Artykuły w czasopismach: „Subduction – Makran (Iran)”

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Haberland, Christian, Mohammad Mokhtari, Hassan Ali Babaei, Trond Ryberg, Mehdi Masoodi, Abdolreza Partabian i Jörn Lauterjung. "Anatomy of a crustal-scale accretionary complex: Insights from deep seismic sounding of the onshore western Makran subduction zone, Iran". Geology 49, nr 1 (13.08.2020): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47700.1.

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Abstract The Makran subduction zone has produced M 8+ earthquakes and subsequent tsunamis in historic times, hence indicating high risk for the coastal regions of southern Iran, Pakistan, and neighboring countries. Besides this, the Makran subduction zone is an end-member subduction zone featuring extreme properties, with one of the largest sediment inputs and the widest accretionary wedge on Earth. While surface geology and shallow structure of the offshore wedge have been relatively well studied, primary information on the deeper structure of the onshore part is largely absent. We present three crustal-scale, trench-perpendicular, deep seismic sounding profiles crossing the subaerial part of the accretionary wedge of the western Makran subduction zone in Iran. P-wave travel-time tomography based on a Monte Carlo Markov chain algorithm as well as the migration of automatic line drawings of wide-angle reflections reveal the crustal structure of the wedge and geometry of the subducting oceanic plate at high resolution. The images shed light on the accretionary processes, in particular the generation of continental crust by basal accretion, and provide vital basic information for hazard assessment and tsunami modeling.

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Safari, A., A. M. Abolghasem, N. Abedini i Z. Mousavi. "ASSESSMENT OF OPTIMUM VALUE FOR DIP ANGLE AND LOCKING RATE PARAMETERS IN MAKRAN SUBDUCTION ZONE". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W4 (27.09.2017): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w4-523-2017.

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Makran subduction zone is one of the convergent areas that have been studied by spatial geodesy. Makran zone is located in the South Eastern of Iran and South of Pakistan forming the part of Eurasian-Arabian plate's border where oceanic crust in the Arabian plate (or in Oman Sea) subducts under the Eurasian plate ( Farhoudi and Karig, 1977). Due to lack of historical and modern tools in the area, a sampling of sparse measurements of the permanent GPS stations and temporary stations (campaign) has been conducted in the past decade. Makran subduction zone from different perspectives has unusual behaviour: For example, the Eastern and Western parts of the region have very different seismicity and also dip angle of subducted plate is in about 2 to 8 degrees that this value due to the dip angle in other subduction zone is very low. In this study, we want to find the best possible value for parameters that differs Makran subduction zone from other subduction zones. Rigid block modelling method was used to determine these parameters. From the velocity vectors calculated from GPS observations in this area, block model is formed. These observations are obtained from GPS stations that a number of them are located in South Eastern Iran and South Western Pakistan and a station located in North Eastern Oman. According to previous studies in which the locking depth of Makran subduction zone is 38km (Frohling, 2016), in the preparation of this model, parameter value of at least 38 km is considered. With this function, the amount of 2 degree value is the best value for dip angle but for the locking rate there is not any specified amount. Because the proposed model is not sensitive to this parameter. So we can not expect big earthquakes in West of Makran or a low seismicity activity in there but the proposed model definitely shows the Makran subduction layer is locked.

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Rashidi, Amin, Denys Dutykh, Zaher Hossein Shomali, Nasser Keshavarz Farajkhah i Mohammadsadegh Nouri. "A Review of Tsunami Hazards in the Makran Subduction Zone". Geosciences 10, nr 9 (18.09.2020): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10090372.

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The uncertain tsunamigenic potential of the Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ) has made it an interesting natural laboratory for tsunami-related studies. This study aims to review the recent activities on tsunami hazard in the Makran subduction zone with a focus on deterministic and probabilistic tsunami hazard assessments. While almost all studies focused on tsunami hazard from the Makran subduction thrust, other local sources such as splay faults and landslides can be also real threats in the future. Far-field tsunami sources such as Sumatra-Andaman and Java subduction zones, commonly lumped as the Sunda subduction zone, do not seem to pose a serious risk to the Makran coastlines. The tsunamigenic potential of the western segment of the MSZ should not be underestimated considering the new evidence from geological studies and lessons from past tsunamis in the world. An overview of the results of tsunami hazard studies shows that the coastal area between Kereti to Ormara along the shoreline of Iran-Pakistan and the coastal segment between Muscat and Sur along Oman’s shoreline are the most hazardous areas. Uncertainties in studying tsunami hazard for the Makran region are large. We recommend that future studies mainly focus on the role of thick sediments, a better understanding of the plates interface geometry, the source mechanism and history of extreme-wave deposits, the contribution of other local tsunamigenic sources and vulnerability assessment for all coastlines of the whole Makran region.

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Hafeez Abbasi, Muhammad Imran. "IS MAKRAN A SEPARATE MICROPLATE? A SHORT REVIEW". MALAYSIAN JOURNAL OF GEOSCIENCES 5, nr 1 (19.11.2020): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/mjg.01.2021.01.05.

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Makran Subduction Zone (MZS) is important as this region lies on both sides of the border of Iran and Pakistan along the coastline. Makran Subduction complex has pervasive seismicity and diverse focal mechanism solutions and being in the vicinity of Triple Junction where three major Tectonic plates; Arabian, Eurasian and Indian plates are connecting. Both of Chabahar and Gwadar ports are located in this vicinity, on which China is investing for CPEC, Belt and Road Initiative. The whole world is looking at these projects of Makran, as this may define and transform the future of trade. Hence Geoscience point of view is notable as well in consideration for the successful execution of these projects. Several Microplates/blocks have been proposed around the vicinity MSZ and Indian-Eurasian Plate boundary including the Ormara microplate, Lut Block, Helmand Block, and Pakistan-Iran Makran microplate (PIMM). The purpose of this review is to shed light on PIMM. Despite previous researches related to Makran, still many researchers are working to solve puzzles related to the complexity of MSZ. It is divided into Eastern and Western Makran due to seismicity and North to South into four parts based on stratigraphy, thrusts and folds. This review aims to give suggestions for the hypothesis on PIMM which was inferred as a separate microplate.

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Normand, Raphaël, Guy Simpson i Abbas Bahroudi. "Extension at the coast of the Makran subduction zone (Iran)". Terra Nova 31, nr 6 (30.07.2019): 503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ter.12419.

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Normand, Raphaël, Guy Simpson, Frédéric Herman, Rabiul Haque Biswas i Abbas Bahroudi. "Holocene Sedimentary Record and Coastal Evolution in the Makran Subduction Zone (Iran)". Quaternary 2, nr 2 (12.06.2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat2020021.

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The western Makran coast displays evidence of surface uplift since at least the Late Pleistocene, but it remains uncertain whether this displacement is accommodated by creep on the subduction interface, or in a series of large earthquakes. Here, we address this problem by looking at the short-term (Holocene) history of continental vertical displacements recorded in the geomorphology and sedimentary succession of the Makran beaches. In the region of Chabahar (Southern Iran), we study two bay-beaches through the description, measurement and dating of 13 sedimentary sections with a combination of radiocarbon and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating. Our results show that lagoonal settings dominate the early Holocene of both studied beach sections. A flooding surface associated with the Holocene maximum transgression is followed by a prograding sequence of tidal and beach deposits. Coastal progradation is evidenced in Pozm Bay, where we observe a rapid buildup of the beach ridge succession (3.5 m/years lateral propagation over the last 1950 years). Dating of Beris Beach revealed high rates of uplift, comparable to the rates obtained from the nearby Late Pleistocene marine terraces. A 3150-year-old flooding surface within the sedimentary succession of Chabahar Bay was possibly caused by rapid subsidence during an earthquake. If true, this might indicate that the Western Makran does produce large earthquakes, similar to those that have occurred further east in the Pakistani Makran.

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Hoechner, Andreas, Andrey Y. Babeyko i Natalia Zamora. "Probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment for the Makran region with focus on maximum magnitude assumption". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, nr 6 (10.06.2016): 1339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-1339-2016.

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Abstract. Despite having been rather seismically quiescent for the last decades, the Makran subduction zone is capable of hosting destructive earthquakes and tsunami. In particular, the well-known thrust event in 1945 (Balochistan earthquake) led to about 4000 casualties. Nowadays, the coastal regions are more densely populated and vulnerable to similar events. Furthermore, some recent publications discuss rare but significantly larger events at the Makran subduction zone as possible scenarios. We analyze the instrumental and historical seismicity at the subduction plate interface and generate various synthetic earthquake catalogs spanning 300 000 years with varying magnitude-frequency relations. For every event in the catalogs we compute estimated tsunami heights and present the resulting tsunami hazard along the coasts of Pakistan, Iran and Oman in the form of probabilistic tsunami hazard curves. We show how the hazard results depend on variation of the Gutenberg–Richter parameters and especially maximum magnitude assumption.

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Hoechner, A., A. Y. Babeyko i N. Zamora. "Probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment for the Makran region with focus on maximum magnitude assumption". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, nr 9 (1.09.2015): 5191–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-5191-2015.

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Abstract. Despite having been rather seismically quiescent for the last decades, the Makran subduction zone is capable of hosting destructive earthquakes and tsunami. In particular, the well-known thrust event in 1945 (Balochistan earthquake) led to about 4000 casualties. Nowadays, the coastal regions are more densely populated and vulnerable to similar events. Furthermore, some recent publications discuss rare but significantly larger events at the Makran subduction zone as possible scenarios. We analyze the instrumental and historical seismicity at the subduction plate interface and generate various synthetic earthquake catalogs spanning 300 000 years with varying magnitude–frequency relations. For every event in the catalogs we compute estimated tsunami heights and present the resulting tsunami hazard along the coasts of Pakistan, Iran and Oman in the form of probabilistic tsunami hazard curves. We show how the hazard results depend on variation of the Gutenberg–Richter parameters and especially maximum magnitude assumption.

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Nemati, Majid. "Seismotectonic and seismicity of Makran, a bimodal subduction zone, SE Iran". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 169 (styczeń 2019): 139–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2018.08.009.

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Normand, Raphaël, Guy Simpson, Frédéric Herman, Rabiul Haque Biswas, Abbas Bahroudi i Bastian Schneider. "Dating and morpho-stratigraphy of uplifted marine terraces in the Makran subduction zone (Iran)". Earth Surface Dynamics 7, nr 1 (26.03.2019): 321–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-321-2019.

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Abstract. The western part of the Makran subduction zone (Iran) is currently experiencing active surface uplift, as attested by the presence of emerged marine terraces along the coast. To better understand the uplift recorded by these terraces, we investigated seven localities along the Iranian Makran and we performed radiocarbon, 230Th∕U and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of the layers of marine sediments deposited on top of the terraces. This enabled us to correlate the terraces regionally and to assign them to different Quaternary sea-level highstands. Our results show east–west variations in surface uplift rates mostly between 0.05 and 1.2 mm yr−1. We detected a region of anomalously high uplift rate, where two MIS 3 terraces are emerged, but we are uncertain how to interpret these results in a geologically coherent context. Although it is presently not clear whether the uplift of the terraces is linked to the occurrence of large megathrust earthquakes, our results highlight rapid surface uplift for a subduction zone context and heterogeneous accumulation of deformation in the overriding plate.

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Khan, Waseem, i Mahnoor Mirwani. "PROBING THE NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTIVE MUD VOLCANIC CLUSTERS IN MAKRAN COASTAL ZONE, PAKISTAN". International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, nr 3 (25.05.2020): 214–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i3.2020.145.

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Makran Subduction Zone is formed in Late Cretaceous. It is divided into Eastern Makran at the southern edge of Helmand Block in Pakistan and the Western Makran at the southern edge of Lut Block in Iran. The velocity of convergence in Eastern and Western Makran are 42.0 mm/yr and 35.6 mm/yr repectively. Both segments are bound by strike-slip faults e.g. Ornach-Nal left lateral fault in the east and Minab right lateral in the west. Stratigraphically, the zone comprises Formations of ages ranging from Cretaceous to Holocene. In the Eastern Makran, most of the mud volcanoes are located along strike which include Awaran and Sipai-sing, Chandragup, Gwadar, Jabel-e-Gurab, Khandawari, Kund Malir, Ormara and Offshore mud volcanoes. The continental margin of Makran is an ideal environment of Oxygen Maximum Zone which receives organic rich matters in its sediments by marine organisms. Several assisting factors play significant roles in erupting the fluid and methane gasses through the mud vents in Makran Coastal Region such as tectonic stresses, oil, saltwater, and transmitting freshwater in the sedimentary environments.

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Delavar, M. R., H. Mohammadi, M. A. Sharifi i M. D. Pirooz. "TSUNAMI RISK ASSESSMENT MODELLING IN CHABAHAR PORT, IRAN". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W7 (12.09.2017): 461–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w7-461-2017.

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The well-known historical tsunami in the Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ) region was generated by the earthquake of November 28, 1945 in Makran Coast in the North of Oman Sea. This destructive tsunami killed over 4,000 people in Southern Pakistan and India, caused great loss of life and devastation along the coasts of Western India, Iran and Oman. According to the report of "Remembering the 1945 Makran Tsunami", compiled by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (UNESCO/IOC), the maximum inundation of Chabahar port was 367 m toward the dry land, which had a height of 3.6 meters from the sea level. In addition, the maximum amount of inundation at Pasni (Pakistan) reached to 3 km from the coastline. For the two beaches of Gujarat (India) and Oman the maximum run-up height was 3 m from the sea level. In this paper, we first use Makran 1945 seismic parameters to simulate the tsunami in generation, propagation and inundation phases. The effect of tsunami on Chabahar port is simulated using the ComMIT model which is based on the Method of Splitting Tsunami (MOST). In this process the results are compared with the documented eyewitnesses and some reports from researchers for calibration and validation of the result. Next we have used the model to perform risk assessment for Chabahar port in the south of Iran with the worst case scenario of the tsunami. The simulated results showed that the tsunami waves will reach Chabahar coastline 11 minutes after generation and 9 minutes later, over 9.4 Km<sup>2</sup> of the dry land will be flooded with maximum wave amplitude reaching up to 30 meters.

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Banijamali, Babak, Amirhamed Alviri, Ehsan Rastgoftar i Mohsen Soltanpour. "A CASE-STUDY OF RUBBLE-MOUND BREAKWATERS STABILITY AGAINST MAKRAN SUBDUCTION ZONE TSUNAMIS". Coastal Engineering Proceedings, nr 35 (23.06.2017): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v35.structures.44.

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A case-study pertaining to a number of existing breakwaters located on northern coastlines of the Gulf of Oman, directly facing the Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ) sets the context in order to elucidate the adopted methodologies for both Probabilistic Tsunamis Hazard Analysis (PTHA) as well as investigating breakwater stability in the event of a major tsunami. MSZ stretches from west to east for over 900 (km), affecting the coastlines of Iran, Pakistan, India, Oman and UAE as a potential source of tsunami hazard. According to historical data, the last reported MSZ generated tsunami which was triggered by the 1945CE earthquake of 8.1 (Mw) magnitude caused human fatality figures of up to almost 4,000, in addition to major structural devastation in its wake. Of particular interest, is the fate of existing breakwaters along the northern shorelines of the Gulf of Oman whose design criteria did not initially incorporate tsunami-related considerations, providing impetus for the modeling, design & analysis efforts presented in this article to serve the two-fold objective of assessing the need for strengthening existing structures, which are virtually all of the rubble-mound type, as well as deriving suitable design criteria for new breakwaters in the MSZ related tsunami affected region of Iran, earmarked for significant new developments.

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Motaghi, K., E. Shabanian i T. Nozad-Khalil. "Deep structure of the western coast of the Makran subduction zone, SE Iran". Tectonophysics 776 (luty 2020): 228314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2019.228314.

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Momeni, Payam, Katsuichiro Goda, Mohammad Heidarzadeh i Jinhui Qin. "Stochastic Analysis of Tsunami Hazard of the 1945 Makran Subduction Zone Mw 8.1–8.3 Earthquakes". Geosciences 10, nr 11 (11.11.2020): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10110452.

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Historical records of major earthquakes in the northwestern Indian Ocean along the Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ) indicate high potential tsunami hazards for coastal regions of Pakistan, Iran, Oman, and western India. There are fast-growing and populous cities and ports that are economically important, such as Chabahar (Iran), Gwadar (Pakistan), Muscat (Oman), and Mumbai (India). In this study, we assess the tsunami hazard of the 1945 MSZ event (fatalities ≈300 people) using stochastic earthquake rupture models of Mw 8.1–8.3 by considering uncertainties related to rupture geometry and slip heterogeneity. To quantify the uncertainty of earthquake source characteristics in tsunami hazard analysis, 1000 stochastic tsunami scenarios are generated via a stochastic source modeling approach. There are main objectives of this study: (1) developing stochastic earthquake slip models for the MSZ, (2) comparing results of the simulation with the existing observations of the 1945 event, and (3) evaluating the effect of uncertain fault geometry and earthquake slip based on simulated near-shore wave profiles. The 1945 Makran earthquake is focused upon by comparing model predictions with existing observations, consisting of far-field tsunami waveforms recorded on tide gauges in Karachi and Mumbai and coseismic deformation along the Pakistani coast. The results identify the source model that matches the existing observations of the 1945 Makran event best among the stochastic sources. The length, width, mean slip, and maximum slip of the identified source model are 270 km, 130 km, 2.9 m, and 19.3 m, respectively. Moreover, the sensitivity of the maximum tsunami heights along the coastline to the location of a large-slip area is highlighted. The maximum heights of the tsunami and coseismic deformation results at Ormara are in the range of 0.3–7.0 m and −2.7 to 1.1 m, respectively, for the 1000 stochastic source models.

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Zafarani, H., i M. R. Soghrat. "Selection and Modification of Ground Motion Prediction Equations for Makran Subduction Zone, Southeast Iran". Pure and Applied Geophysics 178, nr 4 (15.03.2021): 1193–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-021-02690-6.

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Abdetedal, M., Z. H. Shomali i M. R. Gheitanchi. "Crust and upper mantle structures of the Makran subduction zone in south-east Iran by seismic ambient noise tomography". Solid Earth Discussions 6, nr 1 (2.01.2014): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-6-1-2014.

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Abstract. We applied seismic ambient noise surface wave tomography to estimate Rayleigh wave empirical Green's functions from cross-correlations to study crust and uppermost mantle structure beneath the Makran region in south-east Iran. We analysed 12 months of continuous data from January 2009 through January 2010 recorded at broadband seismic stations. We obtained group velocity of the fundamental mode Rayleigh-wave dispersion curves from empirical Green's functions between 10 and 50 s periods by multiple-filter analysis and inverted for Rayleigh wave group velocity maps. The final results demonstrate significant agreement with known geological and tectonic features. Our tomography maps display low-velocity anomaly with south-western north-eastern trend, comparable with volcanic arc settings of the Makran region, which may be attributable to the geometry of Arabian Plate subducting overriding lithosphere of the Lut block. At short periods (<20 s) there is a pattern of low to high velocity anomaly in northern Makran beneath the Sistan Suture Zone. These results are evidence that surface wave tomography based on cross correlations of long time-series of ambient noise yields higher resolution group speed maps in those area with low level of seismicity or those region with few documented large or moderate earthquake, compare to surface wave tomography based on traditional earthquake-based measurements.

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Derakhshani, Reza, Mojtaba Zaresefat, Vahid Nikpeyman, Amin GhasemiNejad, Shahram Shafieibafti, Ahmad Rashidi, Majid Nemati i Amir Raoof. "Machine Learning-Based Assessment of Watershed Morphometry in Makran". Land 12, nr 4 (29.03.2023): 776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12040776.

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This study proposes an artificial intelligence approach to assess watershed morphometry in the Makran subduction zones of South Iran and Pakistan. The approach integrates machine learning algorithms, including artificial neural networks (ANN), support vector regression (SVR), and multivariate linear regression (MLR), on a single platform. The study area was analyzed by extracting watersheds from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and calculating eight morphometric indices. The morphometric parameters were normalized using fuzzy membership functions to improve accuracy. The performance of the machine learning algorithms is evaluated by mean squared error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and correlation coefficient (R2) between the output of the method and the actual dataset. The ANN model demonstrated high accuracy with an R2 value of 0.974, MSE of 4.14 × 10−6, and MAE of 0.0015. The results of the machine learning algorithms were compared to the tectonic characteristics of the area, indicating the potential for utilizing the ANN algorithm in similar investigations. This approach offers a novel way to assess watershed morphometry using ML techniques, which may have advantages over other approaches.

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Moazzen, Mohssen, i Hadi Omrani. "Iranshahr Blueschists as Results of Subduction of the Neotethys Inner Makran Oceanic Crust, SE Iran". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 89, s2 (grudzień 2015): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.12308_41.

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Abedi, Maysam, i Abbas Bahroudi. "A geophysical potential field study to image the Makran subduction zone in SE of Iran". Tectonophysics 688 (październik 2016): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.09.025.

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Decker, Valeska, Carole T. Gee, Pia J. Schucht, Susanne Lindauer i Gösta Hoffmann. "Life on the Edge: A Powerful Tsunami Overwhelmed Indian Ocean Mangroves One Millennium Ago". Forests 13, nr 6 (13.06.2022): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13060922.

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In this paper, we demonstrate how subfossil mangrove wood can be used to elucidate the timing of past tsunami events. Although tsunamis generated by submarine earthquakes along the Makran subduction zone in the Arabian Sea are not unusual, rigorous age documentation is generally lacking. The best known is the only instrument-recorded tsunami, which affected the coastlines of Iran, Pakistan, India, and Oman in November 1945. Eyewitness accounts of the effect along the Oman coastline assert that this tsunami was not destructive. However, a 25-cm-thick shell layer in the lagoon adjacent to the city of Sur was attributed to the 1945 tsunami, although dating of the shell deposit proved difficult, and the radiocarbon dates of mollusk shells were regarded as unreliable. Here, we reinterpret the age of this tsunamigenic layer based on the new discovery of parallel-oriented woody axes in the sedimentological context of the tsunami shell layer in the Sur lagoon. The woody axes were analyzed anatomically and identified as pertaining to the gray mangrove Avicennia. Radiocarbon dating of the wood (905–722 cal BP), along with sedimentological investigations, suggests that the deposition of the woody axes should be attributed to an older tsunami event that occurred ca. 1000 years ago, which has been documented at other locations along the Arabian Sea coastline. From this, we conclude that mangroves grew in this lagoon at that time. Very little is known about ancient mangrove distribution in this region and, so far, no records have been provided for this time window at this site. We also deduce that the tsunami event that occurred one millennium ago must have been substantially more severe than the one in 1945. More accurate dating of tsunamigenic events will aid in calculating the recurrence intervals and magnitude of tsunamis generated along the Makran subduction zone.

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Yamini-Fard, F., D. Hatzfeld, A. M. Farahbod, A. Paul i M. Mokhtari. "The diffuse transition between the Zagros continental collision and the Makran oceanic subduction (Iran): microearthquake seismicity and crustal structure". Geophysical Journal International 170, nr 1 (lipiec 2007): 182–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2006.03232.x.

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Penney, Camilla, Alex Copley i Behnam Oveisi. "Subduction tractions and vertical axis rotations in the Zagros–Makran transition zone, SE Iran: the 2013 May 11Mw6.1 Minab earthquake". Geophysical Journal International 202, nr 2 (26.06.2015): 1122–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggv202.

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Rahimzadeh, Saeid, Ali Moradi i Ayoub Kaviani. "Investigating the strength and trend of seismic anisotropy in the western part of Makran subduction zone and southeast of Iran". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 298 (styczeń 2020): 106345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2019.106345.

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Abdollahi, Somayeh, Vahid Ebrahimzadeh Ardestani, Hermann Zeyen i Zaher Hossein Shomali. "Crustal and upper mantle structures of Makran subduction zone, SE Iran by combined surface wave velocity analysis and gravity modeling". Tectonophysics 747-748 (listopad 2018): 191–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2018.10.005.

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Heidarzadeh, Mohammad, Moharram D. Pirooz, Nasser H. Zaker, Ahmet C. Yalciner, Mohammad Mokhtari i Asad Esmaeily. "Historical tsunami in the Makran Subduction Zone off the southern coasts of Iran and Pakistan and results of numerical modeling". Ocean Engineering 35, nr 8-9 (czerwiec 2008): 774–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2008.01.017.

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Abdetedal, Mahsa, Zaher Hossein Shomali i Mohammad Reza Gheitanchi. "Ambient noise surface wave tomography of the Makran subduction zone, south-east Iran: Implications for crustal and uppermost mantle structures". Earthquake Science 28, nr 4 (sierpień 2015): 235–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11589-015-0132-1.

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Pandolfi, Luca, Edoardo Barbero, Michele Marroni, Morteza Delavari, Asghar Dolati, Maria Di Rosa, Chiara Frassi i in. "The Bajgan Complex revealed as a Cretaceous ophiolite-bearing subduction complex: A key to unravel the geodynamics of Makran (southeast Iran)". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 222 (grudzień 2021): 104965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2021.104965.

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Searle, Michael P., Alan G. Cherry, Mohammed Y. Ali i David J. W. Cooper. "Tectonics of the Musandam Peninsula and northern Oman Mountains: From ophiolite obduction to continental collision". GeoArabia 19, nr 2 (1.04.2014): 135–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia1902137.

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ABSTRACT The tectonics of the Musandam Peninsula in northern Oman shows a transition between the Late Cretaceous ophiolite emplacement related tectonics recorded along the Oman Mountains and Dibba Zone to the SE and the Late Cenozoic continent-continent collision tectonics along the Zagros Mountains in Iran to the northwest. Three stages in the continental collision process have been recognized. Stage one involves the emplacement of the Semail Ophiolite from NE to SW onto the Mid-Permian–Mesozoic passive continental margin of Arabia. The Semail Ophiolite shows a lower ocean ridge axis suite of gabbros, tonalites, trondhjemites and lavas (Geotimes V1 unit) dated by U-Pb zircon between 96.4–95.4 Ma overlain by a post-ridge suite including island-arc related volcanics including boninites formed between 95.4–94.7 Ma (Lasail, V2 unit). The ophiolite obduction process began at 96 Ma with subduction of Triassic–Jurassic oceanic crust to depths of > 40 km to form the amphibolite/granulite facies metamorphic sole along an ENE-dipping subduction zone. U-Pb ages of partial melts in the sole amphibolites (95.6– 94.5 Ma) overlap precisely in age with the ophiolite crustal sequence, implying that subduction was occurring at the same time as the ophiolite was forming. The ophiolite, together with the underlying Haybi and Hawasina thrust sheets, were thrust southwest on top of the Permian–Mesozoic shelf carbonate sequence during the Late Cenomanian–Campanian. Subduction ended as unsubductable cherts and limestones (Oman Exotics) jammed at depths of 25–30 km. The Bani Hamid quartzites and calc-silicates associated with amphibolites derived from alkali basalt show high-temperature granulite facies mineral assemblages and represent lower crust material exhumed by late-stage out-of-sequence thrusting. Ophiolite obduction ended at ca. 70 Ma (Maastrichtian) with deposition of shallow-marine limestones transgressing all underlying thrust sheets. Stable shallow-marine conditions followed for at least 30 million years (from 65–35 Ma) along the WSW and ENE flanks of the mountain belt. Stage two occurred during the Late Oligocene–Early Miocene when a second phase of compression occurred in Musandam as the Arabian Plate began to collide with the Iran-western Makran continental margin. The Middle Permian to Cenomanian shelf carbonates, up to 4 km thick, together with pre-Permian basement rocks were thrust westwards along the Hagab Thrust for a minimum of 15 km. Early Miocene out-of-sequence thrusts cut through the shelf carbonates and overlying Pabdeh foreland basin in the subsurface offshore Ras al Khaimah and Musandam. This phase of crustal compression followed deposition of the Eocene Dammam and Oligocene Asmari formations in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), but ended by the mid-Miocene as thrust tip lines are all truncated along a regional unconformity at the base of the Upper Miocene Mishan Formation. The Oligocene–Early Miocene culmination of Musandam and late Cenozoic folding along the UAE foreland marks the initiation of the collision of Arabia with Central Iran in the Strait of Hormuz region. Stage three involved collision of Arabia and the Central Iran Plate during the Pliocene, with ca. 50 km of NE-SW shortening across the Zagros Fold Belt. Related deformation in the Musandam Peninsula is largely limited to north and eastward tilting of the peninsula to create a deeply indented coastline of drowned valleys (rias).

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Hosseini-Barzi, Mahboubeh. "Spatial and temporal diagenetic evolution of syntectonic sediments in a pulsatory uplifted coastal escarpment, evidenced from the Plio-Pleistocene, Makran subduction zone, Iran". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 330, nr 1 (2010): 273–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp330.13.

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Regard, V., O. Bellier, J. C. Thomas, M. R. Abbassi, J. Mercier, E. Shabanian, K. Feghhi i S. Soleymani. "Accommodation of Arabia-Eurasia convergence in the Zagros-Makran transfer zone, SE Iran: A transition between collision and subduction through a young deforming system". Tectonics 23, nr 4 (29.07.2004): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003tc001599.

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Abdollahi, Somayeh, Hermann Zeyen, Vahid Ebrahimzadeh Ardestani i Zaher Hossein Shomali. "3D joint inversion of gravity data and Rayleigh wave group velocities to resolve shear-wave velocity and density structure in the Makran subduction zone, south-east Iran". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 173 (kwiecień 2019): 275–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.01.029.

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Abbasi, S., K. Motaghi, F. P. Lucente i I. Bianchi. "Low-strength shear zone in the western Makran subduction zone, southeastern Iran: insights from a receiver functions analysis". Geophysical Journal International, 24.01.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggae035.

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Summary To understand the seismic hazard of a subduction zone, it is necessary to know the geometry, location, and mechanical characteristics of the interplate boundary below which an oceanic plate is thrust downward. By considering the azimuthal dependence of converted P-to-S (Ps) amplitudes in receiver functions (RFs), we have detected the interplate boundary in the Makran subduction zone, revealing significant seismic anisotropy at the base of the accretionary wedge above the slab before it bends down beneath the Jaz Murian basin. This anisotropic feature aligns with a zone of reduced seismic velocity and a high primary/secondary wave velocity ratio (Vp/Vs), as documented in previous studies. The presence of this low-velocity highly anisotropic layer at the base of the accretionary wedge, likely representing a low-strength shear zone, could possibly explain the unusually wide accretionary wedge in Makran. Additionally, it may impact the location and width of the locked zone along the interplate boundary.

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Mousavi, Naeim, Vahid E. Ardestani i Nastaran Moosavi. "Slab extension and normal faulting in a low-angle subduction-related environment: an example of the Makran subduction zone (Iran-Pakistan)". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, maj 2022, 105244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2022.105244.

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Barbero, Edoardo, Maria Di Rosa, Luca Pandolfi, Morteza Delavari, Asghar Dolati, Federica Zaccarini, Emilio Saccani i Michele Marroni. "Deformation history and processes during accretion of seamounts in subduction zones: The example of the Durkan Complex (Makran, SE Iran)". Geoscience Frontiers, grudzień 2022, 101522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2022.101522.

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Ruh, J. B., L. Valero, M. Najafi, N. Etemad‐Saeed, J. Vouga, A. Mohammadi, F. Landtwing, M. Guillong, M. Cobianchi i N. Mancin. "Tectono‐Sedimentary Evolution of Shale‐Related Minibasins in the Karvandar Basin (South Sistan, SE Iran): Insights From Magnetostratigraphy, Isotopic Dating, and Sandstone Petrology". Tectonics 42, nr 11 (listopad 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2023tc007971.

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AbstractSediments deposited into foreland basins can provide valuable insights related to the geological evolution of their hinterlands. Located in the peripheral foreland of the South Sistan Suture Zone (SE Iran), the Karvandar Basin exhibits a several‐kilometer‐thick shallow‐marine to continental clastic sedimentary sequence forming elongated sub‐circular synclines. These synclines overlie a mud‐dominated formation with exotic volcanic blocks that hosts one of Iran's largest mud volcano, known as Pirgel. In this study, we present a ∼3.5‐km‐thick magnetostratigraphic section and U‐Pb zircon ages of interlayered tuffs that constrain a depositional age of the Karvandar Basin of ∼24–17 Ma. Sandstone and microconglomerate framework analyses and paleocurrent directions suggest a first‐cycle active volcanic arc source to the northeast of the basin. We interpret the mud‐dominated lithology with volcanic blocks as an olistostrome originating from a similar source as the overlying clastic sequence. The deposition of the olistostrome is dated at ∼24.5 Ma by a U‐Pb calcite age from a coral block. The absence of large‐scale anticlines and the occurrence of angular unconformities suggest that the sub‐circular synclines in the Karvandar Basin formed by gravity‐driven downbuilding into the unconsolidated fluid‐saturated olistostrome, resembling salt‐related minibasins. Integrated results indicate that a late Oligocene to early Miocene Makran volcanic arc represents the source of the clastic sequence. Hence, our results provide new constraints on the initiation of arc volcanism related to the Makran subduction zone, predating earliest reported ages from the Mirabad pluton (19 Ma) to the northeast of the Karvandar Basin by ∼5 Myr.

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Delavari, Morteza, Behzad Mehrabi, Michael Zelenski, Ilya Chaplygin, Nikolai Nekrylov, Ata Shakeri i Yuri Taran. "The Bazman and Taftan volcanoes of southern Iran: implications for along-arc geochemical variation and magma storage conditions above the Makran low-angle subduction zone". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, maj 2022, 105259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2022.105259.

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Rodgers, Arthur J., Lion Krischer, Michael Afanasiev, Christian Boehm, Claire Doody i Nathan Simmons. "Adjoint Waveform Tomography for Crustal and Upper Mantle Structure of the Middle East and Southwest Asia for Improved Waveform Simulations Using Openly Available Broadband Data". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 28.02.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120230248.

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ABSTRACT We present a new model of radially anisotropic seismic wavespeeds for the crust and upper mantle of a broad region of the Middle East and Southwest Asia (MESWA) derived from adjoint waveform tomography. The new model enables fully 3D simulations of complete three-component waveforms and provides improved fits that were not possible with previous models. We inverted over 32,000 waveforms from 192 earthquakes recorded by over 1000 openly available broadband seismic stations from permanent and temporary networks in the region with highly uneven coverage. Inversion iterations proceeded from the period band 50–100 s in six stages and 54 total iterations reducing the minimum period to 30 s. Our final model, MESWA, improves waveform fits compared to the starting and other models for both the data used in the inversion and an independent validation set of 66 events. Restitution tests indicate that the model resolves features in the central part of the model to depths of about 150 km. The new model reveals tectonic features imaged by other studies and methods but in a new holistic model of anisotropic shear and compressional wavespeeds (VS and VP, respectively) covering a larger domain with smaller scale length and amplified features. Examples include low crustal VS in the Tethyan belt and low mantle VS following divergent (Gulf of Aden, Red Sea) and transform (Dead Sea fault) margins of the Arabian plate. Low VS is imaged below Cenozoic volcanic centers of the Mecca–Madina–Nafud Line, Arabian Peninsula, and the Türkiye–Iran border region. Elevated VS tracks Makran subduction under southeast Iran with near vertical dip. MESWA could be used as a starting model for further improvements, say, using waveforms from in-country seismic networks that are not currently openly available and/or smaller-scale studies targeting a shorter period. The model could be used to improve earthquake hazard studies and nuclear explosion monitoring.

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Bansal, Abhey Ram, i Abdolreza Ghods. "Remote triggering in Iran: Large peak dynamic stress is not the main driver of triggering". Geophysical Journal International, 22.12.2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa573.

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Summary The study of the dynamic triggering of earthquakes and tremors during large earthquakes at faraway distances is an active area of research. This type of remote dynamic triggering is often found in subduction zones. The Iranian plateau is part of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic system and hosts different collision styles of deformation and significant strike-slip faults. Using 13 years (December 26, 2004–September 8, 2017) of continuous data of Iranian National Seismic Network (INSN) and some dense temporary networks, for the first time we carried a systematic study of dynamic triggering in Iran during 47 recent large earthquakes with magnitude and depth ranges of 6.4–9.1 and 8–90 km, respectively. We explored the local catalogue of 124805 events with a magnitude of completeness (Mc) of 1.8 for the study of dynamic triggering but did not find any convincing evidence of dynamic triggering from the catalogue. The waveform data of 24 hours' duration around the main events were analysed to find possible dynamic triggering through manual analysis of the waveform, STA/LTA, and beta statistics and found the triggering. We found dynamic triggering in Iran during Sumatra, December 26, 2004, Mw9.1; Tohoku-Oki, March 11, 2011, Mw9.1; Indian Ocean, April 11, 2012, Mw8.6 and Baluchistan, September 24, 2013 earthquakes and also possible triggering during Sumatra, September 12, 2007, Mw8.5. Only ∼10 per cent of the analysed earthquakes produced dynamic triggering. The triggering initiates during the passage of high amplitude Love waves and continues through the passage of the Rayleigh waves. We found north, central and eastern regions are more probable for triggering than Zagros and Makran regions. The instances of triggering were not restricted to only a small region, but instead, occurred at multiple locations. We find the onset of tremor correlates with very small stress changes, on the order of 1 kPA. However, the amplitude of the dynamic stresses is not a sufficient condition since some of the areas with considerably larger dynamic stresses are not triggered any seismicity in the region. The back azimuth angle of ∼ 50° and ∼120 ° seems to play an important role in the triggering. Teleseismic waves most probable for triggering local earthquakes within NW and central Iran include incoming surface waves with an incident angle of ∼60°–90° with respect to the local fault fabric.

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