Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Substitution Semantics

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Substitution Semantics”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 1 lutego 2022

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Substitution Semantics"

Poutiainen, Hannu. "Self-Re-Interpretations (Of the Trace): From Restricted to General Substitutability". Derrida Today 8, nr 2 (listopad 2015): 156–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/drt.2015.0108.

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This article elaborates on Christopher Norris's claim that certain aspects of Derrida's work are amenable to formalisation in modal-logical terms. Norris contends that any adequate analysis of the logic behind Derrida's work must provide an account of the notions of possibility, necessity, and necessary possibility, particularly as they are related to Derrida's notion of iterability. This article examines the further hypothesis that Derrida's understanding of modality, according to which possibilities must be accounted for even if they are never realised, might even better be described in terms of possible worlds. In possible-worlds semantics, the conceptual meaning of a statement is constituted by the set of alternative contexts in which that statement is true. This article argues, however, that possible-worlds semantics would be unthinkable without the experience that one referent can be substituted for another. The possibility of this experience is best described in Derridean terms. Read through Derrida's thought of the trace, the properly semantic substitutions (of names in view of a thing and of things in view of a concept) may come to be seen as dependent on the substitution of the thing for itself; on what Derrida calls ‘the substitution of the unique for the unique’.

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Tretyakova, Irina Y. "Peculiarities of occasional substitution in phraseological units with a colour-component." Verhnevolzhski Philological Bulletin 2, nr 25 (2021): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2499-9679-2021-2-25-55-63.

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The article is devoted to occasional transformations of phraseological units in the modern Russian language. The relevance of the study is based on the attention of scientists to the problems of variability of language units in speech. The novelty of the study is based on insufficient knowledge about transformation capacity of idioms from various thematic, phraseological and semantic groups and fields. One of the groups unites idioms with the colour-component featuring semantic peculiarities, which determine specific transforming processes. The article studies transformations of phraseological units with the component white by means of substituting the component white by occasional components. Analyzing phraseological semantics, the author regards specific features of the colour-adjective both as a phraseological component and a free lexical unit. It is important to mention that color-words may function as a symbol. The article deals with idioms where a colour-component either represents meaningful semantic elements or conveys a symbolic meaning, or it is excluded from phraseological semantics. To define transformation peculiarities of idioms, the author analyzes component substitutions based on paradigmatic connections among colour-words and on their asystemic connections. The results of the research demonstrate dependence of transformation capacity on the degree acolour-component is involved in forming a phraseological meaning: the less a component participates in forming a phraseological meaning, the more possibilities for transformations are presented in speech and, thus, the higher transformation capacity is.

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BOUDOL, GÉRARD, PIERRE-LOUIS CURIEN i CAROLINA LAVATELLI. "A semantics for lambda calculi with resources". Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 9, nr 4 (sierpień 1999): 437–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960129599002893.

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We present the λ-calculus with resources λr, and two variants of it: a deterministic restriction λm and an extension λcr with a convergence testing operator. These calculi provide a control on the substitution process – deadlocks may arise if not enough resources are available to carry out all the substitutions needed to pursue a computation. The design of these calculi was motivated by Milner's encoding of the λ-calculus in the π-calculus. As Boudol and Laneve have shown elsewhere, the discriminating power of λm (given by the contextual observational equivalence) over λ-terms coincides with that induced by Milner's π-encoding, and coincides also with that provided by the lazy algebraic semantics (Lévy–Longo trees). The main contribution of this paper is model-theoretic. We define and solve an appropriate domain equation, and show that the model thus obtained is fully abstract with respect to λcr. The techniques used are in the line of those used by Abramsky for the lazy λ-calculus, the main departure being that the resource-consciousness of our calculi leads us to introduce a non-idempotent form of intersection types.

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Yamasaki, Susumu, Mikio Yoshida i Shuji Doshita. "A fixpoint semantics of Horn sentences based on substitution sets". Theoretical Computer Science 51, nr 3 (1987): 309–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3975(87)90039-9.

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AHRENS, BENEDIKT. "Modules over relative monads for syntax and semantics". Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 26, nr 1 (5.12.2014): 3–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960129514000103.

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We give an algebraic characterization of the syntax and semantics of a class of untyped functional programming languages.To this end, we introduce a notion of 2-signature: such a signature specifies not only the terms of a language, but also reduction rules on those terms. To any 2-signature (S, A) we associate a category of ‘models’. We then prove that this category has an initial object, which integrates the terms freely generated by S, and which is equipped with reductions according to the rules given in A. We call this initial object the programming language generated by (S, A). Models of a 2-signature are built from relative monads and modules over such monads. Through the use of monads, the models – and in particular, the initial model – come equipped with a substitution operation that is compatible with reduction in a suitable sense.The initiality theorem is formalized in the proof assistant Coq, yielding a machinery which, when fed with a 2-signature, provides the associated programming language with reduction relation and certified substitution.

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KAMAREDDINE, FAIROUZ. "THE SOUNDNESS OF EXPLICIT SUBSTITUTION WITH NAMELESS VARIABLES". International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 09, nr 03 (wrzesień 1998): 321–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054198000210.

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We show the soundness of a λ-calculus ℬ where de Bruijn indices are used, substitution is explicit, and reduction is step-wise. This is done by interpreting ℬ in the classical calculus where the explicit substitution becomes implicit and de Bruijn indices become named variables. This is the first flat semantics of explicit substitution and step-wise reduction and the first clear account of exactly when α-reduction is needed.

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GORDON, ANDREW D., PAUL D. HANKIN i SØREN B. LASSEN. "Compilation and equivalence of imperative objects". Journal of Functional Programming 9, nr 4 (lipiec 1999): 373–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796899003482.

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We adopt the untyped imperative object calculus of Abadi and Cardelli as a minimal setting in which to study problems of compilation and program equivalence that arise when compiling object-oriented languages. We present both a big-step and a small-step substitution-based operational semantics for the calculus. Our first two results are theorems asserting the equivalence of our substitution-based semantics with a closure-based semantics like that given by Abadi and Cardelli. Our third result is a direct proof of the correctness of compilation to a stack-based abstract machine via a small-step decompilation algorithm. Our fourth result is that contextual equivalence of objects coincides with a form of Mason and Talcott's CIU equivalence; the latter provides a tractable means of establishing operational equivalences. Finally, we prove correct an algorithm, used in our prototype compiler, for statically resolving method offsets. This is the first study of correctness of an object-oriented abstract machine, and of operational equivalence for the imperative object calculus.

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Maziarz, Marek, Stanisław Szpakowicz i Maciej Piasecki. "Semantic relations among adjectives in Polish WordNet 2.0: a new relation set, discussion and evaluation". Cognitive Studies | Études cognitives, nr 12 (24.11.2015): 149–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/cs.2012.011.

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Semantic relations among adjectives in Polish WordNet 2.0: a new relation set, discussion and evaluationAdjectives in wordnets are often neglected: there are many fewer of them than nouns, and relations among them are sometimes not as varied as those among nouns or verbs. Polish WordNet 1.0 was no exception. Version 2.0 aims to correct that. We present an overview of a much larger set of lexical-semantic relations which connect adjectives to the other parts of the network. Our choice of relations has been motivated by linguistic considerations, especially the concerns of the Polish lexical semantics, and by pragmatic reasons. The discussion includes detailed substitution tests, meant to ensure consistency among wordnet editors.

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Fontaine, Matthieu. "Singular Terms, Identity, and the Creation of Fictional Characters". Disputatio 11, nr 54 (1.12.2019): 207–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/disp-2019-0017.

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Abstract How to interpret singular terms in fiction? In this paper, we address this semantic question from the perspective of the Artifactual Theory of Fiction (ATF). According to the ATF, fictional characters exist as abstract artifacts created by their author, and preserved through the existence of copies of an original work and a competent readership. We pretend that a well-suited semantics for the ATF can be defined with respect to a modal framework by means of Hintikka’s world lines semantics. The question of the interpretation of proper names is asked in relation to two inference rules, problematic when applied in intensional contexts: the Substitution of Identicals and Existential Generalization. The former fails because identity is contingent. The latter because proper names are not necessarily linked to well-identified individuals. This motivates a non-rigid interpretation of proper names in fiction, although cross-fictional reference (e.g. to real entities) is made possible by the interpretative efforts of the reader.

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Afanasyeva, Olesya. "Analysis Of Aspects Of Messages Hiding In Text Environments". Journal of KONBiN 34, nr 1 (1.09.2015): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jok-2015-0019.

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Abstract In the work are researched problems, which arise during hiding of messages in text environments, being transmitted by electronic communication channels and the Internet. The analysis of selection of places in text environment (TE), which can be replaced by word from the message is performed. Selection and replacement of words in the text environment is implemented basing on semantic analysis of text fragment, consisting of the inserted word, and its environment in TE. For implementation of such analysis is used concept of semantic parameters of words coordination and semantic value of separate word. Are used well-known methods of determination of values of these parameters. This allows moving from quality level to quantitative level analysis of text fragments semantics during their modification by word substitution. Invisibility of embedded messages is ensured by providing preset values of the semantic cooperation parameter deviations.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Substitution Semantics"

Elgedawy, Islam Moukhtar, i islam_elgedawy@yahoo com au. "Correctness-Aware High-Level Functional Matching Approaches For Semantic Web Services". RMIT University. Computer Science and Information Technology, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20070511.162143.

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Existing service matching approaches trade precision for recall, creating the need for humans to choose the correct services, which is a major obstacle for automating the service matching and the service aggregation processes. To overcome this problem, the matchmaker must automatically determine the correctness of the matching results according to the defined users' goals. That is, only service(s)-achieving users' goals are considered correct. This requires the high-level functional semantics of services, users, and application domains to be captured in a machine-understandable format. Also this requires the matchmaker to determine the achievement of users' goals without invoking the services. We propose the G+ model to capture the high-level functional specifications of services and users (namely goals, achievement contexts and external behaviors) providing the basis for automated goal achievement determination; also we propose the concepts substitutability graph to capture the application domains' semantics. To avoid the false negatives resulting from adopting existing constraint and behavior matching approaches during service matching, we also propose new constraint and behavior matching approaches to match constraints with different scopes, and behavior models with different number of state transitions. Finally, we propose two correctness-aware matching approaches (direct and aggregate) that semantically match and aggregate semantic web services according to their G+ models, providing the required theoretical proofs and the corresponding verifying simulation experiments.

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Eades, Harley D. III. "The semantic analysis of advanced programming languages". Diss., University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1312.

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We live in a time where computing devices power essential systems of our society: our automobiles, our airplanes and even our medical services. In these safety-critical systems, bugs do not just cost money to fix; they have a potential to cause harm, even death. Therefore, software correctness is of paramount importance. Existing mainstream programming languages do not support software verification as part of their design, but rely on testing, and thus cannot completely rule out the possibility of bugs during software development. To fix this problem we must reshape the very foundation on which programming languages are based. Programming languages must support the ability to verify the correctness of the software developed in them, and this software verification must be possible using the same language the software is developed in. In the first half of this dissertation we introduce three new programming languages: Freedom of Speech, Separation of Proof from Program, and Dualized Type Theory. The Freedom of Speech language separates a logical fragment from of a general recursive programming language, but still allowing for the types of the logical fragment to depend on general recursive programs while maintaining logical consistency. Thus, obtaining the ability to verify properties of general recursion programs. Separation of Proof from Program builds on the Freedom of Speech languageby relieving several restrictions, and adding a number of extensions. Finally, Dualized Type Theory is a terminating functional programming language rich in constructive duality, and shows promise of being a logical foundation of induction and coninduction. These languages have the ability to verify properties of software, but how can we trust this verification? To be able to put our trust in these languages requires that the language be rigorously and mathematically defined so that the programming language itself can be studied as a mathematical object. Then we must show one very important property, logical consistency of the fragment of the programming language used to verify mathematical properties of the software. In the second half of this dissertation we introduce a well-known proof technique for showing logical consistency called hereditary substitution. Hereditary substitution shows promise of being less complex than existing proof techniques like the Tait-Girard Reducibility method. However, we are unsure which programming languages can be proved terminating using hereditary substitution. Our contribution to this line of work is the application of the hereditary substitution technique to predicative polymorphic programming languages, and the first proof of termination using hereditary substitution for a classical type theory.

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Brage, Jens. "A Natural Interpretation of Classical Proofs". Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Dept. of mathematics, Stockholm university, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-913.

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Więckowski, Bartosz. "Modality without reference an alternative semantics for substitutional quantified modal logic and its philosophical significance /". [S.l. : s.n.], 2006.

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Bourget, Anne-Laure. "La parole voilée : musiques de louange chez les Bwaba du Burkina Faso". Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR2006/document.

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Les Bwaba du Burkina Faso montrent une grande prédilection, dans leur expression orale, pour un recours à l’implicite consistant à dissimuler la parole au moyen des sons de leurs xylophones. Cette dissimulation s’exerce principalement à propos des identités individuelles et collectives. C’est là une façon, pour eux, de masquer leur pensée tout en la dévoilant, afin de susciter à tout moment chez leurs auditeurs l’éveil de l’esprit, le questionnement, la curiosité. Ils disposent à cet effet de deux genres musicaux différenciés, tous deux dévolus à la louange, dont chacun forme un corpus spécifique : les devises senké et les chants bassé. Le recensement, la description et l’analyse de cette manière d’être, de dire et de faire constituent l’objet de la présente thèse.Le plus souvent sans recours aux paroles verbalisées, ces musiques de louange offrent un exemple hautement élaboré de transmission des signifiés. L’étude s’applique en priorité à ces modalités instrumentales pour interroger les processus de transposition de la parole à la musique, qui nourrissent cette société dans son quotidien et dans ses fêtes. Enoncer de façon voilée, par les sons du xylophone, le nom d’un groupe ou d’un individu permet de faire montre d’une grande maîtrise du langage musical, comme de la gestion des relations sociales et des possibilités de communication entre les membres de la communauté. Cette étude ambitionne de démontrer que « la parole du xylophone » témoigne, chez les Bwaba, d’une exceptionnelle mise en cohérence de l’intelligence productive et de l’intelligence perceptive
The Bwaba from Burkina Faso are very partial to using implicitness in their oral communication, i.e. to conceal speech within the sounds of their xylophones. This concealment applies mostly to individual and collective identities. It is for them a way to mask their thoughts, while unveiling them at the same time, in order to create an awakening of spirit, and arouse questioning and curiosity among their audience. In order to achieve that, they can use two differentiated musical genres, both meant for praise and with a specific corpus each: mottos or senké, and songs or bassé. The object of this PhD is to make an inventory, to describe and analyse this way of being, of saying and of doing.The musics of praise, which most of the time do not use any verbal speech, give a highly elaborate example of transmission of the signified. This study first of all applies to instrumental modalities, in order to question the process of transposition of speech into music, a process which nurtures the Bwaba society in its daily life and holy days and feasts. Enunciating in a veiled way the name of a group or a person, through the sounds of xylophone, enables them to show their great skills in musical language, and also in the management of social relationships and in communication possibilities among members of the community. The present study wishes to demonstrate that "xylophone speech" shows, for the Bwaba, an exceptional setting into coherence of the productive and perceptive intelligence

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Novák, Ján. "Automatická tvorba tezauru z wikipedie". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-236964.

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This thesis deals with automatic acquiring thesauri from Wikipedia. It describes Wikipedia as a suitable data set for thesauri acquiring and also methods for computing semantic similarity of terms are described. The thesis also contains a description of concepts and implementation of the system for automatic thesauri acquiring. Finally, the implemented system is evaluated by the standard metrics, such as precision or recall.

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Farhad, Etezadi Ghovanlou. "Étude des stratégies linguistiques de locuteurs de français L1 et d'apprenants étrangers lors de la prise de notes en français : perspectives en didactique des langues". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10162.

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Cette thèse se propose d’étudier les différents types de traitement utilisés par des locuteurs de français L1 et des apprenants étrangers de français lors de la prise de notes dans cette langue, à partir du discours oral magistral. Ce travail qui s’inscrit dans une perspective psycholinguistique vise à analyser la conformité et la fidélité sémantique et formelle des textes-cibles (les productions) par rapport au texte-source (le discours émis). Le cadre théorique de la thèse analyse différentes approches et taxinomies relatives aux stratégies communicatives en langue étrangère, notamment celle de Kellerman, dans le but de dégager une typologie des stratégies de traitement à étudier dans les données empiriques relevées. Afin d’étudier l’efficacité des prises de notes des participants à l’enquête observés, nous avons conçu une grille d’analyse intitulée une « grille de matrices » permettant d’analyser d’une part, le discours professoral (par la méthode de l’analyse discursive de Van Dijk) et d’identifier et de quantifier différents procédés audiographiques déployés par les noteurs observés. A l’issue d’analyses portant sur la forme et le fond des textes recueillis, nous avons dégagé des résultats détaillés relatifs à l’efficacité de la prise de notes des participants observés. Au terme des analyses, des propositions didactiques en matière de prise de notes en langue maternelle et étrangère sont formulées
This thesis intends to study different types of treatments used by speakers of French L1 and foreign learners of French for note-taking during an oral lecture in that language. From a psycholinguistic perspective, this assignment aims to analyze compliance and definite semantic fidelity of targets-texts (productions) in comparison with the source-text (the issued speech). The theoretical context of the thesis analyzes different approaches and taxonomies relating to conversational strategies in a foreign language notably that of Kellerman, with the intention of identifying a typology of treatment strategies to be studied in gathered empirical data. To study the effectiveness of the participants’ note-taking, we conceived an analysis grid called “matrix grid” allowing to analyze, on one hand, professorial speech (through the method of the discursive analysis of Van Dijk) and on the other hand, to identify and quantify different audiographique techniques used by examined note takers. After analyzing the form and semantic content of the gathered texts, we formulated detailed results relating to the effectiveness of the examined participants’ note-taking. As a consequence of these analyses, didactic proposals in note-taking in a native or foreign language were formulated

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Dali, Narjes. "Syntaxe et sémantique de IT référentiel en anglais contemporain". Phd thesis, Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle - Paris III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01065959.

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Partant du constat que le pronom IT connaît, en anglais contemporain, une grande richesse d'emplois, cette thèse propose une étude de IT référentiel et vise à examiner ses fonctions, son positionnement phrastique et son pouvoir référentiel. Ce pronom occupe toutes les places syntaxiques au sein de la phrase. Il a la spécificité de renvoyer à une entité beaucoup plus complexe qu'un groupe nominal. De plus, le rapport de IT avec ses antécédents est au cœur de cette étude qui examine aussi les différents facteurs jouant un rôle dans l'identification du bon référent où la présence textuelle ou situationnelle d'un antécédent n'est pas une condition nécessaire pour que le pronom soit référentiel. Un traitement global de tous les emplois référentiels de IT est proposé, car quelle que soit la place de l'objet désigné par IT, cet objet appartient à la mémoire commune du locuteur et de l'allocutaire.

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Sánchez, Álvarez Daniel. "Elementos de Semántica Denotacional de Lenguajes de Programación con Datos Borrosos". Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10932.

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A fin de diseñar e implementar lenguajes de programación que tengan en cuenta el paradigma borroso modificaremos el lambda cálculo clásico, adjuntando a cada término un grado, y redefiniendo la beta-reducción, obteniendo que para que el nuevo cálculo verifique la propiedad de Church-Rosser la transmisión de los grados debe hacerse por medio de una función que sea una t-norma o s-conorma. Utilizando esta nueva herramienta diseñamos un lenguaje no determinista que satisface los requerimientos de la programación con datos borrosos.
With the aim of designing and implementing programming languages that take into account the fuzzy paradigm we will modify the classical lambda calculus by adding a degree to each term and by redefining the b-reduction. Thus, for the new calculus to verify the Church-Rosser property, the degree computed with can be made through a function that is a t-norm or an s-conorm. With this new tool we design a nondeterminist language that satisfies fuzzy dataprogramming requirements, and an example of its behaviour is shown.

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Więckowski, Bartosz [Verfasser]. "Modality without reference : an alternative semantics for substitutional quantified modal logic and its philosophical significance / vorgelegt von Bartosz Wiȩckowski". 2007. http://d-nb.info/983714568/34.

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Książki na temat "Substitution Semantics"

Šabršula, Jan. Substitution, répresentation, diaphore. Praha: Univerzita Karlova, 1985.

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Saul, Jennifer Mather. Simple sentences, substitution, and intuitions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

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Die Substitution von singulären Termen in opaquen Kontexten, oder, wie schwierig es ist, über die Einstellungen von anderen Menschen zu sprechen. Tübingen: Narr, 1986.

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Saul, Jennifer M. Simple Sentences, Substitution, and Intuitions. Oxford University Press, 2010.

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Forbes, Graeme. Content and Theme in Attitude Ascriptions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198732570.003.0005.

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This chapter addresses a less-commonly discussed substitution failure in attitude ascriptions: a “that”-clause and its corresponding proposition description cannot in general be interchanged in the scope of psych-verbs, despite the standard view that the two forms refer to the same proposition. For example, “Holmes suspects that Moriarty has returned” and “Holmes suspects the proposition that Moriarty has returned” mean something quite different. The chapter accounts for these data in the framework of neo-Davidsonian semantics, arguing that substitution does not simply change the syntactic category of the attitude verb from clausal to transitive or vice versa, but also triggers the side-effect of changing thematic relations: when the transitive verb is used, it is the theme of the attitude-state or event that is identified, but when the clausal verb is used, it is the content of the state that is identified.

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Asudeh, Ash, i Gianluca Giorgolo. Enriched Meanings. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198847854.001.0001.

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This book presents a theory of enriched meanings for natural language interpretation. Certain expressions that exhibit complex effects at the semantics/pragmatics boundary live in an enriched meaning space while others live in a more basic meaning space. These basic meanings are mapped to enriched meanings just when required compositionally, which avoids generalizing meanings to the worst case. The theory is captured formally using monads, a concept from category theory. Monads are also prominent in functional programming and have been successfully used in the semantics of programming languages to characterize certain classes of computation. They are used here to model certain challenging linguistic computations at the semantics/pragmatics boundary. Part I presents some background on the semantics/pragmatics boundary, informally presents the theory of enriched meanings, reviews the linguistic phenomena of interest, and provides the necessary background on category theory and monads. Part II provides novel compositional analyses of the following phenomena: conventional implicature, substitution puzzles, and conjunction fallacies. Part III explores the prospects of combining monads, with particular reference to these three cases. The authors show that the compositional properties of monads model linguistic intuitions about these cases particularly well. The book is an interdisciplinary contribution to Cognitive Science: These phenomena cross not just the boundary between semantics and pragmatics, but also disciplinary boundaries between Linguistics, Philosophy and Psychology, three of the major branches of Cognitive Science, and are here analyzed with techniques that are prominent in Computer Science, a fourth major branch. A number of exercises are provided to aid understanding, as well as a set of computational tools (available at the book's website), which also allow readers to develop their own analyses of enriched meanings.

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Sorensen, Roy A. Semantic Paradoxes. Redaktor Michael Glanzberg. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199557929.013.26.

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All abstracts over-simplify. But the truth is close to the following: the ancient Greeks, true to stereotype, pioneered semantic paradoxes. There was no indigenous awareness of them east of the Euphrates River. They emerged piecemeal from the Greek love of irony and holistically from the Greek ambition to encompass the whole Truth. After the Greeks there is mostly regress until Thomas Aquinas. After a couple of outstanding centuries, there is decline until twentieth-century advances in logic. These advances have been consolidated by the computer revolution. We are now in an unusual stage of history in which semantic paradoxes have become part of popular consciousness. Sophistication with these paradoxes has been driven by concerted theorizing about truth. Generalizations about truth purport to be true—making the theories naturally self-referential. This circularity can be eliminated by substituting infinity. But infinity also generates paradox, albeit through paths that have only recently been explored.

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Sainsbury, Mark. Thinking about Things. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803348.001.0001.

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In the blink of an eye, I can redirect my thought from London to Cairo, from cookies to unicorns, from former President Obama to the mythical flying horse, Pegasus. How is this possible? How can we think about things that do not exist, like unicorns and Pegasus? Thinking About Things addresses these and related questions, taking as its framework a representational theory of mind. It explains how mental states are attributed, what their aboutness consists in, whether or not they are relational, and whether any of them involve nonexistent things like unicorns. The explanation centers on display theory, a theory of what is involved in attributing attitudes like thinking, hoping, and wanting. These attributions are intensional: some of them seem to involve nonexistent things, and they typically have semantic and logical peculiarities, like the fact that one cannot always substitute one expression for another that refers to the same thing without affecting truth. Display theory explains away these seeming anomalies. For example, substituting coreferring expressions does not always preserve truth because the correctness of an attribution depends on what concepts it displays, not on what the concepts refer to. And a concept that refers to nothing may be used in an accurate display of what someone is thinking. The book describes how concepts can be learned, originated, and given a systematic semantic description, independently of whether there exist things to which they refer. There being no things we are thinking about does not mean that we are not thinking about things.

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Części książek na temat "Substitution Semantics"

Dijkstra, Edsger W., i Carel S. Scholten. "On substitution and replacement". W Predicate Calculus and Program Semantics, 11–16. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3228-5_2.

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Liefke, Kristina. "A Compositional Pluralist Semantics for Extensional and Attitude Verbs". W Language, Cognition, and Mind, 25–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50200-3_2.

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AbstractWe propose a new account of linguistic content that reconciles content-pluralism with compositionality. This is achieved by integrating truth-conditional content and attitude report content into a single notion of content. A parametrized version of this notion (with parameters for agents, times, and information states) serves as input to the compositional semantic machinery. By supplying different parameter-values to the parametrized contents of their complements, different verbs select for different components of the complement’s integrated content. The resulting account explains the different substitution properties of extensional and attitude constructions and captures the role of agents’ epistemicperspective in the determination of attitude content. The account improves upon other accounts of truth-conditional and attitude content (esp. two-dimensional semantics) by interpreting different occurrences of an expression—in extensional and in attitude embeddings—as objects of the same semantic type, and by explaining the substitution-resistance of attitudinal embeddings of extensional constructions.

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Rahat, Amir, Nissim Francez i Oded Shmueli. "On the equivalence of deferred substitution and immediate substitution semantics for Logic Programs". W Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 454–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0018459.

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Elgedawy, Islam. "A Context-Sensitive Approach for Ontology Mapping Using Concepts Substitution Semantics". W Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 323–28. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9794-1_61.

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van Bakel, Steffen, i Maria Grazia Vigliotti. "An Output-Based Semantics of Λμ with Explicit Substitution in the π-Calculus". W Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 372–87. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33475-7_26.

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Pientka, Brigitte, i Ulrich Schöpp. "Semantical Analysis of Contextual Types". W Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 502–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45231-5_26.

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AbstractWe describe a category-theoretic semantics for a simply typed variant of Cocon, a contextual modal type theory where the box modality mediates between the weak function space that is used to represent higher-order abstract syntax (HOAS) trees and the strong function space that describes (recursive) computations about them. What makes Cocon different from standard type theories is the presence of first-class contexts and contextual objects to describe syntax trees that are closed with respect to a given context of assumptions. Following M. Hofmann’s work, we use a presheaf model to characterise HOAS trees. Surprisingly, this model already provides the necessary structure to also model Cocon. In particular, we can capture the contextual objects of Cocon using a comonad $$\flat $$ ♭ that restricts presheaves to their closed elements. This gives a simple semantic characterisation of the invariants of contextual types (e.g. substitution invariance) and identifies Cocon as a type-theoretic syntax of presheaf models. We express our category-theoretic constructions by using a modal internal type theory that is implemented in Agda-Flat.

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Ferrari, GianLuigi, Ugo Montanari i Paola Quaglia. "A π-calculus with explicit substitutions: The late semantics". W Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science 1994, 342–51. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-58338-6_81.

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Chiang, Yuei-Lin, Lu-Ping Chang, Wen-Tai Hsieh i Wen-Chih Chen. "Natural Language Watermarking Using Semantic Substitution for Chinese Text". W Digital Watermarking, 129–40. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24624-4_10.

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Fan, Jie, i Chong-ming Ding. "The Semantic Differences and Substitution Restrictions of -Zhe(着) and Zhengzai(正在)". W Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 294–310. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04015-4_25.

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Schwenter, Scott A., i Elizabeth Closs Traugott. "The Semantic and Pragmatic Development of Substitutive Complex Prepositions in English". W Historical Pragmatics, 243. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pbns.35.16sch.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Substitution Semantics"

Garí Soler, Aina, Anne Cocos, Marianna Apidianaki i Chris Callison-Burch. "A Comparison of Context-sensitive Models for Lexical Substitution". W Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long Papers. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-0423.

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Sfakakis, Michalis, i Sarantos Kapidakis. "A semantics-based substitution for unsupported Z39.50 Bib-1 access points". W 2007 2nd International Conference on Digital Information Management. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdim.2007.4444222.

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Arefyev, Nikolay, Boris Sheludko, Alexander Podolskiy i Alexander Panchenko. "Always Keep your Target in Mind: Studying Semantics and Improving Performance of Neural Lexical Substitution". W Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: International Committee on Computational Linguistics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.coling-main.107.

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Ruta, Michele, Giammarco Zacheo, Alfredo Grieco, Tommaso Di Noia, Gennaro Boggia, Eufemia Tinelli, Pietro Camarda i Eugenio Di Sciascio. "Semantic-enabled Resource Discovery, Composition and Substitution in 802.11 Pervasive Environments". W 2009 IEEE International Conference on Semantic Computing (ICSC). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsc.2009.77.

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Yang, Xinghao, Weifeng Liu, Dacheng Tao i Wei Liu. "BESA: BERT-based Simulated Annealing for Adversarial Text Attacks". W Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/453.

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Modern Natural Language Processing (NLP) models are known immensely brittle towards text adversarial examples. Recent attack algorithms usually adopt word-level substitution strategies following a pre-computed word replacement mechanism. However, their resultant adversarial examples are still imperfect in achieving grammar correctness and semantic similarities, which is largely because of their unsuitable candidate word selections and static optimization methods. In this research, we propose BESA, a BERT-based Simulated Annealing algorithm, to address these two problems. Firstly, we leverage the BERT Masked Language Model (MLM) to generate contextual-aware candidate words to produce fluent adversarial text and avoid grammar errors. Secondly, we employ Simulated Annealing (SA) to adaptively determine the word substitution order. The SA provides sufficient word replacement options via internal simulations, with an objective to obtain both a high attack success rate and a low word substitution rate. Besides, our algorithm is able to jump out of local optima with a controlled probability, making it closer to achieve the best possible attack (i.e., the global optima). Experiments on five popular datasets manifest the superiority of BESA compared with existing methods, including TextFooler, BAE, BERT-Attack, PWWS, and PSO.

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Ruta, Michele, Tommaso Di Noia, Eugenio Di Sciascio, Massimo Paolucci, Floriano Scioscia i Eufemia Tinelli. "A semantic-based registry enabling discovery, composition and substitution of pervasive services". W the Seventh ACM International Workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1626536.1626548.

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Chu, Thi Huong, Quang Uy Nguyen i Van Loi Cao. "Semantics Based Substituting Technique for Reducing Code Bloat in Genetic Programming". W the Ninth International Symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3287921.3287948.

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Machacek, Jakub. "BUTknot at SemEval-2016 Task 5: Supervised Machine Learning with Term Substitution Approach in Aspect Category Detection". W Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval-2016). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/s16-1048.

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Inkova, O. Yu. "A QUANTITATIVE METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF CONNECTIVES: THE "PORTRAIT" OF THE RUSSIAN CONJUNCTION ILI (OR) IN THE SUPRACORPORA DATABASE OF CONNECTIVES". W International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intellectual Technologies "Dialogue". Russian State University for the Humanities, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2075-7182-2020-19-372-386.

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The functional properties of the conjunction ili ‘or’ are quite well studied and discussed in grammars and number of specific studies. However, they were not subjected to multivariate quantitative analysis. The paper proposes this kind of analysis, carried out according to six parameters: i) logical-semantic relation expressed by the conjunction, ii) syntactic structure of the text fragment introduced by it, iii) position of the conjunction in this text fragment, iv) order of the text fragments connected by it, v) status of ili in the context (cf. its use as a particle mentioned in MAS), vi) disposition of the elements that make up the multiword connectives (cf. ili ... ili prosto ‘or ... or just’). The analysis of the formal variants of ili, carried out using the Supracorpora database of connectives, made it possible to formulate the conclusions that follow and to confirm them with quantitative data. i) Always occupying the initial position in the text fragment introduced by him, ili is used mainly as a connective. ii) The most typical order of text fragments for formal variants with ili is the p CNT q scheme. iii) By its syntactic characteristics ili is directly opposite to i ‘and’: ili is used in written texts in most cases for a non-predicative coordination. iv) Formal variants with ili express the relation of alternative at all three semantic levels (propositional, illocutive, metalinguistic), as well as the relations of substitution, correction, and negative alternative, but with a clear predominance of propositional alternative. v) Ili forms multiword and two- and multicomponent connectives; their composition varies depending on the relation expressed by them.

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