Artykuły w czasopismach: „Submarine Pipeline”

1

Geng, Hui Hui, i Jun Yang Wu. "The Effect of Submarine Pipelines’ Distortion when Original Parameters Are Changed during Laying". Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (październik 2012): 1082–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.1082.

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The mechanics model about submarine pipelines during installation is based on the theory of geometrical nonlinear great distortion. The U.L method is adopted as solving problem about the contact between submarine pipeline and seabed, the results obtained by this method are equally accurate and less computational work is need when solving pipeline’s non-linear great distortion. According to select different original parameter during laying pipeline, the bend distortion to submarine pipeline is calculated and the effect of bend distortion to submarine pipeline is analyzed.

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Shao, Bing, Xiang Zhen Yan i Xiu Juan Yang. "Reliability Analysis of Locally Thinned Submarine Pipelines in ChengDao Oil Field". Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (wrzesień 2011): 1527–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.1527.

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Local thinning of submarine pipeline always exists due to the complexity and dynamic of marine environment loads. However, the location and extent of thinning areas are random. Mechanical research on the randomness of local thinning of submarine pipelines is significant for pipeline’s stress analysis and failure evaluation. In this paper, finite element model of locally thinned submarine pipeline is established and based on the Monte-Carlo method, the effect of input random variables on the submarine pipeline’s reliability is analyzed. Probability distribution ranges of equivalent stresses are got and further, relationship equation between confidence level and stress limit has been obtained. The result more accurately reveals the relationships of locally thinned pipeline and its elastic modulus with equivalent stress, which can provide foundation for safety analysis of locally thinned submarine pipeline with internal pressure.

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3

Wood, G. D. "Pipeline Incidents and Emergency Repair in the North Sea". Journal of Energy Resources Technology 110, nr 4 (1.12.1988): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231385.

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The failures of submarine pipelines in the North Sea, and the response of pipeline operators are first discussed. Against this background, the methods currently available for submarine pipeline repairs are reviewed. The Emergency Pipeline Repair Services available are described, and some future developments in the field of submarine pipeline repair are briefly outlined.

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4

Yan, Yi Fei, i Lu Feng Cheng. "The Finite Element Analysis on the Submarine Pipeline under the Seismic Loading". Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (marzec 2012): 2977–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.2977.

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Seismic loading is one of the most important factors of submarine pipeline damage, so the research on submarine pipeline failure mechanism is still lifeline engineering frontier topics. According to Biot consolidation theory, considering the interaction of submarine pipelines with the soil medium under earthquake action, the model of the seabed-pipeline interaction is established. The influences of wall thickness, radius and cover layer thickness on submarine pipeline strain response are studied under El Centro seismic wave based on this model. The calculating results show that effective stress and axial strain of the submarine pipeline increases with wall thickness, radius and cover layer thickness increasing.

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5

Su, Wenxian, i Jie Ren. "Numerical Simulation of Local Buckling of Submarine Pipelines under Combined Loading Conditions". Materials 15, nr 18 (14.09.2022): 6387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15186387.

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Submarine pipelines are prone to developing flaws, such as ellipticity and depression during the manufacture, burying, and use processes. The local buckling characteristics of submarine pipelines with initial imperfection must be studied since the initial imperfection have an impact on local pipeline buckling. In this study, the local buckling of submarine pipelines with varying depression depths and ellipticity is simulated using the finite element program ABAQUS, and defect sensitivity of submarine pipelines with varying shape ellipticity, varying depression depths, and varying pipe radius-thickness ratios is examined. Meanwhile, research is being conducted on the combined load buckling of a submarine pipeline with initial imperfection caused by bending, axial force, and external hydrostatic pressure. The results indicated that the critical external pressure of the pipeline is sensitive to the imperfection, although the buckling propagation pressure is not. The buckling morphology is influenced by the shape and size of the imperfection. Additionally, the ability to withstand external hydrostatic pressure of the pipeline reduces after it has been bent.

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6

Mordvintsev, Konstantine P., Alexander G. Gogin i Ekaterina M. Korneeva. "Submarine pipeline stability under currents and waves action". RUDN Journal of Engineering Researches 22, nr 1 (27.08.2021): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8143-2021-22-1-113-121.

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Pipelines are widely used in recent decades because their eco-friendliness, safety and profitability of transportation. Their length can be more than hundreds and thousands of kilometers. Submarine pipelines got wide distribution. Their constructing must comply with regulatory documents. But even it cant guarantee no problems during operation. This study contains review of the different research, connected with floating of a submarine pipeline problem. Information about conducted research and their conclusions is summarized in this paper. Direction for the future investigations is shown. Submarine pipelines are subjected to vertical movement (floating). Pipeline ballasting method is used to avoid this situation. Ballasting by loading bags is considered in this article. This study contains review of the different research, connected with floating of a submarine pipeline problem. Calculations required for the correct selection of the loading bags weight are performed, possible reasons for floating are described. This article will be useful for submarine pipeline designers.

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Zhang, Yan, Jianhong Ye, Kunpeng He i Songgui Chen. "Seismic Dynamics of Pipeline Buried in Dense Seabed Foundation". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, nr 6 (20.06.2019): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7060190.

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Submarine pipeline is a type of important infrastructure in petroleum industry used for transporting crude oil or natural gas. However, submarine pipelines constructed in high seismic intensity zones are vulnerable of attacks from seismic waves. It is important and meaningful in engineering design to comprehensively understand the seismic wave-induced dynamics characteristics of submarine pipelines. In this study, taking the coupled numerical model FSSI-CAS 2D as the tool, the seismic dynamics of a submarine steel pipeline buried in dense soil is investigated. Computational results indicate that submarine pipeline buried in dense seabed soil strongly responds to seismic wave. The peak acceleration could be double of that of input seismic wave. There is no residual pore pressure in the dense seabed. Significant resonance of the pipeline is observed in horizontal direction. Comparative study shows that the lateral boundary condition which can avoid wave reflection on it, such as laminar boundary and absorbing boundary should be used for seabed foundation domain in computation. Finally, it is proven that the coupled numerical model FSSI-CAS 2D is applicable to evaluate the seismic dynamics of submarine pipeline.

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8

Hu, Yanhua, Yukun Wang, Pengyu Jia, Jianyu Lv i Mingchao Wang. "Research on Development and Test Analysis of Full-Scale Fatigue Test System of X65 Submarine Pipeline". E3S Web of Conferences 253 (2021): 01055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125301055.

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The fatigue performance of welded joints of submarine pipelines is directly related to the safety and economic benefits of welded structures. Considering the limitations of fatigue calculation, anti-fatigue design and small-scale fatigue test in the evaluation and analysis of pipeline fatigue life, this paper demonstrated the feasibility, scientificity and advancement of submarine pipeline full-scale fatigue test technology in engineering applications. Consequently, a full-scale fatigue test system and its test analysis technology applied for ZY-PFS2000 pipelines have been first developed in China, in which the effects of welding residual stress, stress concentration, initial welding defects, pipeline internal pressure shutdown and internal medium fluctuations on the fatigue life of full-scale pipelines were comprehensively taken into account. Through the full-scale fatigue test (four-point bending + internal pressure) of the X65 submarine pipeline, the fatigue cycles of different specifications of pipelines under different stress amplitudes were obtained. Moreover, the fatigue loading results were evaluated and analyzed in accordance with the international standard of BS 7608 and DNV C203. The research in this paper is conducive to accumulating full-scale fatigue performance data for submarine pipelines in China, not only offering a quantitative basis for the subsequent full-scale fatigue life evaluation and the safety operation cycle, but also providing a reference direction for the future development of submarine pipeline full-scale fatigue test technology.

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9

Zhang, Bo, Rui Gong, Tao Wang i Zhuo Wang. "Causes and Treatment Measures of Submarine Pipeline Free-Spanning". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, nr 5 (8.05.2020): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8050329.

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Submarine pipelines, as arteries for offshore oil and gas transportation, play a particularly important role in the exploitation of offshore oil and gas resources. Since the world’s first submarine pipelines were laid in the Gulf of Mexico, numerous failures have been caused by pipeline free-spanning. This paper provides a review of the causes and treatment measures for the free span of submarine pipeline. Various factors cause the free span of submarine pipelines, including wave flow scouring, fluctuations in seabed topography, residual stress or thermal stress of pipelines, and human activities. The scour of the wave current is the main factor affecting free span; the research on sediment starting and equilibrium depth during scour is reviewed in-depth. For the span treatment of submarine pipelines, the main measures available at present include the re-digging trench burying, structural support, covering bionic water plants, and choke plate self-burying. For each, the principle, advantages, disadvantages, and research are discussed. This review provides a convenient resource for understanding the causes of submarine free-spanning pipelines and choosing suitable treatment measures.

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10

Peng, Deping, Buyan Wan, Yongping Jin, Likun Han, Jia Chen i Hongkun Liu. "The JCOE/JCOC manufacturing process and collapse resistance of submarine pipeline". Advances in Mechanical Engineering 15, nr 1 (styczeń 2023): 168781322211431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878132221143186.

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Submarine pipeline is an important part of deep-sea and ultra-deep-sea oil and gas development. In the cold forming process of longitudinal submerged arc welded (LSAW) pipe, the JCO manufacturing process is one of the key forming technologies for manufacturing submarine pipeline. The main problem encountered by submarine pipelines in offshore oil and gas transportation is insufficient pipeline collapse pressure, which leads to pipeline collapse and shortens the service life of the pipeline. Therefore, the analysis of the JCO manufacturing process is of great significance to improve the collapse resistance of pipelines. In this paper, the development and research status of the JCOE/JCOC manufacturing process are reviewed. The stress, contact, and deformation of the plate are symmetrical in the JCOE/JCOC manufacturing process. The effects of expanding and compression on pipe collapse performance in the JCO manufacturing process are summarized. The asymmetric factors can reduce the collapse performance of the pipeline. Compared with expanding, compression can effectively reduce the ovality of pipe and strengthen the compression performance of pipe, to improve the collapse performance of pipe; finally, the JCOE/JCOC manufacturing process and collapse resistance of submarine pipeline is summarized and prospected.

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11

L. Zhang, X., i D. S. Jeng. "Numerical Modeling of Seismic-induced Soil Response Around Submarine Pipeline". Open Civil Engineering Journal 6, nr 1 (2.10.2012): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501206010098.

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Seismic-induced pore pressure and effective stresses in the saturated porous seabed under seismic loading are the main factors that govern the overall stability of submarine pipelines. In most of the previous investigations for the seismic-induced dynamic response around a submarine pipeline have been limited to two-dimension cases. In this paper, a three-dimensional finite element model including buried pipeline is established by extending DYNE3WAC. Based on the numerical model presented, the effects of pipeline geometry and soil characteristics on the seismic-induced pore pressure of the seabed and internal stresses of submarine pipeline will be discussed in detail.

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12

Zhao, Enjin, Lin Mu i Bing Shi. "Numerical Study of the Influence of Tidal Current on Submarine Pipeline Based on the SIFOM–FVCOM Coupling Model". Water 10, nr 12 (10.12.2018): 1814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10121814.

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The interaction between coastal ocean flows and the submarine pipeline involved with distinct physical phenomena occurring at a vast range of spatial and temporal scales has always been an important research subject. In this article, the hydrodynamic forces on the submarine pipeline and the characteristics of tidal flows around the pipeline are studied depending on a high-fidelity multi-physics modeling system (SIFOM–FVCOM), which is an integration of the Solver for Incompressible Flow on the Overset Meshes (SIFOM) and the Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM). The interactions between coastal ocean flows and the submarine pipeline are numerically simulated in a channel flume, the results of which show that the hydrodynamic forces on the pipeline increase with the increase of tidal amplitude and the decrease of water depth. Additionally, when scour happens under the pipeline, the numerical simulation of the suspended pipeline is also carried out, showing that the maximum horizontal hydrodynamic forces on the pipeline reduce and the vertical hydrodynamic forces grow with the increase of the scour depth. According to the results of the simulations in this study, an empirical formula for estimating the hydrodynamic forces on the submarine pipeline caused by coastal ocean flows is given, which might be useful in engineering problems. The results of the study also reveal the basic features of flow structures around the submarine pipeline and its hydrodynamic forces caused by tidal flows, which contributes to the design of submarine pipelines.

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13

Song, Laifu, Hao Ying, Wei Wang, Ning Fan i Xueming Du. "Reliability Modelling of Pipeline Failure under the Impact of Submarine Slides-Copula Method". Mathematics 10, nr 9 (20.04.2022): 1382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10091382.

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The instability of seabed slope sediments is the main factor influencing the safety of marine resource development. Therefore, to ensure the safe operation of submarine pipelines under complex and uncertain seabed rock and soil conditions, a reliability model was developed to elucidate the trend of impact-related pipeline damage due to submarine slides. Then, a risk assessment of the damage process of submarine slides impacting pipelines was conducted, which is of great significance for the in-depth safety assessment of pipelines impacted by submarine slides. Based on the copula function, a joint probability distribution model considering the correlation among risk variables was established for rational correlation characterization. A probability analysis method of impact-related pipeline damage attributed to submarine slides based on the copula function was proposed. The Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method was employed to simulate the random uncertainty in limited observation values and accurately determine the reliability of safe pipeline operation under the action of submarine slides. The conclusions were as follows: (1) Based on the copula function, a joint probability distribution model of risk variables with any marginal distribution function and related structure could be developed. (2) The copula function could reasonably characterize relevant nonnormal distribution characteristics of risk variables and could simulate samples conforming to the distribution pattern of the risk variables. (3) The failure probability calculated with the traditional independent normal distribution model was very low, which could result in a notable overestimation of the reliability of submarine pipelines.

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14

Qi, Shu Fen, i Shi Ping Cheng. "Research on Trajectory Detection System of Submarine Pipeline". Applied Mechanics and Materials 577 (lipiec 2014): 681–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.577.681.

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In recent years, the use of submarine pipeline trajectory detection has become more and more widespread, and it not only can improve the efficiency of laying pipelines, but also can detect the state information of pipelines in time. However, most of it has the low detection efficiency and it can not have a good reaction of the specific state. In this paper, we design a detection system of submarine pipeline trajectory which is based on MEMS sensors and Kalman filter that is for date fusion. It can monitor and display the status of the pipeline to ensure the safety production and to avoid pipe damage and security risks.

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Gulare Imanova, Gulare Imanova, i Elshan Mammadli Elshan Mammadli. "LAYING OF PIPELINES IN SUBSEA TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT". PAHTEI-Procedings of Azerbaijan High Technical Educational Institutions 15, nr 04 (15.04.2022): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/pahtei15042022-23.

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This article is devoted to the construction of offshore pipelines, taking into account the protection of the environment. Initially, information was provided on the conditions of the pipelines. Then there was a discussion about the methods of laying pipelines, their pros and cons, and therefore the choice of method, which is economically viable and takes into account the environment. We know that the main factor in choosing any method of laying a submarine pipeline is economic and environmental factors. Underwater pipelines are invaluable for offshore oil and gas transportation and water supply to the islands. The construction method is very important for the installation of an expensive and time-consuming offshore pipeline and should be selected after a general consideration of equipment, capital and time. In addition, the environmental impact and safety of construction and its impact on surrounding marine operations are also determining factors. Decks, pipelines and cables, valves and switches, pumps, cleaning and all equipment must work without hindrance and must be tested repeatedly to avoid endangering people and the environment. At present, submarine gas pipelines continue to develop, accounting for 45% of natural gas exports to the west. Therefore, before the submarine is laid, the entire route along the seabed must be carefully studied, and all potential obstacles, including the sunken ship, large rocks must be identified, eliminated or bypassed. Subsea pipelines are the safest, most cost-effective, and most environmentally friendly route. Keywords: subsea pipelines, construction technologies, submarine pipeline installation, environment supervision, management and control of industrial waste, prevention of pollution, pipeline laying.

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16

Herbich, John B. "Hydromechanics of submarine pipelines: design problems". Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 12, nr 4 (1.12.1985): 863–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l85-099.

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In recent years, the size, number, and applications of offshore pipelines have been steadily increasing. The design and construction of pipelines in offshore cold regions calls for special measures (such as deep burial) because of seabed scouring caused by ice.Various societies and associations have pointed out the deficiencies in the state-of-the-art areas of environmental, design, and construction factors, particularly those dealing with structural, external pressure effects, and depth of burial. It has also been recommended that more data be obtained in order to fully evaluate pipeline–soil interaction. Also, field measurements of velocities, accelerations, and forces causing scour around pipelines would greatly enhance our understanding of offshore pipeline behavior.Offshore pipelines fail in many different ways, and each mode of failure should be examined individually. Because of the complexity of the ocean environment it is quite difficult to evaluate pipeline failures in detail.Environmental factors such as hydrodynamic wave forces and currents, buoyancy forces due to liquefaction of sediment, and scouring potential are presented. The dynamics of scour, incipient sediment motion, depth of scour, and scour patterns around pipelines are also reviewed as well as the maximum scour depths as a function of bottom current velocity.Methods for scour protection in shallow and deep water are described as well as the need for inspection and maintenance to prevent failures. Key words: pipelines, offshore, hydrodynamic forces, cover, scour.

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17

Zhang, Yu, Zhongtao Wang i Huafu Pei. "Development of a novel lateral resistance measurement penetrometer for pipe–soil interaction centrifuge model test". International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 14, nr 11 (listopad 2018): 155014771881564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147718815647.

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Offshore pipelines are exposed to potential submarine landslides. It is difficult to measure the impact forces exerted on a pipeline induced by submarine landslides because the upper seabed is very soft and an impact angle exists in practice. Current laboratory experiments are limited on measuring the normal force exerted on pipeline by the slides. This article describes the feasibility and performance of a novel penetrometer, which is designed to measure impact forces of submarine landslides on offshore pipeline including both the normal and frictional forces from variable impact angle in centrifuge test, termed as the lateral resistance measurement penetrometer. The calibration procedure for this particular version is illustrated in detail and the reliability and feasibility of the lateral resistance measurement penetrometer are preliminarily confirmed by an experimental study. Pipe–soil interaction centrifuge tests were subsequently performed on a normally consolidated kaolin sample with 40 g level conducted in Dalian University of Technology drum centrifuge to investigate the effect of incident angles on the impact forces exerted by submarine landslides on a pipeline. The impact forces deduced from the lateral resistance measurement penetrometer are analysed in comparison with published results. The lateral resistance measurement penetrometer is a potentially valuable device to measure the interaction force between submarine landslides and offshore pipeline, cables and other subsea facilities in small-scale centrifuge models.

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18

Wang, Qiuzhe, Jiang Bian, Wenting Huang, Qingrui Lu, Kai Zhao i Zhaoyan Li. "Seabed Liquefaction around Pipeline with Backfilling Trench Subjected to Strong Earthquake Motions". Sustainability 14, nr 19 (8.10.2022): 12825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912825.

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As an indispensable part of the lifeline for the offshore gas and oil industry, submarine pipelines under long-term marine environmental loadings have historically been susceptible to earthquakes. This study investigates the impact of trench backfilling on the residual liquefaction around a pipeline and the induced uplift of a pipeline under the combined action of an earthquake, ocean wave and current loading. A fully coupled nonlinear effective stress analysis method, which can consider the nonlinear hysteresis and the large deformation after liquefaction of the seabed soil, is adopted to describe the interaction between the seabed soil and the submarine pipeline. Taking a typical borehole in the Bohai strait as the site condition, the nonlinear seismic response analysis of the submarine pipeline under the combined action of seismic loading and ocean wave and current is carried out. The numerical results show that trench backfilling has a significant impact on the seismic response of the pipeline. The existence of trench backfilling reduces the accumulation of the residual excess pore water pressure, so that the seabed liquefaction around the pipeline is mitigated and the uplift of the pipeline is also decreased.

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19

Huang, Z., i A. Seireg. "Optimum Design of Submarine Suspended Pipelines". Journal of Energy Resources Technology 107, nr 3 (1.09.1985): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231196.

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Almost all submarine pipelines are currently laid on the sea floor. This practice is inherently expensive and the system is difficult to maintain and has a high possibility of excessive bending stress. The concept of suspending a pipeline under the ocean surface is investigated in the reported study. An optimum design algorithm is developed which can minimize the dynamic oscillation and the tensile stress of the pipeline resulting from the wave excitation. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the optimization procedure.

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Zhou, Chuan, Jianhua Li, Jun Wang i Guoqiang Tang. "Numerical Study of Local Scour around a Submarine Pipeline with a Spoiler Using a Symmetry Boundary Condition". Symmetry 13, nr 10 (2.10.2021): 1847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13101847.

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A two-dimensional numerical model for solving the Navier–Stokes equations was developed to investigate the local scour around a submarine pipeline with a spoiler. Both the suspended load and the bed load were considered in the present numerical model. The focus of the present study is to investigate the effects of the spoiler length on the hydrodynamic forces on the pipeline and the spoiler as well as the local scour around the submarine pipeline. The corresponding numerical results show that the mean drag coefficients of the pipeline and the spoiler increase with the increase of the spoiler length. As for the mean lift coefficient, a general decreasing trend with the increasing spoiler length is observed for the pipeline. However, the mean lift coefficient of the spoiler first increases and then decreases with the increasing spoiler length. In addition, it is found that a larger spoiler length leads to a deeper scour depth, and an empirical equation was proposed for predicting the non-dimensional scour depth of submarine pipelines with non-dimensional spoiler length based on the numerical results.

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Hu, Ke, Xinglan Bai i Murilo A. Vaz. "Numerical Simulation on the Local Scour Processing and Influencing Factors of Submarine Pipeline". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, nr 1 (16.01.2023): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010234.

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To investigate the different influencing characteristics of local scour around submarine pipelines, hydrodynamic and sediment transport two-dimensional models based on Flow-3D are used to numerically simulate the local scour around the pipeline under steady currents. An RNG k-ε turbulence model is applied to simulate the turbulent flow field around the pipeline. The instantaneous shear stress of the bed surface is taken as the starting and transporting conditions of the sediment. The simulation results of the equilibrium scour depth and terrain around the pipeline are verified with the previous experimental results, which perform with good agreement. Then, the numerical simulation method is applied to investigate the local scour process around the pipeline. The results show that shear stress is the main driving force of scour around a pipeline. The velocity, sediment grain size, pipeline diameter, and the initial gap between the pipeline and the seabed, significantly affects submarine pipeline equilibrium scour depth and terrain in varying degrees.

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Han, Yan. "Study on the Submarine Pipeline with Flexible Spoilers". Key Engineering Materials 501 (styczeń 2012): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.501.431.

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Two new methods which use flexible spoilers to protect submarine pipelines are proposed. One is put flexible spoiler on the top of the pipe to make pipe self-buried. The other is put flexible spoiler under the pipe to stop the erosion under the pipe. Through physical experiments, the pressure distribution and scour hole around the submarine pipeline with flexible deflectors were studied. Experiment results point out that top flexible spoiler can increase the resistance of the pipe, increase the scour hole depth, accordingly make the pipeline be self-buried. The flexible spoiler under the pipe can reduce the pressure difference between both sides of the pipeline, diminish the scour hole depth obviously and even to stop scour.

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Pranesh, M. R., i A. S. Johnson. "Submarine pipeline routing software". Computers & Structures 57, nr 2 (październik 1995): 233–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-7949(94)00618-d.

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Gökkus, ümit. "Computer-aided design of submarine pipelines". Water Science and Technology 32, nr 2 (1.07.1995): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0109.

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The computerization of pipeline design is relatively important for the engineering feasibility of submarine pipelines. The changing environmental conditions make difficulties for the stability calculation of each pipe segment on line. For this reason, the computer study will provide many advantages during the design of pipeline. The different environmental and functional parameters can be easily tried on line and the most suitable size of structure against the extreme environmental conditions can be determined. This study deals with the general design principles especially including the engineering studies, i.e. wave statistical analysis, transformation of waves, stability analysis, and developed computer program to achieve both the stabilization of pipeline and aid for drawing the route together with user in some stages of the design. Finally, the outline of the program is briefly described and a flow chart is presented.

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Yan, Yi Fei. "Axial Load on the Submarine Pipeline Suspended Law of Vortex Induced Vibration". Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (wrzesień 2011): 1511–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.1511.

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The study is about submarine pipeline. Considering the impact of different axial force, The reduced velocity is introduced as the pipeline vibration effect of vortex trail releasing. The vibration parameters of the span pipeline are analyzed and vibration control formula is built. The natural span length of the submarine pipeline is calculated according to the DNV-OS-F101 rule. The natural frequency of the span pipeline and the allowable span length are solved. The case study of submarine pipeline in Chengdao oil field is made and the variation law of natural frequency of span pipeline is got. The stream reduced velocity decreases as the axial force increase. The theory analysis of the vortex induced vibration can provide the scientific basis for the safety design of offshore submarine pipeline.

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26

Wójcikowski, Artur, i Stanisław Nagy. "In-silico research of the influence of gas injection into the subsea crude oil pipeline on the paraffin solid phase deposition". E3S Web of Conferences 323 (2021): 00033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132300033.

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The aim of the article is presenting of the preliminary results of simulations showing behaviour of paraffin deposits in submarine pipelines. The described parameters for changing the deposition of the solid paraffin phase with the flow of crude oil through the submarine pipeline inside the subsea system: subsea wellhead – platform processing system. The research includes considerations of the behaviour of paraffins in the presence of the injected gas phase. Author recommends using of phenomenon as an alternative way of securing submarine pipelines operating on the Baltic Sea. This analyse informs that the paraffin’ deposit is possible to adjust of it’s thickness buy using agents other than purely chemical paraffin point temperature depressants. It is supposed here that main impact on paraffin deposition behaviour get decreasing of sediments thickness on the walls of the submarine pipeline in the analysed sections. The reservoir fluid composition used in the simulation was taken from B3 fluid PVT analysis owned by LOTOS Petrobaltic S.A. General composition was used in Leda Flow 2.5 computer analysis in courtesy of Kongsberg Company.

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Gao, Yang. "The Pressure Drop Calculation of Sea Water Pipe with No Heat Oil and Gas Transferring". Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (styczeń 2013): 3613–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.3613.

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This submarine pipeline was used to transport water originally, however, it is an oil-gas mixed transportation pipeline without heat preservation now. Because of the differences between the physical properties of oil-gas and water, we should take the gas and liquid viscosity, density and interfacial tension and other factors into account to establish a new submarine pipeline pressure drop model .In this passage, according to the field data provided by the 20B platform, 20A platform, 251B platform, cb502 platform of submarine pipeline, we apply the methods of comparative analysis and mathematical simulation to establish Beggs-Brill submarine pipeline pressure drop model and the temporary oil-free thermal insulation of the pressure drop and mathematical model, we also make the analysis of a variety of factors impacting on the pipeline pressure drop, including the starting temperature of media, gas liquid flow rates, pipe diameter, angle of inclination，Provide a reference basis to design submarine pipeline.

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Zhao, Enjin, Ke Qu, Lin Mu, Simon Kraatz i Bing Shi. "Numerical Study on the Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Submarine Pipelines under the Impact of Real-World Tsunami-Like Waves". Water 11, nr 2 (29.01.2019): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11020221.

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Submarine pipelines have been extensively used for marine oil and gas extraction due to their high efficiency, safety, and low price. However, submarine pipelines are vulnerable to extreme waves (i.e., tsunami waves). Previous research has often used solitary waves as a basis for studying the impacts of tsunami waves on submarine pipelines, although the hydrodynamic characteristics and wave properties drastically differ from those of real-world tsunami waves. This paper numerically investigates the hydrodynamic characteristics of tsunami waves interacting with submarine pipelines, but instead uses an improved wave model to generate a tsunami-like wave that more closely resembles those encountered in the real-world. The tsunami-like wave generated based on a real-world tsunami wave profile recorded during a 2011 tsunami in Japan has been applied. Given the same wave height, simulation results show that peak hydrodynamic forces of the tsunami-like wave are greater than those of the solitary wave. Meanwhile, the duration of the acting force under the tsunami-like wave is much longer than that of the solitary wave. These findings underline the basic reasons for the destructive power of tsunamis. It is also noted that the hydrodynamic forces of the pipeline under the tsunami-like wave increase with wave height, but will decrease as water depth increases. In addition to the single pipeline, the complicated hydrodynamic characteristics of pipelines in tandem arrangement have been also numerically studied. It is believed that the findings drawn from this paper can enhance our understanding of the induced forces on submarine pipelines under extreme tsunami waves.

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Sun, Li, Xin Shou Zhang, Qian Qian Sun i Bo Wen Chen. "Study on Failure Pressure of Corroded Submarine Pipeline under Earthquake". Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (lipiec 2011): 1703–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.1703.

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Many marine oil pipelines are subject to varied degrees of corrosion, which gradually increases the leakage and fracture and other accidents. Because the marine pipelines are located in the complex environment and there are many forms of corrosion, the paper only studied parts of the corrosion. The finite element software was used to analyze the failure pressure of internal corroded pipeline under the earthquake, so as to provide the basis for appraisal of corroded marine pipeline.

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30

Wang, Guoqing, Changquan Wang i Lihong Shi. "CO2 Corrosion Rate Prediction for Submarine Multiphase Flow Pipelines Based on Multi-Layer Perceptron". Atmosphere 13, nr 11 (3.11.2022): 1833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111833.

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The implementation of corrosion detection in submarine pipelines is difficult, and a combined PCA-MLP prediction model is proposed to improve the accuracy of corrosion prediction in submarine pipelines. Firstly, the corrosion rate of a submarine multiphase flow pipeline in the South China Sea is simulated by the De Waard 95 model in the multiphase flow transient simulation software OLGA and compared with the actual corrosion rate; then, according to the corrosion data simulated by OLGA, principal component analysis (PCA) is used to reduce the dimensionality of the corrosion factors in the pipeline, and the multiple linear regression model (MLR), multi-layer perceptron neural network (MLPNN), and radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) were optimized. The PCA-MLPNN model has an average relative error of 3.318%, an average absolute error of 0.0034, a root mean square error of 0.0082, a residual sum of squares of 0.0020, and a coefficient of determination of 0.8609. Compared with five models, including MLR, MLPNN, RBFNN, PCA-MLR, PCA-MLPNN, and PCA-RBFNN, PCA-MLPNN has higher prediction accuracy and better prediction performance. The above results indicate that the combined PCA-MLPNN model has a more reliable application capability in CO2 corrosion prediction of submarine pipelines.

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31

Lei, Fan, Yu Lin Deng i Xiao Hua Zhao. "Dynamic Response Analysis of Submarine Pipeline under Action of Current". Advanced Materials Research 1061-1062 (grudzień 2014): 767–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1061-1062.767.

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It’s important to study the vibration characteristic of submarine pipelines under current for reducing the harmful vibration. Research on fluid-structure interaction of submarine pipeline under current was presented. The pressure and velocity distribution of flow field around pipe with different velocity of flow were studied by ANSYS finite element software. The results show that the pipe is under the action of drag force along the direction of flow. The drag force increases with the flow velocity.

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32

Liu, Yuan Yong, Fang Li i Xiu Ting Wei. "Mechanics Analysis of Overhanging Submarine Pipeline Based on ANSYS". Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (maj 2014): 1232–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.1232.

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Stress analysis model of overhanging section of pipeline is created through submarine oil pipeline as analysis object, stress conditions of actual working conditions is considered, transition length is introduced to proceed finite element analysis of the pipeline, ANSYS software is used to calculate the stress and deformation of pipeline under different overhanging length in this paper. The curves of the maximum stress and maximum deformation with overhanging span are made, the variations of the maximum stress and maximum deformation are obtained according to the calculated data. This study provides data support for the failure identification of submarine oil pipeline, which has an important significance for the overhanging analysis and treatment of submarine pipeline.

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33

Nessim, M. A., i I. J. Jordaan. "Protection of Arctic Submarine Pipelines Against Ice Scour". Journal of Energy Resources Technology 107, nr 3 (1.09.1985): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231199.

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A decision-theoretic approach to the problem of optimizing strategies for the protection of submarine pipelines against ice scour is presented. The model simultaneously considers twinning, deep trenching, and valve segmentation. The opitmal solution is dependent on the uncertainty regarding the frequency of pipeline damage and the associated consequences. Two sources of uncertainty are considered, namely the rate and the depth of scour. Consequences of pipeline damage are represented by their impact on economy and enviornmental safety. An example is presented and the model is used to check the sensitivity of the optimal solution to different input parameters.

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34

Taylor, Neil, i Aik Ben Gan. "Submarine pipeline buckling—imperfection studies". Thin-Walled Structures 4, nr 4 (styczeń 1986): 295–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-8231(86)90035-2.

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35

Lasatira, Gleen Stenly, Suntoyo i Haryo Dwito Armono. "Numerical Model for Prediction the Scour Depth around Two Pipelines in Tandem". Applied Mechanics and Materials 862 (styczeń 2017): 332–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.862.332.

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Scour around submarine pipelines is one of the factors that affecting their stability which need to be considered. There have been several experimental investigations on scour depth. Although many studies have been conducted to investigate scour below a single pipeline, the effects of the spacing between two pipelines on scour characteristics are not properly understood. This study is focused to investigate the effects of pipeline diameters (D), gap ratio (G/D) between the pipelines, and the Reynolds Number (Re) on the scour depth. Simulations are conducted for two pipelines with diameters 0.075 m and 0.1 m, where the gap ratio is , , and . In case the pipeline diameter, , it is found that the relative scour depth increases with increasing the gap ratio, where and are upstream and downstream pipeline diameters, respectively. Meanwhile, when , the scour depth decreases with decreasing the gap ratio. For the gap, , the scour depth is smaller than at the gap and due to the disturbance of the vortex shedding around the upstream pipeline.

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36

Lin, Meng-Yu, i Li-Jie Wang. "Seepage Force on a Buried Submarine Pipeline Induced by a Solitary Wave". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, nr 5 (3.05.2020): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8050324.

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In this study, a finite element method was used to establish a two-dimensional numerical model to solve the problem of the Biot equation describing the poroelastic seabed, and to analyze the seepage force on a buried submarine pipeline under the propagation of a solitary wave. The model provides a solution to the displacement of the poroelastic seabed and the variation of the pore-water pressure. By means of numerical simulation, the effects of Young’s modulus and permeability coefficient of the soil on the pore-water pressure and seepage force are discussed. In the simulation of solitary waves passing through fully buried submarine pipelines, numerical results indicate that the smaller the permeability coefficient in dense sandy bed the greater the vertical force acting on the pipeline, and the smaller the permeability coefficient in loose sand bed the smaller the vertical force acting on the pipeline. In general, when the permeability coefficient is large, the smaller the Young’s modulus the more obvious the influence of the vertical force on the pipeline, and when the permeability coefficient is small, the larger the Young’s modulus the more obvious the influence of the vertical force on the pipeline.

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37

Marti´nez, Cora E., i Rau´l Goncalves. "Laying Modeling of Submarine Pipelines Using Contact Elements into a Corotational Formulation". Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 125, nr 2 (16.04.2003): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1555117.

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A new finite element formulation to analyze stresses and displacements in submarine pipelines during laying operations is presented in this paper. The method is based on the corotational formulation using Bernoulli nonlinear beam elements to model the large displacements and rotations of the pipeline. The penalty method is used with spring-contact elements to accurately represent the actual boundary conditions on both the stinger and the sea floor. A comparison with a finite element formulation introduced by the authors in a previous paper is presented in order to verify the accuracy and computational effectiveness of the proposed method. A real laying case of an oil transportation submarine pipeline is also presented at the end of the paper to validate the results obtained with the developed formulation.

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38

Wang, Xiao, Dong-Sheng Jeng i Chia-Cheng Tsai. "Meshfree Model for Wave-Seabed Interactions Around Offshore Pipelines". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, nr 4 (28.03.2019): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7040087.

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The evaluation of the wave-induced seabed instability around a submarine pipeline is particularly important for coastal engineers involved in the design of pipelines protection. Unlike previous studies, a meshfree model is developed to investigate the wave-induced soil response in the vicinity of a submarine pipeline. In the present model, Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations are employed to simulate the wave loading, while Biot’s consolidation equations are adopted to investigate the wave-induced soil response. Momentary liquefaction around an offshore pipeline in a trench is examined. Validation of the present seabed model was conducted by comparing with the analytical solution, experimental data, and numerical models available in the literature, which demonstrates the capacity of the present model. Based on the newly proposed model, a parametric study is carried out to investigate the influence of soil properties and wave characteristics for the soil response around the pipeline. The numerical results conclude that the liquefaction depth at the bottom of the pipeline increases with increasing water period (T) and wave height (H), but decreases as backfilled depth ( H b ), degree of saturation ( S r ) and soil permeability (K) increase.

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39

Cheng, Xiaofei, Jun Yang, Tiaojian Xu i Qianyuan Xu. "Study on Hydrodynamic Coefficients of a Submarine Piggyback Pipeline under the Action of Waves and Current". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, nr 10 (14.10.2021): 1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9101118.

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In this study, physical model tests are used to investigate the effects of a varying number of wave and current parameters, the gap ratios between the pipeline and seabed, the spacing ratios between the two pipelines and the diameter ratios on the hydrodynamic coefficients of the large, small pipeline and pipeline system (bundle) in a piggyback configuration under the combined action of waves and current. The results show that, compared with the pure wave field, the existence of the steady current will lead to a decrease in hydrodynamic coefficients. In addition, the results indicate clear differences between the hydrodynamic coefficients of the large pipeline, small pipeline and piggyback pipeline system. The experimental results on hydrodynamic coefficients can be used as an important basis for the safety design of a submarine piggyback pipeline.

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40

Cheng, Xiaofei, Jun Yang, Tiaojian Xu i Qianyuan Xu. "Study on Hydrodynamic Coefficients of a Submarine Piggyback Pipeline under the Action of Waves and Current". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, nr 10 (14.10.2021): 1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9101118.

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In this study, physical model tests are used to investigate the effects of a varying number of wave and current parameters, the gap ratios between the pipeline and seabed, the spacing ratios between the two pipelines and the diameter ratios on the hydrodynamic coefficients of the large, small pipeline and pipeline system (bundle) in a piggyback configuration under the combined action of waves and current. The results show that, compared with the pure wave field, the existence of the steady current will lead to a decrease in hydrodynamic coefficients. In addition, the results indicate clear differences between the hydrodynamic coefficients of the large pipeline, small pipeline and piggyback pipeline system. The experimental results on hydrodynamic coefficients can be used as an important basis for the safety design of a submarine piggyback pipeline.

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41

Mohaddes Pour, Mehrdad, Seyed Sina Razavi Taheri i Amirhosein moniri abyaneh. "Free Span Analysis for Submarine Pipelines". Shock and Vibration 2021 (4.08.2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9305129.

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Pipelines are one of the most important and key elements that align with transferring hydrocarbon products in coastal and offshore industries which are exposed at various risks during their servicing. In this project, we are studding and describing free spanning of marine pipeline based on DNVGL-RP-F-105 regulation applying the finite element method by Abaqus software. For modeling, case studies of Gorze to Kish oil pipeline have been used. In order to provide and study the integrity of the structure against fatigue, the exact place as well as the free span length using software under environmental loading based on DNVGL-RP-F205 has been determined. Since based on DNVGL-TS-F101 free span causes local buckling, fatigue, and pipe burst then given to the servicing as well as environmental conditions, pipe condition has been monitored. Finally, using sensitivity analysis, the effect of different soil classes, elasticity module, and temperature on the pipe condition has been studied. At the end, the question if it is allowed to use a cross model for bed has been answered in previous studies.

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42

Pei, Gui Hong, Dong Xu Han i Xian Guo Deng. "Numerical Simulation of Temperature Drop along Submarine Oil Pipeline". Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (maj 2012): 1484–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.1484.

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Most of the offshore oil and gas is transported to land by submarine pipeline, and then processed. In order to decrease the fluid viscosity and increase flowing roperty, the pipeline is usually be heated. To evaluate the temperature change during oil and gas transport, this paper build the the physical and mathematical model of submarine oil pipeline, and using the software COMSOL Multiphysics to simulate temperature drop along the pipe, which provides a reliable parameters for the design of pipeline.

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43

Sulardi, Sulardi. "PROTEKSI PIPA BAWAH LAUT DENGAN METODE ARTICULATED CONCRETE BLOCK MATTRESSES". INFO-TEKNIK 21, nr 1 (15.08.2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/infotek.v21i1.8959.

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One of the problems in the operation of pipelines for oil and gas through the sea is the damage and failure submarine pipe line (SPL). The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the factors and causes of damage and failure of the submarine pipeline which results in the cessation of the supply of feed intake of crude oil to the oil refinery unit. The method used in this research is a application research with a case study approach to the handling of problems with damage and failure of submarine pipelines, how the replacement and how to protect it is most suitable and in accordance with applicable regulations. The results showed that the protection of submarine pipelines with articulated concrete block matresses and immersion as deep as 2 meters had completed the regulatory aspects and were safe against the effects of collisions and dragged ship anchors. The results of this study also recommend that this protection method can be replicated to overcome similar problems in other work units.

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44

Hu, Ruigeng, Xiuhai Wang, Hongjun Liu i Hao Leng. "Scour Protection of Submarine Pipelines Using Ionic Soil Stabilizer Solidified Soil". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, nr 1 (7.01.2022): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10010076.

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A novel scour protection approach for pipeline using the Ionic Soil Stabilizer (ISS) solidified soil was proposed in this study. The ISS-solidified slurry can be poured adjacent to the pipeline immediately after it was placed, or in the growing scour holes. In the present study, the first type was utilized as the scour protection layer around the pipeline. A series of laboratory flume tests were conducted to validate the protective capacity of ISS-solidified slurry for the pipeline in waves and combined waves and current. Then, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) tests and pore size tests were carried out, respectively, to investigate the mechanism of ISS-solidified slurry for scour protection around the pipeline. Finally, the effects of the ISS-solidified layer for liquefaction stability of non-cohesive subsoil were evaluated. The results indicated that the ISS-solidified slurry is a reliable, economic approach for scour protection around pipelines in the ocean environment. It is noteworthy that if a non-cohesive soil layer underlies the ISS-solidified slurry, it is vulnerable to suffer accumulated liquefaction due to the dense crust structure of the ISS-solidified layer, so the adverse effects for accumulated liquefaction should be considered carefully due to the set of the ISS-solidified layer.

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45

Zhu, Hong Jun, Xing Qi, Yong Chuang Yang, Ming Yang Wang, Xiao Xu Liu i Qi Jun Wang. "Assessment of Free Spanning Pipeline Strength". Applied Mechanics and Materials 310 (luty 2013): 194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.310.194.

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Submarine pipeline failures usually occur at free span part, and free spanning pipeline is easily induced vibration by vortex, which accelerates the fatigue failure of pipe. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the strength of free spanning pipeline at regular intervals. In this paper, considering the effects of VIV, resonance assessment and yield strength assessment as well as buckling strength assessment are enumerated. And an illustration is calculated to verify the reliability of assessment method. This research may provide a guide for safety design, installation and maintenance of submarine pipeline.

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46

Pranesh, M. R., i G. S. Somanatha. "Wave Load‐Submarine Pipeline‐Seafloor Interaction". Journal of Transportation Engineering 111, nr 3 (maj 1985): 237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-947x(1985)111:3(237).

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47

Kranenburg, C., i E. Vegt. "Leakage from Ruptured Submarine Oil Pipeline". Journal of Transportation Engineering 111, nr 5 (wrzesień 1985): 570–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-947x(1985)111:5(570).

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48

Swamee, Prabhata K. "Design of a Submarine Oil Pipeline". Journal of Transportation Engineering 119, nr 1 (styczeń 1993): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-947x(1993)119:1(159).

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49

Gu, Fan, Hui Xin Wang, Dan Wang i Jia Quan Sun. "Influence of Suspension Length on the Mechanical Response of Submarine Flexible Pipe under Internal Pressure and Transverse Load". Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (marzec 2013): 884–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.884.

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According to the actual structure of submarine flexible pipe, considering the combined effect of internal pressure and transverse load by wave-current flow that is based on 50 year return period wave statistics data of Cheng Dao sea area, ANSYS finite element model of flexible pipe is established. The influence of internal pressure and suspension length on the axial stress of steel wire reinforcement layer and the Mises stress of rubber layer was analyzed. Comparatively, suspension is the main cause for the failure of steel submarine pipeline, but could hardly lead to the failure of submarine flexible pipe, which shows that flexible pipe is stronger applicable for submarine pipeline.

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50

Jiang, Xiaobo, Qingguo Yin, Xiaochun Zhang, Xiaoyan Wang i Shaomin Yang. "Research on Anti-Corrosion and Coating Technology of Outer Pipes of Submarine Pipelines Shallow Sea by Physical Testing". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2083, nr 2 (1.11.2021): 022102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2083/2/022102.

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Abstract In this paper, by discussing the characteristics of the beach and shallow sea marine environment, combining with engineering design and application, studying the anti-corrosion coating and coating technology of the outer pipe of the pipeline, and analyzing the design of the concrete counterweight layer of the submarine pipeline. According to the submarine pipeline of the environment, structural characteristics, construction methods, etc, the reasons for the damage of the external protective coating under certain conditions are explained, so as to select the external protective coating more reasonably, and provide data for the anti-corrosion and coating selection of the marine pipeline.

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