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Fontanelli, Mariane, Lais Batista, Marcelo Rogero, Renata Micha, Dariush Mozaffarian, Regina Fisberg i Flavia Sarti. "Comparison of Different Approaches to Assess Carbohydrate Quality of Grain Foods: Glycemic Index Versus Carbohydrate Metrics". Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (czerwiec 2022): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac059.010.
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Abstract Objectives Carbohydrate quality remains a concept under development in the field of Nutrition, and different methods have been proposed to assess healthfulness of carbohydrate-providing foods. The study investigated the relationships between carbohydrate metrics and glycemic index (GI) of grain foods. Methods The investigation was based on data from the population-based study 2015 Health Survey of Sao Paulo, including a probabilistic sample of residents in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Foods reported by 1741 participants in 24 h recalls were categorized according to USDA food groups, and grain foods were identified using the grain products group. The following metrics were applied per 10 g of carbohydrate: 1) ≥1 g fiber (10:1), 2) ≥1 g fiber and <1 g free sugars (10:1:1), 3) ≥1 g fiber and <2g free sugars (10:1:2); and 4) ≥1 g fiber and per 1 g of fiber < 2 g free sugars (10:1|1:2). We used kappa statistics to assess agreement between metrics, Mann-Whitney test to compare GI values (glucose reference) across metrics, and chi-squared test to compare proportions of foods meeting the metrics and GI categories. Results A total of 244 grain foods were identified and the highest number of foods met the 10:1 (15.6%), followed by 10:1|1:2 (13.1%), 10:1:2 (12.3%), and 10:1:1 (9.8%) [kappa = 0.86]. The median (IQR) GI of grain foods was 66.6 (5.4), and foods meeting the 10:1 had lower median GI than those not meeting this metric (61.4 vs 66.8, P = 0.043), as well as grain foods meeting the 10:1:1 (50.7 vs 66.7, P = 0.020). Grain foods were classified in low (13.9%), medium (70.9%), and high GI (15.2%). The highest proportion of low GI foods was identified by the 10:1:1 (54.2%), followed by 10:1|1:2 (46.9%), 10:1:2 (43.3%) and 10:1 (42.1%), and foods not meeting the metrics identified 9.7%−10.7%. Regarding high GI foods, the highest proportion was identified by the 10:1:2 (36.7%), 10:1|1:2 (34.4%), 10:1 (28.9%), and 10:1:1(25%), while foods not meeting the metrics identified 12.3–14.1%. Conclusions The 10:1 and 10:1:1 metrics identified lower GI grain foods, although a higher proportion of high GI foods was observed among foods meeting the metrics, especially the 10:1:2 and the 10:1|1:2. Considering the perspective of postprandial glycemic response, findings support the use of the 10:1 and 10:1:1 to identify higher carbohydrate-quality grain foods. Funding Sources São Paulo Research Foundation.
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Comerford, Kevin B., Yanni Papanikolaou, Julie Miller Jones, Judith Rodriguez, Joanne Slavin, Siddhartha Angadi i Adam Drewnowski. "Toward an Evidence-Based Definition and Classification of Carbohydrate Food Quality: An Expert Panel Report". Nutrients 13, nr 8 (31.07.2021): 2667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13082667.
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Carbohydrate-containing crops provide the bulk of dietary energy worldwide. In addition to their various carbohydrate forms (sugars, starches, fibers) and ratios, these foods may also contain varying amounts and combinations of proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, prebiotics, and anti-nutritional factors that may impact diet quality and health. Currently, there is no standardized or unified way to assess the quality of carbohydrate foods for the overall purpose of improving diet quality and health outcomes, creating an urgent need for the development of metrics and tools to better define and classify high-quality carbohydrate foods. The present report is based on a series of expert panel meetings and a scoping review of the literature focused on carbohydrate quality indicators and metrics produced over the last 10 years. The report outlines various approaches to assessing food quality, and proposes next steps and principles for developing improved metrics for assessing carbohydrate food quality. The expert panel concluded that a composite metric based on nutrient profiling methods featuring inputs such as carbohydrate–fiber–sugar ratios, micronutrients, and/or food group classification could provide useful and informative measures for guiding researchers, policymakers, industry, and consumers towards a better understanding of carbohydrate food quality and overall healthier diets. The identification of higher quality carbohydrate foods could improve evidence-based public health policies and programming—such as the 2025–2030 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
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Drewnowski, Adam. "Nutrient density: addressing the challenge of obesity". British Journal of Nutrition 120, s1 (30.10.2017): S8—S14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114517002240.
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AbstractObesity rates are increasing worldwide. Potential reasons include excessive consumption of sugary beverages and energy-dense foods instead of more nutrient-rich options. On a per kJ basis, energy-dense grains, added sugars and fats cost less, whereas lean meats, seafood, leafy greens and whole fruit generally cost more. Given that consumer food choices are often driven by price, the observed social inequities in diet quality and health can be explained, in part, by nutrition economics. Achieving a nutrient-rich diet at an affordable cost has become progressively more difficult within the constraints of global food supply. However, given the necessary metrics and educational tools, it may be possible to eat better for less. New metrics of nutrient density help consumers identify foods, processed and unprocessed, that are nutrient-rich, affordable and appealing. Affordability metrics, created by adding food prices to food composition data, permit calculations of both kJ and nutrients per penny, allowing for new studies on the economic drivers of food choice. Merging dietary intake data with local or national food prices permits the estimation of individual-level diet costs. New metrics of nutrient balance can help identify those food patterns that provide optimal nutritional value. Behavioural factors, including cooking at home, have been associated with nutrition resilience, defined as healthier diets at lower cost. Studies of the energy and nutrient costs of the global food supply and diverse food patterns will permit a better understanding of the socioeconomic determinants of health. Dietary advice ought to be accompanied by economic feasibility studies.
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Tan, Denise, Andrea Nicole Olden, Audrey Orengo, Célia Francey, Vanessa Caroline Campos, Flavia Fayet-Moore, Jung Eun Kim i Kim-Anne Lê. "An Assessment of Three Carbohydrate Metrics of Nutritional Quality for Packaged Foods and Beverages in Australia and Southeast Asia". Nutrients 12, nr 9 (11.09.2020): 2771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12092771.
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Carbohydrate quality is an aetiological factor of diet-related disease. Indices of carbohydrate quality featuring various ratios of carbohydrates-to-dietary fibre-to-sugar have been associated with improved product and/or diet quality in westernised countries. Carbohydrate intake is especially high in Asia Pacific. Thus, this study evaluated the ability of such carbohydrate metrics to discriminate the nutritional quality of carbohydrate-rich packaged foods and beverages in Australia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and the Philippines, with an additional focus on beverages. This evaluation was conducted by comparing product nutritional composition and assessing products against three national nutrient profiling models. Results showed that Australia had the highest proportion of products meeting all metrics, compared to the Southeast Asian countries. Beverages had a low adherence to all metrics compared to solid foods. Across the five countries, both processed food and beverages meeting the metrics generally contained higher dietary fibre, protein, and certain vitamins and minerals whilst having lower energy, total sugars, free sugars, trans fat and cholesterol content compared to products not meeting the metrics. The metrics were also aligned with national nutrient profiling models to identify nutritious products. In conclusion, these metrics allowed us to discriminate product nutritional quality in the countries assessed and are applicable to beverages.
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Itoh, Mitsuhiro, i Hiroyasu Satoh. "Information geometry of the space of probability measures and barycenter maps". Sugaku Expositions 34, nr 2 (12.10.2021): 231–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/suga/464.
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In this article, we present recent developments of information geometry, namely, geometry of the Fisher metric, dualistic structures, and divergences on the space of probability measures, particularly the theory of geodesics of the Fisher metric. Moreover, we consider several facts concerning the barycenter of probability measures on the ideal boundary of a Hadamard manifold from a viewpoint of the information geometry.
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Blumfield, Michelle, Andrew McConnell, Vanessa Campos, Kim-Anne Lê i Flavia Fayet-Moore. "Carbohydrate Quality Metrics and Their Association with Population Nutrient Intakes and Diet Quality in Australia". Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (29.05.2020): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa046_010.
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Abstract Objectives Carbohydrate (CHO) quality is important for health, yet it is unclear how to best define CHO quality. The aim of this study was to investigate whether diets that meet one of three CHO quality ratios, that include a combination of grams of CHO, fiber or free sugars, are associated with improved diet quality in Australia. Methods National data from the 2011–12 Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey were assessed (n = 12,153; age 49.0 ± 16.4y adults, 9.5 ± 5.0y children). Three CHO quality ratios were defined: (i) Simple ratio, 10:1 (10 g CHO: ³1 g fiber); (ii) Modified ratio, 10:1:2 (10 g CHO: ³1 g fiber: £2 g free sugars); and (iii) Dual ratio, 10:1 & 1:2 (10 g CHO: ³1 g fiber & £2 g free sugars per 1 g fiber). Participants were defined as having met or not met each ratio in terms of total daily nutrient intakes. Dietary data were collected using a validated Automated Multiple-Pass Method. Nutrient intakes and food group data were compared to Australian Nutrient Reference Values and an Australian Healthy Eating Index (HEIFA-2013). Results Prevalence of ratio adherence was: simple ratio (45%), modified ratio (30%) and dual ratio (36%). After adjusting for energy intake, adults and children who met a ratio reported lower energy intakes, higher fiber and micronutrient intakes, higher HEIFA-2013 scores (adults only) and lower intakes of total sugars, added sugars and sodium (P < .001 for all), compared to those who failed to meet any ratio. Compared to the simple ratio, modified and dual ratios further decreased adult intakes of total sugars (95 g modified, 71 g dual vs 116 g simple; P < .001), added sugars (36 g, 16 g vs 57 g; P < .001) and free sugars (50 g, 26 g vs 72 g; P < .001), and increased HEIFA-2013 scores (56, 59 vs 51; P < .001), with similar findings in children. Conclusions All three CHO quality metrics identified diets with higher nutrient intakes and HEIFA-2013 scores, with the addition of a free sugars constraint resulting in further improvements in diet quality. Utility of a CHO quality metric, based on CHO, fiber and free sugars, may offer a simple, standardized approach to improve total diet quality, which has potential for high public health impact. Funding Sources Nestlé Research.
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Batten, Rahamim, Mukund Karanjikar i Sabrina Spatari. "Bio-Based Polyisoprene Can Mitigate Climate Change and Deforestation in Expanding Rubber Production". Fermentation 7, nr 4 (23.09.2021): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation7040204.
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Biomass is a promising renewable feedstock to produce polyisoprene for the rubber industry. Through metabolic engineering, sugars derived from pretreated and hydrolyzed cellulose and hemicellulose can be directly fermented to isoprene to produce rubber. Here we investigate the life cycle environmental impact of isoprene fermentation to produce bio-polyisoprene from agricultural residues (of Zea mays L.). Results show that the greenhouse gas (GHG) intensity of bio-polyisoprene (−4.59 kg CO2e kg−1) is significantly lower than that of natural rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) and synthetic rubber (−0.79 and 2.41 kg CO2e kg−1, respectively), while supporting a circular biogenic carbon economy. We found the land use intensity of bio-polyisoprene to be 0.25 ha metric ton−1, which is 84% lower than that from rubber tree plantations. We compare the direct fermentation to isoprene results with indirect fermentation to isoprene through the intermediate, methyl butyl ether, where dehydration to isoprene is required. The direct fermentation of isoprene reduces reaction steps and unit operations, an expected outcome when employing process intensification, but our results show additional energy conservation and reduced contribution to climate change. Among the ReCiPe life cycle environmental impact metrics evaluated, air emission related impacts are high for bio-polyisoprene compared to those for natural and synthetic rubber. Those impacts can be reduced with air emission controls during production. All other metrics showed an improvement for bio-polyisoprene compared to natural and synthetic rubber.
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Drewnowski, Adam, Matthieu Maillot, Yanni Papanikolaou, Julie Miller Jones, Judith Rodriguez, Joanne Slavin, Siddhartha S. Angadi i Kevin B. Comerford. "A New Carbohydrate Food Quality Scoring System to Reflect Dietary Guidelines: An Expert Panel Report". Nutrients 14, nr 7 (2.04.2022): 1485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14071485.
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Existing metrics of carbohydrate food quality have been based, for the most part, on favorable fiber- and free sugar-to-carbohydrate ratios. In these metrics, higher nutritional quality carbohydrate foods are defined as those with >10% fiber and <10% free sugar per 100 g carbohydrate. Although fiber- and sugar-based metrics may help to differentiate the nutritional quality of various types of grain products, they may not aptly capture the nutritional quality of other healthy carbohydrate foods, including beans, legumes, vegetables, and fruits. Carbohydrate food quality metrics need to be applicable across these diverse food groups. This report introduces a new carbohydrate food scoring system known as a Carbohydrate Food Quality Score (CFQS), which supplements the fiber and free sugar components of previous metrics with additional dietary components of public health concern (e.g., sodium, potassium, and whole grains) as identified by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Two CFQS models are developed and tested in this study: one that includes four dietary components (CFQS-4: fiber, free sugars, sodium, potassium) and one that considers five dietary components (CFQS-5: fiber, free sugars, sodium, potassium, and whole grains). These models are applied to 2596 carbohydrate foods in the Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS) 2017–2018. Consistent with past studies, the new carbohydrate food scoring system places large percentages of beans, vegetables, and fruits among the top scoring carbohydrate foods. The whole grain component, which only applies to grain foods (N = 1561), identifies ready-to-eat cereals, oatmeal, other cooked cereals, and selected whole grain breads and crackers as higher-quality carbohydrate foods. The new carbohydrate food scoring system shows a high correlation with the Nutrient Rich Food (NRF9.3) index and the Nutri-Score. Metrics of carbohydrate food quality that incorporate whole grains, potassium, and sodium, in addition to sugar and fiber, are strategically aligned with multiple 2020–2025 dietary recommendations and may therefore help with the implementation of present and future dietary guidelines.
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Phillips, Nathan, Andrew Reynolds i Frederick Di Profio. "Nonstructural Carbohydrate Concentrations in Dormant Grapevine Scionwood and Rootstock Impact Propagation Success and Vine Growth". HortTechnology 25, nr 4 (sierpień 2015): 536–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.25.4.536.
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Objectives of this study were to quantify starch and soluble sugar concentrations in wine grape (Vitis sp.) scionwood and rootstock material, and to examine relationships between carbohydrate (CHO) metrics and both grafting success and shoot growth. CHOs of three wine grape scionwood cultivars [Merlot and Riesling (Vitis vinifera) and Vidal blanc (Vitis sp.)] harvested from four separate vineyards in the Niagara Peninsula in Ontario were analyzed for starch, total CHOs, total sugars, sucrose, monosaccharides (glucose, fructose), and oligosaccharides (raffinose, stachyose) to determine if CHO differences existed between scionwood cultivar and site, and whether these impacted propagation success when grafted to two different rootstocks [‘3309 Couderc’ (3309) and ‘101-14 Millardet et de Grasset’ (101-14) (V. riparia × V. rupestris)]. Differences in CHOs existed between vineyards for all cultivars, and their relationship with propagation success was most evident with ‘Vidal blanc’. Differences were also observed between sites for some cultivars in terms of grafting success and shoot length of grafted vines. Hot water treatment (HWT) of rootstock increased total sugars, glucose, fructose, and stachyose in 3309, and led to lower starch, total CHOs, and higher sucrose in 101-14 when measured immediately following HWT. At time of grafting, HWT 3309 had lower starch sucrose and raffinose, and higher glucose, fructose, and total sugars compared with non-HWT material, whereas HWT 101-14 contained lower total sugars, raffinose, and sucrose and higher stachyose and glucose. Stachyose, raffinose, sucrose, glucose, fructose, and total sugars in scionwood at time of grafting were correlated with propagation success. However, CHOs at time of scionwood collection in February did not correlate to successful propagation. Relationships between scion viability of all cultivars vs. stachyose and total sugars for both rootstocks suggested a possible relationship between these CHO metrics and propagation success. Differences likewise existed between propagation success on rootstocks 3309 and 101-14 on most occasions with 3309 displaying higher percent scion viability and shoot growth. This may be of particular importance in grafting difficult-to-propagate rootstock cultivars.
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Collins, A., A. Parkin, G. Barr, W. Dong, C. J. Gilmore i C. C. Wilson. "Configurational and conformational classification of pyranose sugars". Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science 64, nr 1 (17.01.2008): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108768107067341.
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Automated cluster analysis is used to examine the conformation and configuration of pyranose sugars. Previous findings on this issue are confirmed, importantly from an analysis that requires no prior knowledge of the significant factors determining the conformational classification. The findings on the conformations adopted in the crystalline solid state are found to be different to existing quantum chemical calculations performed for D-glucose in the gas phase, but consistent with empirically determined conformations in the solution state. The use of this clustering analysis in studying chirality in the determined structures is discussed, as is the ability of this type of method to examine higher dimensions within the metric multi-dimensional scaling formalism.
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Drewnowski, Adam. "Most Plant-Based Milk Alternatives in the USDA Branded Food Products Database Do Not Meet Proposed Nutrient Standards or Score Well on Nutrient Density Metrics". Nutrients 14, nr 22 (11.11.2022): 4767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14224767.
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Plant-based milk alternatives and plant-based waters are of variable nutritional value. The present objective was to assess nutrient density of all plant-based beverages in the US Department of Agriculture Branded Food Products Database and determine whether plant-based milk alternatives met the proposed nutrient standards. Plant-based milk alternatives (n = 1042) were identified as almond, soy, coconut, cashew, other tree nut, flax/hemp, pea, and oat, quinoa, and rice products. Plant-based waters (n = 550) were coconut, aloe, tree, fruit, and plain. Machine searches of ingredient lists identified products with added sugars, salt, vitamins, and minerals. Plant-based milk alternatives were tested for compliance with previously developed nutrient standards. The Nutrient Rich Food Index (NRF5.3), two versions of Nutri-Score, and Choices International were the nutrient density metrics. Plant-based milk alternatives had mean energy density of 49 kcal/100 g, were low in protein (~1.1 g/100 g), often contained added sugars and salt, and tended to be fortified with calcium, vitamin A, vitamin D, and vitamin B12. Only 117 milk alternatives (11.2%) met nutrient standards and only 80 (7.7%) met the more stringent “best of class” standards for ≥2.8 g/100 g protein and <3.1 g/100 g added sugars. The latter were mostly soy milks. Nutri-Score grades varied depending on whether the beverages were treated as beverages or as solid foods, as is currently required. The highest NRF5.3 scores were given to soy, almond, and tree nut milk alternatives. Plant-based waters had low energy density (~23 kcal/100 g), contained added sugars (4.6 g/100 g), and some had added vitamin C. Applying nutrient standards to plant-based milk alternatives can aid new product development, promote more transparent labeling, and inform potential regulatory actions. Guidance on minimum protein content, maximum recommended amounts of fat, added sugars, and sodium, and consistent fortification patterns would be of value to regulatory agencies and to the food industry.
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Kelada, Kirolos D., Daniel Tusé, Yuri Gleba, Karen A. McDonald i Somen Nandi. "Process Simulation and Techno-Economic Analysis of Large-Scale Bioproduction of Sweet Protein Thaumatin II". Foods 10, nr 4 (12.04.2021): 838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10040838.
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There are currently worldwide efforts to reduce sugar intake due to the various adverse health effects linked with the overconsumption of sugars. Artificial sweeteners have been used as an alternative to nutritive sugars in numerous applications; however, their long-term effects on human health remain controversial. This led to a shift in consumer preference towards non-caloric sweeteners from natural sources. Thaumatins are a class of intensely sweet proteins found in arils of the fruits of the West-African plant Thaumatococcus daniellii. Thaumatins’ current production method through aqueous extraction from this plant and uncertainty of the harvest from tropical rainforests limits its supply while the demand is increasing. Despite successful recombinant expression of the protein in several organisms, no large-scale bioproduction facilities exist. We present preliminary process design, process simulation, and economic analysis for a large-scale (50 metric tons/year) production of a thaumatin II variant using several different molecular farming platforms.
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Masood, S., M. Ashraf, I. Ahmad i Alim un Nisa. "Replacement of table sugar with clarified rice syrup in beverages". Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 57, nr 1 (30.03.2022): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v57i1.58897.
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The worst element in the modern diet is white sugar, which contains the toxic fructose. As a result, many people have started avoiding fructose and switching to fructose-free sweets. Rice Syrup, for example, contains no fructose. White sugar was replaced with clarified rice syrup in this study. At a pilot plant scale, products such as red herbal syrup, chocolate syrup, cardamom syrup, aloe vera syrup, and plum syrup were made utilizing rice syrup in place of white sugar. During the shelf-life study, all parameters, including microbiological, physicochemical and sensory properties, were found acceptable. In addition, at zero weeks and 48 weeks, the effect of storage days on pH, acidity, brix, sugars content, and sensory attribute was determined. During storage, no notable changes in quality metrics were found. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 57(1), 23-26, 2022
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Tan, Denise, Clarinda Sutanto, Jia Wen Xanthe Lin, Kim-Anne Lê i Jung Eun Kim. "Carbohydrate Quality of a Middle-aged and Older Population in Singapore and Its Association with Cardiometabolic Health". Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (czerwiec 2021): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab033_053.
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Abstract Objectives Carbohydrate quality plays a key role in cardiometabolic health, though this has not been well investigated in Asian populations. This study aimed to assess the carbohydrate quality of middle-aged and older adults in Singapore, and its association with various cardiometabolic health-related markers. Methods A secondary data analysis of a cross-sectional study consisting of 104 adults (59 ± 6 years, mean ± SD) was conducted. Carbohydrate quality was evaluated by their adherence to: (i) Singapore recommended daily allowance (RDA) for dietary fiber intake, (ii) Singapore recommended daily whole grain intake, (iii) World Health Organization free sugars limit and (iv) the balanced carbohydrate metrics (BCM). The BCM was reflected by a ratio of at least 1g of fiber per 10g of carbohydrates (10:1, simple ratio), or variations including free sugars criteria. Food intake was collected using 3-day food record. Measurements of cardiometabolic health-related markers were body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, blood lipid-lipoprotein markers (total, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides) and glucose and 10-year risk to coronary heart disease. The association between dietary carbohydrate quality and cardiometabolic health-related markers, as well as associations amongst the 4 measures of carbohydrate quality were evaluated using Fisher's exact test. Results 36%, 20%, 87% and 34% of the population met the fiber RDA, whole grain recommendation, free sugars limit and BCM respectively. A significant association in adherence to each measure of carbohydrate quality was found across all 4 measures (P < 0.05), except for between the whole grain recommendation and free sugars limit. The simple ratio was associated with a lower systolic blood pressure (P = 0.04) while no association was observed with other cardiometabolic health-related markers. Conclusions Consuming a diet adhering to the simple ratio of at least 1g of fiber for every 10g of carbohydrates may improve blood pressure and subsequently lower cardiometabolic disease risk. Funding Sources National University of Singapore, Singapore Economic Development Board and Société des Produits Nestlé SA
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Meier, T., P. Deumelandt, O. Christen, G. I. Stangl, K. Riedel i M. Langer. "Global Burden of Sugar-Related Dental Diseases in 168 Countries and Corresponding Health Care Costs". Journal of Dental Research 96, nr 8 (10.05.2017): 845–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034517708315.
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Oral diseases such as dental caries, edentulism (tooth loss), periodontal disease (PD), and oral cancer currently constitute an increased major public health burden across the globe, with significant differences between countries. One of the main drivers of caries, edentulism, and PD is the excessive intake of sugars. Here, we aimed to quantify the global sugar-related dental health and cost burden in the year 2010. This study used a health-econometrical model to calculate the disease burden as well as the direct and indirect costs attributable to the intake of free sugars (mono- and disaccharides [MDS]). To this end, several databases from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and World Bank were used. In total, the corresponding disease burden in 168 countries and economic burden in 31 OECD countries were quantified. In 2010, the consumption of MDS was associated with a global dental disease burden of 4.1 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs; 95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 2.1 to 7.4 million DALYs), with 2.7 million DALYs from MDS-related caries and 1.4 million DALYs from PD. In terms of economic costs, MDS-related dental diseases were associated with a global financial burden of 172 billion US dollars (USD; 95% UI: 91 to 295 billion USD), the largest share of which (151 billion USD) was incurred in OECD countries. Overall, 26.3% (95% UI: 13.3% to 47.5%) of the total global oral disease burden was attributed to the consumption of MDS. The present study emphasizes the need to further address the role of free sugars in oral health and nutrition policy. Although the largest share of the economic burden was accounted for by OECD countries, emerging economies should address this challenge early on in national public health policies if they are to avoid disease and the prospect of increased cost burdens.
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Pulatkan, Anil, Mehmet Kapicioglu, Vahdet Ucan, Mustafa Ngeiywo Masai, Bulent Ozdemir, Sercan Akpinar i Kerem Bilsel. "Do Techniques for Hill-Sachs Remplissage Matter in Terms of Functional and Radiological Outcomes?" Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, nr 6 (1.06.2021): 232596712110081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671211008152.
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Background: Different techniques are used for the remplissage procedure, including the double-pulley and mattress suture techniques. Both techniques have shown good results; however, it is unclear if one technique is superior. Hypothesis: The remplissage procedure using the double-pulley technique with 2 anchors would have superior functional and radiological outcomes compared with the mattress suture technique with a single anchor. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: This study included patients with anterior shoulder instability who were treated using arthroscopic Bankart repair combined with remplissage between 2012 and 2017. A structured questionnaire was used to gather information on the following metrics: Instability Severity Index Score, hyperlaxity, Sugaya index, presence of a Hill-Sachs defect, number of dislocations before surgery, sports participation, radiological measurement of the Hill-Sachs lesion, postoperative range of motion in both shoulders, Rowe score, Walch-Duplay score, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, and Filling Index Score of Remplissage grade according to magnetic resonance imaging scans at the last follow-up. Results: There were 41 patients included with a mean age of 30 ± 7 years who underwent the Hill-Sachs remplissage procedure using the double-pulley technique with 2 anchors (n = 21; group DA) or the mattress suture technique with a single anchor (n = 20; group SA). At the final follow-up, there were no significant differences between the groups regarding the Instability Severity Index Score ( P = .134), the Sugaya index ( P = .538), sports participation ( P = .41), the radiological measurement of the Hill-Sachs lesion ( P = .803), or the Rowe score ( P = .182). However, there were significant differences between the groups in the Walch-Duplay score ( P = .012), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score ( P = .005), and Filling Index Score of Remplissage grade ( P = .015), favoring group DA, as well as differences in external rotation in a neutral position (external rotation loss: 9° ± 3° [group SA] vs 12° ± 3° [group DA]; P = .003) and at 90° of abduction (external rotation loss: 8° ± 3° [group SA] vs 11° ± 3° [group DA]; P = .006), favoring group SA. Conclusion: In the remplissage procedure, the double-pulley technique provided better filling of the lesion and improvement in functional scores, but external rotation was limited compared with the mattress suture technique.
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Manandhar, Ashish, i Ajay Shah. "Techno-Economic Analysis of the Production of Lactic Acid from Lignocellulosic Biomass". Fermentation 9, nr 7 (8.07.2023): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9070641.
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This study reports the results of an evaluation of the techno-economic feasibility of a biorefinery with an annual lactic acid production capacity of 100,000 metric tons using lignocellulosic biomass. Corn stover and miscanthus were considered as model feedstocks, and three different fermentation pathways involving bacteria, fungi, and yeast were compared with respect to their ability to convert biomass feedstocks to lactic acid. Equipment, raw materials, utilities and labor requirements, and lactic acid production costs were estimated. The minimum selling price (at a 10% internal rate of return) per metric ton of lactic acid produced from different feedstocks for lactic acid bacteria, fungi, and yeast-based pathways were in the range of USD 1243–1390, USD 1250–1392, and USD 993–1123, respectively, with lower costs for miscanthus. Lactic acid production using genetically engineered yeast strains can eliminate the need for the simultaneous neutralization and recovery of lactic acid, resulting in lower equipment, chemical, and utility requirements and lower lactic acid production costs. Lactic acid production costs were highly sensitive to the conversion rates of sugars into lactic acid, feedstock cost, production plant size, operation hours, and acid hydrolysis reactor costs. Improvements in process conditions and efficiencies and lower costs of equipment and consumables are necessary to utilize lignocellulosic biomass for lactic acid production at lower costs while remaining cost-competitive with respect to first-generation and petroleum-based feedstocks.
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Vetrani, Claudia, Ilaria Calabrese, Luisa Cavagnuolo, Daniela Pacella, Elsa Napolano, Silvia Di Rienzo, Gabriele Riccardi, Angela A. Rivellese, Giovanni Annuzzi i Lutgarda Bozzetto. "Dietary determinants of postprandial blood glucose control in adults with type 1 diabetes on a hybrid closed-loop system". Diabetologia 65, nr 1 (23.10.2021): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-021-05587-0.
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Abstract Aims/hypothesis The aim of this work was to assess the relationship between meal nutrients and postprandial blood glucose response (PGR) in individuals with type 1 diabetes on a hybrid closed-loop system (HCLS). Methods The dietary composition of 1264 meals (398 breakfasts, 441 lunches and 425 dinners) was assessed by 7-day food records completed by 25 individuals with type 1 diabetes on HCLSs (12 men/13 women, mean ± SD age 40 ± 12 years, mean ± SD HbA1c 51 ± 10 mmol/mol [6.9 ± 0.2%]). For each meal, PGR (continuous glucose monitoring metrics, glucose incremental AUCs) and insulin doses (pre-meal boluses, post-meal microboluses automatically delivered by the pump and adjustment boluses) over 6 h were evaluated. Results Breakfast, lunch and dinner significantly differed with respect to energy and nutrient intake and insulin doses. The blood glucose postprandial profile showed an earlier peak after breakfast and a slow increase until 4 h after lunch and dinner (p < 0.001). Mean ± SD postprandial time in range (TIR) was better at breakfast (79.3 ± 22.2%) than at lunch (71.3 ± 23.9%) or dinner (70.0 ± 25.9%) (p < 0.001). Significant negative predictors of TIR at breakfast were total energy intake, per cent intake of total protein and monounsaturated fatty acids, glycaemic load and absolute amounts of cholesterol, carbohydrates and simple sugars consumed (p < 0.05 for all). No significant predictors were detected for TIR at lunch. For TIR at dinner, a significant positive predictor was the per cent intake of plant proteins, while negative predictors were glycaemic load and intake amounts of simple sugars and carbohydrate (p < 0.05 for all). Conclusions/interpretation This study shows that nutritional factors other than the amount of carbohydrate significantly influence postprandial blood glucose control. These nutritional determinants vary between breakfast, lunch and dinner, with differing effects on postprandial blood glucose profile and insulin requirements, thus remaining a challenge to HCLSs. Graphical abstract
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Wu, Wei, Huajin Zhou, Yanhong Chen, Chunyue Li, Yuming Guo i Jianmin Yuan. "Optimization of Compound Ratio of Exogenous Xylanase and Debranching Enzymes Supplemented in Corn-Based Broiler Diets Using In Vitro Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion and Response Surface Methodology". Animals 12, nr 19 (1.10.2022): 2641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12192641.
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This experiment aimed to explore the zymogram of endo-xylanase (EX) and debranching enzymes (arabinofuranosidase [EA] and ferulic acid esterase [EF]) supplemented in the corn–soybean meal-based diet of broilers. An in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion model was adopted. According to single-factor, completely random design, the optimal supplemental levels of individual carbohydrase were determined by reducing sugars (RS) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). Response surface method (RSM) was used to predict the proper compound ratio of three carbohydrases. Results showed that shifts were different for feedstuffs such as corn–soybean meal–distillers dried grains with solubles, corn hull, and wheat bran, revealing that the net increase of RS or IVDMD distinctly dropped when degrading corn and related by-products by EX (p < 0.05). There was a significant quadratic relationship between the above response metrics and addition levels of each enzyme (p < 0.05). The determined dosage was 54 U/g EX, 5.0 U/g EA, and 0.4 U/g of EF, respectively. The optimistic zymogram of carbohydrases in corn basal substrates was judged by the IVDMD screening (R2 = 0.9089, p < 0.001). Conclusively, the in vitro assay and RSM were convenient and rapid methods for the optimization of xylan-degrading zymogram, and also testified asthenic hydrolysis of corn arabinoxylan by EX, thus highlighting the synergistic combinations with debranching enzymes.
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Saarni, Andrew, Konrad V. Miller i David E. Block. "A Multi-Parameter, Predictive Model of Starch Hydrolysis in Barley Beer Mashes". Beverages 6, nr 4 (13.10.2020): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/beverages6040060.
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A key first step in the production of beer is the mashing process, which enables the solubilization and subsequent enzymatic conversion of starch to fermentable sugars. Mashing performance depends primarily on temperature, but also on a variety of other process parameters, including pH and mash thickness (known as the “liquor-to-grist” ratio). This process has been studied for well over 100 years, and yet essentially all predictive modeling efforts are alike in that only the impact of temperature is considered, while the impacts of all other process parameters are largely ignored. A set of statistical and mathematical methods collectively known as Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is commonly applied to develop predictive models of complex processes such as mashing, where performance depends on multiple parameters. For this study, RSM was used to design and test a set of experimental mash conditions to quantify the impact of four process parameters—temperature (isothermal), pH, aeration, and the liquor-to-grist ratio—on extract yield (total and fermentable) and extract composition in order to create a robust, yet simple, predictive model. In contrast to previous models of starch hydrolysis in a mash, a unique aspect of the model developed here was the quantification of significant parameter interaction effects, the most notable of which was the interaction between temperature and mash thickness (i.e., the liquor-to-grist ratio). This interaction had a sizeable impact on important mash performance metrics, such as the total extract yield and the fermentability of the resultant wort. The development of this model is of great future utility to brewery processing, as it permits the multi-parameter optimization of the mashing process.
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Clark, Michael A., Marco Springmann, Jason Hill i David Tilman. "Multiple health and environmental impacts of foods". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, nr 46 (28.10.2019): 23357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1906908116.
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Food choices are shifting globally in ways that are negatively affecting both human health and the environment. Here we consider how consuming an additional serving per day of each of 15 foods is associated with 5 health outcomes in adults and 5 aspects of agriculturally driven environmental degradation. We find that while there is substantial variation in the health outcomes of different foods, foods associated with a larger reduction in disease risk for one health outcome are often associated with larger reductions in disease risk for other health outcomes. Likewise, foods with lower impacts on one metric of environmental harm tend to have lower impacts on others. Additionally, of the foods associated with improved health (whole grain cereals, fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, olive oil, and fish), all except fish have among the lowest environmental impacts, and fish has markedly lower impacts than red meats and processed meats. Foods associated with the largest negative environmental impacts—unprocessed and processed red meat—are consistently associated with the largest increases in disease risk. Thus, dietary transitions toward greater consumption of healthier foods would generally improve environmental sustainability, although processed foods high in sugars harm health but can have relatively low environmental impacts. These findings could help consumers, policy makers, and food companies to better understand the multiple health and environmental implications of food choices.
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Kirkpatrick, Sharon I., Jill Reedy, Lisa L. Kahle, Jennifer L. Harris, Punam Ohri-Vachaspati i Susan M. Krebs-Smith. "Fast-food menu offerings vary in dietary quality, but are consistently poor". Public Health Nutrition 17, nr 4 (15.01.2013): 924–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012005563.
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AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate five popular fast-food chains’ menus in relation to dietary guidance.DesignMenus posted on chains’ websites were coded using the Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies and MyPyramid Equivalents Database to enable Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI-2005) scores to be assigned. Dollar or value and kids’ menus and sets of items promoted as healthy or nutritious were also assessed.SettingFive popular fast-food chains in the USA.SubjectsNot applicable.ResultsFull menus scored lower than 50 out of 100 possible points on the HEI-2005. Scores for Total Fruit, Whole Grains and Sodium were particularly dismal. Compared with full menus, scores on dollar or value menus were 3 points higher on average, whereas kids’ menus scored 10 points higher on average. Three chains marketed subsets of items as healthy or nutritious; these scored 17 points higher on average compared with the full menus. No menu or subset of menu items received a score higher than 72 out of 100 points.ConclusionsThe poor quality of fast-food menus is a concern in light of increasing away-from-home eating, aggressive marketing to children and minorities, and the tendency for fast-food restaurants to be located in low-income and minority areas. The addition of fruits, vegetables and legumes; replacement of refined with whole grains; and reformulation of offerings high in sodium, solid fats and added sugars are potential strategies to improve fast-food offerings. The HEI may be a useful metric for ongoing monitoring of fast-food menus.
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Fitt, Emily, Darren Cole, Nida Ziauddeen, David Pell, Elizabeth Stickley, Anna Harvey i Alison M. Stephen. "DINO (Diet In Nutrients Out) – an integrated dietary assessment system". Public Health Nutrition 18, nr 2 (27.03.2014): 234–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980014000342.
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AbstractObjectiveThe current paper describes Diet In Nutrients Out (DINO), an integrated dietary assessment system incorporating dietary data entry and nutritional analysis within one platform for use in dietary assessment in small-scale intervention studies to national surveys.DesignDINO contains >6000 food items, mostly aggregated composites of branded foods, across thirty-one main food groups divided into 151 subsidiary groups for detailed reporting requirements, with fifty-three core nutrient fields.SettingMRC Human Nutrition Research (HNR), Cambridge, UK and MRC Keneba, Gambia.SubjectsDINO is used across dietary assessment projects at HNR and MRC Keneba.ResultsDINO contains macro- and micronutrients as well as additional variables of current research and policy interest, such as caffeine, whole grains, vitamin K and added sugars. Disaggregated data are available for fruit, vegetables, meat, fish and cheese in composite foods, enabling greater accuracy when reporting food consumption or assessing adherence to dietary recommendations. Portion sizes are categorised in metric and imperial weights, with standardised portion sizes for each age group. Regular reviews are undertaken for portion sizes and food composition to ensure contemporary relevance. A training programme and a checking schedule are adhered to for quality assurance purposes, covering users and data. Eating context questions are integrated to record where and with whom the respondent is eating, allowing examination between these factors and the foods consumed.ConclusionsAn up-to-date quality-assured system for dietary assessment is crucial for nutritional surveillance and research, but needs to have the flexibility to be tailored to address specific research questions.
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Mitchell, Perry J., André J. Simpson, Ronald Soong i Myrna J. Simpson. "Biochar amendment altered the molecular-level composition of native soil organic matter in a temperate forest soil". Environmental Chemistry 13, nr 5 (2016): 854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en16001.
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Environmental contextBiochar amendment in soil can sequester carbon but may also stimulate microbial activity, potentially enhancing soil organic matter degradation. We incubated biochar in a temperate forest soil and characterised the soil organic matter composition using molecular-level biomarker and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. Biochar amendment altered the native soil organic matter composition and decreased the concentration of easily degradable soil organic matter components. AbstractBiochar amendment in soil can sequester carbon and improve soil water and nutrient retention, fertility and plant productivity. However, biochar may stimulate microbial activity, leading to priming or accelerated soil organic matter (OM) degradation, which could alter the native soil OM molecular composition. To investigate this, we amended sugar maple wood biochar (pyrolysed at 500°C) at four concentrations (0, 5, 10 and 20 metric tons per hectare) in a temperate forest soil for 32 weeks. Solvent extraction and CuO oxidation were used to characterise free compounds and lignin-derived phenols respectively at 8 week intervals, while base hydrolysis was used to examine plant wax, cutin and suberin components at the end of the incubation. Stimulated soil microbial activity following an adaptation period (16 weeks) resulted in increased inputs of microbial- and plant-derived soil OM components including solvent-extractable short-chain n-alkanols and n-alkanoic acids, long-chain n-alkanes and n-alkanols, and sugars. Degradation parameters for base-hydrolysable cutin- and suberin-derived compounds did not show any significant degradation of these plant biopolymers. Analysis of lignin-derived phenols revealed lower concentrations of extractable phenols and progressive oxidation of syringyl and vanillyl phenols at higher biochar application rates over time. Solution-state 1H nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of base-extractable soil OM after 32 weeks showed a decrease in the proportion of labile OM components such as carbohydrates and peptides and a relative increase in more recalcitrant polymethylene OM constituents in the amended soils. The biochar-mediated shifts in soil OM composition and reduction in labile carbon may reduce soil fertility in biochar-amended systems with long-term amendment.
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Doyle, Mark, Geetha Rayarao i Robert W. W. Biederman. "The sine transform is the sine qua non of the pulmonary and systemic pressure relationship". Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine 10 (26.05.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1120330.
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Assessment of therapeutic interventions in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) suffers from several commonly encountered limitations: (1) patient studies are often too small and short-term to provide definitive conclusions, (2) there is a lack of a universal set of metrics to adequately assess therapy and (3) while clinical treatments focus on management of symptoms, there remain many cases of early loss of life in a seemingly arbitrary distribution. Here we provide a unified approach to assess right and left pressure relationships in PAH and pulmonary hypertension (PH) patients by developing linear models informed by the observation of Suga and Sugawa that pressure generation in the ventricle (right or left) approximately follows a single lobe of a sinusoid. We sought to identify a set of cardiovascular variables that either linearly or via a sine transformation related to systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (PAPs) and systemic systolic blood pressure (SBP). Importantly, both right and left cardiovascular variables are included in each linear model. Using non-invasively obtained cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) image metrics the approach was successfully applied to model PAPs in PAH patients with an r2 of 0.89 (p < 0.05) and SBP with an r2 of 0.74 (p < 0.05). Further, the approach clarified the relationships that exist between PAPs and SBP separately for PAH and PH patients, and these relationships were used to distinguish PAH vs. PH patients with good accuracy (68%, p < 0.05). An important feature of the linear models is that they demonstrate that right and left ventricular conditions interact to generate PAPs and SBP in PAH patients, even in the absence of left-sided disease. The models predicted a theoretical right ventricular pulsatile reserve that in PAH patients was shown to be predictive of the 6 min walk distance (r2 = 0.45, p < 0.05). The linear models indicate a physically plausible mode of interaction between right and left ventricles and provides a means of assessing right and left cardiac status as they relate to PAPs and SBP. The linear models have potential to allow assessment of the detailed physiologic effects of therapy in PAH and PH patients and may thus permit cross-over of knowledge between PH and PAH clinical trials.
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Shioya, Takashi. "Metric measure geometry: An approach to high-dimensional and infinite-dimensional spaces". Sugaku Expositions, 9.08.2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/suga/475.
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Drewnowski, Adam, Matthieu Maillot i Florent Vieux. "Multiple Metrics of Carbohydrate Quality Place Starchy Vegetables Alongside Non-starchy Vegetables, Legumes, and Whole Fruit". Frontiers in Nutrition 9 (2.05.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.867378.
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BackgroundStarchy vegetables, including white potatoes, are often categorized as “lower-quality” carbohydrate foods, along with refined grains, 100% fruit juices, sweetened beverages, and sugars, snacks and sweets. Among “higher-quality” carbohydrates are whole grains, non-starchy vegetables, legumes, and whole fruits.ObjectiveTo apply multiple nutrient profiling (NP) models of carbohydrate quality to foods containing >40% carbohydrate by dry weight in the USDA Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS 2017-18).MethodsCarbohydrate foods in the FNDDS (n = 2423) were screened using four recent Carbohydrate Quality Indices (CQI) and a new Carbohydrate Food Quality Score (CFQS-4). Cereal products containing >25% whole grains by dry weight were classified as whole grain foods.ResultsBased on percent items meeting the criteria for 4 CQI scores, legumes, non-starchy and starchy vegetables, whole fruit, and whole grain foods qualified as “high quality” carbohydrate foods. Distribution of mean CFQS-4 values showed that starchy vegetables, including white potatoes placed closer to non-starchy vegetables and fruit than to candy and soda.ConclusionPublished a priori determinations of carbohydrate quality do not always correspond to published carbohydrate quality metrics. Based on CQI metrics, specifically designed to assess carbohydrate quality, starchy vegetables, including white potatoes, merit a category reassignment and a more prominent place in dietary guidance.
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Campos, Vanessa, Luc Tappy, Lia Bally, John L. Sievenpiper i Kim-Anne Lê. "Importance of Carbohydrate Quality: What Does It Mean and How to Measure It?" Journal of Nutrition, 18.02.2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxac039.
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Abstract Dietary carbohydrates are our main source of energy. Traditionally, they are classified based on the polymer length between simple and complex carbohydrates, which does not necessarily reflect their impact on health. Simple sugars, such as fructose, glucose, and lactose, despite having a similar energy efficiency and caloric content, have very distinct metabolic effects, leading to increased risk for various chronic diseases when consumed in excess. In addition, beyond the absolute amount of carbohydrate consumed, recent data point out that the food form or processing level can modulate both the energy efficiency and the cardiometabolic risk associated with specific carbohydrates. To account for both of these aspects—the quality of carbohydrates as well as its food form—several metrics can be proposed to help identifying carbohydrate-rich food sources and distinguish between those that would favor the development of chronic diseases and those that may contribute to prevent these. This review summarizes the findings presented during the American Society of Nutrition Satellite symposium on carbohydrate quality, in which these different aspects were presented.
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Hamner, Heather C., i Latetia V. Moore. "Dietary quality among children from 6 months to 4 years, NHANES 2011–2016". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 30.10.2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz261.
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ABSTRACT Background The US Dietary Guidelines for Americans provide dietary recommendations for individuals aged ≥2 y and metrics exist to assess alignment. Nonfederal feeding recommendations exist for children <2 y, but limited metrics and assessment of dietary quality are available. Objective We aimed to assess dietary quality of children aged 6 mo–4 y using a modified Diet Quality Index Score (DQIS). Methods NHANES 2011–2016 dietary data were used to estimate the dietary quality of children 6 mo–4 y old using a modified DQIS. Differences in mean modified DQIS by demographics were assessed using linear regression. Results Mean modified DQIS ± SE was 22.4 ± 0.23 out of 45 possible points (50%) for children 6 mo–4 y of age on a given day. Modified DQIS scores on a given day decreased with age (27.7 ± 0.27 for 6- to 11-mo-olds, 23.9 ± 0.31 for 1-y-olds, 21.4 ± 0.26 for 2- to 3-y-olds, and 20.6 ± 0.49 for 4-y-olds; P < 0.0001 for trend). Children 6–11 mo old had 16% higher overall modified DQIS scores than 1-y-olds (P < 0.0001) and higher modified DQIS subcomponent scores for refined grains and protein, indicating higher age-appropriate intakes (P < 0.05). Similarly, children 6–11 mo old also had higher modified DQIS subcomponent scores, indicating no or limited intake, for 100% fruit juice, sugar-sweetened beverages, other added sugars, and salty snacks (P < 0.02). Conclusions Dietary quality declines with age and may begin as early as 1 y. The modified DQIS tool could help assess the dietary quality of young children. This may be important when identifying programmatic and policy efforts aimed at establishing and maintaining healthy dietary patterns beginning at an early age.
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Santhosh, Anasuri, C. Veeresham i A. Rama Rao. "Aldose reductase and advanced glycation end products formation inhibitory activity of standardized extracts of Picrorhiza kurroa (Royle ex benth) and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Linn.)". Pharmaceutical and Biological Evaluations, 8.07.2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.26510/2394-0859.pbe.2017.28.
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Objective: The objectives were to study the in-vitro and in-vivo aldose reductase and in-vitro advanced glycation end products formation inhibitory activities of the standardized extracts of Picrorhiza kurroa roots and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flowers.Methods: In-vitro Aldose reductase inhibitory activity was studied by using isolated rat lens and kidney Aldose reductase by UV-Visible spectro photo metric method by using Quercetin as reference compound. In-vivo Aldose reductase inhibitory activity was evaluated by using experimental rat models of galactosemia and the final lens galactitol was evaluated by High performance liquid chromatography and Gas chromatography methods by using Quercetin as reference compound. In-vitro advanced glycation end products formation inhibitory activity was estimated by using laboratory test reaction with protein and sugars by spectro fluorimetric method by sung aminoguanidine as reference compound. Statistical analysis of the results was done by using Analysis of the variance method.Results: The plant extracts were found to possess significant aldose reductase and advanced glycation end products formation inhibitory activity.Conclusions: More study is required for isolation and characterization of the chief chemical constituents responsible for the biological activity of the plant extracts.
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Heo, Moonseong, Sarah Martin, Natalie Tunzi, Eva Zaret i Judith Wylie-Rosett. "School-based HealthyMe Curricula on Health Behaviors and Weight". Health Behavior and Policy Review 8, nr 5 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.14485/hbpr.8.5.5.
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Objective: Healthy dietary habits, physical activity, and positive mental health help prevent or manage excess weight among adolescents. HealthyMe curriculum modules are designed to improve those health behaviors among middle and high school students. Methods: The HealthyMe curriculum was implemented through health classes and health-promoting activities. We evaluated the changes in weight and key health behaviors from 23 schools across 8 states in the 2017-2018 academic year. We analyzed pre-post comparisons adjusting for lesson attendance, race/ethnicity, and age, and for clustering effects of schools. We also compared percentages of improved behaviors between sexes and between rural and non-rural schools. Results: Data were available from 1463 students (44% boys, age = 15.6 (1.3) years). Body mass index (BMI) metrics, in general, were significantly improved among students who were overweight or obese. Significant positive health behavior changes reported by both boys and girls were increasing breakfast and decreasing sugary beverage consumption. Girls significantly increased fruit and vegetable intakes and physical activities; boys significantly decreased dinner at home and physical activities. Students in rural schools tended to have a smaller number of significant changes and improved behaviors. Conclusions: The HealthyMe curriculum improved weight among students, who were overweight or obese, even though it focuses on health behaviors rather than directly addressing weight issues. The positive health behavior changes in conjunction with weight improvements may reflect synergy between the health promotion teaching and school policies.
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Owens, Lindsey L., Sweta Chalise, Neha Vyas i Shilpa Gurnurkar. "MON-625 Utility of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Children with Type 1 Diabetes: Is HbA1c Enough?" Journal of the Endocrine Society 4, Supplement_1 (kwiecień 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvaa046.649.
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Abstract Introduction: Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition resulting in insulin deficiency that requires daily insulin therapy and self-monitoring of blood glucose. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems allow for measurement of interstitial fluid glucose levels in a continuous fashion to identify variations and trends that are not feasible with conventional self-monitoring. Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) is the method used to assess adequate glycemic control and relates to future risk of developing complications. Current evidence has shown improvement in HbA1C with concomitant use of CGM in adults over 25 years of age with Type 1 diabetes, whereas studies in children and adolescents have failed to show this. However, it is important to note the limitations in HbA1C use as it is a marker of average blood glucose over 3 months but does not reflect glycemic variability. More recent data has suggested that factors such as time in range (TIR), which can be determined with CGM use, are also associated with decrease risk of diabetes complications. Methods: The goal of our study was to analyze the change in HbA1C levels after using a CGM (DEXCOM G4, G5, G6) over a 6-month period in pediatric patients with Type I diabetes. Two HBA1c levels 3 months apart from 92 patients were collected before using a CGM and two while using a CGM. Results were compared by using a dependent samples t-test. IBM SPSS 25.0 was used for data analysis. Results: Preliminary analysis indicates the average change in HBA1C among the patients (N=92) before (-0.08 ± 1.16) and while using the CGM (0.12 ± 1.00) was not significantly different (t (79) = -1.27, p = 0.21). The average change in HBA1C was also not significantly different (p>0.05) among the patients before and while using the CGM for gender (males and females), age groups (0-7 years, 8-14 years, and 15-24 years), and generations of DEXCOM used (G4, G5, and G6). Conclusion: As has been shown in other studies, we did not find a significant change in HbA1c after CGM use for 6 months in our patients. While HbA1C is a reflection of blood sugars over a 3-month period, it does not provide information about glycemic excursions. Metrics derived from CGM use, such as TIR, can provide actionable information which we did not address in our study. There have been reports of the association between TIR and long-term complications of diabetes. Most data comes from studies in adults and pediatric data is lacking. We propose that future studies must look into CGM metrics such as TIR to better define glycemic control in pediatric patients with diabetes mellitus.
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Davies, Tazman, Jimmy Chun Yu Louie, Rhoda Ndanuko, Sebastiano Barbieri, Oscar Perez-Concha i Jason H. Y. Wu. "A Machine Learning Approach to Predict the Added Sugar Content of Packaged Foods". Journal of Nutrition, 22.09.2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab341.
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Abstract Background Dietary guidelines recommend limiting the intake of added sugars. However, despite the public health importance, most countries have not mandated the labeling of added sugar content on packaged foods and beverages, making it difficult for consumers to avoid products with added sugar, and limiting the ability of policymakers to identify priority products for intervention. Objective To develop a machine learning approach for the prediction of added sugar content in packaged products using available nutrient, ingredient, and food category information. Design The added sugar prediction algorithm was developed using k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) and packaged food information from the US Label Insight dataset (n = 70,522). A synthetic dataset of Australian packaged products (n = 500) was used to assess validity and generalization. Performance metrics included the coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), and Spearman rank correlation (ρ). To benchmark the KNN approach, the KNN approach was compared to an existing added sugar prediction approach that relies on a series of manual steps. Results Compared to the existing added sugar prediction approach, the KNN approach was similarly apt at explaining variation in added sugar content (R2 = 0.96 vs. 0.97 respectively) and ranking products from highest to lowest in added sugar content (ρ = 0.91 vs. 0.93 respectively), while less apt at minimizing absolute deviations between predicted and true values (MAE = 1.68 g vs. 1.26 g per 100 g or 100 mL respectively). Conclusions KNN can be used to predict added sugar content in packaged products with a high degree of validity. Being automated, KNN can easily be applied to large datasets. Such predicted added sugar levels can be used to monitor the food supply and inform interventions aimed at reducing added sugar intake.
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Peltier, Drew M. P., Jessica Guo, Phiyen Nguyen, Michael Bangs, Linnea Gear, Michelle Wilson, Stacy Jefferys i in. "Temporal controls on crown nonstructural carbohydrates in southwestern US tree species". Tree Physiology, 4.11.2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpaa149.
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Abstract In trees, large uncertainties remain in how nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) respond to variation in water availability in natural, intact ecosystems. Variation in NSC pools reflects temporal fluctuations in supply and demand, as well as physiological coordination across tree organs in ways that differ across species and NSC fractions (e.g., soluble sugars vs starch). Using landscape-scale crown (leaves and twigs) NSC concentration measurements in three foundation tree species (Populus tremuloides, Pinus edulis, Juniperus osteosperma), we evaluated in situ, seasonal variation in NSC responses to moisture stress on three timescales: short-term (via predawn water potential), seasonal (via leaf δ13C) and annual (via current year’s ring width index). Crown NSC responses to moisture stress appeared to depend on hydraulic strategy, where J. osteosperma appears to regulate osmotic potentials (via higher sugar concentrations), P. edulis NSC responses suggest respiratory depletion and P. tremuloides responses were consistent with direct sink limitations. We also show that overly simplistic models can mask seasonal and tissue variation in NSC responses, as well as strong interactions among moisture stress at different timescales. In general, our results suggest large seasonal variation in crown NSC concentrations reflecting the multiple cofunctions of NSCs in plant tissues, including storage, growth and osmotic regulation of hydraulically vulnerable leaves. We emphasize that crown NSC pool size cannot be viewed as a simple physiological metric of stress; in situ NSC dynamics are complex, varying temporally, across species, among NSC fractions and among tissue types.