality : Perspectives in Clinical and Psychobiological Research: Clinical and Experimental Psychiatry. Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.

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Plutchik, Robert, i Herman M. Van Praag. Violence and Suicidality : Perspectives in Clinical and Psychobiological Research: Clinical and Experimental Psychiatry. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.

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Apter, Alan, Robert Plutchik i Herman M. Van Praag. Violence and Suicidality : Perspectives in Clinical and Psychobiological Research: Clinical and Experimental Psychiatry. Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.

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29

Zucchetto, Joanne, Simone Jacobs i Ly Vick Johnson. Understanding the Paradox of Surviving Childhood Trauma: Techniques and Tools for Working with Suicidality and Dissociation. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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Zucchetto, Joanne, Simone Jacobs i Ly Vick Johnson. Understanding the Paradox of Surviving Childhood Trauma: Techniques and Tools for Working with Suicidality and Dissociation. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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Zucchetto, Joanne, Simone Jacobs i Ly Vick Johnson. Understanding the Paradox of Surviving Childhood Trauma: Techniques and Tools for Working with Suicidality and Dissociation. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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Zucchetto, Joanne, Simone Jacobs i Ly Vick Johnson. Understanding the Paradox of Surviving Childhood Trauma: Techniques and Tools for Working with Suicidality and Dissociation. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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Zucchetto, Joanne, Simone Jacobs i Ly Vick Johnson. Understanding the Paradox of Surviving Childhood Trauma: Techniques and Tools for Working with Suicidality and Dissociation. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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34

Spirito, Anthony, Kimberly O'Brien, Megan Ranney i Judelysse Gomez. The Evaluation and Management of Suicide Risk in Adolescents in the Context of Interpersonal Violence. Redaktor Phillip M. Kleespies. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352722.013.4.

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In this chapter, risk factors for suicidal ideation and behavior are reviewed, including sociodemographics, prior suicidal behavior, nonsuicidal self-injury, depression, anxiety, substance use, family factors, physical and sexual abuse, sexual orientation, and access to firearms. Special emphasis is placed on the intersection of suicidality and interpersonal violence in terms of reciprocal risk. A review of the core areas to address in the acutely suicidal adolescent or the adolescent who has recently attempted suicide is also provided. Clinical questions regarding the adolescent’s current emotional state, suicidal ideation/intent, reasons for suicidality, access to means, and capability of the environment to keep the adolescent safe are suggested. The chapter concludes with a discussion of safety planning.

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35

Herman M. Van Praag (Editor), Robert Plutchik (Editor) i Alan Apter (Editor), red. Violence And Suicidality : Perspectives In Clinical And Psychobiological Research: Clinical And Experimental Psychiatry (Clinical and Experimental Psychiatry). Brunner/Mazel, 1990.

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36

Suizidalitat in den Medien. Suicidality in the Media: Interdisziplinare Betrachtungen. Interdisciplinary Contributions (Austria: Forschung und Wissenschaft - Literatur- und Sprachwissenschaft). LIT Verlag, 2008.

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37

Grant, Jon E., Eric W. Leppink i Sarah A. Redden. The Relationship Between Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Eating Disorders. Redaktor Katharine A. Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190254131.003.0036.

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This chapter discusses research findings regarding body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and eating disorders, and it provides guidelines for distinguishing between them. BDD and eating disorders show many similarities, including negative and distorted body image, decreased quality of life, compensatory behaviors such as dieting, and abnormalities in visual processing. Patients with BDD express specific concerns with different parts of their bodies and physical appearance; common examples are complexion, nose, breasts/genitals, and hair. In patients who have prominent concerns about weight and body fat and shape, however, the diagnosis of BDD can be complicated because such concerns can occur as a symptom of BDD but also overlap with those in eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. BDD and eating disorders are often comorbid, which is accompanied by notably higher rates of suicidality and psychiatric hospitalization than occur in patients with either disorder alone. BDD and eating disorders represent distinct pathologies, and it is important to distinguish between them, particularly given the increased risk of suicidality when the disorders are comorbid.

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38

Carmel, Adam, Jeffrey Sung i Katherine Anne Comtois. Assessing, Managing, and Resolving Suicide Risk in Borderline Personality Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199997510.003.0021.

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The aim of this chapter is to aid the clinician in managing and resolving suicidality by providing an overview of different theoretical approaches to conceptualizing, assessing, managing, and treating suicidal behaviors in borderline personality disorder (BPD). After a brief introduction to the evidence base for these treatments, the suicide risk management and treatment strategies are examined for five evidence-based psychotherapies designed for BPD. Psychotherapies for suicidal patients in general (not specific to BPD) are also considered. Finally, conclusions drawn from comparing and contrasting these psychotherapies focus on key themes to improve clinicians’ approach to patients with BPD at their most difficult time.

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39

Greenberg, Jennifer L., Anne Chosak, Angela Fang i Sabine Wilhelm. Treatment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Redaktor Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0089.

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Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterized by an excessive preoccupation with an imagined or slight defect in one’s appearance. BDD is a severe and common disorder associated with high levels of functional impairment and high rates of suicidality. Interventions, including cognitive-behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy, are effective for BDD. This chapter outlines the cognitive-behavioral model and therapy of BDD. The chapter reviews pharmacotherapy of BDD, and discusses the role of combination therapy. The chapter also addresses ineffective approaches for the treatment of BDD, including the role of cosmetic procedures. Early recognition and intervention are critical, and limit its chronicity and subsequent morbidity.

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40

Soloff, Paul, i Christian Schmahl. Suicide and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury. Redaktorzy Christian Schmahl, K. Luan Phan, Robert O. Friedel i Larry J. Siever. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199362318.003.0011.

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This chapter reviews current data on the prevalence of suicidal behavior and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in patients with PDs; the characteristics of attempters versus completers; and the epidemiology of NSSI in borderline personality disorder (BPD). In addition, it presents explanatory models for suicide and NSSI. Also, there are comprehensive discussions of the neurobiological mechanisms involved in both suicidality and NSSI focusing on the structural and functional neuroimaging of emotion dysregulation, impulsivity, executive cognitive deficits, affective interference and cognitive function, and the Endogenous Opioid System. The chapter concludes with a detailed description of pain processing as it interacts with NSSI.

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41

Katz, Rachel, i Robert Beech. Suicide Risk in Bipolar Disorder. Redaktorzy Ish P. Bhalla, Rajesh R. Tampi, Vinod H. Srihari i Michael E. Hochman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190625085.003.0005.

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This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study on bipolar disorder, tackling the serious issue of suicidality in this at-risk group of patients. Is there a difference in suicide risk for patients with bipolar disorder who are treated with lithium, divalproex, or carbamazepine? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant case that applies the findings from the study to a clinical scenario.

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42

Veale, David, Katharine A. Phillips i Fugen Neziroglu. Challenges in Assessing and Treating Patients with Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Recommended Approaches. Redaktor Katharine A. Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190254131.003.0024.

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Clinicians commonly encounter multiple challenges when assessing and treating individuals with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). Some of the major challenges include poor insight and low motivation for appropriate treatment, delay in seeking treatment, desire for usually ineffective cosmetic treatment (e.g., surgery or dermatologic treatment) instead of mental health treatment, co-occurring substance use disorders, and frequent and sometimes severe suicidality. This chapter discusses recommended approaches to these challenges that clinicians can implement when assessing and treating patients with BDD. Strategies for engaging patients in cognitive-behavioral treatment and pharmacotherapy, and for disengaging patients from cosmetic treatment, are reviewed. Suggestions for treating patients with comorbid substance use disorders and suicidal patients are offered.

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43

Kelly, Megan M., i Katharine A. Phillips. Phenomenology and Epidemiology of Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Redaktor Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0018.

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Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is an often severe DSM-IV disorder characterized by distressing or impairing preoccupations with imagined or slight defects in appearance. Individuals with BDD suffer from time-consuming obsessions about their bodily appearance and excessive repetitive behaviors (for example, mirror checking, excessive grooming, and skin picking). Functioning and quality of life are typically very poor, and suicidality rates appear markedly elevated. While prevalence data are still limited, they suggest that BDD affects 0.7% to 2.4% of the population; however, BDD typically goes unrecognized in clinical settings. In this chapter we discuss demographic and clinical features of BDD, prevalence, and morbidity. In addition, we discuss BDD’s relationship to obsessive compulsive disorder, hypochondriasis, and psychotic disorders.

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44

Brugha, Traolach S. Comorbidity assessment. Redaktor Traolach S. Brugha. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198796343.003.0010.

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This final chapter in Part II captures the distinctions between autism and other mental disorders (and intellectual disability). Issues and challenges in comorbidity assessment are discussed including development and course of social interaction. Under recognition of autism by psychiatrists and the conditions they tend to diagnose in such cases (depression, BPD, anxiety) are considered. Possible harmful effects of misdiagnosis in clinical contexts and in advice (employers, benefits system, courts, etc.) are discussed. How to differentiate symptoms that might seem to be part of two conditions (e.g. OCD versus RRBs) is discussed as is the possible confusion between autism and other similar clinical presentations. Specific comorbidities covered include ADHD, Intellectual Disability, suicidality, anxiety, depression, and masking issues and any major mental disorder in adulthood. Issues of law are also covered.

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45

Zakhary, Lisa, Hilary Weingarden, Alexandra Sullivan i Sabine Wilhelm. Clinical Features, Assessment, and Treatment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Redaktor Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0049.

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This chapter describes the clinical features of BDD and provides tools for effective assessment and diagnosis; in addition, it reviews treatments for BDD, with focus on medication and cognitive behavioral therapy. Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a common and disabling disorder characterized by a preoccupation with an imagined or slight defect in appearance. Its symptomatology and treatment resemble those of OCD in some respects and it is classified in DSM-5 as an OCD-related disorder, but BDD is distinct in a number of key ways. It can lead to significant psychosocial dysfunction, poor quality of life, and suicidality. Although much is known about its clinical presentation and demographic characteristics, large gaps in treatment knowledge remain. Hopefully, research will provide answers to guide more effective treatment of this disabling illness.

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46

Kleespies, Phillip. Introduction. Redaktor Phillip M. Kleespies. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352722.013.43.

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This book is about behavioral emergencies and the association between interpersonal victimization and subsequent suicidality and/or risk for violence toward others. Section I focuses on the differences between behavioral crises and behavioral emergencies and presents an integrative approach to crisis intervention and emergency intervention. Section II discusses the evaluation of suicide risk, risk of violence, and risk of interpersonal victimization in children and adolescents. Sections III and IV explore behavioral emergencies with adults and the elderly, while Section V deals with certain conditions or behaviors that may either need to be differentiated from a behavioral emergency, or understood as relevant to possibly heightening risk. Section VI describes treatments for patients with recurrent or ongoing risks, and Section VII is devoted to legal, ethical, and psychological risks faced by clinicians who work with patients who might be at risk to themselves or others.

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47

Rose, Raquel, i Nicolette Molina. Interventions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190260859.003.0010.

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Despite the fact that suicide is one of the leading causes of death in the United States, there are currently no US Food and Drug Administration-approved treatments for suicidal behavior. However, interventions that provide potentially effective treatment are available. This chapter explores medications and biological interventions as well as psychosocial, alternative, and app/Internet-based interventions. The section on medications and biological interventions covers clozapine, lithium, and ketamine. The psychosocial intervention section covers dialectical behavior therapy, cognitive–behavioral therapy for suicidal patients (CBT-SP), Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality (CAMS), attachment-based family therapy, and safety planning. The section on alternative and Internet-based interventions covers mindfulness meditation as well as online applications that can act as supplements to traditional treatments. The chapter concludes with a reminder of the importance of suicide risk assessment and clinician self-care in suicide prevention.

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48

Ashley, Kenneth, Daniel Safin i Mary Ann Cohen. A Biopsychosocial Approach to Psychiatric Consultation in Persons with HIV and AIDS. Redaktorzy Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding i Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0011.

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Persons with HIV and other severe and complex medical illness referred for psychiatric evaluation deserve a comprehensive and empathic psychosocial assessment. A biopsychosocial approach to care considers each individual in the context of family, community, and society. Such an evaluation may have implications regarding health, coordinated care, adherence, and risk reduction. This chapter provides a review of the elements and process of a comprehensive psychiatric consultation in both the inpatient and outpatient settings. Some elements discussed include assessment of history and current psychiatric symptoms, illness, and care; alcohol and other drug use; suicidality; childhood and later trauma and intimate partner violence; spirituality; sexuality; sexual orientation; gender identity; sexual pleasure; and sexual health promotion. A comprehensive psychosocial and psychiatric examination also includes a complete cognitive evaluation and cultural formulation interview, and history of discrimination. Also addressed is the potential role of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders in an individual’s psychiatric health.

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49

Kearney, Julia A., i Jennifer S. Ford. Adapting Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy for Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199837229.003.0008.

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There is a lack of validated psychotherapeutic interventions for the adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer population, despite years of evidence of significant need. AYAs with cancer experience distress, anxiety, grief, life disruption, and loss of meaning. Meaning-making is a core developmental task of adolescence and contributes to identity development. This chapter reviews narrative and structural theories of identity development, viewed through the lens of a disruptive life event such as cancer. Clinical therapeutic issues are discussed, including the selection of AYA patients for participation in meaning-centered work, the therapeutic approach to difficult subjects such as prognosis or end of life, working with parents and caregivers, and dealing with grief and suicidality in a meaning-centered framework. Formal development of a manualized meaning-centered psychotherapy for AYAs is also discussed. A clinical vignette is presented to illustrate the main themes of a meaning-centered psychotherapeutic approach.

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Prendes-Alvarez, Stefania, Alan F. Schatzberg i Charles B. Nemeroff. Pharmacological Treatments for Unipolar Depression. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199342211.003.0011.

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Major depressive disorder is a chronic syndrome associated with high mortality (secondary to suicide and increased risk for heart disease, stroke, and other serious diseases). It is one of the most common medical disorders affecting adults in the world today. In the United States, the lifetime prevalence of major depression is 16.7% for adults. The average age of onset is 32 years, and women are 70% more likely to develop depression than men. Neither the core requisite symptoms for the diagnosis of a major depressive episode nor the required duration of at least 2 weeks has changed from DSM-IV to DSM-5. This chapter discusses the main issues surrounding the treatment of major depressive disorder, such as suicidality and goals of treatment, and provides information about all treatment options approved by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Drugs are categorized by their mechanisms of action.

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