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Wadsworth, S. J., R. P. Corley, J. C. DeFries, D. W. Fulker, Gregory Carey i R. Plomin. "Substance experimentation in the Colorado Adoption Project". Personality and Individual Differences 23, nr 3 (wrzesień 1997): 463–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(97)80012-8.
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Lobo, Dr Loveena, i Ms Amlin Roche. "Exploring Substance Use Among Late Adolescents in Mangaluru, India". International Journal of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technology 3, nr 5 (30.08.2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.54105/ijamst.d3039.083523.
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Adolescence is a significant transitioning phase of life where the young are prone to experiment and engage in risk-taking behaviours such as Substances use. The study objectives were to ascertain the reasons for first-time use of substances, occasions of use, and the sources of availing of banned substances among late adolescents. A quantitative and qualitative study approach was adopted with an exploratory and descriptive research design. Around 532 late adolescent students participated in the study, from colleges in urban & rural areas. The study outcomes highlight the primary reasons for adolescent substances-use was party/fun (45%) followed by curiosity&experimentation (35%) and suggestion from friends & family (11%). The top three occasions for substance use are parties (53%), weekends (18%) and when studying (10%). The top three sources of availing of banned substances are friends/ college mates (18%), agents (12%), and petty shops (8%). Qualitative findings showed that the first-time use of addictive substances among adolescents is primarily due to curiosity, experimentation and the influence of friends. Interviews revealed that faulty parenting techniques such as poor communication, providing ample finances and lack of supervision of hostellers are the common markers of adolescent substance use. Hostels and parties are often popular places among students to initiate substance use. The channels for obtaining Banned substances are through students (for financial gains) who have dealt with middlemen/traffickers in the past. Often vehicles such as cars/trains and modern technology are adopted by drug traffickers. Instances of Weed (marijuana) being grown at home in the backyards is seen. Various recommendations at Educational Institutes, law enforcement and Government Policy levels are made. Further research, to probe deeper into understanding the effects of substance use and health concerns due to substance use is suggested.
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Grady, Katherine, Kelin E. Gersick, David L. Snow i Marion Kessen. "The Emergence of Adolescent Substance Use". Journal of Drug Education 16, nr 3 (wrzesień 1986): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/elar-n5pw-bh6a-vd39.
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This longitudinal study examines patterns of emerging substance use among sixth, seventh, and eighth grade students in two New England towns. The results show substantial levels of experimentation and use extending down to the sixth grade and variations in use level depending on the students' community, sex, race, and parents' marital status. This study also examines rates at which students were offered various substances and, by comparing use and offer rates, charts rejection/acceptance rates for the gateway substances across the three grades. The findings suggest the notion of critical periods for substance use initiation and underscore the importance of understanding these early use patterns as the first step in the design and implementation of primary prevention programs.
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Knopf, Alison. "Screen time associated with substance use in young adolescents". Alcoholism & Drug Abuse Weekly 36, nr 46 (6.12.2024): 6. https://doi.org/10.1002/adaw.34344.
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Researchers have found that screen tie was associated with alcohol, nicotine, and cannabis experimentation in young teens. With each additional hour spent on social media, texting, and video chatting, the odds of any substance experimentation went up. The study, “Prospective association between screen use modalities and substance use experimentation in early adolescents” by Jason M. Nagata M.D. is published in the January 2025 issue of Drug and Alcohol Dependence. The researchers based their information on data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study of the National Institutes of Health, which funded the study.
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N.Abhijit i M.Pradeep Kumar. "A Cross Sectional Study on Prevalence and Determinants of Substance Abuse among College Students". Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development 15, nr 3 (4.07.2024): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.37506/p3tt9093.
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Background: Substance abuse in India continues to be a major problem for both individuals and society. Substance abuse refers to hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including smoking, alcohol and illicit drugs. Substance abuse can lead to dependence syndrome-a cluster of behavioral, cognitive and physiological phenomena that develop after repeated use of substances like alcohol and tobacco. Objectives: To find out the prevalence and determinants of substance abuse among college students and assess the awareness regarding treatment of substance abuse among them. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted among 200 college students randomly selected from different colleges in Ongole from April to May 2022. Data was collected by using pre-tested semi structured questionnaires after taking informed consent from study participants. p- value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Prevalence of substance abuse was 34%, and the common substances abused were alcohol, smoking, ganja and gutka. Major determinants were experimentation followed by peer pressure and family influence. Hostel stay, socio economic status and professional courses are found to be statistically significant for substance abuse . Conclusions: Substance abuse is a rampant problem globally. Proper awareness has to be provided regarding substance abuse to children by family and teachers right from a young age to prevent increased incidence of substance abuse.
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Emboden, William A. "“Natural Highs” in an Historical and Biological Context". Journal of Drug Education 18, nr 1 (marzec 1988): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/gq0b-4cbx-bb15-m6lh.
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Historical and contemporary patterns of substance use and abuse are recognized, and the error in believing psychoactive natural substances to be reasonably safe is pointed out. The plethora of literature on drug-induced ecstasies among diverse peoples produces over-confidence in the safety of inducing altered states by means of natural chemicals. Given the current level of experimentation, the lack of a context for use, and the lack of knowledge of the toxicity of many plant sources presents a very real problem. Documented evidence of recent changes in patterns of experimentation with diverse drugs, many from natural sources, suggests that the naive user may experience an unwarranted level of confidence. Diverse genera and species of plants that produce psychoactive effects are presented. Many of these are now in use and others will undoubtedly be the subject of uncontrolled experimentation in the future. Educators, researchers, legislators, physicians, and therapists should be aware of chemicals from natural sources, and the categories of experience that they provoke.
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Mills, Laura, Alexandre Dionne, Jennifer Bingley i Shelley Watson. "Stumbling Along, Walking on Eggshells and Vicious Circles: What Happens while Families Wait for Youth Substance Use Treatment". Canadian Journal of Family and Youth / Le Journal Canadien de Famille et de la Jeunesse 11, nr 1 (23.01.2019): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/cjfy29455.
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Youth substance use is a serious problem that has immediate and long-term impact on individuals, families, and society. Adolescent substance experimentation that develops into abuse foreshadows long-term problems, such as adult addiction, co-occurring mental illness, declined or abandoned academic careers, and other individual and interpersonal harms. Early and effective intervention can mitigate the harmful effects on the lives of young people, their families, and their communities. Intervention may not be accessible, however, for adolescents and/or their families when they seek help, and wait lists are common. Waiting for treatment for substance use is the focus of this study, and in particular, the experience of waiting and its associated impacts on the youth’s substance use, involvement with police, running away, mental health and on the family unit. 118 parents of youth who use substances participated in a mixed methods study at Pine River Institute, a long-term residential youth treatment center. Clinical implications are discussed.
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Raj V Soni. "CONSEQUENCES OF A SUBSTANCE ABUSE EDUCATION PROGRAM ON STUDENTS". IAAR Journal of Education - ISSN: 2583-6846 Peer-Reviewed Journal 4, nr 2 (10.12.2022): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.58213/education.v4i2.46.
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A person's physical growth has stopped throughout adolescence, and they are making the transition from childhood to adulthood. According to WHO, "the age between 10 and 19 years is a unique phase of life," during which a child experiences significant physical, emotional, and social changes. Adolescent substance abuse frequently starts at this phase of self-discovery and experimentation. Substance abuse among teens is uncommon. The most often utilized substances are tobacco, alcohol, and smoking. According to the "Global Youth Tobacco Survey," India consumes tobacco smokeless to a degree of 30 to 40 percent. With a 4.2% national prevalence, student use of smokeless tobacco ranges from 6% in Goa to 68% in Bihar. 13.6 percent of people currently use cigarettes and other tobacco products. According to research by the WHO, drinking and smoking account for 4% of the total global burden of disease (2000). The purpose of this study is to evaluate high school students' knowledge of substance abuse.
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Basnet, Puspa, Reshu Agrawal Sagtani i Shital Bhandary. "Factors Affecting Psychoactive Substances Use Among Bachelor Level Students of Nepalgunj SubMetropolitan City". Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 19, nr 2 (6.09.2021): 288–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v19i2.3431.
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Background: Psychoactive substance use among Bachelor level students have different risk and protective biological, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and sociocultural factors. This study was conducted with the aim to explore the factors affecting psychoactive substance use among Bachelor level students of Nepalgunj sub-metropolitan city.Methods: A qualitative cross-sectional study was conducted among Bachelor level students from different streams of Nepalgunj sub-metropolitan city. Pre-validated Interview Guidelines was used for 13 In-depth Interviews with Bachelor level students from different streams using psychoactive substances and 12 Key Informant Interviews with parents/guardians and teachers of some of the selected students. Deductive thematic analysis based on Domain model was done to explore the risk and protective factors for psychoactive substance use.Results: The study identified different risk and protective factors affecting psychoactive substance use within each biological, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and sociocultural domain. Major risk factors identified were adolescence and teenage, male sex, curiosity and experimentation, use for fun, to relieve or cope stress/tension, inadequate awareness, peer influence and pressure, use of psychoactive substances in family, availability, advertisements, social acceptance, and lack of strict rules and regulations. Major protective factors identified were adequate awareness, negative perception, self-motivation, lack of free time/leisure, mentality/state of mind, personal responsibilities, guidance from family, negative perception of society, and reputation.Conclusions: Increasing awareness, developing positive attitudes, reducing social acceptance, and implementation of strict rules and regulations may help minimize and/or eliminate psychoactive substance use by Bachelor level students.Keywords: Acceptance; bachelor level students; curiosity; protective factors; psychoactive substance use; risk factors
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Green, ReJoyce, Anna E. Kirkland, Brittney D. Browning, Brittany E. Bryant, Alexis M. Garcia, Rachel L. Tomko, Kevin M. Gray i in. "325 Predictors of Substance Use Initiation by Late Childhood: Findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study". Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 7, s1 (kwiecień 2023): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2023.374.
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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Adolescence represents a critical period for substance use initiation. Various factors may contribute to trying a sip or single puff of a substance, that could lead to more frequent use. However, less is known about how predictors from multiple domains converge to impact risk for general substance use initiation. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study is a multi-site longitudinal study following youth into early adulthood. The present study included 7,644 ABCD children who reported no lifetime substance use (including any experimentation) at baseline (ages 9–10). Our primary aim was to use a random forest classification model to predict binary substance use initiation, defined as trying any non-prescribed substance (e.g., alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, non-prescribed medications), during a 2-year follow-up after baseline. A total of 402 variables from the following categories were examined as predictors: demographics, peer substance use and availability, mental and physical health, culture and environment, biospecimens, neurocognitive functioning, and structural neuroimaging variables. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Over a two-year follow-up, 751 (9.8%) of substance-naïve children reported trying a substance by age 11. The most common substance was alcohol, followed by cannabis and tobacco. Mean Decrease Accuracy (MDA) values were used to assess the relative importance of each predictor. The overall accuracy of the model in accurately predicting group membership (no substance use initiation vs. substance use initiation) was 57.66%. Of the top 5 predictors, the most important predictor was intent to use alcohol (MDA = .002). The following top predictors were structural neuroimaging variables: volume and surface area of right lateral occipital lobe (MDA = .0009 and .0008, respectively), surface area of right inferior temporal lobe (MDA = .0007), and surface area of left superior frontal lobe (MDA = .0007). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: A combination of intent to use alcohol and structural neuroimaging indices were among the top predictors of substance use initiation. Understanding predictors of early substance use experimentation is important for identifying at-risk youth that may require targeted intervention approaches.
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Allem, Jon-Patrick, Steve Sussman i Jennifer B. Unger. "The Revised Inventory of the Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood (IDEA-R) and Substance Use Among College Students". Evaluation & the Health Professions 40, nr 4 (27.07.2016): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163278716660742.
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Transition-to-adulthood themes, or thoughts and feelings about emerging adulthood, have been measured by the Inventory of the Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood (IDEA) and found to be associated with substance use among emerging adults. It has been suggested, however, that the IDEA is lengthy and may not include the most unique and theoretically relevant constructs of emerging adulthood. The Revised Inventory of the Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood (IDEA-R) was developed as an alternative instrument, but research has yet to determine the relationship between the IDEA-R and substance use among emerging adults (ages 18–25 years). College students completed surveys indicating their identification with transition-to-adulthood themes and substance use. Logistic regression models examined the associations between transition-to-adulthood themes and marijuana use and binge drinking, respectively. Participants who felt emerging adulthood was a time of identity exploration were less likely to report marijuana use, while feelings of experimentation/possibility were positively associated with marijuana use and binge drinking. The IDEA-R may be useful for identifying correlates of substance use among emerging adults. Future research should evaluate the IDEA-R among representative samples of emerging adults to confirm the findings of this study. Health professionals working in substance use prevention may consider targeting the themes of identity exploration and experimentation/possibility in programs intended for emerging adults.
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Basile, Gaston Javier. "Dragon's Blood or the Red Delusion: Textual Tradition, Craftsmanship, and Discovery in the Early Modern Period". Renaissance Quarterly 76, nr 4 (2023): 1223–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rqx.2023.543.
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This article explores the plurality of referents associated with the term “dragon's blood” (“sanguis draconis”), a legendary substance that brings together Greco-Roman and Arabic medical knowledge, local vernacular traditions and artisanal practices, and new Spanish and Portuguese botanical discoveries. The study of dragon's blood reveals the interface between overlapping epistemic paradigms governing the definition, use, and circulation of complex material substances in early modern Europe, ranging from humanist learned discussions and artisanal experimentation to vernacular narratives of discovery, along with the shifting criteria of truth, authenticity, and value advocated by different communities of learning and practice.
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Kingsley, Tekuh Achu, Asongalem Emmanuel Acha, Njunda Anna Longdoh i Nsagha Dickson Shey. "Unveiling patterns: A cross-sectional analysis of drug prevalence among secondary school students in Douala, Cameroon". PLOS Mental Health 1, nr 1 (4.06.2024): e0000016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmen.0000016.
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The escalating prevalence of psychoactive substance use (Pa SU) presents a significant concern in the African context, particularly among schooling adolescents, leading to potential physical and mental health complications, making substance use a giant monster for every developing society. To address this, the study focused on determining the prevalence and understanding the factors associated with psychoactive substance (Pa SU) among secondary school students in the Douala III and Douala IV districts. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to March 2023, engaging students in secondary schools in the Douala III and Douala IV districts. Utilizing a self-administered questionnaire, comprehensive data on student sociodemographic, parental social information, and patterns of psychoactive substance use were collected. Statistical analyses, performed using SPSS, explored associated factors, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Enrolling 1054 students, the study reflected a male-to-female sex ratio of 3:2, with an average age of 15.29 ± 1.9 years (range: 12 to 20 years). Psychoactive substance life tune use (Pa SU) experimentation prevalence reached 91.0%, while current consumption was noted at 42.8%, exhibiting a male predominance. Alcohol emerged as the most frequently consumed substance, succeeded by caffeine and nicotine. Cannabis stood as the sole illicit substance, with tramadol being the only psychotropic medication used without medical guidance. Male gender (AOR = 1.58; CI: 1.07–2.34; p = 0.022), age > 16 years (AOR = 2.94; CI: 2.02–4.27; p < 0.001), the presence of a family member using psychoactive substances at home (AOR = 3.80; CI: 2.61–5.53; p < 0.001), and the presence of a friend using psychoactive substances in the surroundings (AOR = 32.92; CI: 22.02–49.20; p < 0.001) were independently identified as risk factors associated with current PaSU among students. This study provides valuable insights into the prevalence and associated factors of psychoactive substance use among secondary school students in Douala, Cameroon. The results underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions and parental awareness programs to mitigate the impact of psychoactive substance use on adolescents.
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Bonomo, Y. "Adolescent Alcohol and Other Substance Use: Sharing the Australian Experience". Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 32, nr 1 (15.01.2003): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v32n1p29.
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Substance use is common among adolescents. Although substance use may be a manifestation of experimentation in adolescent development, it may have more serious implications. It may be an indicator of emotional disturbance, or may be associated with several other health risk behaviours in adolescence. Substance use may also progress to harmful levels that can have a significant impact on a young person’s health. Health professionals are increasingly being exposed to teenagers who use alcohol and drugs. The following article aims to provide, based on clinical and research experience in a number of institutions in Melbourne, Australia, an overview of the epidemiology of adolescent drug use, a clinical approach to assess substance use in young people and the principles of management of drug use in adolescence.
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Johnston, Lloyd D., i Patrick M. O'Malley. "Why Do the Nation's Students Use Drugs and Alcohol? Self-Reported Reasons from Nine National Surveys". Journal of Drug Issues 16, nr 1 (styczeń 1986): 29–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204268601600103.
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The reasons that high school students give for their use of each of nine classes of licit and illicit substances are examined cross sectionally and over time. The data derive from the Monitoring the Future project, which involves annual surveys of large, nationally representative samples of American high school seniors. Reasons for use are found to vary substantially by drug, and also by degree of involvement with the drug; but reasons vary only to a rather limited degree by sex. An analysis of trends between 1976 and 1984 shows only a modest degree of change in the reasons given for using the various substances, despite the fact that prevalence rates for some drugs have changed substantially. Among the most commonly mentioned reasons for substance use are experimentation, social/recreational reasons, and relaxation.
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Bidwell, L. Cinnamon, Valerie S. Knopik, Janet Audrain-Mcgovern, Tiffany R. Glynn, Nichea S. Spillane, Lara A. Ray, Nathaniel R. Riggs, Casey R. Guillot, Raina D. Pang i Adam M. Leventhal. "Novelty Seeking as a Phenotypic Marker of Adolescent Substance Use". Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 9s1 (styczeń 2015): SART.S22440. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/sart.s22440.
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Trait novelty seeking has been consistently implicated in substance use, yet the origins and mechanisms of novelty seeking in substance use proneness are unclear. We aimed to characterize novelty seeking as a phenotypic marker of substance use proneness in adolescence, a critical period for drug use experimentation. To this end, we parsed novelty seeking's two constituent subdimensions – exploratory excitability (drive for novel experience) and impulsiveness (careless decision-making) – and explored the individual relations of these dimensions to: (1) the use of a variety of licit and illicit substances, (2) family history of substance use, and (3) subjective drug effects. Five hundred eighty five adolescents (mean age = 14.5 years) completed surveys of key variables. Results indicated that, when accounting for the covariation among exploratory excitability and impulsiveness, impulsiveness emerged as the more salient correlate of substance use and was independently associated with initiation of nearly all drug classes. Mediation analyses of the mechanisms of novelty seeking-related risk illustrated that impulsiveness mediated the association of family history of substance use with both initiation and past 30-day frequency of use. Both impulsiveness and exploratory excitability were associated with increased positive and negative subjective drug effects, and the analyses supported a significant indirect pathway from impulsiveness to a more frequent use via positive subjective effects. Although limited by a cross-sectional design, these findings suggest that impulsiveness-like aspects of the novelty seeking construct may represent a useful phenotypic marker for early substance use proneness that potentially (1) increases initiation risk, (2) has familial origins, and (3) promotes more frequent use by altering subjective drug response.
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Arshi, Ayesha, i Dr Siddharth Soni. "Emotional Intelligence and Quality of Life Among Substance Abuse Adults". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, nr 5 (31.05.2023): 2693–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.52134.
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bstract: Substance use among young people goes from experimentation to extreme substance use problems. All substance use, even test use, puts teenagers in danger of momentary issues, for example, mishaps, battles, undesirable sexual movement, and overdose. Substance use likewise meddles with young adult mental health. Teenagers are helpless against the impacts of substance use and are at expanded danger of growing long-haul outcomes, for example, emotional well-being messes, underachievement in school, a substance use issue, and higher paces of enslavement, if they routinely use liquor, cannabis, nicotine, or different medications during puberty. In present day Western culture, substance use is a simple path for young people to full-fill the typical formative need to face challenges and look for thrills. As anyone might expect, substance use is regular as young people get more seasoned, and about 70% of teenagers will attempt liquor before secondary school graduation. In any case, repeating or continuous substance utilize is considerably less normal. Indeed, even incidental substance use is dangerous and ought not be downplayed, overlooked, or permitted by grown-ups. Parental perspectives and the models that guardians set with respect to their own utilization of liquor, tobacco, professionally prescribed medications, and different substances are an incredible impact. As per public reviews, the extent of twelfth graders who report they have not utilized any substances during their life has been consistently expanding in the course of recent years. Be that as it may, simultaneously, an expansive scope of more strong and perilous items, (for example, solution narcotics, high-strength pot items, and fentanyl) has opened up. These items put youths who do begin utilizing substances at higher danger of creating both short-and long-haul results. The substances that are utilized most by youths are liquor, nicotine (in tobacco or vaping items), and pot. The aim was to study the effect substance abuse on the well- being of adolescence. Boles and miotto (2003) conducted a study on substance abuse and violence, studied that illegal medications are available in the two wrongdoers and casualties in numerous vicious occasions. The connections between psychoactive substances and savagery include expansive social and financial powers, the settings wherein individuals acquire and burn-through the substance, and the organic cycles that underlie all human conduct. On account of liquor, proof from lab and exact examinations uphold the chance of a causal part in fierce conduct. Additionally, the psychopharma-codynamics of energizers, for example, amphetamines and cocaine, likewise propose that these substances could assume a contributing part in vicious conduct. Overdose of liquor and different medications lead to extreme medical conditions and mental issues. Liquor utilizations are more pervasive in the present youth either to flaunt or to keep themselves standoffish from rest of the world. Individuals have issues identified with their work and expert life and even now and again face divisions from their friends and family. Substance misuse and substance reliance mess up mental, physical, mental, and enthusiastic prosperity of a person. The un-favourable impact of substance reliance drives Individual to carries out grievous wrongdoing, for example, assaults, murder, lewd behaviour, physical and aggressive behaviour at home, mishaps, battles and so on. Based on our findings, Emotional Intelligence was significantly correlated with Quality of Life in substance abusers. There was no major difference in the mean of the groups of Males and Females
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Bhagavati, Sushmita, Deelip Natekar i Utalbasha Dhandargi. "Prevalence, Pattern and Determinants of Substance Abuse Among Adolescents in Bagalkot, Karnataka, India". National Journal of Community Medicine 14, nr 07 (1.07.2023): 412–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.55489/njcm.140720232864.
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Background: Adolescence is the age of curiosity, experimentation and new roles. This is the age children start to explore the world and test everything around them. Substance abuse is an alarming problem among adolescents in India. The objective is to assess the prevalence, pattern and determinants of substance abuse among adolescents of Bagalkot. Methods: A cross sectional study with a sample of 384 adolescents, selected by disproportional stratified random sampling. WHO ASSIST was used to assess the prevalence and pattern of substance abuse. The data was entered in MS excel sheet and transferred to SPSS 18 for analysis. Results: the mean age of the sample was 16.4 ± 2.44 years. 71.9% were males and 28% were females. Among 384 adolescents 20.3% used to consume tobacco and 21.4% consumed alcohol, 2.6% consumed cannabis, 15.6% had consumed inhalants. Among Tobacco users 53.85% were 18 to19 years of age. Conclusion: The overall substance abuse among adolescents is about 21%. Age, Gender, and Peer pressure, increase the risk of substance abuse. The substance abuse prohibitor strategies must be strengthened to reduce the prevalence of substance abuse among adolescents.
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Brenes-Torres, Juan Carlos, Francisco Blanes i José Simo. "Magnetic Trails: A Novel Artificial Pheromone for Swarm Robotics in Outdoor Environments". Computation 10, nr 6 (15.06.2022): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation10060098.
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Swarm robotics finds inspiration in nature to model behaviors, such as the use of pheromone principles. Pheromones provide an indirect and decentralized communication scheme that have shown positive experimental results. Real implementations of pheromones have suffered from slow sensors and have been limited to controlled environments. This paper presents a novel technology to implement real pheromones for swarm robotics in outdoor environments by using magnetized ferrofluids. A ferrofluid solution, with its deposition and magnetization system, is detailed. The proposed substance does not possess harmful materials for the environment and can be safely handled by humans. Validation demonstrates that the substance represents successfully pheromone characteristics of locality, diffusion and evaporation on several surfaces in outdoor conditions. Additionally, the experiments show an improvement over the chemical representation of pheromones by using magnetic substances and existing magnetometer sensor technologies, which provide better response rates and recovery periods than MOX chemical sensors. The present work represents a step toward swarm robotics experimentation in uncontrolled outdoor environments. In addition, the presented pheromone technology may be use by the broad area of swarm robotics for robot exploration and navigation.
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AGRAWAL, A., M. T. LYNSKEY, K. K. BUCHOLZ, N. G. MARTIN, P. A. F. MADDEN i A. C. HEATH. "Contrasting models of genetic co-morbidity for cannabis and other illicit drugs in adult Australian twins". Psychological Medicine 37, nr 1 (1.11.2006): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291706009287.
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Background. The use of cannabis and other illicit drugs (OIDs) and their co-morbid misuse are frequently reported in the literature. Correlated vulnerabilities and causal or gateway influences have been implicated in this association. We investigated the source of this co-morbidity between cannabis use (experimentation, early and repeated use, and problems) and OID experimentation and problems using genetic models proposed by Neale and Kendler (American Journal of Human Genetics 1995, 57, 935–953).Method. In a sample of 4152 same-sex male and female adult Australian twin individuals, we fit 13 genetically informative models of co-morbidity to data on experimentation, early use, repeated use of cannabis and co-morbid OID experimentation, and to abuse/dependence (A/D) problems with cannabis and OIDs.Results. Model-fitting results suggest that common genetic, shared and unique environmental factors are responsible for the association between cannabis experimentation, early use, repeated use and A/D problems and OID experimentation or problems. The liability causation model, which is a reduced form of the correlated vulnerabilities model, also fit very well. In women, we found evidence for high-risk cannabis experimenters and repeated users to be at increased risk for OID experimentation, despite being below the risk threshold on the liability distribution for OID experimentation (extreme multiformity).Conclusions. Co-morbid cannabis and OID use and misuse are due partly to a common predisposition to substance use disorders. Putative causal effects could not be ruled out. These models warrant further research, so that features of the correlated vulnerabilities model and the gateway models can be studied jointly in a single series of adaptive nested models.
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Dymock, Alex. "Acid feminism: Gender, psychonautics and the politics of consciousness". Sociological Review 71, nr 4 (lipiec 2023): 817–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00380261231175731.
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Psychedelic substances have undergone a transformation in the public consciousness over the last 15 years. However, the most influential first-person narratives of psychonauts and ‘scientist-shamans’ navigating the frontiers of consciousness have tended to entirely exclude women’s experiences and voices. Psychedelic feminism, has emerged to signify the role consciousness expansion and experimentation might play in rejuvenating feminism’s collective imagination, and undoing the historical silencing of women’s voices in psychedelic culture and research. Drawing on Mark Fisher’s work on acid communism, the feminist psychedelic humanities, narcofeminism and autobiographical life-writing by women on experimental psychedelic substance use, this article investigates the promise of acid feminism for the wider narcofeminist movement, and its implications for undoing some key precepts endemic in psychedelic culture and research.
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Steinberg, Laurence, Anne Fletcher i Nancy Darling. "Parental Monitoring and Peer Influences on Adolescent Substance Use". Pediatrics 93, nr 6 (1.06.1994): 1060–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.93.6.1060.
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Objective. To examine the joint influences of parental monitoring and peer influence on adolescent substance use over time. Subjects. 6500 adolescents attending six high schools in Wisconsin and northern California. Design. Longitudinal study. Results. Parental monitoring was negatively associated with substance use, whereas the more involved an adolescent's peers were in substance use, the more likely he or she also was to use drugs and alcohol. Effects of monitoring and peer coercion were strongest for boys and girls at the transition into substance use, rather than at the transition from experimentation to regular use. The effect of parental monitoring on changes in adolescent substance use is mediated not so much by the nature of the adolescent's peer associates, but by its direct effect on the adolescent. Specifically, poorly monitored adolescents are more likely to use drugs, and drug-using adolescents seek out like-minded friends. Once an adolescent associates with drug-using peers, his or her own substance use approaches their level. Conclusions. Intervention efforts should include both parents and community-level efforts. Parental monitoring is an effective tool both in the prevention of drug use and in the amelioration of drug use.
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Percy, Andrew. "Moderate adolescent drug use and the development of substance use self-regulation". International Journal of Behavioral Development 32, nr 5 (wrzesień 2008): 451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025408093664.
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This article presents a re-conceptualization of moderate adolescent drug use. It is argued that experimentation with alcohol and other drugs during the teenage years may play an important role in the development of regulatory competency in relation to drug consumption in adulthood. When such regulatory skills fail to emerge in young people, during the transition to adulthood, the likelihood of serious alcohol- or drug-related harm is increased. The article reviews the empirical evidence of poor self-regulation as a predictor of long-term alcohol- and drug-related problems, places self-regulation within a broader theoretical framework, and considers the policy and practice implications of this conceptualization.
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Gillespie, Wayne, Jessica Lynne Holt i Roger Lee Blackwell. "Measuring Outcomes of Alcohol, Marijuana, and Cocaine Use among College Students: A Preliminary Test of the Shortened Inventory of Problems—Alcohol and Drugs (SIP-AD)". Journal of Drug Issues 37, nr 3 (lipiec 2007): 549–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204260703700304.
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College provides a context for experimentation with alcohol and drugs, the consequences of which range from mild to severe. One purpose of this study involved testing the usefulness of the Shortened Inventory of Problems—Alcohol and Drugs (SIP-AD) to assess negative consequences associated with substance use. A random sample of students (n = 421) was drawn from a medium-sized, public university. Subjects reported patterns of use for alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine over both the last 30 days and the past year. Reliability and factor analyses illustrated the internal consistency and validity of the SIP-AD. Multiple linear regression was also used to show how demographic characteristics and substance use behaviors can predict problems associated with using alcohol and/or drugs.
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FALADE, JOSHUA, Adekunle Fatai Mustapha, Adedayo Hakeem Oyebanji i Olusola Olawumi Falade. "The role of spirituality and religiosity in psychoactive substance use among adolescents in a Nigerian Hospital". Babcock University Medical Journal 5, nr 2 (31.12.2022): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.38029/babcockunivmedj.v5i2.137.
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Objective: Adolescence is a transition period where drug experimentation is common. Spirituality and religiosity have been recognized by literature as having a possible role in stabilizing good physical and mental health. To compare the religiosity and spirituality among adolescents abusing a psychoactive substance and those not abusing psychoactive substances in a Nigerian hospital Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted among adolescent patients admitted to the drug rehabilitation unit and adolescents attending the General Outpatient Department of the ABUAD Multisystem Hospital, Ado-Ekiti. The Daily Spiritual Experience Scale and Centrality of Religiosity Scale were used Results: The prevalence of high religiosity and spirituality among the respondents was 57.9% and 56.1%. The prevalence of high religiosity and spirituality among respondents not abusing psychoactive substances was 62.9% and 62.6% respectively, while the level of high spirituality and religiosity among respondents abusing psychoactive substances was 53.0% and 49.1% respectively. A significant proportion of the respondents who had a low level of religiosity (55.9%) abused psychoactive substances than respondents who do not abuse psychoactive substances (45.7%) (X2=7.694 p=0.006). Similarly, more proportion of respondents who had a low level of spirituality (57.4%) abused psychoactive substances than respondents who do not abuse psychoactive substances (44.2%). The observation is statistically significant (X2=11.1, p<0.001). In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between the spirituality and religiosity scores among the respondents (r =0.50, p<0.001) Conclusion: Psychoactive drug use among the respondent was associated with both low religiosity and spirituality. Therefore, religious activities should be encouraged among adolescents.
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Kendler, Kenneth S., Laura M. Karkowski, Linda A. Corey, Carol A. Prescott i Michael C. Neale. "Genetic and environmental risk factors in the aetiology of illicit drug initiation and subsequent misuse in women". British Journal of Psychiatry 175, nr 4 (październik 1999): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.175.4.351.
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BackgroundSubsequent to initial exposure to the use of a psychoactive substance, psychoactive substance use disorder (PSUD) may or may not develop.AimsTo investigate the relationship between the risk factors for initiation and the subsequent misuse of psychoactive substances.MethodThe lifetime history of illicit substance use and misuse was obtained by telephone interview with 1934 members of female–female twin pairs. We apply a novel model, which estimates the role of genetic and environmental risk factors that influence initiation and those specific to misuse, to three classes of illicit psychoactive substances.ResultsThe individual-specific environment and family environment influenced the probability of initiation, but only individual-specific environment had an impact on the probability of subsequent misuse. Genetic factors which influence the risk of initiation and of misuse were identified.ConclusionsAetiological factors that influence drug initiation and subsequent misuse are correlated but not identical. Family environment is an important determinant of risk for drug experimentation. Two classes of genetic risk factors act on the liability to PSUD: those that influence the probability of initiation and those that influence the risk of misuse.
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Dudok, Réka, i Bettina F. Piko. "Multi-Level Protective Factors of Adolescent Smoking and Drinking". European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 13, nr 6 (30.05.2023): 932–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13060071.
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Adolescence is the most critical life stage for experimentation with substance use; however, this is also the most suitable period for strengthening protective factors and thus promoting adult physical and mental health. Since smoking and drinking still appear among the most frequent types of substance abuse in Europe, this study aims to examine the role of potential protective factors at multiple levels for adolescent smoking and drinking: psychological factors at the individual level, aspects of school attachment at the school level, social support variables at the social level, and measures of quality of life at the level of mental health. This cross-sectional survey involved a sample of adolescents (aged 11–18 years, N = 276) in Budapest and villages in its metropolitan area (Hungary). In addition to descriptive statistics, logistic regression analyses were used to detect odds for potential protective factors. There were no sex differences in adolescents’ substance use. Self-control seems to be a universal and most determining protective factor against substance use, while other potential protective factors (self-esteem, resilience, social support from family or significant others, school attachment, and mental well-being) may also contribute to prevention. However, age and friend support acted as risk factors. Findings suggest that a complex approach to prevention should receive consideration.
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Kenne, Deric R., Rebecca L. Fischbein, Andy SL Tan i Mark Banks. "The Use of Substances Other Than Nicotine in Electronic Cigarettes Among College Students". Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 11 (1.01.2017): 117822181773373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178221817733736.
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Introduction: Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have grown in popularity, especially among youth and young adults. Although e-cigarettes were originally intended to vaporize a liquid mixture containing nicotine, there appears to be an increasing trend in other substance use in e-cigarettes (OSUE). Materials and methods: Cross-sectional data from 1542 undergraduate college student e-cigarette users from a large Midwestern university were collected via online survey to assess prevalence of e-cigarette use, reasons for use, perceived harm, and prevalence and predictors of OSUE. Results: Nearly 7% (6.94%) reported using an e-cigarette to vaporize and inhale a substance other than nicotine. Current tobacco cigarette smokers were significantly more likely to report OSUE (51.0%) as compared with never (33.7%) and former (15.4%) smokers. Among respondents reporting OSUE, the primary reason for e-cigarette use was “safer than cigarettes” (21.7%), followed by “experimentation” (18.9%) and “friends use” (17.0%). Most (77.9%) reported using cannabis or some derivative of cannabis in an e-cigarette. Binomial logistic regression found that women were less likely to report OSUE by a factor of 0.60, former tobacco cigarette smokers as compared with never smokers were more likely to report OSUE by a factor of 1.87, and e-cigarette users who reported using e-cigarettes for “cool or trendy” reasons were more likely to report OSUE by a factor of 2.89. Discussion: Little is known regarding the health effects of cannabis and cannabis derivatives delivered through e-cigarettes. Concern may also be warranted regarding the potential dangers of this young population using substances more dangerous than cannabis in e-cigarettes. Knowledge is limited regarding the public health impact of vaping cannabis or other illicit substances among college student populations. This study stresses the need for continued research regarding the vaping of cannabis and other illicit substances among college students.
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Towberman, Donna B., i R. Michael McDonald. "Dimensions of Adolescent Self-Concept Associated with Substance Use". Journal of Drug Issues 23, nr 3 (lipiec 1993): 525–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269302300311.
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Self-concept has been often examined in relation to adolescent substance use and research results have shown consistently strong association between the two. Yet, the authors maintain that the global construct is amorphous and lacking in defined boundaries that allow for planning and implementation of educational and treatment interventions that effectively impact self-concept. The purpose of the study was to examine the underlying dimensions of self-concept that relate to adolescent alcohol and drug use. Four constitutive dimensions of self-concept were identified through factor analysis. These four factors are negative image, self- confidence, bonding and effectiveness. All four self-concept measures were found to significantly correlate with both drug experimentation and frequency of drug use. Three of the self- concept factors (negative image, self-confidence, and effectiveness) are considered to be internally referenced. These dimensions of self-concept may be the cumulative effect of genetic, psychological and environmental forces. The intractable nature of internal self-concept dimensions may require intensive services and ongoing support services for effective treatment of deficits. However, the fourth self-concept factor, bonding, is primarily viewed as an externally-referenced factor. Remediation of bonding deficits calls for inclusion of significant others in the overall strategy of self-concept enhancement.
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Shafiq, Sameera, i Jamila Fatima. "LIVED EXPERIENCES OF PATIENTS WITH SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL MIXED METHODS STUDY". Pakistan Journal of Social Research 05, nr 02 (30.06.2023): 896–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1202.
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The objectives of the present study are two folds, 1) to explore the lived experinces of the patients diagnosed with substance use disorders and 2) to investigate levels of psychological distress experienced along with the perceived quality of life and coping startegies used by them. Phenomenological mixed methods approach was applied with two phases and the study was carried out during 1st January to 30th July, 2022. In Phase I, we used qualitative approach of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 6 experts (psychiatrists and clinical psychologists) and 6 patients diagnosed with substance use disorders. The recordings were transcribed and analyzed for themes of lived experinces (Smith et al., 2009) as experienced by the patients and perceived by the experts (Psychiatrists and Clinical Psychologists/Psychologists) treating while probing their experiences. The findings of IPA yielded main factors that influence people to indulge in substance use disorder are peer pressure, family influence, stigma, sexual satisfaction , loneliness, social and cultural contextual factors, and experimentation. In Phase II, we used quantitative approach of cross-sectional design. 200 patients were selected by purposive sampling technique from Shaheed Naveed Rehabilitation Clinic, Pathan Wali, Wazirabad, Punjab. They were screened with Urdu version of Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10, Skinner, 1982; Yudko, Lozhkina, Fouts, 2007). To measure psychological distress, Urdu version (Farooqi, & Habib, 2010) of Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (Dass-21, Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995) was used. To measure quality of life and coping strategies, Urdu versions of WHOQOL-BREF (Lodhi, Raza, Montazeri, Nedjat, Yaseri, & Holakouie-Naieni, 2017) and Copying Scale (Hamby, Grych, & Banyard, 2013) were used with patients diagnosed with substance use disorders. The results showed that patients experienced moderate levels of depression (M=17.26, SD=4.71) and anxiety (M=14.10, SD=4.58) and mild level of stress (M=17.32, SD=4.56). The score on coping scale indicated low level (M= 35.0, SD= 7.48) of coping strategies used for appraisal and behaviorally dealing with their issues around drug addiction. Conclusively, the lived experinces of the drug addicts centralized around socio-cultural influences of perceived stigmatization and imbalanced family-peer interactions that arose sensual and curiosity for experimentation with the drugs. They perceived their life to be of average quality and exhibited low coping skills, thus suffered with moderate level of depression and anxiety even in their full remission for substance use disorder in rehabilitation centres. The implications are discussed in the light of the fidnings of the present research. Keywords: Anxiety, Coping, Depression, Drug Addiction, Quality of Life, Stress.
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Arunprasath, Thasma Santhanakrishnan, Padmasani Venkat Ramanan i K. Arun Karthik. "Common Illness with an Uncommon Course- In Adolescents use HEADSS". Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal 18, nr 2 (30.06.2022): 182–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v18i2.40887.
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Adolescence is a period of emotional instability, during which high risk behavior including experimentation with drugs is common. Clinical manifestations of substance abuse and its withdrawal may mimic common illnesses. We report an adolescent who presented with acute dysentery with unusual course. HEADSS screening revealed psychosocial stressors leading to cannabis addiction. The child was diagnosed to have cannabis withdrawal. He was referred to the de-addiction clinic. HEADSS is a useful tool to identify risk factors and protective factors in adolescents. HEADSS screening during each interaction and early intervention when needed must be an essential component of adolescent health care.
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Gersick, Kelin E., Katherine Grady i David L. Snow. "Social-Cognitive Skill Development with Sixth Graders and its Initial Impact on Substance Use". Journal of Drug Education 18, nr 1 (marzec 1988): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/tpnd-4h44-hl8u-453t.
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A primary prevention research project is described which tests an intervention model based on cognitive and interpersonal skill enhancement. Thirty-two classrooms of sixth grade students were randomly assigned to either Program or Control conditions, with Program classrooms receiving a twelve-session cognitive skill development curriculum aimed at reducing rates of substance use as measured by a drug use survey. Students in Program classrooms showed greater decision-making skills, including the ability to generate alternatives and to consider consequences and risks, greater ability to utilize social networks, and greater understanding of group roles, behavior, and alternatives. In addition, Program students reported less use of tobacco in the past year than Control Group students, but no differences between groups were found in use of alcohol, marijuana, or other drugs except for a tendency on the part of Program students to show greater experimentation with alcohol. The effectiveness of the intervention in promoting skill development and factors influencing the impact of the intervention on substance use behavior are discussed.
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Haley, Sean J., Susan Moscou, Sharifa Murray, Traci Rieckmann i Kameron Wells. "The Availability of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Services for Adolescents in New York State Community Health Centers". Journal of Drug Issues 48, nr 1 (25.09.2017): 78–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022042617731132.
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Adolescent experimentation with alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs is commonplace, and limited access to screening and treatment services poses a significant public health risk. This study identified alcohol, tobacco, and other drug services available for adolescents at community health center sites in New York. A survey was distributed to medical and behavioral health directors across 54 community health center organizations serving 255 primary care adolescent sites. One third of sites required adolescent screening for substance use disorders (SUDs). Twenty-eight percent of sites said all/nearly all (80%-100%) and 12% said most (60%-79%) adolescents actually were screened. On-site tobacco cessation treatment and substance abuse counseling were offered at 53% and 14% of sites, respectively. Multilevel models suggested that community health center organizations positively influenced sites’ adolescent SUD screening and tobacco treatment. Additional investment in adolescent behavioral health screening and treatment is needed to reduce alcohol, illicit drug, or tobacco use among the underserved.
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Gottlieb, Anita, Sandra K. Pope, Vaughn I. Rickert i Brian H. Hardin. "Patterns of Smokeless Tobacco Use by Young Adolescents". Pediatrics 91, nr 1 (1.01.1993): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.91.1.75.
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The use of smokeless tobacco products by adolescents has reportedly increased. The purpose of this study was to examine the use of smokeless tobacco by young adolescents across geographic locations and to look at patterns of use and variables associated with continued use beyond experimentation. Participants were 2018 students in sixth through ninth grades. Forty-five percent were male and 76% were white. Use of smokeless tobacco products was reported by 12% of the total population, and 25% reported smoking. Smokeless tobacco use was associated with cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and parental substance abuse. Those reporting alcohol use were more than four times more likely to be users of smokeless tobacco than nondrinkers. We found increased age, being male, being white, smoking, drinking, perceived effects of smokeless tobacco use, and friends' smoking behavior to be significantly associated with continued use beyond experimentation. Smokeless tobacco use was reportedly greater in rural areas. Adolescents who reported initiating use between 6 and 8 years of age were using on a more frequent basis than those who had initiated use when older. This study demonstrated the need for targeting elementary schools for educational interventions aimed at reducing smokeless tobacco use.
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Kim-Spoon, Jungmeen, Rachel Kahn, Kirby Deater-Deckard, Pearl Chiu, Laurence Steinberg i Brooks King-Casas. "Risky decision making in a laboratory driving task is associated with health risk behaviors during late adolescence but not adulthood". International Journal of Behavioral Development 40, nr 1 (24.03.2015): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025415577825.
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Adolescence is characterized by increasing incidence of health risk behaviors, including experimentation with drugs and alcohol. To fill the gap in our understanding of the associations between risky decision-making and health risk behaviors, we investigated associations between laboratory-based risky decision-making using the Stoplight task and self-reported health risk behaviors. Given that there has been no examination of potential age differences in the associations between risky decision-making and health risk behaviors, we also examined whether the association of risky decision-making with health risk behaviors is consistent across adolescence and adulthood using two-group structural equation modeling (SEM). The results indicated significant differences across the two age groups: adolescents (17–20 year olds) who took more risks on the Stoplight task reported greater frequency and earlier onset of substance use, whereas stoplight performance was not associated with substance use frequency or onset among adults (31–61 year olds). Our findings suggest that a laboratory-based measure of risky decision-making is significantly related to health risk behaviors among adolescents but not among adults.
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Achara, Chukwuemerie E., Emeka J. Mba, Francis O. Okeke, Ajuluchukwu E. Igwe, Joy I. Odoba, Praise C. Emeka-Idika, Osemudiamen Isiwele i Chinemerem E. Otuokere. "Study on the prevalence of drug abuse among architecture students: A case study of Enugu, Nigeria". E3S Web of Conferences 563 (2024): 02014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202456302014.
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Drug (substance) abuse is a complex issue with impacts on student wellbeing, performance, and potential. The lack of targeted preventive strategies addressing this critical societal challenge underscores the need for an in-depth investigation into the prevalence and drivers of drug abuse specifically among architecture students. This study investigates the prevalence, motivations and attitudes surrounding substance abuse among 304 architecture students across 5 universities in Enugu, Nigeria. A quantitative research approach was utilized, and primary data was gathered for evaluation through the use of well-structured Questionnaires distribute to students in the study area. Findings reveal concerning 90% alcohol/energy drink usage rates and frequent dependence coping with project deadlines, indicating potentially normalized on-campus misuse. Key triggers include peer influences (42%), performance enhancement (14.5%), enjoyment/ experimentation (19.5%) and self-medication (3%). However, 80% recognize abuse risks, evidencing complex psychosocial dynamics. The study mitigation recommendations centered on awareness creation, policy reforms, faculty training and peer support systems – are not punitive sanctions. It concludes that tight-knit studio cultures seemingly propagate usage; transformative educational strategies addressing high-stress design education realities can restrict enablement.
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Bonilha, Amanda Gimenes, Antonio Ruffino-Netto, Mayara Piani Sicchieri, Jorge Alberto Achcar, Antonio Luiz Rodrigues-Júnior i José Baddini-Martinez. "Correlates of experimentation with smoking and current cigarette consumption among adolescents". Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia 40, nr 6 (grudzień 2014): 634–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-37132014000600007.
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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze social characteristics and stress as correlates of cigarette smoking in adolescence. The main intent was to identify elements that distinguish adolescents who had experimented with smoking and did not progress to regular smoking from those who became current smokers. METHODS: Students at 10 high schools in the city of Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, completed a questionnaire based on an instrument employed in a similar large-scale study. The students were classified as never-smokers or experimenters. The experimenters were subcategorized as having become current smokers or nonprogressors. Analyses were performed using adjusted logistic models. RESULTS: A total of 2,014 students (mean age, 16.2 ± 1.1 years; females, 53%) completed the questionnaire. We categorized 1,283 students (63.7%) as never-smokers, 244 (12.1%) as current smokers, and 487 (24.2%) as nonprogressors. We found that experimentation with smoking was associated with being held back a grade in school (OR = 1.80), alcohol intake (low/occasional, OR = 8.92; high/regular, OR = 2.64), illicit drug use (OR = 9.32), having a sibling or cousin who smokes (OR = 1.39), having a friend who smokes (OR = 2.08), and high levels of stress (in females only, OR = 1.32). Factors associated with an increased risk of transitioning from experimenter to current smoker were alcohol intake (low/occasional, OR = 3.28; high/regular, OR = 2.16), illicit drug use (OR = 3.61), and having a friend who smokes (OR = 7.20). CONCLUSIONS: Current smoking was associated with a profile of socioeconomic correlates different from that associated with experimentation only. Our data (showing that current smoking was associated with having a friend who smokes, alcohol intake, and illicit drug use) suggest the need for comprehensive approaches to discourage substance use during adolescence.
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Etuk, Sunday Edet, Imoiboho Sunday Umoh, Ubong Williams Robert i Okechukwu Ebuka Agbasi. "EVAPORATION OF METHYLATED SPIRIT AS AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF RADIOACTIVITY DEMONSTRATION IN PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY AT SECONDARY SCHOOL LEVELS". Education, Sustainability & Society 6, nr 2 (8.04.2023): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/ess.02.2023.62.67.
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Practical demonstrations by teacher and learner, especially in Science Education, make teaching-learning process pragmatic, learner-centred, easier to understand, and more appreciated. Also, it has been observed that radioactivity is one of the important topics in Physics and Chemistry at Secondary School levels. Unfortunately, its concept appears abstract and illusion in the minds of the learners due to lack of practical demonstrations or experimentation of the theory. The reason for such deficiency may be attributed to hazardous nature of radioactive substances, strict legal regulations on their exposures (both at the international and domestic levels), associated risk during transportation and handling, etc. The essence of this research is to devise a way of practically demonstrating radioactivity by utilising a non-radioactive substance that is cheaply available with high level of sustainability and potential to exhibit decay. Specifically, methylated spirit was used as the non-radioactive substance in this study. It was put in a syringe clamped vertically with an open end facing up and timing of its evaporation was performed separately for intervals of 10 minutes and 15 minutes. In each case, the volume of the methylated spirit left was recorded and the data obtained were analysed It was observed that the volume – time relationships were of exponential decay characteristic supported by empirical formula governing radioactivity, notwithstanding the time intervals considered. For 10 minutes interval consideration, the results showed evaporation constant (which is analogous to decay constant), and half-life to be 8.14 x 10-4 min-1, and 851.4 minutes respectively whereas in the case of 15 minutes interval, they were found to be 8.40 x 10-4 min-1, and 825.0 minutes respectively. Hence, it could be adjudged that methylated spirit is a promising non-radioactive substance for practical experiment/demonstration to make teaching and learning of radioactivity learner-centred for a better understanding of the topic in Physics and Chemistry at Secondary School levels.
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Feng, Max. "The Effects of Caffeine and Alcohol on the Electrically Evoked Responses of L. terrestris". Journal of Basic and Applied Research International 29, nr 3 (8.09.2023): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.56557/jobari/2023/v29i38369.
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Regulation on animal research, largely focused on vertebrates, has led to greater expenses for researchers and institutions. Invertebrate animals, however, are rarely included in regulatory oversight, making experimentation comparatively more flexible and inexpensive. Yet, invertebrates are largely overlooked in neurophysiological research, even though the simplicity of invertebrate nervous system models has its advantages. While somatosensory, visual, and auditory evoked potential may be used for pharmacological and toxicological assessment of drugs in both animals and humans, only minor research carried out on invertebrates generally due to the disregard upon comparison between physiological phases or chromosomes of both invertebrates and humans. This study aims to analyze the viability of Lumbricus terrestris, or the common earthworm, as a potential model for electrical somatosensory evoked potential propagation and for drug safety pharmacology assessment. Varying intensities of electrical stimulation potential from 45 ~ 137 mV and accumulative substance injections up to 300 ul were to be used to evaluate telemetric-recorded changes in the evoked potential of the earthworm, and to track the extent of its reproducibility. Alcohol and caffeine, as they are two of the most commonly consumed chemicals in beverages among adolescents, and much was already known about their neurological effects, making the earthworm model’s response to foreign substances evaluable. Numerical changes in latent period, peak point, trough point and wave width of the evoked potential elicited by each substance were analyzed using regression analysis. We found that our peak point and wave width evoked potential parameters were highly indicative of the earthworm’s capability as an evoked potential invertebrate model, especially because responses exhibited expected outcomes of the excitable and inhibitory effects of caffeine and alcohol with high reproducibility.
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Leslie, K., C. Korenblum, A. Vandermorris, R. Joshi, C. DeSouza i D. Levy. "Assessing Substance Use and Mental Health in Adolescents With Chronic Conditions". Paediatrics & Child Health 21, Supplement_5 (1.06.2016): e60b-e60b. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pch/21.supp5.e60b.
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Abstract BACKGROUND: Mental health disorders and substance use and abuse are significant issues affecting the health of adolescents. While prevalence of these issues have been studied widely in healthy youth, far less is known about these issues in adolescents with chronic disease. This population may experience adverse health effects from potential interactions between prescribed medications and recreational substances, and effects on adherence and response to treatment may be influenced by both mental health issues and substance use. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of substance use and mental health disorders in adolescentswith chronic conditions who were receiving care at a tertiary care paediatric centre. DESIGN/METHODS: Patients aged 12-18 with a diagnosed chronic illness, requiring ongoing care for greater than 6 months were recruited from outpatient clinics in Rheumatology , Nephrology and Haematology. Data collected included age, gender, diagnosis and duration, current medications, responses to questions drawnfrom the Ontario Student Drug Use Health Survey about alcohol and substanceuse.The GAIN-SS, a validated screening tool that screens for mental health and substance abuse was also administered, minus one questionwhich asks about suicidal thinking as the responses were collected anonymously. Data were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis. RESULTS: Data collection is ongoing. For the first 55 patients from who data has been collected, the mean age was15.3 years, with 69% being female, 29% male, and .02% other. Average grade of last completion was 9.2. Patients with SLE comprised 45% of the sample;15% hada diagnosis of Sickle Cell Disease, 13% Thalassemia, 13% chronic kidney disease, and the remaining participants a variety of other rheumatologic and haemato-logic diagnoses. On average, patients were currently taking 2.7 medications. Substance use was infrequent with 70% of participants reported never having drunk alcohol or only trying a sip, and 85% reporting never having tried cannabis. The opposite was true of mental health symptoms, with over 50% endorsing significant low mood overpast year, and a similar proportion endorsing significant problems with anxiety. 13% endorsed missing meals or self inducing vomiting as a way to control their weight. CONCLUSION: There are several possible reasons that this cohort had-lower than expected alcohol and substance use for their age. Their chronic illnessmay limitinteractions with peers,with whom initial teen alcohol and cannabis experimentation tends to occur. They may also have made con-cious decisions not to use because of their illness and treatments. Significantmood and anxiety symptoms that were endorsedwarrant further assessment and may have significant impact on their treatment and overall functioning. The data did not reveal that any of them were receiving phar-macologic treatment for either depression or anxiety. These results suggest that routine screening for mental health symptoms to inform further assessment is warranted in young people with chronic medical conditions.
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Rita Ogechi Chukwu, Chinedu James Ezeh, Peace Makinde, Adewale Mubaraq Folawewo, Mmesoma Barbra Eze i Clara Chinyere Mgbeahurike. "Prevalence and determinants of risky behaviors: a comprehensive review of substance use and sexual risk behaviors among adolescents in the United States". World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 23, nr 1 (30.07.2024): 2132–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.1.2199.
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Adolescents are often the most vulnerable to risky behaviors due to their quest for independence, experimentation, and identity development, resulting in deep-rooted patterns that affect health across the life course. This review examines the prevalence and determinants of substance use and sexual risk behaviors among adolescents in the United States. A systematic search of peer-reviewed literature published between 1980-2023 was conducted using multiple databases. Studies focusing on U.S. adolescents aged 12-19 and reporting on prevalence or associated factors of substance use (alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, or any illicit drugs) or sexual risk behaviors (early sexual initiation, multiple partners, or inconsistent condom use) were included. The review synthesized data from 40 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Results indicate concerning rates of substance use and sexual risk-taking, with variations by demographic factors. Alcohol and marijuana use were most prevalent, reported by 30-40% of adolescents. Nearly half of high school students reported having sexual intercourse, with 40% not using condoms consistently. Prevalence was generally higher among older adolescents, sexual minorities, and some racial minority groups. Key determinants of risk behaviors were reviewed based on socioecological models including individual, interpersonal, community and societal factors. The review highlights the multilevel nature of influences on adolescent risk behaviors. Findings underscore the need for tailored interventions addressing multiple determinants. Particular attention to vulnerable groups such as African American Adolescents and social determinants of health inequities is warranted. More research on risk and protective factors and effective interventions is needed. This synthesis can inform the development of evidence-based policies and programs to reduce substance use and sexual risk behaviors among U.S. adolescents.
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Wong, Chloe C. Y., i Gunter Schumann. "Genetics of addictions: strategies for addressing heterogeneity and polygenicity of substance use disorders". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, nr 1507 (18.07.2008): 3213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0104.
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Addictions are common psychiatric disorders that exert high cost to the individual and to society. Addictions are a result of the interplay of multiple genetic and environmental factors. They are characterized by phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity as well as polygenicity, implying a contribution of different neurobiological mechanisms to the clinical diagnosis. Therefore, treatments for most substance use disorders are often only partially effective, with a substantial proportion of patients failing to respond. To address heterogeneity and polygenicity, strategies have been developed to identify more homogeneous subgroups of patients and to characterize genes contributing to their phenotype. These include genetic linkage and association studies as well as functional genetic analysis using endophenotypes and animal behavioural experimentation. Applying these strategies in a translational context aims at improving therapeutic response by the identification of subgroups of addiction patients for individualized, targeted treatment strategies. This article aims to discuss strategies addressing heterogeneity and polygenicity of substance use disorders by presenting results of recent research on genetic and environmental components of addiction. It will also introduce the European IMAGEN study that aims to integrate methodical approaches discussed in order to identify the genetic and neurobiological basis of behavioural traits relevant to the development of addictions.
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PAPAIOANNOU (Ν. ΠΑΠΑΪΩΑΝΝΟΥ), N., G. KELLER-SAMOUILIDOU (ΓΚ. ΚΕΛΛΕΡ-ΣΑΜΟΥΗΛΙΔΟΥ), S. LEKKAS (Σ. ΛΕΚΚΑΣ), V. P. KOTSAKI-KOVATSI (Β. Π. ΚΩΤΣΑΚΗ-ΚΟΒΑΤΣΗ) i A. KOVATSI (Α. ΚΟΒΑΤΣΗΣ). "Study of pathological lesions in rats after the experimental administration of Lindane". Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 49, nr 1 (31.01.2018): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15741.
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In this experimental study, the lesions that are caused from the chemical substance Lindane were studied. Sixteen rats were used as experimental animals. The substance was orally administered, with food, to 10 rats (5 females and 5 males) in a dose of 8,2 mg/kg b.w./3 days during the first 10 days and in a dose of the 33 mg/kg b.w./ 2 days during the following 40 days. The remaining 6 rats (4 females and 2 males) were used as controls. The mainly clinical symptoms which were observed in the experimental animals, in the end of the experimentation, were anorexia, lethargy, hypothermia and muscular rigor. All the rats were sacrificed 5 days after the administration of the last dose of the substance and they were autopsied. In the macroscopical examination oedema and vascular hyperhaemia were observed in the brain. In the histological examination spongiosis of the white matter of the brain, interstitial pneumonia, oedema and loss of the cross striation of the cardiac muscle cells, coagulative necrosis of individual groups of hepatic cells and degeneration of the epithelial cells of the urinary tubules were detected. In conclusion, when Lindane is administered in subtoxical doses for a long period of time it is possible to cause damages to the organism of the experimental animals, which are located mainly in the brain and secondary in the liver, the kidneys and the other organs.
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Van Hout, M. C., i M. Foley. "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults attending addiction treatment in Ireland: preliminary international ADHD in substance-use disorders prevalence study (IASP) results". Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 30, nr 3 (29.05.2013): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2013.8.
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ObjectivesAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neuro-behavioural disorder characterised by early onset of persistent inattention–disorganisation and hyperactivity–impulsivity. Symptoms causing significant impairment in psychosocial function commence in childhood and heighten the risk for early substance experimentation and potential development of substance-use disorders (SUD). The research aimed to estimate the occurrence of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in new treatment cases of adults attending addiction treatment services.MethodsThe Adult ADHD Symptoms Rating Scale (ASRS) self-administered questionnaire was administered on entry and 2 weeks later for first admissions to inpatient and outpatient addiction treatment settings The ASRS is a validated and reliable 18-item self-report scale derived from the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for ADHD, comprising nine items on inattention and nine items on hyperactivity/impulsivity.ResultsA total of 47 new treatment cases took part in the study. The occurrence of ADHD among SUDs in this sample was 13% (n = 6). Four of the participants were being treated for Problem Poly Substance use, whereas two participants were being treated for Problem Drug use. None of the participants screening positive for ADHD were being treated for Problem Alcohol use. Of the positively screened cases, all were male, predominantly single and unemployed.ConclusionsThe ASRS screening instrument may be a useful tool to detect ADHD co-morbidity in SUD treatment-seeking cases. More research is needed to appropriately develop the SUD treatment pathways for adolescent and adult ADHD sufferers in Ireland.
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Montero Jiménez, Olin Guadalupe, Alejandro Dib Kanán, Farid Alfonso Dipp Velázquez, Juan Fernando Aristizábal Pérez, María de los Ángeles Moyaho Bernal, Marco Felipe Salas Orozco i Miguel Angel Casillas Santana. "Use of Hydrogels to Regulate Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Animal Models: A Systematic Review". Applied Sciences 12, nr 13 (1.07.2022): 6683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12136683.
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The objective of this article is to conduct a systematic review of the literature to contrast the existing evidence regarding the use of hydrogels during and after experimental orthodontic treatment in animals. An extensive search was performed through the electronic databases, Medline, Web of Science and Scopus, from December 2020 to April 2021 for in vivo animal studies. A total of 282 studies were reviewed. Eight studies were included for final revision; four studies were conducted in rats, two in rabbits, one study in mice and one study in guinea pigs. The quality assessment of the eight included studies was performed according to the ARRIVE guidelines and the risk of bias was assessed using the Center for Systematic Review of Laboratory Animal Experimentation tool; in four of the eight articles evaluated, a high risk-of-bias rating was obtained in 40% of the criteria evaluated. In the studies reviewed, the hydrogel acted as a carrier, and inhibition (post-treatment retention) or acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement was assessed according to the active substance used in each of the articles. The uses of hydrogels for transporting active substances to regulate the rate of orthodontic tooth movement remains debatable. Future studies are suggested to evaluate the feasibility of hydrogel as a transport method in humans.
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Dasmo, Dasmo, Yoga Budi Bhakti i Napis Napis. "Pemanfaatan media pembelajaran Phet simulation dalam eksperimen fisika". Navigation Physics : Journal of Physics Education 1, nr 1 (14.01.2020): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30998/npjpe.v1i1.192.
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The experiment of determining the value of the Planck constant using Simulation Based Laboratory is done in order to compare the value of the Planck constant in theory to the value of the Planck constant through experimentation. This experiment wpas done using PhET simulations. Photoelectric effect is an event where when a beam or photon is worn on a substance, it will release the electron and the electric current. In the equation of photoelectric effect, the most important is a constant, the Planck constant. The result of the experiment obtained the Planck constant value is J. s with a relative error of 0.15%, while based on the theory of the value of the constant Planckis J. S can be concluded that the results of the experiment carried out close to the theory.
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Chandu, Patthem, i T. Pavan Kumar. "Mechanical and Water Absorption Characteristics of Jute/BasaltReinforced Laminate". International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology 11, nr 04 (27.07.2021): 405–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14741/ijcet/v.11.4.2.
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To boost the output parameters, the process parameters have to be optimized; which is the aim of this project. Centered within various layers of Jute / Basalt and material orientation, the orthogonal series of various experiments are performed using the relevant Taguchi technique. The aim of these experiments is to provide a relationship between process and performance parameters to enhance the overall performance of the substance under various conditions. The effect of Basalt fibre and Jute fibre orientation during Tension and Hardness is studied in the present work. The tests are arranged according to the orthogonal array of Taguchi L9. Using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), the experimental results are statistically analyzed to correlate the parameters and answers. It was observed from the experimental findings that orientation was perceived to be the most important element affecting the intensity of the substance proposed. By considering the optimum composition through analysis, water absorption test is performed with respect to number of days with Basalt and Jute as outer layers to study and compare the water absorption percentage of both the fibers. SEM analysis is performed to study the fiber intactness and surface morphology of the optimum sample, after every experimentation. Experimental studies have shown that hybridization of Basalt fibre jute epoxy shows greater tolerance to strength.
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Hudson, M. "The welfare and scientific advantages of non-invasive imaging of animals used in biomedical research". Animal Welfare 14, nr 4 (listopad 2005): 303–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600029638.
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AbstractAt present, animal experimentation remains central to our understanding of human disease-related processes and of the biological effects of many substances. Traditional experiments have relied heavily on invasive techniques to monitor changes in blood biochemistry, tissue structure or function, or to phenotype or genotype genetically modified animals. In some cases, a proportion or all of the animals used during the course of a study may be sacrificed for histopathological assessment. In most cases, this is to track the progression or regression of a disease over time, or to determine the levels of toxicity evident in specific organs or tissues. However, many of these techniques fail to provide details of how a disease develops or how a substance elicits its effects. In recent years there has been a gradual increase in the application of imaging techniques that were originally developed and used in fundamental research or in medicine. These non-invasive techniques allow diseases, and responses to exogenous substances, to be monitored in a temporal and spatial manner, therefore allowing a greater amount of information to be derived from smaller numbers of animals, which in turn, increases the statistical validity of the data by reducing the level of experimental variation. Non-invasive imaging also allows more informative and humane endpoints to be used and, perhaps most importantly, allows functional details to be studied in the context of a living animal. Some of the recent developments within the field of non-invasive imaging and their significance with respect to animal welfare and the understanding of human physiology are discussed.
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Modu, Put'ri, i Arthur Huwae. "Sexual Self-Disclosure on Individual Adolescents Who Do PMO (Porn, Masturbate, & Orgasm) on Social Media". Bulletin of Counseling and Psychotherapy 5, nr 2 (31.07.2023): 134–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.51214/00202305579000.
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PMO stands for porn, masturbation, & orgasm. Many individuals, especially adolescents, have begun to take up sexual pleasure via social media. Reputable studies have noted that individuals who experience sexual experimentation on social media have diverse dynamics and various indications of factors. This study aims to describe the experiences of individuals who have done PMO. Two participants participated through snowball sampling. Data was collected based on semi-structured interviews with the participants. Data analysis was carried out phenomenologically descriptively to see the substance of the PMO experience in the form of themes. This research study obtained 8 PMO themes, including self-limitation, self-control, exploratory behavior, idle curiosity, insecurity, escape coping, fetish, and addiction. The interest of this research is how it can be an effort to will sexual self-disclosure in a more positive way to build self-development.
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Chavez, Daniel, Mauro Napsuciale-Mendivil, Karim Hernández-Chahin, Yembi Huamani-Tapia, Maribel Juarez-Hernández, Teodoro Córdova-Fraga i Cristhian Gomez-Solis. "Preliminary Design of a Compact Superconducting Solenoid for Material Science Applications". Journal of Applied Research and Technology 21, nr 5 (30.10.2023): 787–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/icat.24486736e.2023.21.5.1557.
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Innovation in new materials is strongly associated with different techniques and technological developments used on the growth and characterization of samples. Recent studies suggest that one could increase the preferable orientation of the crystals while they are being formed on the substance by applying a strong magnetic field. Uncertainty on the magnetic field magnitude, time of exposure, and temperature requirements, impose a challenge from the technological perspective. An upper boundary of 10 T provides a wide enough range for researching the material's growth.
In this work, we present a preliminary design of a compact 7 Tesla superconducting solenoid. The solenoid uses NbTi Cable-in-conduit technology for the windings. The proposed geometry incorporates an experimentation chamber, thermally isolated from the cryogenic solenoid windings, where the uniform magnetic field (3 cm wide x 3.3 cm high) covers the sample and instrumentation.