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1
Poutiainen, Hannu. "Self-Re-Interpretations (Of the Trace): From Restricted to General Substitutability". Derrida Today 8, nr 2 (listopad 2015): 156–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/drt.2015.0108.
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This article elaborates on Christopher Norris's claim that certain aspects of Derrida's work are amenable to formalisation in modal-logical terms. Norris contends that any adequate analysis of the logic behind Derrida's work must provide an account of the notions of possibility, necessity, and necessary possibility, particularly as they are related to Derrida's notion of iterability. This article examines the further hypothesis that Derrida's understanding of modality, according to which possibilities must be accounted for even if they are never realised, might even better be described in terms of possible worlds. In possible-worlds semantics, the conceptual meaning of a statement is constituted by the set of alternative contexts in which that statement is true. This article argues, however, that possible-worlds semantics would be unthinkable without the experience that one referent can be substituted for another. The possibility of this experience is best described in Derridean terms. Read through Derrida's thought of the trace, the properly semantic substitutions (of names in view of a thing and of things in view of a concept) may come to be seen as dependent on the substitution of the thing for itself; on what Derrida calls ‘the substitution of the unique for the unique’.
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Tretyakova, Irina Y. "Peculiarities of occasional substitution in phraseological units with a colour-component." Verhnevolzhski Philological Bulletin 2, nr 25 (2021): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2499-9679-2021-2-25-55-63.
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The article is devoted to occasional transformations of phraseological units in the modern Russian language. The relevance of the study is based on the attention of scientists to the problems of variability of language units in speech. The novelty of the study is based on insufficient knowledge about transformation capacity of idioms from various thematic, phraseological and semantic groups and fields. One of the groups unites idioms with the colour-component featuring semantic peculiarities, which determine specific transforming processes. The article studies transformations of phraseological units with the component white by means of substituting the component white by occasional components. Analyzing phraseological semantics, the author regards specific features of the colour-adjective both as a phraseological component and a free lexical unit. It is important to mention that color-words may function as a symbol. The article deals with idioms where a colour-component either represents meaningful semantic elements or conveys a symbolic meaning, or it is excluded from phraseological semantics. To define transformation peculiarities of idioms, the author analyzes component substitutions based on paradigmatic connections among colour-words and on their asystemic connections. The results of the research demonstrate dependence of transformation capacity on the degree acolour-component is involved in forming a phraseological meaning: the less a component participates in forming a phraseological meaning, the more possibilities for transformations are presented in speech and, thus, the higher transformation capacity is.
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BOUDOL, GÉRARD, PIERRE-LOUIS CURIEN i CAROLINA LAVATELLI. "A semantics for lambda calculi with resources". Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 9, nr 4 (sierpień 1999): 437–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960129599002893.
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We present the λ-calculus with resources λr, and two variants of it: a deterministic restriction λm and an extension λcr with a convergence testing operator. These calculi provide a control on the substitution process – deadlocks may arise if not enough resources are available to carry out all the substitutions needed to pursue a computation. The design of these calculi was motivated by Milner's encoding of the λ-calculus in the π-calculus. As Boudol and Laneve have shown elsewhere, the discriminating power of λm (given by the contextual observational equivalence) over λ-terms coincides with that induced by Milner's π-encoding, and coincides also with that provided by the lazy algebraic semantics (Lévy–Longo trees). The main contribution of this paper is model-theoretic. We define and solve an appropriate domain equation, and show that the model thus obtained is fully abstract with respect to λcr. The techniques used are in the line of those used by Abramsky for the lazy λ-calculus, the main departure being that the resource-consciousness of our calculi leads us to introduce a non-idempotent form of intersection types.
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Yamasaki, Susumu, Mikio Yoshida i Shuji Doshita. "A fixpoint semantics of Horn sentences based on substitution sets". Theoretical Computer Science 51, nr 3 (1987): 309–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3975(87)90039-9.
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AHRENS, BENEDIKT. "Modules over relative monads for syntax and semantics". Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 26, nr 1 (5.12.2014): 3–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960129514000103.
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We give an algebraic characterization of the syntax and semantics of a class of untyped functional programming languages.To this end, we introduce a notion of 2-signature: such a signature specifies not only the terms of a language, but also reduction rules on those terms. To any 2-signature (S, A) we associate a category of ‘models’. We then prove that this category has an initial object, which integrates the terms freely generated by S, and which is equipped with reductions according to the rules given in A. We call this initial object the programming language generated by (S, A). Models of a 2-signature are built from relative monads and modules over such monads. Through the use of monads, the models – and in particular, the initial model – come equipped with a substitution operation that is compatible with reduction in a suitable sense.The initiality theorem is formalized in the proof assistant Coq, yielding a machinery which, when fed with a 2-signature, provides the associated programming language with reduction relation and certified substitution.
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KAMAREDDINE, FAIROUZ. "THE SOUNDNESS OF EXPLICIT SUBSTITUTION WITH NAMELESS VARIABLES". International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 09, nr 03 (wrzesień 1998): 321–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054198000210.
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We show the soundness of a λ-calculus ℬ where de Bruijn indices are used, substitution is explicit, and reduction is step-wise. This is done by interpreting ℬ in the classical calculus where the explicit substitution becomes implicit and de Bruijn indices become named variables. This is the first flat semantics of explicit substitution and step-wise reduction and the first clear account of exactly when α-reduction is needed.
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GORDON, ANDREW D., PAUL D. HANKIN i SØREN B. LASSEN. "Compilation and equivalence of imperative objects". Journal of Functional Programming 9, nr 4 (lipiec 1999): 373–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796899003482.
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We adopt the untyped imperative object calculus of Abadi and Cardelli as a minimal setting in which to study problems of compilation and program equivalence that arise when compiling object-oriented languages. We present both a big-step and a small-step substitution-based operational semantics for the calculus. Our first two results are theorems asserting the equivalence of our substitution-based semantics with a closure-based semantics like that given by Abadi and Cardelli. Our third result is a direct proof of the correctness of compilation to a stack-based abstract machine via a small-step decompilation algorithm. Our fourth result is that contextual equivalence of objects coincides with a form of Mason and Talcott's CIU equivalence; the latter provides a tractable means of establishing operational equivalences. Finally, we prove correct an algorithm, used in our prototype compiler, for statically resolving method offsets. This is the first study of correctness of an object-oriented abstract machine, and of operational equivalence for the imperative object calculus.
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Maziarz, Marek, Stanisław Szpakowicz i Maciej Piasecki. "Semantic relations among adjectives in Polish WordNet 2.0: a new relation set, discussion and evaluation". Cognitive Studies | Études cognitives, nr 12 (24.11.2015): 149–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/cs.2012.011.
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Semantic relations among adjectives in Polish WordNet 2.0: a new relation set, discussion and evaluationAdjectives in wordnets are often neglected: there are many fewer of them than nouns, and relations among them are sometimes not as varied as those among nouns or verbs. Polish WordNet 1.0 was no exception. Version 2.0 aims to correct that. We present an overview of a much larger set of lexical-semantic relations which connect adjectives to the other parts of the network. Our choice of relations has been motivated by linguistic considerations, especially the concerns of the Polish lexical semantics, and by pragmatic reasons. The discussion includes detailed substitution tests, meant to ensure consistency among wordnet editors.
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Fontaine, Matthieu. "Singular Terms, Identity, and the Creation of Fictional Characters". Disputatio 11, nr 54 (1.12.2019): 207–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/disp-2019-0017.
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Abstract How to interpret singular terms in fiction? In this paper, we address this semantic question from the perspective of the Artifactual Theory of Fiction (ATF). According to the ATF, fictional characters exist as abstract artifacts created by their author, and preserved through the existence of copies of an original work and a competent readership. We pretend that a well-suited semantics for the ATF can be defined with respect to a modal framework by means of Hintikka’s world lines semantics. The question of the interpretation of proper names is asked in relation to two inference rules, problematic when applied in intensional contexts: the Substitution of Identicals and Existential Generalization. The former fails because identity is contingent. The latter because proper names are not necessarily linked to well-identified individuals. This motivates a non-rigid interpretation of proper names in fiction, although cross-fictional reference (e.g. to real entities) is made possible by the interpretative efforts of the reader.
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Afanasyeva, Olesya. "Analysis Of Aspects Of Messages Hiding In Text Environments". Journal of KONBiN 34, nr 1 (1.09.2015): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jok-2015-0019.
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Abstract In the work are researched problems, which arise during hiding of messages in text environments, being transmitted by electronic communication channels and the Internet. The analysis of selection of places in text environment (TE), which can be replaced by word from the message is performed. Selection and replacement of words in the text environment is implemented basing on semantic analysis of text fragment, consisting of the inserted word, and its environment in TE. For implementation of such analysis is used concept of semantic parameters of words coordination and semantic value of separate word. Are used well-known methods of determination of values of these parameters. This allows moving from quality level to quantitative level analysis of text fragments semantics during their modification by word substitution. Invisibility of embedded messages is ensured by providing preset values of the semantic cooperation parameter deviations.
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Elgedawy, Islam. "Web Services Conversation Adaptation Using Conditional Substitution Semantics of Application Domain Concepts". ISRN Software Engineering 2013 (9.10.2013): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/408267.
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Internet of Services (IoS) vision allows users to allocate and consume different web services on the fly without any prior knowledge regarding the chosen services. Such chosen services should automatically interact with one another in a transparent manner to accomplish the required users' goals. As services are chosen on the fly, service conversations are not necessarily compatible due to incompatibilities between services signatures and/or conversation protocols, creating obstacles for realizing the IoS vision. One approach for overcoming this problem is to use conversation adapters. However, such conversion adapters must be automatically created on the fly as chosen services are only known at run time. Existing approaches for automatic adapter generation are syntactic and very limited; hence they cannot be adopted in such dynamic environments. To overcome such limitation, this paper proposes a novel approach for automatic adapter generation that uses conditional substitution semantics between application domain concepts and operations to automatically generate the adapter conversion functions. Such conditional substitution semantics are captured using a concepts substitutability enhanced graph required to be part of application domain ontologies. Experiments results show that the proposed approach provides more accurate conversation adaptation results when compared against existing syntactic adapter generation approaches.
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Wang, Y., Y. Zhang, Y. Zhou i M. Zhang. "Knowledge Forgetting in Answer Set Programming". Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 50 (19.05.2014): 31–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.4297.
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The ability of discarding or hiding irrelevant information has been recognized as an important feature for knowledge based systems, including answer set programming. The notion of strong equivalence in answer set programming plays an important role for different problems as it gives rise to a substitution principle and amounts to knowledge equivalence of logic programs. In this paper, we uniformly propose a semantic knowledge forgetting, called HT- and FLP-forgetting, for logic programs under stable model and FLP-stable model semantics, respectively. Our proposed knowledge forgetting discards exactly the knowledge of a logic program which is relevant to forgotten variables. Thus it preserves strong equivalence in the sense that strongly equivalent logic programs will remain strongly equivalent after forgetting the same variables. We show that this semantic forgetting result is always expressible; and we prove a representation theorem stating that the HT- and FLP-forgetting can be precisely characterized by Zhang-Zhou's four forgetting postulates under the HT- and FLP-model semantics, respectively. We also reveal underlying connections between the proposed forgetting and the forgetting of propositional logic, and provide complexity results for decision problems in relation to the forgetting. An application of the proposed forgetting is also considered in a conflict solving scenario.
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Sidorova, Natal’ya A., i Elena V. Kurochkina. "Semantics of Value-Marked Discourse". Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, nr 6 (15.12.2020): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v064.
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This article aimed to assert the idea of value-definiteness of discourse semantics. Utterances and discourse based on the values of communicants or their ideas about values are here referred to as value-marked. The authors applied the value-activity system approach to the study of speech communication within the framework of the study on discourse semantics. The research is based on English and Russian utterances, in which the values of communicants are actualized explicitly. It was established that utterances of this type have a special property: they enable discourse semantics to replace the communicants’ ideas about values. A detailed examination of the functioning of corresponding verbal units in speech communication allowed us to determine them as a special type of units and such discourse as a special kind of discourse, requiring further research. According to the authors, the mechanism of functioning of values in discourse reality is realized through sign programs for actualizing values in the speaker’s consciousness. These values, in turn, form the basis for creating sign programs for understanding, interpreting, and motivating the recipient’s behaviour. The authors come to the conclusion that the analysis of semantics of value-marked utterances can greatly contribute to the understanding of the nature and functions of discourse, as it allows us to prove the semiotic idea of symbolic substitution of the speaker’s and the recipient’s ideas about values in a value-marked discourse. The latter is essential for studying the principles and propositions of discourse linguistics and substantiating the functioning of axiolinguistic mechanisms in discourse reality.
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Gray, John W. "Semantics of the typed λ-calculus with substitution in a cartesian closed category". Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 89, nr 1-2 (październik 1993): 107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4049(93)90089-c.
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LE CHARLIER, BAUDOUIN, SABINA ROSSI i PASCAL VAN HENTENRYCK. "Sequence-based abstract interpretation of Prolog". Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 2, nr 1 (18.12.2001): 25–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068402001114.
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Abstract interpretation is a general methodology for systematic development of program analyses. An abstract interpretation framework is centered around a parametrized non-standard semantics that can be instantiated by various domains to approximate different program properties. Many abstract interpretation frameworks and analyses for Prolog have been proposed, which seek to extract information useful for program optimization. Although motivated by practical considerations, notably making Prolog competitive with imperative languages, such frameworks fail to capture some of the control structures of existing implementations of the language. In this paper, we propose a novel framework for the abstract interpretation of Prolog which handles the depth-first search rule and the cut operator. It relies on the notion of substitution sequence to model the result of the execution of a goal. The framework consists of (i) a denotational concrete semantics, (ii) a safe abstraction of the concrete semantics defined in terms of a class of post-fixpoints, and (iii) a generic abstract interpretation algorithm. We show that traditional abstract domains of substitutions may easily be adapted to the new framework, and provide experimental evidence of the effectiveness of our approach. We also show that previous work on determinacy analysis, that was not expressible by existing abstract interpretation frameworks, can be seen as an instance of our framework. The ideas developed in this paper can be applied to other logic languages, notably to constraint logic languages, and the theoretical approach should be of general interest for the analysis of many non-deterministic programming languages.
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Torzhok, Albina, i Elena Voevoda. "Complex Syntactic Whole: the Use of Grammatical Forms of the Predicate for Expressing Communicative Intentions". Scientific Research and Development. Modern Communication Studies 3, nr 6 (17.12.2014): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/7162.
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The article considers the role of the grammatical forms of the predicate
in expressing communicative intentions of the speaker within complex
syntactic whole. Analyzing the specifics of substitution, the author points
out that implicit substitution, or deletion, is made with the help of zero
substitute, while explicit substitution or replacement, implies the use of
the verb ‘to do’. This type of substitution exists as a separate grammatical
phenomenon based on the opposition to the explicit form of the
predicate. Auxiliary and modal verbs serve as markers of implicit (zero)
substitution of the lexical part of the predicate. The substitute verb ‘to
do’, due to its wide semantics, often replaces ‘action verbs’. In most
cases, these two types of predicate substitution and the related phenomena
are to be considered in a wide context – a complex syntactical
whole. An analysis of opposition of grammatical forms of the predicate,
with the aim of defining communicative intentions of the speaker or new
implications relevant for both communicants and ways of effecting the
addressee, shows that such an opposition helps to build the expressive
and pragmatic potential of the statement.
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Bakaytis, Igor I. "Attributive Characterization Sentences in Russian and German". NSU Vestnik. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 17, nr 4 (2019): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2019-17-4-49-62.
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One of the reasons for changes in translation of such sentences, as it seems to us, is the fact that standard characterization schemes in Russian and German have different semantic potentials, that is, meanings that can be implicitly represented in the characterization structure of one language cannot be rendered by a similar structure in another. The purpose of this contrastive study is therefore to find out how identical the characterization structures in Russian and German are from the point of view of semantic potential. To achieve this goal, we analyze the causes of changes in rendering attributive characterization in translation. We apply a structural-semantic approach in a comparative examination of Russian and German proposals for qualitative characterization. The novelty of the study is that we trace the process of this semantics’ formation in their non-standard structures, as well as in how expressivity is realized or maintained in the reviewed sentences. In the study, we used the method of continuous sampling of sentences and their translations from the Russian Language National Corpus. The structural-semiotic method allowed us to trace the process of characterization semantics formation in structures, which are usually used to express other meanings. Contextual and comparative methods allowed us to identify the causes of changes in the translation, and the method of quantitative analysis – the frequency of translation transformations. Using interlinear and reverse translations, differences in the structure and semantics of the original and translated sentences were shown. We found that the proposition of attributive characterization is expressed in a non-standard way in translations only in a small percentage of instances, which is mainly due to the difference in the stylistic norms of languages, and in some cases, to the difference in the semantic potential of the characterization structure. In particular cases, the Russian structure is capable of implicitly expressing the metaphor of the feature presented in it, which in the German translation requires explication, and, accordingly, a change in the way of its rendering. Along with the semantic changes accompanying the substitution of the structure, we revealed a decrease in the categorization of the attribute, creation of a more “lively” image, intensification of an attribute, strengthening of its static character, putting the reader closer to the point of view of the narrator.
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Kazmi, Ali. "Some Remarks on Indiscernibility". Canadian Journal of Philosophy Supplementary Volume 18 (1992): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1992.10717302.
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If α and α’ are distinct variables and ϕ and ϕ’ are open sentences of some language, where ϕ’ is the result of replacing one or more free occurrences of a in α with free occurrences of α’ in ϕ’, then a universal closure of ⌜(α=α’ → (ϕ → ϕ’))⌝, is an indiscernibility principle of that language. For instance, (1) is an indiscernibility principle.The existence of opaque constructions falsifies the familiar unrestricted principle of substitution which affirms that co-referential expressions are intersubstitutable in all contexts without change of truth-value. But indiscernibility principles are another matter. Not every counter-example to the unrestricted principle of substitution is a counter-example to some indiscernibility principle. Indeed, it is likely to be thought that there is no counter-example to any indiscernibility principle, and that the semantics of variables and objectual quantification ensures that all indiscernibility principles are true.
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CAVE, ANDREW, i BRIGITTE PIENTKA. "Mechanizing proofs with logical relations – Kripke-style". Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 28, nr 9 (2.08.2018): 1606–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960129518000154.
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Proofs with logical relations play a key role to establish rich properties such as normalization or contextual equivalence. They are also challenging to mechanize. In this paper, we describe two case studies using the proof environmentBeluga: First, we explain the mechanization of the weak normalization proof for the simply typed lambda-calculus; second, we outline how to mechanize the completeness proof of algorithmic equality for simply typed lambda-terms where we reason about logically equivalent terms. The development of these proofs inBelugarelies on three key ingredients: (1) we encode lambda-terms together with their typing rules, operational semantics, algorithmic and declarative equality using higher order abstract syntax (HOAS) thereby avoiding the need to manipulate and deal with binders, renaming and substitutions, (2) we take advantage ofBeluga's support for representing derivations that depend on assumptions and first-class contexts to directly state inductive properties such as logical relations and inductive proofs, (3) we exploitBeluga's rich equational theory for simultaneous substitutions; as a consequence, users do not need to establish and subsequently use substitution properties, and proofs are not cluttered with references to them. We believe these examples demonstrate thatBelugaprovides the right level of abstractions and primitives to mechanize challenging proofs using HOAS encodings. It also may serve as a valuable benchmark for other proof environments.
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De Penanros, Hélène. "'Cause' in question. About three ways of starving to death in Lithuanian". Baltic Linguistics 4 (31.12.2013): 159–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32798/bl.412.
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The phrases mirti bad-u (‘to die hunger-ins.sg’), mirti iš bad-o (‘to die iš hunger-gen.sg’), mirti nuo bad-o (‘to die nuo hunger-gen.sg’) are generally considered to be synonymous ways to express a cause of death. Still, if the instrumental case, the preposition iš and the preposition nuo may be interchangeable without a difference of interpretation in this expression out of context, these three syntactic constructions cannot be considered equivalent: precise analysis of the contexts where these constructions occur shows that each construction corresponds to a specific semantic value, which distinguishes it from the other two. In sum, these the syntactic constructions provide three different representations of the event ‘die of hunger’, hence, in some contexts, the substitution of one construction for another is not possible. The analysis of this micro phenomenon will enable us to extend our study to other expressions involving a cause, to propose definitions of the semantics of the instrumental case and of the prepositions iš and nuo and finally to observe that ‘cause’ is a complex label covering very different situations which arise directly from the forms constructing them.
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Taha, Walid, i Peter Wadler. "Special issue on Semantics, Applications, and Implementation of Program Generation". Journal of Functional Programming 10, nr 6 (listopad 2000): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796800003890.
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Program generation has the prospect of being an integral part of a wide range of software development processes. Recent studies investigate different aspects of program generation systems, including their semantics, their applications, and their implementation. Existing theories and systems address both high-level (source) language and low-level (machine) language generation. A number of programming languages now support program generation and manipulation, with different goals, implementation techniques, and targeted at different applications. In this context, a PLI workshop dedicated to this theme (SAIG'00) was held in Montreal in September 2000. Following on from this workshop, a special issue of the Journal of Functional Programming will be devoted to the same theme.Full-length, archival-quality submissions are solicited on topics including both theoretical and practical models and tools for building program generation systems, Examples include:[bull ] Semantics, type systems, and implementations for multi-stage languages.[bull ] Run-time specialization systems, e.g. compilers, operating systems.[bull ] High-level program generation (applications, foundations, environments).[bull ] Symbolic computation, linking and explicit substitution, in-lining and macros.Reports on applications of these techniques to real-world problems are especially encouraged, as are submissions that relate ideas and concepts from several of these topics, or bridge the gap between theory and practice.Contributors to SAIG'00 are encouraged to submit, but submission is open to everyone. Papers will be reviewed as regular JFP submissions, and acceptance in the special issue will be based on relevance to the theme. The special issue also welcomes high-quality survey and position papers that would benefit a wide audience. Accepted papers exceeding the space restrictions will be published as regular JFP papers.Submissions should be sent to the guest editor (address below), with a copy to Nasreen Ahmad (nasreen@dcs.gla.ac.uk). Submitted articles should be sent in postscript format, preferably gzipped and uuencoded. In addition, please send, as plain text, title, abstract, and contact information. The submission deadline is 1st February 2001. For other submission details, please consult an issue of the Journal of Functional Programming or see the Journal's web page at http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/jfp/.
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CHEMLA, EMMANUEL, i PAUL ÉGRÉ. "SUSZKO’S PROBLEM: MIXED CONSEQUENCE AND COMPOSITIONALITY". Review of Symbolic Logic 12, nr 4 (15.02.2019): 736–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020318000503.
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AbstractSuszko’s problem is the problem of finding the minimal number of truth values needed to semantically characterize a syntactic consequence relation. Suszko proved that every Tarskian consequence relation can be characterized using only two truth values. Malinowski showed that this number can equal three if some of Tarski’s structural constraints are relaxed. By so doing, Malinowski introduced a case of so-called mixed consequence, allowing the notion of a designated value to vary between the premises and the conclusions of an argument. In this article we give a more systematic perspective on Suszko’s problem and on mixed consequence. First, we prove general representation theorems relating structural properties of a consequence relation to their semantic interpretation, uncovering the semantic counterpart of substitution-invariance, and establishing that (intersective) mixed consequence is fundamentally the semantic counterpart of the structural property of monotonicity. We use those theorems to derive maximum-rank results proved recently in a different setting by French and Ripley, as well as by Blasio, Marcos, and Wansing, for logics with various structural properties (reflexivity, transitivity, none, or both). We strengthen these results into exact rank results for nonpermeable logics (roughly, those which distinguish the role of premises and conclusions). We discuss the underlying notion of rank, and the associated reduction proposed independently by Scott and Suszko. As emphasized by Suszko, that reduction fails to preserve compositionality in general, meaning that the resulting semantics is no longer truth-functional. We propose a modification of that notion of reduction, allowing us to prove that over compact logics with what we call regular connectives, rank results are maintained even if we request the preservation of truth-functionality and additional semantic properties.
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ARNAUD, PIERRE J. L. "Target–error resemblance in French word substitution speech errors and the mental lexicon". Applied Psycholinguistics 20, nr 2 (czerwiec 1999): 269–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716499002052.
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The word substitution errors from a corpus of 2,400 French slips of the tongue were grouped into several categories: contaminational, semantic, formal, and mixed cases; substitutions of syntagmatic codependents also occurred. Semantic and formal substitutions involved a resemblance between target and error. In addition, all substitutions exhibited a strong degree of word class and gender identity. The various types of resemblance were analyzed with reference to three-layer models of lexicalization. They did not make a lemma layer necessary, but stronger evidence came from another error category – semantic blends.
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Khoroz, N. S. "Recent phraseological coinages of the COVID-19 period". Movoznavstvo 316, nr 1 (10.02.2021): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33190/0027-2833-316-2021-1-004.
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The spread of COVID-19 worldwide has caused certain processes in almost every language. In particular, in the Russian language, there is a phenomenon of adapting well-known fixed phrases to extra-lingual conditions (namely to the life of the country in quarantine) through their various transformations. It is a range of the transformed fixed phrases thematically related to the topic of coronavirus that have become the subject matter of this article. They have been systematized: a) considering the types of transformations applied to them (cases of structural and semantic transformations (substitution of components of phraseological units, extension of their components using everyday words related to COVID-19, phraseological allusion, contamination), and cases of semantic transformations (change of the meaning of the idiom, extension of its valence and dephraseologisation) have been identified); b) considering the influence of transformations on the semantics of fixed phrases (denotative meaning of occasional figurative units have been either concretized, have acquired new semes, or have been partially or completely deformed; non-figurative fixed phrases implement the meaning which constitutes the sum of the meanings of their components, the connotative meaning of units of any type of semantic connection between the components is enhanced by creating a comic effect, which is achieved by transforming fixed phrases); c) considering the subject: in analysing transformed idioms, a hierarchical classification structure has been used: phraseosemantic series — variant-synonymous group — phraseosemantic field — phraseothematic field — phraseothematic group (the phraseothematic group ‟COVID-19 Pandemic”, the phraseothematic fields “COVID-19 Disease” and “Human Activity during the COVID-19 Pandemic” have been singled out, which, in turn, have been formed using 11 and 4 phraseosemantic fields, respectively, which have been combined on the basis of integral or differential features into numerous variant-synonymous groups and phraseological series). These fixed phrases constitute the latest occasional phraseological picture of the Russian world. Their fixation and study are important for understanding speech processes in synchrony, in their relationship to the extra-lingual situation.
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Arkhanhelska, Alla M. "Transformational Potential of the Biblical Idiom “A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing” in Modern Russian Speech". Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, nr 462 (2021): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/462/1.
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The article deals with the defamiliarization of the biblical idiom “a wolf in sheep’s clothing” in the modern Russian media reality and speech, and with the transformational potential of this unit. Based on the transformational paradigm of the idiom “a wolf in sheep’s clothing” in the horizontal analytical dimension, the article aims to identify the incentives of its transformation (internal phraseological modelling) and formation according to the model (external phraseological modelling), to track its temporal and sociocultural markedness inscribing it into the cultural and ideological context of the newest era, and to reveal the complex of linguistic and non-linguistic factors “provoking” the author of the media text to make the transformational updates which make the contextual (semantic and formal) reinterpretation of the idiom possible. Within the boundaries of the transformational paradigm at the level of its inner and outer vectors, the symbolic meanings of the components and the role of “metaphor of dressing up” in deceitful garments, semantic and structural-semantic transformations (amplification, substitution, implication, double actualization of certain components of the phraseological unit, morphological transformations, deformation of the syntax model, and role inversion), the role of phraseological configuration as an incentive for updating the biblical idiom as well as the facts of phraseological modelling are considered. The article focuses on the heteromorphism of phraseological transformations (semantic, structuralsemantic, including morphological ones) with one of the types dominating. Particular attention is paid to both the systemic and nonsystemic nature of phraseological transformations and the influence of semantics and pragmatics of the original biblical prototext on the transformative potential of the idiom “a wolf in sheep’s clothing”. Following the investigation, it has been found out that the transformative impulses emanating from the semantic and cultural meaning of the original biblical prototext are in demand to a much lesser extent than the linguistic ones (potential of the structural-semantic model of the idiom, symbolic value of its components as well as their systemic connections at the lexical-semantic and grammatical level), which confirms the secularization of the biblical expression and its transition to the category of functional textual units. The study is performed on the material of fiction, Russian printed and electronic media as well as Internet forums and blogs of the beginning of the 21st century. Using the methods of the textual identification of transformations, phraseological modelling, as well as component variable, historical-etymological and linguocultural analysis, the biblical idiom is considered a text-formative element.
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Bache, Carl. "The semantics of grammatical categories: a dialectical approach". Journal of Linguistics 21, nr 1 (marzec 1985): 51–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700010021.
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In this paper I want to present a practical descriptive approach to the semantics of grammatical categories, especially of the binary type involving two forms only. In doing so, I hope to be able to attract the attention of linguists concerned with the structure of a comprehensive semantic theory of human language. Substitutional relations of a grammatical kind (as opposed to syntactic and lexical relations) are too often neglected in textbooks on modern semantics. For example, in Ruth Kempson's otherwise excellent introduction to semantic theory (Kempson, 1977), there is no mention of the semantics of grammatical categories at all. In my view, not only must such Substitutional relations be accommodated within a total theory of semantics – even on a narrow definition of the discipline – but they may provide important insights into the nature of meaning which will affect some of the current suppositions in semantic theory. In particular I shall attempt to shed light on the role of ‘subjectivity’ – a notion which is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore and which challenges the very common restriction among semanticists of the scope of semantics to just a truth-conditional component.
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Redkovska, T., i N. Grabovska. "VERBALIZATION OF ETHNOCULTURAL COMPONENT IN LEXICON OF SPANISH LANGUAGE". PROBLEMS OF SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, nr 33 (2018): 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2663-6530.2018.33.07.
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The article discusses some ways of ethnocultural component verbalization in the lexicon of the Spanish language. Current linguistic studies view language both as the main means of communication, and as an instrument of cognition of material and spiritual values inherent in various ethnic groups and cultures. Linguistic phenomena are examined from this perspective by a number of related disciplines, with ethnolinguistics and cultural linguistics being the most prominent in terms of the issues under study. The analysis of manifestations of culturally marked components verbalization in Spanish displays close explicitly / implicitly expressed links between linguistic and extralinguistic elements. The items under study include separate lexemes with corresponding semantic content, as well as phraseological units, proverbs and sayings, which reflect certain aspects of Spanish sociocultural environment. This can be illustrated by the Latin expression pan y сirco (bread and circuses), which implies that to be content with their life, common people of the Roman Empire needed not only labour but also entertainment, i.e. gladiator games. The Spanish equivalent pan y toros features a lexical substitution of the second element, where the Castilian lexeme ‘bulls’, which reflects a popular Spanish entertainment, corrida, is used instead of the Latin ‘circuses’. Both lexemes exemplify a genus-species synecdochic semantic shift, in which the lack of cultural markedness led to a ‘species’ type of notion with an additional background information being used instead of the genus type notion of ‘entertainment’. The obtained results demonstrate that ethnoculturally marked lexicon is formed by semantic shift of metaphorical or metonymic type, for example, when certain classes of onyms (anthroponyms, ethnonyms, toponyms) acquire meanings of common nouns which encode ethnocultural facts. For the restoration and disclosure of lost connection between cultural and linguistic signs, a consistent diachronic analysis was carried out on semantic and word formation levels. Further linguistic research can focus on the studies of the phenomenon of verbalization in the language of national culture objects, the analysis of specifics of presentation in the language of the mentality of a particular ethnic group, the regularity of reflection in semantics of language units of axiological categories of culture.
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Aini, Aldila Arin, Islamiah Bastiar i Sumarlam Sumarlam. "KEMENANGAN DONALD TRUMP SEBAGAI PRESIDEN AMERIKA SERIKAT KE-45 MELALUI ANALISIS KONSTRUKSI KLAUSA RELATIF BAHASA INGGRIS DAN BAHASA INDONESIA SECARA SEMANTIS". Jurnal Penelitian Humaniora 18, nr 1 (14.03.2017): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/humaniora.v18i1.3636.
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This research aims (1) to comprehend the relative construction of English andIndonesia language on some texts relating to Donald Trump is elected as the 45thPresident of USA in 2016 semantically, and (2) to describe the analysis of relativeconstructive clauses between English and Indonesia language semantically. Theresearch method is descriptive qualitative. Meanwhile, method of collecting data isagih method and the techniques are substitution, expand, interuption, and mutation.Based on the texts relating to Donald Trump is elected as the President of USA in2016, it is found that the analysis of relative constructive clause of English andIndonesia language is based on the use of conjunction. In Indonesia language texts,there is one conjuction, namely: “yang”, meanwhile in English language texts, thereare five conjuctions, namely: “who, whom, which, whose, and that”. If it is viewedfrom its semantics adjacent, relative clause can be divided into two sections based onits orthographics, namely: (1) restrictive relative clause which refers to the explainedantecedent or as the integral unity from antecedent and unmarked by comma, and(2) non-restrictive relative clause as the additional information from antecedentexplained and marked by comma.
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COHN, NEIL. "Being explicit about the implicit: inference generating techniques in visual narrative". Language and Cognition 11, nr 1 (marzec 2019): 66–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2019.6.
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abstractInference has long been acknowledged as a key aspect of comprehending narratives of all kinds, be they verbal discourse or visual narratives like comics and films. While both theoretical and empirical evidence points towards such inference generation in sequential images, most of these approaches remain at a fairly broad level. Few approaches have detailed the specific cues and constructions used to signal such inferences in the first place. This paper thereby outlines several specific entrenched constructions that motivate a reader to generate inference. These techniques include connections motivated by the morphology of visual affixes like speech balloons and thought bubbles, the omission of certain narrative categories, and the substitution of narrative categories for certain classes of panels. These mechanisms all invoke specific combinatorial structures (morphology, narrative) that mismatch with the elicited semantics, and can be generalized by a set of shared descriptive features. By detailing specific constructions, this paper aims to push the study of inference in visual narratives to be explicit about when and why meaning is ‘filled in’ by a reader, while drawing connections to inference generation in other modalities.
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Green, Spence, Marie-Catherine de Marneffe i Christopher D. Manning. "Parsing Models for Identifying Multiword Expressions". Computational Linguistics 39, nr 1 (marzec 2013): 195–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00139.
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Multiword expressions lie at the syntax/semantics interface and have motivated alternative theories of syntax like Construction Grammar. Until now, however, syntactic analysis and multiword expression identification have been modeled separately in natural language processing. We develop two structured prediction models for joint parsing and multiword expression identification. The first is based on context-free grammars and the second uses tree substitution grammars, a formalism that can store larger syntactic fragments. Our experiments show that both models can identify multiword expressions with much higher accuracy than a state-of-the-art system based on word co-occurrence statistics. We experiment with Arabic and French, which both have pervasive multiword expressions. Relative to English, they also have richer morphology, which induces lexical sparsity in finite corpora. To combat this sparsity, we develop a simple factored lexical representation for the context-free parsing model. Morphological analyses are automatically transformed into rich feature tags that are scored jointly with lexical items. This technique, which we call a factored lexicon, improves both standard parsing and multiword expression identification accuracy.
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SADOVETS, O., i O. ORLOVSKA. "Textuality standards as a basis for linguistic analysis of english language texts". Current issues of linguistics and translation studies, nr 19 (30.10.2020): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2415-7929-2019-19-9.
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The paper deals with the issue of linguistic analysis of English language texts on the basis of textuality standards which allow to carry out a complete analysis of the text and judge about its communicative value. The appropriateness of linguistic analysis of texts with the consideration of seven standards of textuality have been substantiated. These standards are: coherence (introduction of a new item in the text and subsequent referral to it by means of another item), cohesion (the ways in which components of the sentences in a text are mutually connected grammatically and lexically), intentionality and acceptability (a speaker/author’s intention to produce a sound piece of information and the recipient’s desire to accept the text as a communicative piece of information), informativity (ways and means by which parts of the text acquire communicative value), contextuality (focusing on the context and the role it plays in any form of communication) and intertextuality (understanding and perception of one text on the basis of the structure of another text similar to it). Special attention has been paid to cohesion as semantic relation between elements of the text. Categories of cohesion such as reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion have been analyzed. It has been defined that the linguistic analysis carried out with consideration of seven standards of textuality requires knowledge of different branches of linguistics – syntax, morphology, phonology, grammar, semantics, lexicology, stylistics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics. Definite examples of every standard application have been presented. It has been substantiated that the appropriateness of a text is the agreement between its setting and the ways in which the standards of textuality are applied. The standards of textuality entail factors of cognition, planning and social environment merely to distinguish what constitutes a text.
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Hosseinpour, Sahereh, Mir Mohammad Reza Alavi Milani i Hüseyin Pehlivan. "A Step-by-Step Solution Methodology for Mathematical Expressions". Symmetry 10, nr 7 (15.07.2018): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym10070285.
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In this paper, we propose a methodology for the step-by-step solution of problems, which can be incorporated into a computer algebra system. Our main aim is to show all the intermediate evaluation steps of mathematical expressions from the start to the end of the solution. The first stage of the methodology covers the development of a formal grammar that describes the syntax and semantics of mathematical expressions. Using a compiler generation tool, the second stage produces a parser from the grammar description. The parser is used to convert a particular mathematical expression into an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST), which is evaluated in the third stage by traversing al its nodes. After every evaluation of some nodes, which corresponds to an intermediate solution step of the related expression, the resulting AST is transformed into the corresponding mathematical expression and then displayed. Many other algebra-related issues such as simplification, factorization, distribution and substitution can be covered by the solution methodology. We currently focuses on the solutions of various problems associated with the subject of derivative, equations, single variable polynomials, and operations on functions. However, it can easily be extended to cover the other subjects of general mathematics.
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Ratri, Deasy Ade. "A Semantic Analysis of Metaphors Found In “Dream Theatre’s” Selected Lyrics". LUNAR 1, nr 02 (6.11.2017): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36526/ln.v1i02.454.
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Metaphor is an implicit comparison in which two unlike objects are compared by identification or substitution of one for the other to suggest common quality shared by the two. It is an implied analogy in which a word or phrase is applied to a person, object, idea or concept to which it is literally or semantically inapplicable. Many students in English Department are still confused in interpreting metaphors’ meaning whereas they have learned semantics. The research aims to find the types of metaphors which are used in Dream Theatre’s selected lyrics then interpret its contextual meaning. There are five song lyrics are chosen. They are, As I am, Endless Sacrifice, Pull Me Under, The Spirit Carries On, and Through Her Eyes. This research uses theory of Chrystal that classifies the metaphors into three types. They are Conceptual Metaphor, Mixed Metaphor, and Poetic Metaphor.
To achieve the research purposes, this research uses content analysis by deductive category application. The steps in deductive category application are collecting the theory related to metaphors, identifying the concepts of metaphors, coding Dream Theatre’s selected lyrics, classify the metaphors according to Chrystal theory, and interpreting the contextual meaning of metaphors. The result shows that forty three cases of metaphors which are found in Dream Theatre’s selected lyrics. There are three thirty two metaphors that included to Conceptual metaphor, Tens metaphor are Mixed metaphor, and one metaphors are Poetic metaphor. According to the result above, conceptual metaphor are higher and more often than mixed metaphor and poetic metaphor, mixed metaphor ranks second and Poetic metaphor appears as the least type
Based on the result, it is suggested to the readers use the information to know widely and deeply about the types of metaphors classified by Chrystal, as the reference or study more about metaphors. For the students who are learning about metaphors or students who are in English Department are suggested to use songs in learning and improving their capability in language and interpreting the meaning. While for the lecturer, it is suggested to use songs as a resourches in teaching semantics especially in teaching metaphors
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WOLTRAN, STEFAN. "A common view on strong, uniform, and other notions of equivalence in answer-set programming". Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 8, nr 2 (marzec 2008): 217–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068407003250.
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AbstractLogic programming under the answer-set semantics nowadays deals with numerous different notions of program equivalence. This is due to the fact that equivalence for substitution (known as strong equivalence) and ordinary equivalence are different concepts. The former holds, given programs P and Q, iff P can be faithfully replaced by Q within any context R, while the latter holds iff P and Q provide the same output, that is, they have the same answer sets. Notions in between strong and ordinary equivalence have been introduced as theoretical tools to compare incomplete programs and are defined by either restricting the syntactic structure of the considered context programs R or by bounding the set $\A$ of atoms allowed to occur in R (relativized equivalence). For the latter approach, different $\A$ yield properly different equivalence notions, in general. For the former approach, however, it turned out that any “reasonable” syntactic restriction to R coincides with either ordinary, strong, or uniform equivalence (for uniform equivalence, the context ranges over arbitrary sets of facts, rather than program rules). In this paper, we propose a parameterization for equivalence notions which takes care of both such kinds of restrictions simultaneously by bounding, on the one hand, the atoms which are allowed to occur in the rule heads of the context and, on the other hand, the atoms which are allowed to occur in the rule bodies of the context. We introduce a general semantical characterization which includes known ones as SE-models (for strong equivalence) or UE-models (for uniform equivalence) as special cases. Moreover, we provide complexity bounds for the problem in question and sketch a possible implementation method making use of dedicated systems for checking ordinary equivalence.
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Aini, Aldila Arin, Islamiah Bastiar i S. Sumarlam. "KEMENANGAN DONALD TRUMP SEBAGAI PRESIDEN AMERIKA SERIKAT KE-45 MELALUI ANALISIS KONSTRUKSI KLAUSA RELATIF BAHASA INGGRIS DAN BAHASA INDONESIA SECARA SEMANTIS". PRASASTI: Journal of Linguistics 3, nr 1 (19.04.2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/prasasti.v3i1.19660.
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<p><em>This research aims (1) to comprehend the relative construction of English and Indonesia language on some texts relating to Donald Trump is elected as the 45<sup>th</sup> President of USA in 2016 semantically, and (2) to describe the analysis of relative constructive clauses between English and Indonesia language semantically. The research method is descriptive qualitative. Meanwhile, method of collecting data is agih method and the techniques are substitution, expand, interuption, and mutation. Based on the texts relating to Donald Trump is elected as the President of USA in 2016, it is found that the analysis of relative constructive clause of English and Indonesia language is based on the use of conjunction. In Indonesia language texts, there is one conjuction, namely: “yang”, meanwhile in English language texts, there are five conjuctions, namely: “who, whom, which, whose, and that”. If it is viewed from its semantics adjacent, relative clause can be divided into two sections based on its orthographics, namely: (1) restrictive relative clause which refers to the explained antecedent or as the integral unity from antecedent and unmarked by comma, and (2) non-restrictive relative clause as the additional information from antecedent explained and marked by comma. </em></p>
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Siswoyo, Siswoyo. "Analisis Makna Gramatikal Jouken Hyougen To dan Tara dalam Drama Okuribito". LITE: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Budaya 14, nr 2 (27.09.2018): 166–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33633/lite.v14i2.2328.
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This thesis discusses the substitutions of to and tara conjunction terms of grammatical meaning occour in Okuribito drama. It aims to analyze the substitution of to and tara. The data analysis was conducted by using distributional qualitative method with syntactic and semantic design based on Suzuki Shinoru’s theory. The results of reveal that to and tara conjunctions are mutually substitutable when they show the following meaning: general situation, habitual, hope, thought, and constancy. However, they are not mutually substitutable when they are used to show: assumption, permission, wish, action, intention and advice. Keywords: Conditional Sentence, To Conjunction, Tara Conjunction, Substitution, Synonym.
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MALETTI, ANDREAS. "RELATING TREE SERIES TRANSDUCERS AND WEIGHTED TREE AUTOMATA". International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 16, nr 04 (sierpień 2005): 723–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012905410500325x.
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Bottom-up tree series transducers (tst) over the semiring [Formula: see text] are implemented with the help of bottom-up weighted tree automata (wta) over an extension of [Formula: see text]. Therefore bottom-up [Formula: see text]-weighted tree automata ([Formula: see text]-wta) with [Formula: see text] a distributive Ω-algebra are introduced. A [Formula: see text]-wta is essentially a wta but uses as transition weight an operation symbol of the Ω-algebra [Formula: see text] instead of a semiring element. The given tst is implemented with the help of a [Formula: see text]-wta, essentially showing that [Formula: see text]-wta are a joint generalization of tst (using IO-substitution) and wta. Then a semiring and a wta are constructed such that the wta computes a formal representation of the semantics of the [Formula: see text]-wta. The applicability of the obtained presentation result is demonstrated by deriving a pumping lemma for deterministic finite [Formula: see text]-wta from a known pumping lemma for deterministic finite wta. Finally, it is observed that the known decidability results for emptiness cannot be applied to obtain decidability of emptiness for finite [Formula: see text]-wta. Thus with help of a weaker version of the derived pumping lemma, decidability of the emptiness problem for finite [Formula: see text]-wta is shown under mild conditions on [Formula: see text].
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Aryanti, Uti. "Phonological Adaptation of Hokkien Loanwords in Indonesian". Eralingua: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Asing dan Sastra 5, nr 1 (14.02.2021): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/eralingua.v5i1.15887.
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Abstract. The Chinese loan words in Indonesian mainly come from the Hokkien. Many scholars have studied the Hokkien loanwords in Indonesian, but they analyzed from the perspective of semantics and culture, and there is still little research on phonological adaptation. This research attempts to answer three questions, namely, what phonological adaptation do the Hokkien loanwords in Indonesian have in the process of being accepted? Are there sound correspondences between Hokkien loanwords in Indonesian? What are the phonological rules for phonological adaptation of Hokkien loanwords in Indonesian? This research is mainly based on the literature method and comparative research method. Data were collected through literature search and recording. The collected data were processed for natural hearing, a comparative analysis of two Indonesian Hokkien speakers' sound production, and four Indonesian speakers' sound production is conducted. The sound production of the speakers are segmented and coded manually using Praat Version 6.0 (Boersma & Weenink, 2015) focused on the measurements of the acoustic parameters of the sounds produced differently by the two groups of informants and, finally, summed up. Since Indonesian has a more uncomplicated vowel system and a different consonant inventory, when we look at the Hokkien loanwords in Indonesian, we will observe many substitution rules. To maintain the Indonesian syllable structure and phonological restrictions, the Indonesian phonological rules that appear in certain environments are considered to apply to Hokkien loanwords.Keywords: Language contact, Hokkien loanwords, Phonological adaptation
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Kh., Kramarchuk. "FACTORS OF IMAGINATIVE AND SEMANTIC INVERSION OF ARCHETYPAL STRUCTURES OF CONSCIOUSNESS HUMAN AND OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE METHOD AND STYLE OF SOCREALISM". Vìsnik Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Lʹvìvsʹka polìtehnìka". Serìâ Arhìtektura 2, nr 2 (listopad 2020): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sa2020.02.115.
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Thіs article is an attempt to highlight the factors of formation in art of the method and style of total socialrealism as a method of substitution. The basic factors are the contradictions of the consciousness of the Russian ethnos, which are due to the inability of semantic essential distinction of the main oppositional categories of existence. The historical organicity of the Russian mentality in the socialist and communist forms of existence has revealed, as well as the historical organicity of the method of substitutions in the construction of antagonistic models of worldview. This method of substitution will become basic in the style of socialist realism. Certain figurative and semantic inversions of archetypal structures of human consciousness and the environment of the period of Soviet totalitarianism are revealed and characterized: eschatological dimension of Eternity / time category of bright future; the truth / the untruth; sacred (theological) / profane; relative / absolute; spiritual / material; the hero / the anti-hero; destruction of the past / future; existence in spirit / existence in political ideology. These substitutions led to the development of certain unified iconographic schemes in art and, in particular, in architecture: residential complexes (communities), giant pedestal buildings (sculpture building), a step-increasing volume of public buildings like to the temple. Forcible change of the picture of the world generates hyper-reality, where is desired seems real. The violent change of consciousness of nations in the Soviet Union, built on the principles of antagonistic dual models of worldview with their moral and semantic indistinguishability, could not give rise to projects of utopias as projects of evolution. The inversion of archetypal structures in socialist utopia is essentially anti-utopian.
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Campalani, P., A. Beccati, S. Mantovani i P. Baumann. "TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC DATA USING OPEN STANDARDS". ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-4 (23.04.2014): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-4-21-2014.
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The continuous growth of remotely sensed data raises the need for efficient ways of accessing data archives. The classical model of accessing remote sensing (satellite) archives via distribution of large files is increasingly making way for a more dynamic and interactive data service. A challenge, though, is interoperability of such services, in particular when multi-dimensional data and advanced processing are involved. Individually crafted service interfaces typically do not allow substitution and combination of services. Open standards can provide a way forward if they are powerful enough to address both data and processing model. <br><br> The OGC Web Coverage Service (WCS) is a modular service suite which provides high-level interface definitions for data access, subsetting, filtering, and processing of spatio-temporal raster data. WCS based service interfaces to data archives deliver data in their original semantics useful for further client-side processing, as opposed to the Web Map Service (WMS) (de la Beaujardière, 2006) which performs a pre-rendering into images only useful for display to humans. <br><br> In this paper we present a case study where the OGC coverage data and service model defines the client/server interface for a climate data service. In particular, we show how flexible temporal analysis can be performed efficiently on massive spatio-temporal coverage objects. This service, which is operational on a several Terabyte data holding, has been established as part of the <i>EarthServer</i> initiative focusing on Big Data in the Earth and Planetary sciences.
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Ibrahim, Noha, Frédéric Le Mouël i Stéphane Frénot. "Semantic service substitution in pervasive environments". International Journal of Services, Economics and Management 6, nr 4 (2014): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsem.2014.068244.
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Georgi, Geoff. "A propositional semantics for substitutional quantification". Philosophical Studies 172, nr 5 (20.06.2014): 1183–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11098-014-0343-7.
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Grechanik, Sergei. "Polyprograms and Polyprogram Bisimulation". Modeling and Analysis of Information Systems 25, nr 5 (28.10.2018): 534–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18255/1818-1015-2018-5-534-548.
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A polyprogram is a generalization of a program which admits multiple definitions of a single function. Such objects arise in different transformation systems, such as the Burstall-Darlington framework or equality saturation. In this paper, we introduce the notion of a polyprogram in a non-strict first-order functional language. We define denotational semantics for polyprograms and describe some possible transformations of polyprograms, namely we present several main transformations in two different styles: in the style of the Burstall-Darlington framework and in the style of equality saturation. Transformations in the style of equality saturation are performed on polyprograms in decomposed form, where the difference between functions and expressions is blurred, and so is the difference between substitution and unfolding. Decomposed polyprograms are well suited for implementation and reasoning, although they are not very human-readable. We also introduce the notion of polyprogram bisimulation which enables a powerful transformation called merging by bisimulation, corresponding to proving equivalence of functions by induction or coinduction. Polyprogram bisimulation is a concept inspired by bisimulation of labelled transition systems, but yet it is quite different, because polyprogram bisimulation treats every definition as self-sufficient, that is a function is considered to be defined by any of its definitions, whereas in an LTS the behaviour of a state is defined by all transitions from this state. We present an algorithm for enumerating polyprogram bisimulations of a certain form. The algorithm consists of two phases: enumerating prebisimulations and converting them to proper bisimulations. This separation is required because polyprogram bisimulations take into account the possibility of parameter permutation. We prove correctness of this algorithm and formulate a certain weak form of its completeness. The article is published in the author’s wording.
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Petrosyan, G., L. Ter-Vardanyan i A. Gaboutchian. "MODELLING OF BIOMETRIC IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM WITH GIVEN PARAMETERS USING COLORED PETRI NETS". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W4 (10.05.2017): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w4-145-2017.
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Biometric identification systems use given parameters and function on the basis of Colored Petri Nets as a modelling language developed for systems in which communication, synchronization and distributed resources play an important role. Colored Petri Nets combine the strengths of Classical Petri Nets with the power of a high-level programming language. Coloured Petri Nets have both, formal intuitive and graphical presentations. Graphical CPN model consists of a set of interacting modules which include a network of places, transitions and arcs. Mathematical representation has a well-defined syntax and semantics, as well as defines system behavioural properties. One of the best known features used in biometric is the human finger print pattern. During the last decade other human features have become of interest, such as iris-based or face recognition. The objective of this paper is to introduce the fundamental concepts of Petri Nets in relation to tooth shape analysis. Biometric identification systems functioning has two phases: data enrollment phase and identification phase. During the data enrollment phase images of teeth are added to database. This record contains enrollment data as a noisy version of the biometrical data corresponding to the individual. During the identification phase an unknown individual is observed again and is compared to the enrollment data in the database and then system estimates the individual. The purpose of modeling biometric identification system by means of Petri Nets is to reveal the following aspects of the functioning model: the efficiency of the model, behavior of the model, mistakes and accidents in the model, feasibility of the model simplification or substitution of its separate components for more effective components without interfering system functioning. The results of biometric identification system modeling and evaluating are presented and discussed.
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RIESCO, ADRIÁN, i JUAN RODRÍGUEZ-HORTALÁ. "Singular and plural functions for functional logic programming". Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 14, nr 1 (17.05.2012): 65–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147106841200004x.
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AbstractModern functional logic programming (FLP) languages use non-terminating and non-confluent constructor systems (CSs) as programs in order to define non-strict and non-deterministic functions. Two semantic alternatives have been usually considered for parameter passing with this kind of functions: call-time choice and run-time choice. While the former is the standard choice of modern FLP languages, the latter lacks some basic properties – mainly compositionality – that have prevented its use in practical FLP systems. Traditionally it has been considered that call-time choice induces a singular denotational semantics, while run-time choice induces a plural semantics. We have discovered that this latter identification is wrong when pattern matching is involved, and thus in this paper we propose two novel compositional plural semantics for CSs that are different from run-time choice.We investigate the basic properties of our plural semantics – compositionality, polarity, and monotonicity for substitutions, and a restricted form of the bubbling property for CSs – and the relation between them and to previous proposals, concluding that these semantics form a hierarchy in the sense of set inclusion of the set of values computed by them. Besides, we have identified a class of programs characterized by a simple syntactic criterion for which the proposed plural semantics behave the same, and a program transformation that can be used to simulate one of the proposed plural semantics by term rewriting. At the practical level, we study how to use the new expressive capabilities of these semantics for improving the declarative flavor of programs. As call-time choice is the standard semantics for FLP, it still remains the best option for many common programming patterns. Therefore, we propose a language that combines call-time choice and our plural semantics, which we have implemented in the Maude system. The resulting interpreter is then employed to develop and test several significant examples showing the capabilities of the combined semantics.
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Goodhew, S. C., T. A. W. Visser, O. V. Lipp i P. E. Dux. "Implicit semantic perception in object substitution masking". Journal of Vision 11, nr 11 (23.09.2011): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/11.11.161.
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Reiss, Jason E., i James E. Hoffman. "Object Substitution Masking Interferes With Semantic Processing". Psychological Science 17, nr 12 (grudzień 2006): 1015–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01820.x.
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Goodhew, Stephanie C., Troy A. W. Visser, Ottmar V. Lipp i Paul E. Dux. "Implicit semantic perception in object substitution masking". Cognition 118, nr 1 (styczeń 2011): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2010.10.013.
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Więckowski, Bartosz. "Associative Substitutional Semantics and Quantified Modal Logic". Studia Logica 94, nr 1 (27.01.2010): 105–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11225-010-9222-1.
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McGregor, Karla K. "Use of Phonological Information in a Word-Finding Treatment for Children". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 37, nr 6 (grudzień 1994): 1381–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3706.1381.
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Two children with word-finding deficits characterized largely by semantic substitutions participated in a treatment involving phonological information about target words. The treatment was motivated by models of naming where semantic information and phonological information are stored in independent ordered components. Given such models, it is possible to characterize some semantic word-finding substitutions as well as phonological word-finding substitutions as the result of breakdown at the level of the phonological output representation. The treatment was organized according to a single-subject multiple baseline design across behaviors and subjects. As hypothesized, the phonologically based treatment resulted in reduction not only of occasional phonological word-finding substitutions but also of the large number of semantic word-finding substitutions displayed during baseline and control measures of confrontation naming. In light of these data, the possible source of word-finding breakdowns in these children is explored.