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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Substrat massif"
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Kone, Martine, Lucien Bonou, Jean Koulidiati, Pierre Joly, Soumaïla Sodre i Yvette Bouvet. "Traitement d'eaux usées urbaines par infiltration-percolation sur sable et sur substrat de coco après un bassin anaérobie de lagune sous climat tropical". Revue des sciences de l’eau 25, nr 2 (7.08.2012): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1011604ar.
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Au Burkina Faso, l’un des soucis majeurs demeure la gestion des eaux résiduaires dans les villes. Notre objectif a été d’étudier des procédés biologiques alternatifs destinés aux petites et moyennes collectivités et particulièrement adaptés aux conditions climatiques tropicales. Nous avons examiné les performances épuratoires de deux matériaux de filtration que sont le sable et un substrat de coco concassé (fibres de coco), sur des systèmes pilotes recevant des effluents issus d’un bassin anaérobie de lagunage. Les résultats montrent des performances croissantes de 93 % à 95 % sur la DCO (Demande Chimique en Oxygène) et un abattement moyen sur la DBO5 (Demande Biochimique en Oxygène) atteignant 99 %, avec la colonisation progressive du massif de sable par la biomasse. Avec le substrat de coco les rendements moyens sur la DCO passent successivement de 15 % à 51 % lorsque les charges hydrauliques varient de 20 à 60 L•m-2•j-1, du fait de l’extraction de composés phénoliques du substrat. Cependant, il présente la même efficacité que le sable pour l’élimination de la pollution biodégradable. Les rendements en azote Kjeldahl sont de 75 % et 84 % pour le substrat de coco et le sable respectivement, alors que le filtrat issu du substrat de coco n’a donné que 7 mg•L-1 en moyenne de nitrates. Dans le même temps, les concentrations en nitrates atteignent 40 mg•L-1 pour le massif de sable. Ce comportement du substrat de coco pourrait être attribué à la formation de complexes entre composés azotés et les tanins issus de ce matériau.
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Thébaud, Gilles, Guillaume Choisnet i Camille Roux. "Contribution to the survey of the heathlands of the french Massif central (habitats 4030 and 4060) : analysis of phytosociological data." BIOM - Revue scientifique pour la biodiversité du Massif central 2, nr 1 (1.06.2021): 62–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.52497/biom.v2i1.283.
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À partir d’un échantillonnage initial de 990 relevés de landes du Massif central français, issu de la bibliographie et de recherches récentes sur le terrain, les auteurs réalisent une analyse globale puis des analyses partielles en MTC, CCA et DCA sur 675 relevés concernant les étages montagnard moyen et subalpin. Les résultats de cette révision conduisent à la caractérisation de seize associations végétales dont cinq nouvelles et quarante-sept sous-unités. Le sud et l’est du Massif central, Cévennes, Vivarais, Margeride, jusqu’ici moins bien connus, apportent le plus grand lot de nouveautés phytosociologiques. Ces communautés appartiennent à 2 classes phytosociologiques (Loiseleurio procumbentis-Vaccinietea microphylli et Calluno vulgaris-Ulicetea minoris) et 3 alliances dont le Genisto pilosae-Empetrion hermaphroditi all. nov. et le Genisto pilosae-Vaccinion Braun-Blanq. 1926. La nomenclature et la syntaxonomie de cette dernière alliance sont discutées et modifiées et une sous-alliance nouvelle y est créée (Vaccinienion myrtillo-uliginosi suball. nov.). Les communautés étudiées se différencient principalement en fonction de la disparité climatique du Massif, le gradient altitudinal, le substrat géologique et la topographie. Elles peuvent constituer des végétations stables ou entrent dans des successions dynamiques conduisant à des stades boisés. Leur caractérisation contribue à la connaissance de la compartimentation biogéographique et bioclimatique du Massif central, en rapport notamment avec les différences liées à la pluviométrie estivale, entre montagnes volcaniques nord-occidentales sous influence océanique, massifs internes au caractère subcontinental et bordure méridionale sous influence méditerranéenne. De même les végétations étudiées confirment un étage subalpin supérieur dans les quelques massifs qui dépassent 1600 m. La hiérarchisation des variables écologiques discriminantes pour ces végétations, la description de leurs conditions stationnelles et leur caractérisation dynamique au sein des espaces sylvo-pastoraux, donnent des éléments pour la gestion et la conservation des habitats d’intérêt européens correspondants, en particulier 4030 and 4060.
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Sarmoum, Mohamed, Frédéric Guibal i Fatiha Abdoun. "EFFET DES FACTEURS STATIONNELS SUR LA CROISSANCE RADIALE ET LA RÉPONSE DU PIN D’ALEP AU CLIMAT DANS LE MASSIF DE L’OUARSENIS, ALGÉRIE". BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 329, nr 329 (21.07.2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2016.329.a31308.
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Lesrelations entre leclimat et lacroissance radiale sur la période 1967-2010 de neuf populations de pin d’Alep dans le massif de l’Ouarsenis (Nord-Ouest de l’Algérie) ont été étudiées en fonction des facteurs stationnels (substrat, altitude, exposition et âge des arbres) à l’aide de méthodes de dendrochronologie. Les variations interannuelles des épaisseurs de cernes ont été analysées. L’étude rétrospective de la croissance radiale indique une forte variabilité interannuelle des épaisseurs des cernes à l’intérieur d’une même popu- lation. Les paramètres statistiques calcu- lés indiquent une forte variabilité de la croissance radiale entre les populations, cette variabilité étant liée aux facteurs sta- tionnels et à l’âge des arbres. L’âge joue un rôle négatif sur l’épaisseur moyenne des cernes et sur le phénomène de persis- tance. La sensitivité (sensibilité au climat) moyenne des arbres tend à être plus éle- vée sur les substrats gréseux ou schisteux que sur les substrats calcaires. L’analyse des relations cerne-climat montre que le pin d’Alep est réactif aux précipitations de la période précédant ou contempo- raine de la formation du cerne. Les tem- pératures interviennent négativement sur la croissance radiale, surtout par leurs valeurs maximales. Les relations du pin d’Alep aux conditions climatiques sont modulées par les facteurs stationnels, notamment le substrat. Les populations les plus réactives se localisent davantage sur un substrat gréseux. Ces résultats constituent un descriptif utile pour com- prendre la plasticité écologique du pin d’Alep et sa réponse aux changements cli- matiques, afin de proposer des mesures destinées à assurer une meilleure protec- tion des pinèdes menacées depuis plu- sieurs décennies.
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Novembrianto, Rizka, i Muslikha Nourma Rhomadhoni. "PENENTUAN LAJU PEMBENTUKAN GULA REDUKSI ECENG GONDOK PADA PROSES HIDROLISIS KOMBINASI DENGAN BAKTERI SELULOLITIK". JURNAL ENVIROTEK 13, nr 2 (25.10.2021): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33005/envirotek.v13i2.129.
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Kehadiran eceng gondok dalam jumlah yang massif akan menjadi masalah untuk air permukaan. Namun eceng gondok juga memiliki kandungan selulosa yang bisa dikonversi menjadi gula reduksi sebagai bahan untuk pembuatan bioethanol. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan hasil gula reduksi tahap hidrolisis kombinasi dengan bakteri selulolitik dan laju reaksi maksimumnya. Kebutuhan eceng gondok yang digunakan adalah substrat pada variasi 0,025; 0,057; 0,100; 0,161 dan 0,232 % (b/v). Segmen pretreatment menggunakan kapang Phanerochaete chrysosporium dan dilanjutkan hidrolisis secara kimia dengan perlakuan 0,25 % dan 2 % H2SO4 dan variasi tetap panas 100 + 3 oC dan kombinasi menggunakan Cellvibrio selama 24, 48, 72, 96 dan 120 jam. Penelitian dilakukan pada suhu ruang. Metode untuk pengukuran gula reduksi menggunakan Nelson-Somogyi. Gula reduksi yang telah dihasilkan pada proses pretreatment adalah dengan variasi jamur P. chrysosporium, hidrolisa 0,25 % H2SO4 dan pemanasan (didih) 100 + 3oC selama 30 menit dan Cellvibrio dengan hasil terbanyak pada substrat eceng gondok 20 g dan waktu 96 jam. Laju pembentukan gula reduksi maksimum (Vmaks) sebesar 0,762 mg/g.jam dan Km senilai 0,03 %.
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Popov, Yurii V., Olga E. Pustovit i Sergej V. Levchenko. "Geodynamic Complex of Apohyperbasites of the Zone of the Peredovoy Ridge of the Greater Caucasus". UNIVERSITY NEWS. NORTH-CAUCASIAN REGION. NATURAL SCIENCES SERIES, nr 2 (214) (30.06.2022): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1026-2237-2022-2-85-92.
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Apohyperbasite complexes are important indicators of geodynamic settings, their features indicate both the composition of the mantle substrate and the parameters of crustal metamorphism. In the structure of the folded-boulder structure of the Greater Caucasus, apohyperbasites are mainly associated with the Hercynian structural-tectonic zone of the Peredovoy Range, where the bulk of serpentinites is conventionally attributed to the late Proterozoic and combined into the Bedene complex. Electron probe and X-ray phase analyzes of serpentinites and accessory chromespinelides make it possible to determine whether the protolith belongs to the depleted substrate of the geodynamic complex of supra- and oversubduction zones (SSZ) and indicate its connection with dunite-harzburgite massifs. The composition of mantle chromespinelides varies from picotite with values of Cr# 0.36-0.43, Mg# 0.66-0.72 (in the Nizhneteberdinsky massif) to subferrichromite - chromites (in the Dakhovsky massif), which corresponds to the ophiolitic trend. During exhumation, the zoned grains of the mantle composition were partially preserved, since after recrystallization they are intensively processed by hydrothermal solutions with the formation of microporous and atoll structures. Serpentinites of chrysotile-antigorite and antigorite composition are typical for the southern part of the Peredovoy Range; less high-temperature lizardite-chrysotile associations are common to the north. Petrographic features of the studied serpentinite massifs of the zone of the Peredovoy Range of the Greater Caucasus make them similar to the massifs of the Central Belt and the East Ural megazone of the Southern Urals.
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LaFlamme, Crystal, Christopher R. M. McFarlane i David Corrigan. "Neoarchean Mantle-derived Magmatism within the Repulse Bay Block, Melville Peninsula, Nunavut: Implications for Archean Crustal Extraction and Cratonization". Geoscience Canada 42, nr 3 (29.07.2015): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2015.42.065.
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SUMMARYThe Repulse Bay block (RBb) of the southern Melville Peninsula, Nunavut, lies within the Rae craton and exposes a large (50,000 km2) area of middle to lower crust. The block is composed of ca. 2.86 Ga and 2.73–2.71 Ga tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) and granitic gneiss that was derived from an older 3.25 and 3.10 Ga crustal substrate. This period of crustal generation was followed by the emplacement of ca. 2.69–2.66 Ga enderbite, charnockite, and granitoid intrusions with entrained websterite xenoliths. These voluminous batholith-scale bodies (dehydrated and hydrated intrusions), and the associated websterite xenoliths, have similar whole rock geochemical properties, including fractionated light rare earth element (LREE)–heavy (H)REE whole rock patterns and negative Nb, Ti, and Ta anomalies. Dehydrated intrusions and websterite xenoliths also contain similar mineralogy (two pyroxene, biotite, interstitial amphibole) and similar pyroxene trace element compositions. Based on geochemical and mineralogical properties, the two lithologies are interpreted to be related by fractional crystallization, and to be the product of a magmatic cumulate processes. Reworking of the crust in a ca. 2.72 Ga subduction zone setting was followed by ca. 2.69 Ga upwelling of the asthenospheric mantle and the intrusion of massif-type granitoid plutons. Based on a dramatic increase in FeO, Zr, Hf, and LREE content of the most evolved granitoid components from the 2.69–2.66 Ga cumulate intrusion, we propose that those granitoid plutons were in part derived from a metasomatized mantle source enriched by fluids from the subducting oceanic slab that underwent further hybridization (via assimilation) with the crust. Large-scale, mantle-derived Neoarchean sanukitoid-type magmatism played a role in the development of a depleted lower crust and residual sub-continental lithospheric mantle, a crucial element in the preservation of the RBb.RÉSUMÉLe bloc de Repulse Bay (RBb) dans le sud de la péninsule de Melville, au Nunavut, est situé dans le craton de Rae et expose une large zone (50 000 km2) de croûte moyenne à inférieur. Ce bloc est composé de tonalite-trondhjémite-granodiorite (TTG) daté à ca. 2,86 Ga et 2,73–2,71 Ga, et de gneiss granitique dérivé d’un substrat crustal plus ancien daté à 3,25 Ga et 3,10 Ga. Cette période de croissance crustale a été suivie par la mise en place entre ca. 2,69 et 2,66 Ga d’intrusions d’enderbite, charnockite et de granitoïde incluant des xénolites d’entraînement de websterite. Ces intrusions de taille batholitique (intrusions déshydratées et hydratées) ainsi que les xénolites d’entraînement de websterite associés, ont des propriétés géochimiques sur roche totale semblables notamment leurs profils de fractionnement des terres rares légers (LREE) et des terres rares lourds (HREE) ainsi que leurs anomalies négatives en Nb, Ti et Ta. Les intrusions déshydratées et les xénolites de websterite ont aussi des minéralogies similaires (deux pyroxènes, biotite, amphibole interstitielle) ainsi que des compositions semblables en éléments traces de leurs pyroxènes. Étant donné leurs propriétés géochimiques et minéralogiques, ces deux lithologies sont interprétées comme provenant d’une cristallisation fractionnée, et comme étant le produit de processus d'accumulations magmatiques. Le remaniement de la croûte dans un contexte de subduction vers ca. 2,72 Ga, a été suivi vers ca. 2,69 Ga d’une remontée du manteau asthénosphérique et de l’intrusion de granitoïdes de type massif. D'après l’importante augmentation en FeO, Zr, Hf et LREE dans les granitoïdes les plus évolués du magmatisme ayant pris place entre ca. 2,69 Ga et 2,66 Ga, nous proposons que ces plutons aient été en partie dérivés d’une source mantélique métasomatisée enrichies par des fluides d’une plaque océanique en subduction et qui a subi une hybridation supplémentaire (par assimilation) avec la croûte. Le magmatisme néo-archéen de type sanukitoïde, dérivé du manteau et de grande échelle, a joué un rôle dans le développement d’une croûte inférieure et d’un manteau lithosphérique continental résiduel appauvri, un élément déterminant pour la préservation du RBb.
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Shardakova, G. Yu, E. N. Volchek, V. S. Chervyakovskiy, M. V. Chervyakovskaya, V. V. Kholodnov i А. Б. Кузнецов. "Vodorazdelny Granite Massif (Subpolar Urals) and Correlation Problems of the Pre-Ordovician Granitoids and Volcanic Rocks from the Northern Part of the Lyapinsky Anticlinorium". Стратиграфия 31, nr 3 (1.05.2023): 3–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869592x23030079.
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Petrogeochemical features of the Vodorazdelny massif granites (Subpolar Urals, Lyapinsky anticlinorium) indicate these rocks are close to I-granites and were formed in suprasubduction environment. The ratios of the key elements (Rb, Ba, Th, Sr, Y, Nb) suggest that the basites of the melting slab and the fluid separated during their dehydration could participate in the granite generation. The U–Pb age of the main population of magmatogenic zircons is 593 ± 4 Ma and corresponds to the Vendian (Ediacarian). It coincides with the age of the granites from the nearby Vangyr massif (598 ± 5 Ма), as well as with the age of zircon cores from the granites of the Kozhim massif located to the north. Values of εHf(t) from –2 to 0 in magmatogenic zircons with an age corresponding to the age of Vodorazdelny granites indicate a heterogeneous source of melts. The zircons of these granites also contain ancient cores with U–Pb ages from 2200 to 700 Ma, where the values of εHf(t) from +0.8 to +13 indicate the presence of a crust component in the substrate (the substance of the ancient platform basement). Petrogeochemical and isotope-geochronological parameters of granites (and their zircons) do not confirm the validity of attributing of Vodorazdelny granite massif (and its analogues – the Vangyr and Kozhim massifs) to the Cambrian Salner-Mankhambo complex. We consider there are the possibility of separating of independent complex (about 598 Ma, Vendian?) during geological mapping. The presence in the Lyapinsky anticlinorium of several stages of granite generation (Middle Riphean–Vendian–Cambrian), accompanied by metamorphism, and complicate composition of ancient metamorphic strata from this structure basement led to varying isotopic parameters characterizing the heterogeneity of the source of melts, on the one hand, and the convergence of a number of geochemical features, on the other.
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Denisova, Yu V. "Petrochemical features of granite-gneisses of the Nikolaishor massif (Subpolar Urals)". Proceedings of the Komi Science Centre of the Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences 3 (2021): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/1994-5655-2021-3-32-40.
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The Nikolaishor massif is located within the heavily eroded gneisses of the Nyarta metamor¬phic complex and is an au-tochthonous massif composed of plagiogranites and kalispartic granites. The conducted petrochemical study of the least modified variety of granites of this massif made it possible to identify the petrochemical features of the studied rock, as well as to determine the geodynamic conditions for the formation of the Nikolaishor massif. According to the results of the silicate analysis, granites are high-alumina leucogranites of the potassium-sodium type. The initial substrate for the stud¬ied rocks was presumably magmatic protolith. Based on the ICP-MS analysis data, various in-dicator ratios were calculated for the granites. The obtained indicators allowed us to conclude that the rocks under consideration were formed from melts enriched mainly with light TR, which belong to a deep crustal type source. Comprehensive study of multivariate discrimi¬nant analysis indicators for the main elements of S. Agrawal, as well as diagrams of J.A. Pearce, D. Papu, N.B. Harris, showed that the rocks of the Nikolaishor massif are syncollisional granites formed in the Late Orogenic time.
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COUTU, A., L. ANDRÉ, S. MOTTELET, S. AZIMI, S. GUÉRIN, V. ROCHER, A. PAUSS i T. RIBEIRO. "Conception de réacteurs et compteurs de gaz innovants pour la méthanisation en voie sèche à l’échelle laboratoire". Techniques Sciences Méthodes, nr 9 (21.09.2020): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36904/tsm/202009071.
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Le but de cette étude est de concevoir et de valider un ensemble de réacteurs et de compteurs de gaz permettant d’étudier la méthanisation en voie sèche à l’échelle laboratoire. L’intérêt de cet ensemble est de permettre la mise en oeuvre d’essais sur des substrats solides complexes, tels que des fumiers pailleux, tontes d’herbe et biodéchets, avec des quantités mises en jeu significatives, tout en préservant la structure et les caractéristiques physiques des substrats à étudier (pas de prétraitements préalables tels que broyage ou séchage). Il permet également d’agir sur les paramètres physiques clés, tel que la composition en substrats, l’immersion du massif et la recirculation de l’inoculum. Sa conception permet de réaliser deux types d’expériences : un suivi de production de méthane et une expérience de traçage au sein du massif solide. Le suivi de la production de méthane peut s’effectuer pour une composition en substrats donnée, pour laquelle l’immersion et les contraintes de recirculation sont déterminées. Cela permet des expériences d’optimisation de ces paramètres, notamment par les méthodes fournies par les plans d’expériences. Le traçage permettra quant à lui de déterminer le temps de séjour de la phase liquide au sein du massif solide. La création de cet ensemble a suivi un processus de conception classique : génération d’idées, sélection du produit, développement du produit puis tests et comparaison à la littérature. Les deux premières étapes de création ont été effectuées par une veille bibliographique, puis par conception assistée par ordinateur à l’aide de l’outil AutoCAD 2020. L’ensemble ainsi créé a ensuite été construit en deux prototypes successifs afin de perfectionner sa mise en oeuvre. Le modèle final a enfin été mis en oeuvre en conditions réelles de méthanisation en voie sèche afin de valider son fonctionnement et de comparer les résultats obtenus à la littérature.
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Djordjevic, Aleksandar. "Mobile nickel content in calcareous black soils of Rajac". Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 47, nr 1 (2002): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas0201029d.
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A description of mobile Ni contents in various subtypes of calcareous black soils from the area of the mountain massif of Rajac, is given in the present paper. A hundred soil samples were analysed in all, originating from four subtypes of calcareous black soil (organogenic, organo-mineral, brownized and loessivized black soils). The extraction of mobile Ni was carried out with 1.0 N HCl and its content was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The obtained results indicate that mobile Ni content in the investigated soils varies within a wide range, from 5.0 to 251.3 mg/kg that it is very seldom (only in 3% of the investigated samples) within the range from 5 to 7 mg/kg, that in over 90% of the 100 investigated samples it is higher than 10 mg/kg, and in almost 3/5 of the samples it is higher than 20 mg/kg. Calcareous black soils of Rajac massif have much higher mobile Ni content than previously investigated black soils from calcareous massif of Rtanj, which is, by all means, only partly due to their more severe dealkalization and acidification. In addition, here is undoubtedly apparent the influence of the geological substrate, i.e. of serpentine rocks that border the calcareous massif of Rajac.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Substrat massif"
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Pailloncy, Guillaume. "Propriétés hyperfréquences et de bruit de MOSFETs sur substrat massif et SOI jusqu'au noeud technologique 65 nm". Lille 1, 2005. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/f0f0067b-4b12-4a0b-9726-bf671f3cb27d.
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Les transmissions sans fil n'ont cessé de prendre un essor considérable, que ce soit pour les applications spatiales, les radiocommunications mobiles ou les communications à courtes portées (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,. . . ). Toutes ces applications font partie intégrale du domaine des radiofréquences (RF) et elles se sont développées grâce au progrès des transistors et de leurs performances. Depuis quelques années, avec la montée en fréquence des composants Silicium, la technologie Silicium est présente dans le domaine des radiofréquences et des hyperfréquences. Les circuits intégrés micro-ondes nécessitent des composants actifs performants, en termes de fréquences de coupure, de gain et de facteur de bruit pour des conditions de faibles polarisations. Il apparaît ainsi essentiel d'étudier les performances dynamiques et de bruit hautes fréquences des filières conventionnelles CMOS sur substrats massif et/ou SOI à longueur de grille sub-l 00 nm. Dans cette thèse, nous abordons différents thèmes avec tout d'abord une description de l'architecture des transistors MOS sur substrat Massif ou SOI et un état de l'art de leurs performances dynamiques et de bruit. Nous présentons ensuite une étude théorique permettant de dégager les paramètres influant sur les performances hyperfréquences et de bruit. Cette étude est suivie par la présentation de deux techniques de mesures de bruit disponible au laboratoire, mise à profit pour étudier expérimentalement les paramètres limitant la montée en fréquence et les performances de bruit des transistors MOS à structure conventionnelle. Nous concluons alors sur une discussion concernant les architectures alternatives permettant d'outrepasser ces limitations.
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Iakab, Stefania-Alexandra. "Gold-Coated Black Silicon Nanostructured Surfaces for SERS and SALDI-MS Multimodal Imaging of Biological Applications". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672198.
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La caracterització in situ de la composició molecular dels teixits biològics és indispensable en la investigació clínica, farmacèutica i forense. Les tècniques d’imatge molecular, com l’espectrometria de masses d’imatge i les imatges per espectroscòpia Raman, empren materials nanoestructurats per abordar reptes com la baixa sensibilitat, l’especificitat i la resolució lateral. L’objectiu d’aquesta tesi és dissenyar, fabricar, avaluar i aplicar un substrat nanoestructurat basat en or i silici (que denominem “AuBSi”) compatible amb aplicacions d’espectrometria de masses d’imatges per desorció/ionització per làser assistides per superfície (SALDI-MS) i espectroscòpia Raman intensificada per superfície (SERS). Els resultats demostren que el substrat AuBSi és reproduïble, fàcil de fer servir, rendible i altament fiable. Assegura una fàcil preparació de la mostra i és totalment compatible amb les dues modalitats d’imatge, cosa que permet un enfocament veritablement multimodal. Mostrem que hi ha una unificació entre els formats de dades SALDI i SERS que permet la integració completa del flux de treball de processament d’imatges i el co-registre d’imatges.. S’han provat les capacitats d’obtenció d’imatges del substrat AuBSi en diverses solucions d’estàndards, seccions histològiques de teixit animal (fetge, ronyó i cervell de ratolí) i empremtes dactilars. L’anàlisi multimodal d’empremtes dactilars va destacar les excel·lents capacitats del substrat per acoblar imatges SALDI i SERS, alhora que s’aconsegueix pal·liar les limitacions de cada tècnica. Així doncs, el substrat AuBSi desenvolupat en aquesta tesi facilita els estudis de metabolòmica in situ dirigits i/o no dirigits per a diversos camp com la investigació clínica, medioambiental, forense i farmacèutica.La caracterización in situ de la composición molecular de los tejidos biológicos es indispensable en la investigación clínica, farmacéutica y forense. Las técnicas de imagen molecular, como la espectrometría de masas de imagen y las imágenes por espectroscopia Raman, emplean materiales nanoestructurados para abordar desafíos como la baja sensibilidad, la especificidad y la resolución lateral. El objetivo de esta tesis es diseñar, fabricar, evaluar y aplicar un sustrato nanoestructurado basado en oro y silicio (que denominamos “AuBSi”) compatible con aplicaciones de espectrometría de masas de imágenes por desorción / ionización por láser asistidas por superficie (SALDI-MS) y espectroscopía Raman intensificada por superficie (SERS). Los resultados demuestran que el sustrato AuBSi es reproducible, fácil de usar, rentable y altamente confiable. Garantiza una fácil preparación de la muestra y es totalmente compatible con ambas modalidades de imagen, lo que permite un enfoque verdaderamente multimodal. Mostramos que existe una unificación entre los formatos de datos SALDI y SERS, que permite la integración completa del flujo de trabajo de procesamiento de imágenes y el coregistro de imágenes.Se han probado las capacidades de obtención de imágenes del sustrato AuBSi en varias soluciones de estándares, secciones histológicas de tejido animal (hígado, riñón y cerebro de ratón) y huellas dactilares. El análisis multimodal de huellas dactilares destacó las excelentes capacidades del sustrato para acoplar imágenes SALDI y SERS, al tiempo que se consiguen paliar las limitaciones de cada técnica. Así, el sustrato AuBSi desarrollado en esta tesis facilita los estudios de metabolómica in situ dirigidos y / o no dirigidos para diversos campos como la investigación clínica, medioambiental, forense y farmacéutica.
Characterising in situ the molecular composition of biological tissues is an indispensable tool in clinical, pharmaceutical and forensic research. Imaging modalities such as mass spectrometry imaging and Raman spectroscopy imaging employ nanostructured materials for addressing challenges such as low sensitivity, specificity and lateral resolution. The aim of this thesis is to design, fabricate, evaluate and apply a gold- and silicon-based nanostructured substrate (named AuBSi) compatible with surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization (SALDI) and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) imaging applications. Results demonstrate that the AuBSi substrate is reproducible, user-friendly, cost effective and highly reliable. It ensures easy sample preparation and is fully compatible with both imaging modalities, enabling a genuine multimodal approach. We show that there is a unification between SALDI and SERS data formats that allows the full integration of the image processing workflow and the straightforward coregistration of images. We tested the imaging capabilities of the AuBSi on several standard solutions, animal tissue sections (mouse liver, kidney and brain) and fingerprints. The multimodal analysis of fingerprints highlighted the excellent capabilities of the substrate to couple SALDI and SERS imaging, while dealing with the challenges of each technique. Thus, the AuBSi substrate developed in this thesis facilitates targeted and/or untargeted in situ metabolomics studies for various fields such as clinical, environmental, forensics, and pharmaceutical research.
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GANDOY, CECILE. "Approche comparative des relations vegetation / environnement sur substrats calcaire et siliceux a l'etage subalpin dans le massif des grandes rousses (alpes du nord francaises)". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE10202.
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Les differences floristiques, entre les communautes vegetales sur substrats calcaire et siliceux, ont ete la plupart du temps attribuees a des proprietes chimiques, d'ou la terminologie flore calcicole et flore calcifuge. Les facteurs physiques issus des deux substrats ont peu ete pris en compte jusqu'ici pour expliquer cette difference de composition floristique. Dans ce contexte, le travail de recherche a consiste a hierarchiser les facteurs ecologiques (biotiques, chimiques et physiques) expliquant la repartition des pelouses et des landes, a l'etage subalpin, entre les substrats calcaire et siliceux. Des correlations par analyses multivariees, et une caracterisation a l'aide d'indicateurs du fonctionnement ont ete realisees, sur un site modele, a l'alpe d'huez. Les facteurs physiques lies au type de substrats d'abord, et a la microtopographie ensuite (tous deux descripteurs complexes) se sont reveles determinants. Ils entrainent des fonctionnements tres differents dont depend la composition floristique et structurale des communautes vegetales. En effet la disponibilite en eau (due a l'importance de la reserve utile et a la permeabilite du substrat), le gel du sol (cryoturbation determinee par la texture du sol et la duree d'enneigement) sont les principaux facteurs directs expliquant la repartition entre especes de strategie competitrice ou stress-tolerante. Le substrat calcaire, par les conditions ecologiques qu'imposent ces facteurs physiques, limitent la presence des competiteurs, et se trouve donc colonise par les especes stress-tolerantes. Ces facteurs physiques ont de nombreux effets feed-back sur le milieu et notamment sur les indicateurs chimiques, augmentant ainsi les differences de ph et de disponibilite en cations entre les deux substrats. Les termes calcicole et calcifuge semblent donc peu pertinents, car ils correspondent a des descripteurs d'un fonctionnement global d'un milieu et de sa composition floristique, et non pas uniquement, et de facon primordiale, a une origine chimique.
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Varise, Tiago Gilioli. "Organoclorados gerados pela ação de hipoclorito de sódio em substrato orgânico (dentina e polpa)". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/58/58133/tde-03042013-160400/.
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O presente trabalho teve como objetivo identificar, por meio da Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas (CG-MS), os produtos formados pelo contato do hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl) com polpa e dentina bovina. Foram selecionados dentes incisivos superiores bovinos recém-extraídos. Os dentes bovinos tiveram suas coroas separadas das raízes, em seguida o tecido pulpar foi removido com o auxílio de limas Hedströem e armazenado, a porção radicular seccionada teve sua superfície externa preparada com pontas diamantadas para remoção da camada cementária, seccionada em pequenos fragmentos e em seguida foi triturada em um moinho de bola a fim de obter micropartículas de dentina. Foram preparadas três diferentes concentrações de NaOCl (0,5%, 2,5% e 5,25%). Para análise dos produtos formados na fase volátil, 11mg de polpa foi colocada em contato com as diferentes concentrações da solução halógena e mantida em contato sob agitação até que fosse observada a total dissolução da amostra, em seguida a fibra de microextração em fase sólida (SPME) era exposta dentro do recipiente através da membrana da tampa por 15 minutos para efetuar a adsorção dos produtos formados e imediatamente injetada no CG-MS para análise. Para dentina, 30mg da amostra foi mantida em contato com as três concentrações do NaOCl sob agitação por 15 minutos, em seguida a fibra de SPME era exposta dentro do recipiente para adsorção dos produtos formados e imediatamente injetada no CG-MS para análise. Foi utilizado o mesmo protocolo para análise da fase aquosa, deste modo, após a remoção das fibras para a análise dos compostos voláteis, foi feita a extração da solução final obtida por meio de éter etílico puro, padronizando-se a mistura de 2 ml da solução + 2 ml de éter e mantendo sob agitação durante 5 minutos. Seguida a agitação, a fase suspensa da mistura era aspirada separando o éter da fase aquosa da solução obtida. O éter contendo os produtos resultantes da interação química dos compostos orgânicos da dentina ou polpa com o NaOCl nas suas diferentes concentrações era filtrado e em seguida injetado no CG-MS para análise da fase aquosa das amostras. As análises da fase volátil e aquosa tanto da dentina quanto da polpa mostraram que houve formação de clorofórmio, hexacloroetano, diclorometilbenzeno e benzaldeído, tendo os três primeiros compostos estrutura química que os caracterizam como organoclorados. Conclui-se que houve formação de compostos organoclorados quando o NaOCl foi colocado em contato com substrato orgânico (polpa ou dentina bovina) em todas as concentrações estudadas e que esta formação foi diretamente proporcional à concentração do NaOCl utilizado.The aim of this study was to identify, by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the products formed from the contact of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) with bovine pulp and dentin. Freshly extracted maxillary bovine incisors were selected for this purpose. The crowns were separated from the roots and the pulp tissue was removed with Hedströem files and stored. The root portion had its external surface prepared with diamond burs to remove the cementum layer and was sectioned into small fragments, which were ground in a ball windmill to obtain dentin microparticles. Three NaOCl concentrations were prepared (0.5%, 2.5% and 5.25%). For analysis of the products formed in the volatile phase, 11 mg of pulp tissue was placed in contact with the different halogen solution concentrations and kept in contact under constant agitation until complete tissue dissolution occurred. Next, the solid phase microextraction (SPME) fiber was exposed inside the container through the cover membrane for 15 minutes for adsorption of the formed products and immediately injected into the GC-MS equipment for analysis. For the dentin, 30 mg of sample was kept in contact with the three NaOCl concentrations under constant agitation for 15 minutes, and then the SPME fiber was exposed inside the container through the cover membrane for 15 minutes for adsorption of the products and immediately injected into the GC-MS equipment for analysis. The same protocol was used for analysis of the aqueous phase. In this way, after removal of the fibers for analysis of the volatile compounds, the final solution was extracted using pure ethyl ether, standardizing the mixture of 2 mL of solution plus 2 mL of ether, under constant agitation during 5 minutes. Next, the suspended phase of the mixture was aspirated, separating the ether from the aqueous phase of the obtained solution. The ether containing the products resulting from the chemical interaction between dentin/pulp organic compounds with the different NaCl concentrations was filtered and then injected into the GC-MS equipment for analysis of the aqueous phase of the samples. Analysis of the aqueous and volatile phases of both dentin and pulp showed formation of chloroform, hexachloroethane, dichloro-methyl-benzene and benzaldehyde, the first three compounds exhibiting chemical structure that characterize them as organochlorides. It may be concluded that there is formation of organochlorine compounds when NaOCl was placed in contact with an organic substrate (bovine pulp or dentin) at all tested concentrations and that it was directly proportional to the NaOCl concentration.
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Blanc, Stéphanie. "Matériaux III-V épitaxies sur substrats GaAs(111) pour structures laser émettant au-delà du micromètre". Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30170.
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Mezerreg, Abdennour. "Détermination non destructive des paramètres de transport (mobilité et densité des porteurs) d'échantillons massifs et de couches épitaxiées (composés III-V binaires, ternaires et quaternaires) sur substrat conducteur ou semi-isolant, par analyse des spectres de réflectivité infra-rouge". Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20102.
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Ce memoire a pour objet la generalisation de la reflectivite infra-rouge dans la caracterisation des semiconducteurs iii-v en l'ameliorant par un traitement informatique des fichiers de mesures et par l'utilisation des techniques de minimisation dans l'ajustement des spectres. Une methode de calcul a ete proposee pour faire les conversions frequence plasma-densite de porteurs et temps de relaxation-mobilite dans le cas du gasb de type n. Afin de proceder au traitement des donnees experimentales, une procedure est mise en uvre pour transferer les fichiers de mesures du spectrometre vers un ordinateur puissant sun 3/160 sous format ascii. La methode a ete ensuite appliquee a la caracterisation des composes binaires, ternaires et quaternaires, echantillons massifs et couches epitaxiees sur substrats conducteur et semi-isolant; determination de la densite et de la mobilite de porteurs libres ainsi que la determination des parametres des phonons dans le cas des composes ternaires et quaternaires. Les resultats obtenus pour un certain nombre d'echantillons sont presentes et compares a ceux donnes par les mesures de hall et dans la litterature
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Lecat-Mathieu, de Boissac Capucine. "Developing radiation-hardening solutions for high-performance and low-power systems". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AIXM0413.
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De nouveaux acteurs industriels déploient de larges constellations de satellites, tandis que d'autres domaines comme l'industrie automobile développent des systèmes robustes. Ces systèmes s'appuient sur des technologies avancées, telles que le UTBB FD-SOI, afin d'atteindre les performances nécessaires. La complexité et la vitesse croissantes des systèmes nécessitent une caractérisation précise de ces technologies, ainsi qu'une adaptation des techniques traditionnelles de durcissement. L'objectif est l'étude des effets des radiations dans les technologies FD-SOI et bulk, ainsi que la recherche de mécanismes innovants de durcissement. Une structure intégrée de mesures des SETs, auto-calibrée et conçue grâce à un flot de conception automatisé est d'abord présentée. Elle permet la caractérisation de 4 technologies. La réponse aux radiations des cellules numériques est ensuite évaluée par des tests sous faisceau et par le biais de simulations TCAD, permettant d'étudier l'influence de la tension, de la fréquence de fonctionnement ainsi que l'application d'une tension en face arrière sur la sensibilité. Le TID est également étudié à l'aide d'un bloc de mesure intégré. Les différents résultats sont ensuite utilisés afin de proposer une nouvelle solution de durcissement pour les systèmes sur puce, qui rassemble les précédents blocs de mesure dans un module d'évaluation en temps réel du milieu radiatif. Une unité de gestion de l'énergie pour adapter les modes de fonctionnement au profil de mission. Enfin, une utilisation détournée du détecteur de SETs est proposée dans un contexte de sécurité des systèmes pour détecter et contrer les attaques laserNew actors have accelerated the pace of putting new satellites into orbit, and other domains like the automotive industry are at the origin of this development. These new actors rely on advanced technologies, such as UTBB FD-SOI in order to be able to achieve the necessary performance to accomplish the tasks. Albeit disruptive in terms of intrinsic soft-error resistance, the growing density and complexity of spaceborne and automotive systems require an accurate characterization of technologies, as well as an adaptation of traditional hardening techniques. This PhD focuses on the study of radiation effects in advanced FD-SOI and bulk silicon processes, and on the research of innovative protection mechanisms. A custom, self-calibrating transient measurements structure with automated design flow is first presented, allowing for the characterization of four different technologies during accelerated tests. The soft-error response of 28~nm FD-SOI and 40~nm bulk logic and storage cells is then assessed through beam testing and with the help of TCAD simulations, allowing to study the influence of voltage, frequency scaling and the application of forward body biasing on sensitivity. Total ionizing dose is also investigated through the use of an on-chip monitoring block. The test results are then utilized to propose a novel hardening solution for system on chip, which gathers the monitoring structures into a real-time radiation environment assessment and a power management unit for power mode adjustments. Finally, as an extension of the SET sensors capability, an implementation of radiation monitors in a context of secure systems is proposed to detect and counteract laser attacks
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Crisci, Carolina. "Effets du changement climatique sur les écosystèmes littoraux de la mer Méditerranée nord-occidentale : étude de la relation entre les conditions de température et la réponse biologique pendant les événements de mortalité massive". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22092.
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Gorlizki, Yoram, i Oleg Khlevniuk. Substate Dictatorship. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300230819.001.0001.
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How do local leaders govern in a large dictatorship? What resources do they draw on? This book examines these questions by looking at one of the most important authoritarian regimes of the twentieth century. Starting in the early years after the Second World War and taking the story through to the 1970s, the book charts the strategies of Soviet regional leaders, paying particular attention to the forging and evolution of local trust networks. The book begins with an explanation of what dictatorship is and how it works, and it analyzes how countries move from one form of dictatorship to another. It also looks at the most important dictatorships of the modern era in a new perspective. It focuses on the personal dictatorship that formed in the Soviet Union from the 1930s that center on the supreme leader, Joseph Stalin, and talks about substate dictators that were nested in Stalin's statewide dictatorship. The book builds on recent developments in the theory of dictatorship, such as the distinction between the dictator's problem of controlling threats from the masses, the problem of authoritarian control, and the problem of authoritarian power sharing. It discusses the challenges that substate leaders faced after the war and the party-based tools they used to forge networks. The book moves on to examine the stabilization of hierarchies and the changing balance between co-optation and political exclusion after the war, and explores the various ways in which substate leaders responded to new impulses at a regional level. It looks at the succession struggle in Moscow and its effects on the environment in which substate leaders operated. The book's conclusion suggests how a public discursive framework can help provide a benchmark for comparing the Soviet Union with other regimes, including that of contemporary post-communist Russia. It summarizes how substate leaders and their strategies can shed light on dictatorship and on how it changes over time. It also explains that the Soviet case falls into two broad categories, one empirical and historical, the other comparative and theoretical. The chapter draws attention to a parallel act of delegation at the regional level. It also recounts how Joseph Stalin handed over power on a provisional basis to regional leaders due to his inability to penetrate the inner recesses of local administration.
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Witte, Hartmut, Martin S. Fischer, Holger Preuschoft, Danja Voges, Cornelius Schilling i Auke Jan Ijspeert. Quadruped locomotion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0031.
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This chapter considers locomotion in living machines, focusing particularly on mammals and on the possibility of designing mammal-like quadrupedal robots. Locomotion is the movement of an organism or a machine from one place to the other, covering a defined minimal distance. In organisms, locomotion usually is driven by a central element and/or appendices. Vertebrates are characterized by the existence of a spine and the mechanics of an endoskeletal system. The amphibio-reptile type of vertebrate locomotion shows oscillations of the body stem mainly in the horizontal, which are coupled to the ground by legs with two long segments. The vertical oscillations of the body stem in the mammal type of quadrupedal locomotion are coupled to the ground by legs with three long segments. For any size of animal and any allometric relation between mass and ground reaction force the resonance mechanisms of gravitational and spring-mass-pendula are tuned to one each other. Elongated feet allow torque exchange with the substrate.
Części książek na temat "Substrat massif"
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Jenner, Matthew. "Substrate Specificity of Ketosynthase Domains Part III: Elongation-Based Substrate Specificity". W Using Mass Spectrometry for Biochemical Studies on Enzymatic Domains from Polyketide Synthases, 131–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32723-5_6.
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Hallmann, Johannes, Matthias Daub i Wim Wesemael. "Estimating numbers." W Techniques for work with plant and soil nematodes, 42–59. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786391759.0042.
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Abstract Estimating nematode numbers is required to quantify the presence of certain nematode taxa in plant tissue, field soil or any other substrates. This chapter describes the enumeration of nematodes within plant tissue (e.g. roots, stems, leaves, seeds) and in liquids. It also deals with estimating numbers of cysts; eggs and juveniles isolated from cysts; gall index; and egg masses.
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Hallmann, Johannes, Matthias Daub i Wim Wesemael. "Estimating numbers." W Techniques for work with plant and soil nematodes, 42–59. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786391759.0003.
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Abstract Estimating nematode numbers is required to quantify the presence of certain nematode taxa in plant tissue, field soil or any other substrates. This chapter describes the enumeration of nematodes within plant tissue (e.g. roots, stems, leaves, seeds) and in liquids. It also deals with estimating numbers of cysts; eggs and juveniles isolated from cysts; gall index; and egg masses.
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Jenner, Matthew. "Substrate Specificity of Ketosynthase Domains Part I: β-Branched Acyl Chains". W Using Mass Spectrometry for Biochemical Studies on Enzymatic Domains from Polyketide Synthases, 71–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32723-5_3.
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Sobiesiak, Matheus S., Ben Kneller, G. Ian Alsop i Juan Pablo Milana. "Inclusion of Substrate Blocks Within a Mass Transport Deposit: A Case Study from Cerro Bola, Argentina". W Submarine Mass Movements and their Consequences, 487–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20979-1_49.
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Jenner, Matthew. "Substrate Specificity of Ketosynthase Domains Part II: Amino Acid-Containing Acyl Chains". W Using Mass Spectrometry for Biochemical Studies on Enzymatic Domains from Polyketide Synthases, 87–105. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32723-5_4.
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Enoksson, Mari, Miklós Békés, Laurence M. Brill i Khatereh Motamedchaboki. "Protocols for LC-MS/MS-Based Quantitative Analysis of Proteolytic Substrates from Complex Mixtures". W Sample Preparation in Biological Mass Spectrometry, 671–87. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0828-0_31.
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Kazmierczak, M., i D. Poulikakos. "Transient Double Diffusive Convection in A Horizontal Fluid Layer Situated on Top of A Porous Substrate". W Convective Heat and Mass Transfer in Porous Media, 655–72. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3220-6_21.
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Gorlizki, Yoram, i Oleg Khlevniuk. "Introduction". W Substate Dictatorship, 1–26. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300230819.003.0001.
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This chapter explains what dictatorship is and how it works and analyzes how countries move from one form of dictatorship to another. It also looks at the most important dictatorships of the modern era in a new perspective. This chapter focuses on the personal dictatorship that formed in the Soviet Union from the 1930s that center on the supreme leader, Joseph Stalin. It talks about substate dictators that were nested in Stalin's statewide dictatorship. It also builds on recent developments in the theory of dictatorship, such as the distinction between the dictator's problem of controlling threats from the masses, the problem of authoritarian control, and the problem of authoritarian power sharing.
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Gorlizki, Yoram, i Oleg Khlevniuk. "Inside the Nomenklatura". W Substate Dictatorship, 92–116. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300230819.003.0004.
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This chapter examines the stabilization of hierarchies and the changing balance between co-optation and political exclusion after the war. It looks into the subsidence of the Bolsheviks' fixation on the class struggle and former practices of class discrimination that were progressively dismantled when Joseph Stalin declared the ceasing of class exploitation and the inclusion of “nonantagonistic” classes in the population by mid-1930s. It also describes the Soviet regional party cadres in the late 1940s that still inhabited a resolutely ideological world. The chapter investigates the state of affairs in Russia that reflected an increasingly bitter ideological conflict with the West. It also talks about the massive campaign against “theft of socialist property,” campaigns against “speculation,” and against the enlargement of private plots on collective farms.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Substrat massif"
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Krylenko, Sergey, i Sergey Krylenko. "CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CLIFF PLANT COMMUNITIES OF THE TUAPKHAT MASSIF". W Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b947c2491c5.29725059.
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Preservation of biological diversity is necessary for sustainable development and rational use of coastal resources. In this paper structure of the cliff plant communities of the massif Tuapkhat (the Black Sea coast, Russia) are characterized. Flora of this coastal zone combines features of Mediterranean and middle European Russia types. Herbaceous and shrub life-forms and xeromorphous and petrophilous plant associations dominate at the studied area. The main factor determining the species composition of the examined communities is substrate character.
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Krylenko, Sergey, i Sergey Krylenko. "CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CLIFF PLANT COMMUNITIES OF THE TUAPKHAT MASSIF". W Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b4316e19929.
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Preservation of biological diversity is necessary for sustainable development and rational use of coastal resources. In this paper structure of the cliff plant communities of the massif Tuapkhat (the Black Sea coast, Russia) are characterized. Flora of this coastal zone combines features of Mediterranean and middle European Russia types. Herbaceous and shrub life-forms and xeromorphous and petrophilous plant associations dominate at the studied area. The main factor determining the species composition of the examined communities is substrate character.
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Lu, Gui, Yuan-Yuan Duan i Xiao-Dong Wang. "Effects of Free Surface Evaporation on Water Nano-Droplet Wetting Kinetics: A Molecular Dynamics Study". W ASME 2013 4th International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2013-22108.
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The dynamic wetting of water nano-droplet with evaporation on the heated gold substrate was examined using molecular dynamics simulation. Various substrate and droplet pre-heated temperatures were calculated to obtained different evaporating rates. Water molecules attachment-detachment details were traced near the contact line region to show the microscopic details and evidences for the spreading-evaporating droplet. The increasing substrate temperature greatly affected the dynamic wetting process, while the initial temperature of water droplet had very limited effects. The effects of free surface evaporation on wetting kinetics for both hydrophobic and hydrophilic substrates were examined. The radius versus time curves agree well with the Molecular kinetic theory (MKT) for spreading without evaporation and deviate from the MKT for the spreading with evaporation. The enhancement on wetting kinetics due to evaporation can be attributed to the reducing of liquid-vapor surface tension and the strengthening in water molecules transport in contact line region and bulk droplet.
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Richer, P., B. Jodoin, K. Taylor, E. Sansoucy, M. Johnson i L. Ajdelsztajn. "Effect of Particle Geometry and Substrate Preparation in Cold Spray". W ITSC2005, redaktor E. Lugscheider. Verlag für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren DVS-Verlag GmbH, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2005p0193.
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Abstract Cold Gas Dynamic Spraying is a relatively new high rate deposition process that uses a supersonic gas flow to accelerate fine powder particles (micron size) above a critical velocity. Upon impact, the particles deform plastically and bond to the substrate to form a coating. In this study, nanocrystalline Al-Mg coatings are produced using the Cold Spray technology. In an attempt to improve the understanding and optimize the process, the effects of substrate preparation and substrates thickness on the overall quality of the coatings are investigated. Two different grit materials are used to prepare the substrates with simple grit-blasting. Results show that the use of different grit sizes leads to changes in the mass deposited on the substrate (deposition efficiency) but has no significant effect on the coating microstructure. Other trials are conducted on samples of different thickness to verify the applicability of the Cold Spray process on thin surfaces. Results show that the Cold Spray process can be used to produce coatings on thin surfaces without noticeable damage to the substrate and with the same coating quality.
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Rao, P. Sharath C., i Muhammad M. Rahman. "Analysis of Steady State Conjugate Heat Transfer in a Circular Microtube Inside a Substrate". W ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59921.
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The steady state heat transfer for laminar flow inside a circular microtube within a rectangular substrate has been investigated. Silicon, Silicon Carbide, and Stainless Steel were the substrates used and Water and FC-72 were the coolants employed. Equations governing the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy were solved in the fluid region. Within the solid wafer, the heat conduction was solved. A thorough investigation for velocity and temperature distributions for different substrates and coolants was performed by varying geometrical dimensions and Reynolds number. At a constant diameter and Reynolds number, for combinations comprising same coolant but different substrates, one with the lowest solid to fluid thermal conductivity ratio (ks/kf) attains the highest local peripheral average interface temperature. It was found that the Nusselt number is more for a system with Silicon as the substrate and FC-72 as the working fluid and the least for a system with Stainless Steel as the substrate and Water as the working fluid. The lower ks/kf ratio of Stainless Steel-Water combination is the main reason for the lower Nusselt number. With the increase in hydraulic diameter and Reynolds number, the average Nusselt number increased. It was also observed that the maximum temperature of the substrate and hence the outlet temperature of the fluid increased as the Reynolds number decreased.
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Nakasumi, Hayaki, Akifumi Kawakami, Etsuji Ohara, Kentaro sugimoto, Noriyuki Hibi, Tsuyoshi Asako, Kyohei Kato i in. "High Cell Density Flow Through Substrate for New Regulations". W WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-0359.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper, written in collaboration with Ford, evaluates the effectiveness of higher cell density combined with higher porosity, lower thermal mass substrates for emission control capability on a customized, RDE (Real Driving Emissions)-type of test cycle run on a chassis dynamometer using a gasoline passenger car fitted with a three-way catalyst (TWC) system. Cold-start emissions contribute most of the emissions control challenge, especially in the case of a very rigorous cold-start. The majority of tailpipe emissions occur during the first 30 seconds of the drive cycle. For the early engine startup phase, higher porosity substrates are developed as one part of the solution. In addition, further emission improvement is expected by increasing the specific surface area (GSA) of the substrate. This test was designed specifically to stress the cold start performance of the catalyst by using a short, 5 second idle time preceding an aggressive, high exhaust mass flowrate drive cycle. The evaluation results showed that the substrate with the lowest ratio of bulk density to GSA had the best cold-start emissions control capability, with 21% lower NMHC and 30% lower NOx during the first phase of the aggressive cold start drive cycle compared to a standard porosity substrate. A cell density higher than 1000 cells/in<sup>2</sup> was found to be 32% more effective than a standard 900 cells/in<sup>2</sup> substrate at controlling high space velocity, higher temperature NMHC+NOx emissions. The paper concludes with the development status of next generation higher porosity, higher cell density ceramic substrates.</div></div>
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Zhang, Qianyun, Zhijiao Chen, Yue Gao, Clive Parini i Zhinong Ying. "Miniaturized Antenna Array with Co2Z Hexaferrite Substrate for Massive MIMO". W 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aps.2014.6905228.
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Trunilina, Vera. "RARE-EARTH MINERALIZATION IN GRANITES OF THE NORTH-EAST OF THE VERKHOYANSK-KOLYMA OROGEN". W 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023/1.1/s01.17.
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The results of the study of granites of the north-east of the Verkhoyansk-Kolyma orogen bearing rare-earth mineralization are summarized in the article. Ore-bearing granites are classified as A-type of postorogenic and rift-related geodynamic conditions. Three groups are identified in them, differing in the origin and scale of the associated rareearth mineralization. The most ore-bearing granites are spatially and genetically related to alkaline�ultrabasic � alkaline-basic formations and formed within a long-lived hotspot from granite melt, generated from a fenitized crustal substrate under the influence of a flow of transmagmatic fluids. Granite massifs are limited ore-bearing, crystallized from melts generated in the Paleoproterozoic substrates of the lower crust under the influence of heat and fluids, related to the mantle magmas and bearing clear signs of mixing of basic and acidic melts during crystallization. These massifs are localized within the Indigirka crustal extension belt, where the presence of buried centers of the basic melts is assumed, which activation caused the re-melting of crustal substrates. Granites that do not bear signs of mantle-crustal interaction usually have only dispersed accessory rare-earth mineralization.
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Phuong, Nguyen, i Takashi Washio. "Modeling Dynamic Substate Chains among Massive States for Prediction". W Sixth IEEE International Conference on Data Mining - Workshops (ICDMW'06). IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdmw.2006.118.
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Peng, Yikun, Shanshan Li i Zhenhai Pan. "3D Numerical Study of the Transport Characteristics of an Evaporating Water Droplet Sessile on Heated Superhydrophobic Substrates". W ASME-JSME-KSME 2019 8th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajkfluids2019-5355.
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Abstract Evaporation of sessile droplets on superhydrophobic substrates is an important fundamental problem. Classic diffusion-based model only considers vapor diffusion and assumes an isothermal profile along the droplet interface. The diffusion based model extremely overestimates the evaporation rate for droplets evaporating on heated superhydrophobic substrates, and results in a deviation of evaporation lifetime up to 52.5%. The present 3D numerical model considers various effects including vapor diffusion, buoyancy-driven flow and evaporative cooling, etc., with conjugate heat and mass transfer solved throughout the computational domain. Evaporation of a sessile water droplet with an initial volume of 3 μL is investigated on superhydrophobic substrates (contact angle: 160 deg) with heating temperature ranging from 40 °C to 60 °C. The deviation of evaporation lifetime is less than 2% for 40 °C and 50 °C substrates. A single-roll asymmetric vortex is produced inside the droplet rather than the symmetric recirculation flow predicted by 2D axisymmetric simulation. The evaporative cooling along the droplet interface is observed, but the coolest point appears on the one side of the droplet instead of the droplet top owing to the asymmetrical rolling flow inside the droplet. It is seen that the buoyancy-driven convection significantly speeds up the evaporation as the substrate temperature increases. Influence of relative humidity is also discussed and indicates a stronger impact for low substrate temperature. The present model not only precisely predicts the instantaneous evaporation rate and the total evaporation time, but also reveals the important underlying transport characteristics, which provides new insights into evaporation of water droplets resting on heated superhydrophobic substrates.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Substrat massif"
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Granot, David, Scott Holaday i Randy D. Allen. Enhancing Cotton Fiber Elongation and Cellulose Synthesis by Manipulating Fructokinase Activity. United States Department of Agriculture, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7613878.bard.
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a. Objectives (a) Identification and characterization of the cotton fiber FRKs; (b) Generating transgenic cotton plants overproducing either substrate inhibited tomato FRK or tomato FRK without substrate inhibition; (c) Generating transgenic cotton plants with RNAi suppression of fiber expressed FRKs; (d) Generating Arabidopsis plants that over express FRK1, FRK2, or both genes, as additional means to assess the contribution of FRK to cellulose synthesis and biomass production. b. Background to the topic: Cellulose synthesis and fiber elongation are dependent on sugar metabolism. Previous results suggested that FRKs (fructokinase enzymes that specifically phosphorylate fructose) are major players in sugar metabolism and cellulose synthesis. We therefore hypothesized that increasing fructose phosphorylation may enhance fiber elongation and cellulose synthesis in cotton plants. Accordinlgy, the objectives of this research were: c. Major conclusions and achievements: Two cotton FRKs expressed in fibers, GhFRK2 and GhFRK3, were cloned and characterized. We found that GhFRK2 enzyme is located in the cytosol and GhFRK3 is located within plastids. Both enzymes enable growth on fructose (but not on glucose) of hexose kinase deficient yeast strain, confirming the fructokinase activity of the cloned genes. RNAi constructs with each gene were prepared and sent to the US collaborator to generate cotton plants with RNAi suppression of these genes. To examine the effect of FRKs using Arabidopsis plants we generated transgenic plants expressing either LeFRK1 or LeFRK2 at high level. No visible phenotype has been observed. Yet, plants expressing both genes simultaneously are being created and will be tested. To test our hypothesis that increasing fructose phosphorylation may enhance fiber cellulose synthesis, we generated twenty independent transgenic cotton plant lines overexpressing Lycopersicon (Le) FRK1. Transgene expression was high in leaves and moderate in developing fiber, but enhanced FRK activity in fibers was inconsistent between experiments. Some lines exhibited a 9-11% enhancement of fiber length or strength, but only one line tested had consistent improvement in fiber strength that correlated with elevated FRK activity in the fibers. However, in one experiment, seed cotton mass was improved in all transgenic lines and correlated with enhanced FRK activity in fibers. When greenhouse plants were subjected to severe drought during flowering and boll development, no genotypic differences in fiber quality were noted. Seed cotton mass was improved for two transgenic lines but did not correlate with fiber FRK activity. We conclude that LeFRK1 over-expression in fibers has only a small effect on fiber quality, and any positive effects depend on optimum conditions. The improvement in productivity for greenhouse plants may have been due to better structural development of the water-conducting tissue (xylem) of the stem, since stem diameters were larger for some lines and the activity of FRK in the outer xylem greater than observed for wild-type plants. We are testing this idea and developing other transgenic cotton plants to understand the roles of FRK in fiber and xylem development. We see the potential to develop a cotton plant with improved stem strength and productivity under drought for windy, semi-arid regions where cotton is grown. d. Implications, scientific and agricultural: FRKs are probably bottle neck enzymes for biomass and wood synthesis and their increased expression has the potential to enhance wood and biomass production, not only in cotton plants but also in other feed and energy renewable plants.
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Morrison, Mark, i Joshuah Miron. Molecular-Based Analysis of Cellulose Binding Proteins Involved with Adherence to Cellulose by Ruminococcus albus. United States Department of Agriculture, listopad 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695844.bard.
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At the beginning of this project, it was clear that R. albus adhered tightly to cellulose and its efficient degradation of this polysaccharide was dependent on micromolar concentrations of phenylacetic acid (PAA) and phenylpropionic acid (PPA). The objectives for our research were: i) to identify how many different kinds of cellulose binding proteins are produced by Ruminococcus albus; ii) to isolate and clone the genes encoding some of these proteins from the same bacterium; iii) to determine where these various proteins were located and; iv) quantify the relative importance of these proteins in affecting the rate and extent to which the bacterium becomes attached to cellulose. BARD support has facilitated a number of breakthroughs relevant to our fundamental understanding of the adhesion process. First, R. albus possesses multiple mechanisms for adhesion to cellulose. The P.I.'s laboratory has discovered a novel cellulose-binding protein (CbpC) that belongs to the Pil-protein family, and in particular, the type 4 fimbrial proteins. We have also obtained genetic and biochemical evidence demonstrating that, in addition to CbpC-mediated adhesion, R. albus also produces a cellulosome-like complex for adhesion. These breakthroughs resulted from the isolation (in Israel and the US) of spontaneously arising mutants of R. albus strains SY3 and 8, which were completely or partially defective in adhesion to cellulose, respectively. While the SY3 mutant strain was incapable of growth with cellulose as the sole carbon source, the strain 8 mutants showed varying abilities to degrade and grow with cellulose. Biochemical and gene cloning experiments have been used in Israel and the US, respectively, to identify what are believed to be key components of a cellulosome. This combination of cellulose adhesion mechanisms has not been identified previously in any bacterium. Second, differential display, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (DD RT-PCR) has been developed for use with R. albus. A major limitation to cellulose research has been the intractability of cellulolytic bacteria to genetic manipulation by techniques such as transposon mutagenesis and gene displacement. The P.I.'s successfully developed DD RT- PCR, which expanded the scope of our research beyond the original objectives of the project, and a subset of the transcripts conditionally expressed in response to PAA and PPA have been identified and characterized. Third, proteins immunochemically related to the CbpC protein of R. albus 8 are present in other R. albus strains and F. intestinalis, Western immunoblots have been used to examine additional strains of R. albus, as well as other cellulolytic bacteria of ruminant origin, for production of proteins immunochemically related to the CbpC protein. The results of these experiments showed that R. albus strains SY3, 7 and B199 all possess a protein of ~25 kDa which cross-reacts with polyclonal anti-CbpC antiserum. Several strains of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Ruminococcus flavefaciens strains C- 94 and FD-1, and Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 produced no proteins that cross-react with the same antiserum. Surprisingly though, F. intestinalis strain DR7 does possess a protein(s) of relatively large molecular mass (~200 kDa) that was strongly cross-reactive with the anti- CbpC antiserum. Scientifically, our studies have helped expand the scope of our fundamental understanding of adhesion mechanisms in cellulose-degrading bacteria, and validated the use of RNA-based techniques to examine physiological responses in bacteria that are nor amenable to genetic manipulations. Because efficient fiber hydrolysis by many anaerobic bacteria requires both tight adhesion to substrate and a stable cellulosome, we believe our findings are also the first step in providing the resources needed to achieve our long-term goal of increasing fiber digestibility in animals.