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Siebert, Arnaud. "Structure et dynamique des disques de la Galaxie". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13036.
Pełny tekst źródłaLombardo, Linda. "Explorer l'histoire de la Galaxie grâce à la spectroscopie stellaire". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPSLO011.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis project presents several studies that are focused on the investigation of the chemical properties of different stellar populations in the Milky Way by means of high-resolution spectroscopy.The thesis is structured as follows:The first chapter is an introduction to the thesis project, and is divided into three sections. The first section describes the structure and formation scenarios of the Milky Way, in particular by referring to the most recent discoveries. The second section introduces the basic concepts and objectives of the studies presented in this thesis work. The third section describes the methods used to analyse the spectroscopic data.The second chapter presents the studies carried out in the context of the MINCE project. The first study is devoted to the chemical analysis of a sample of young giant stars that was serendipitously discovered during the first MINCE observations. My contribution in this work was to derive the stellar parameters, analyse the spectroscopic data, measure the rotational velocities, compare the results with theoretical models and write the paper. The second study presents the results obtained from the analysis of the first sample of MINCE stars. In this work, I contributed to the analysis of some of the stars in the sample.The third chapter presents the results obtained in the context of the CERES project. The first study presents a detailed chemical analysis of the star RAVE J110842.1-715300, with the aim of understanding whether or not it originated in the Omega Centauri globular cluster. My contribution in this study was to derive the stellar parameters of the star. The second study presents the results obtained for the CERES star sample. My contribution was to derive the parameters, compute model atmospheres, measure the chemical abundances, and write the paper.The fourth chapter presents the results obtained in the context of the High-speed stars project. The first study reports the results obtained from the high-resolution follow-up of two young and metal-poor stars in the sample of Caffau et al. (2020), to check whether they are blue stragglers or not. My contribution in this study was to obtain the high-resolution observations with UVES and to analyse the data. These results have not been published yet. The second study presents a detailed analysis of two high-speed stars observed with Subaru. In this study I was involved in the C abundance determination.The fifth chapter presents the results obtained from the chemical analysis of samples of stars selected using the Pristine photometry. The first study presents the chemical analysis of a sample of metal-poor stars that may have been enriched by the explosion of pair instability supernovae. My contribution was to select promising candidates and observe them with the SOPHIE spectrographat Observatoire de le Haute Provence (OHP)in visitor mode. The second study presents the preliminary results obtained from the chemical analysis of a sample of Pristine extremely metal-poor candidates. My contribution in this study was to derive the stellar parameters and the chemical abundances. The paper is in preparation.The sixth chapter concludes the thesis and gathers final reflections and future projects
Demarco, Ricardo. "Propriétés physiques et évolution des Baryons dans les amas de galaxies proches et distants". Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA077241.
Pełny tekst źródłaFoucaud, Sébastien. "Photométrie profonde et multi-couleur à grand champ : évolution de l'agrégation des galaxies". Aix-Marseille 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX11002.
Pełny tekst źródłaMoutard, Thibaud. "Redshifts photométriques et paramètres physiques des galaxies dans les sondages à grande échelle : contraintes sur l'évolution des galaxies massives". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4782.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis presents the measurement of the photometric redshifts and physical parameters in the framework of large scale surveys, and their constraint on galaxy evolution. The photometric redshift measurement allows us to study the entire photometric sample. For this reason, the weak lensing signal measurement used in the Euclid mission as a primary cosmological probe will rely on photometric redshift measurements. However, the method is strongly affected by the quality of the photometry. In particular, I show in this thesis how the photometric calibration impacts the photometric redshift precison, in order to constrain the photometric strategy to use in the Euclid mission.Aiming to take into account for observationnal problems, the analysis is done with observationnal data whose photometric configuration is close to the expected Euclid one. These data combine new near-infrared observations conduected to cover the VIPERS spectroscopic survey and the CFHTLS photometry.Using the conclusions of this analysis, I have producted the new photometric catalogue for VIPERS and the associated photometric redshift calalogue.Finally, I used the same photometry to compute the stellar masses of 760,000 galaxies covering 22 square degrees at the limiting magnitude Ks(AB) < 22. This enabled me to study the evolution of the stellar mass function between redshifts z= 0.2 and z = 1.5. We have then shown that the star formation of galaxies with stellar masses around log(M/Msol) = 10.66 is stopped in 2-4 Gyr, while in quiescent low-mass (log(M/Msol) < 9.5) galaxies, the star formation has been stopped 5-10 times faster (approximatelly in 0.4 Gyr)
Guery, David. "Étude statistique des structures à grand redshift observées par les satellites Planck et Herschel". Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112162/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaActual models and observations of the Universe agreed at large scale. But the formation of baryonic structures remains unknown. To constrain structure formation in the Universe, observatoins are needed at different redshift to see different evolution steps. Planck satellite gives an acces to objetcs in the redshift range z=2 to z=4. Thus we detect about 1200 extragalactic objects in 26% of the sky near galactic poles, candidates to be at high redshift. A sample of 228 sources is observed at higher sensibility and resolution than Planck with Herschel satellite. This lead to resolve ponctual Planck sources in several Herschel sources. So I identify three possible types of object : candidates sources of gravitationally amplified lenses, galaxy cluster candidates and alignement of sources along the line of sight. I find in the sample 11 sources amplified by gravitationnal lensing, some of the brightest of the submillimeter sky. Those have redshift between z=2.2 and z=3.6 (Canameras et al., 2015) and provide a zoom in the stellar formation of the far Universe. It let 217 overdensity of sources that I study. With their colour in Herschel data, I find an estimate of their density. 50% of Herschel fields have an overdensity greater than 10sigma using red sources colour selection (S250/S350 < 1.4 et S500/S350 > 0.6). This show that our ample is mainly composed of red overdensity. Fitting Herschel-SPIRE photometry with a modify black body at 35K, I show that the photmetric redshift distribution of Herschel sources peaks around z=2. Our sample is now composed of 11 lensed sources and 217 galaxy cluster candidates at z~2. These galaxy cluster candidates contain an average of 9 SPIRE sources in 4.5’ diameter beam. Individual sources have a luminosity distribution peaking at 4.1012 Lsun which leads to a star formation rate (SFR) of 700 Msun.yr-1 (Bell et al. 2003). This gives an estimate structure luminosity of 4.1013 Msun and an SFR of 7000 Msun.yr-1 assuming that sources are members of the same structure. Our sample traces dense structure at high star formation rate in the full sky. This sample will be a key in the comprehension of structure formation and star formation at redshift about z=2
Cousin, Morgane. "Formation & Evolution des galaxies par l'approche semi-analytique". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00968765.
Pełny tekst źródłaBonjean, Victor. "La matière dans les plus grandes structures de l’Univers : des galaxies aux filaments, observations et analyse de données". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEO010.
Pełny tekst źródłaStudying the evolution and the composition of the largest stuctures of the Universe, e.g., galaxy clusters and cosmic filaments, is one of the most challenging research topic in cosmology. During my phD thesis, I have analysed publicly available multi-wavelength surveys (namely SDSS, WISE, Planck), using new techniques in data analysis such as machine learning or Bayesian methods. The purpose of my work was to study the baryonic matter (hot gas and galaxies) in the intra-cluster medium, and in the cosmic web (bridges of matter between clusters of galaxies and cosmic filaments).During my thesis, I have developed an algorithm based on machine learning in order to estimate galaxy properties, such as star formation rate and stellar mass in the redshift range 0.050.5 were observed with VLT/FORS2. The analysis of the ~3000 obtained spectra is still ongoing and with the actual data, we expect the spectroscopic confirmation of about 10 galaxy clusters with about 10 members per clusters.The gas content of the cosmic web may account for about 40% of the baryons. Therefore, it is important to use optimised observational tracers of the gas. In this purpose, I have developed a deep learning algorithm using the full potential of the Planck data to detect the SZ effect tracing galaxy clusters and hot ionised gas. I have trained a convolutional neural network on the Planck frequency maps to recognize clusters selected in tSZ, X-rays, and optical. With this trained model I have generated a full-sky map of low noise SZ signal, in which I have detected about 10 times more candidates than the first Planck catalogue of SZ sources. I have shown that deep learning seems a promising approach to improve the y-map and detect smaller pressure halos and diffuse gas in the cosmic web
Aleksandrov, Alexey. "Protéines : Structure fonction et évolution". Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004205.
Pełny tekst źródłaJourdeuil, Emilie. "N-corps évolutif pour la modélisation photométrique et dynamique des galaxies de type précoce". Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00400642.
Pełny tekst źródłaJühling, Tina. "ARNt "manchots" : structure, fonctionnalité et évolution". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ119/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaTRNAs are adapter molecules linking the genetic information of messenger RNAs with the primary amino acid sequence of proteins. tRNAs have a typical cloverleaf-like secondary structure. Some mitochondrial tRNAs show a high derivation from this canonical tRNA structure. An extreme case of structural truncations can be observed in mitochondria of the nematode R. culicivorax. This study aims the functional characterization of such “bizarre” tRNAs in defining their structural properties and their functionality with interacting partner proteins such as CCA-adding enzymes and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. This work reveals that armless tRNAs form a hairpin-shaped secondary structure. 3D structures exhibit a high intrinsic flexibility. Initial tests could not demonstrate aminoacylation activity. However, armless tRNAs represent functional molecules for CCA-incorporation, indicating adaptations of CCA-adding enzymes to armless tRNAs
Laudet, Vincent. "Structure et évolution des récepteurs nucléaires". Lille 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LIL10038.
Pełny tekst źródłaForni, Olivier. "Évolution géologique et structure interne de Ganymède". Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112344.
Pełny tekst źródłaGanymede is the fourth solid body of the Solar System by its size. It consists in an ice-silicates mixture and its surface shows two types of terrains : dark cratered terrains (+/- 4 Gy) and less cratered bright terrains (+/- 3. 5 Gy). The first one presents linear features showing a graben morphology : "the furrows". These features cannot be related to a giant impact crater as proposed earlier but are probably the consequence of a silicate core formation that produced an overall expansion responsible for the formation of these structures. The bright terrains show a complex organization of "grooves". They seem to be related to a superficial low viscosity state emplacement and not to an important tectonics. So, they are more relevant to magmatic flooding related with internal heating that reaches the H₂O-NH₃ eutectic temperature. The partial melting liquid produced is lighter than ice and thus expands at the surface. Nevertheless, some problems remain : 1 - The heating rate production has always been given a chonditric value. Many observations do not find any corresponding to this value. 2 - Why does the oldest surface appear at least several hundreds million years after the satellite's formation ? 3 - Why is the geometry of the bright terrains organized around a great circle going through the centers of the jovian and anti-jovian hemispheres ? 4 - How can we explain the complexity of the grooves geometry and morphology ?
Hughes, Sandrine. "Évolution et structure des génomes de reptiles". Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO10143.
Pełny tekst źródłaKumar, Ashutosh. "Photo et thermovieillissement d'élastomères : dualité "évolution chimique" / "évolution de la structure moléculaire"". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CLF22452.
Pełny tekst źródłaLi, Zhigang. "Structure, origine et évolution du plateau de Kerguelen". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988STR13242.
Pełny tekst źródłaBeuret, Maxime. "Formation stellaire dans la galaxie et interaction avec le milieu interstellaire". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAE017/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaHow stars form? This broad question uses knowledges in several areas, including two majors, the Star Formation and the Interstellar Medium. My thesis is a part of this overall framework. Our galaxy is a laboratory complex for the study of this formation. I became interested in the first stages of the star formations, from Molecular Clouds to protostars. I mainly used data from the Herschel telescope which provides us with images and data in the far infrared and sub-millimiter at an unparalleled resolution. First of all, I built a catalogue of young clumps using SPECFIND, an algorithm of cross-identification. Then I applied an algorithm of clustering, MST, over 100 000 young clumps to find over-densities in order to release the first catalogue of young stellar clusters in a galactic scale. Finally, I studied the physical properties of these clusters and their young clumps
Terral, Philippe. "Structure du champ magnétique interstellaire dans le disque et le halo de notre galaxie". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30234/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaCharacterization of the interstellar magnetic field of our Galaxy is a major challenge for astrophysics. A better understanding of its properties, particularly its structure, would be valuable in many research areas, from cosmic-ray studies to Galactic dynamics and including interstellar medium evolution and star formation. Recent radio observations uncovered common characteristics in the magnetic structure of nearby galaxies similar to the MilkyWay. In face-on galaxies, magnetic field lines appear to form a spiral pattern similar to that observed in the optical. In edge-on galaxies, magnetic field lines appear to be parallel to the galactic plane in the disc and X-shaped in the halo. One may naturally wonder whether such an X-shape structure is also present in the halo of our own Galaxy. The purpose of the work performed during my three years as a Ph.D. student was to try and provide some answers to this question. There are two major difficulties : on one hand, our location within the Milky Way does not mate it to have a global view of its large-scale magnetic structure; on the other hand, the magnetic field is not directly observable, so it is necessary to implement indirect techniques, based on the effect the magnetic field can have on a given observable, to estimate some characteristics of the magnetic field. My own work is based on Faraday rotation. I first built an observational reference map of the Faraday depth of our Galaxy associated with the large-scale magnetic field. To that end, I had to develop a simple model of the turbulent magnetic field in order to substract its contribution to the Galactic Faraday depth from that of the total magnetic field. I then constructed theoretical maps of Galactic Faraday depth based on a set of analytical models of the large-scale magnetic field that are consistent with various (theoretical and observational) constraints and depend on a reasonable number of free parameters. Finally I fitted the values of these parameters through a challenging optimization phase. My manuscript is divided into four main chapters. In Chapter 1, I present the context of my work as well as various general results useful for my study. In Chapter 2 I review all the elements required for my modeling, with emphasis on the set of analytical models used. In Chapter 3, I describe my simulation and optimization procedures. In Chapter 4 I present my results. In this final chapter, I derive the parameter values of the different field models that lead to the best fit to the observations, I try to identify the role of each parameter and its impact on the theoretical map, and I discuss the different geometries allowed in the various cases. Finally, I show that the fit to the observational map is slightly better with a bisymmetric halo field than with an axisymmetric halo field, and that an X-shape pattern in polarization maps naturally arises in the first case whereas the field appears to remain mainly horizontal in the second case
Lion, Sébastien. "Structuration spatiale et évolution des populations". Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066354.
Pełny tekst źródłaOver the last two decades, the role of spatial self-structuring as a template for evolution has been a focus of increasing attention. At the same time, the field of spatial ecology has seen radical new developments with the advent of new modelling techniques that explicitely take into account both spatial structure and individuality. The aim of this thesis is to try an understand the interplay between spatial ecological dynamics and evolution, through a theoretical approach that uses both simulations and analytical models. The thesis unfolds along three axes. In a first part, we review the theoretical progress that the latest-spatially explicit models have brought to our understanding of evolution, and argue that most results are best understood in the larger framework of multilevel and kin selection. Secondly, we develop an analytical model for the evolution of populations that are structured both in space and in discrete classes. A technique to derive the invasion condition of a rare mutant is proposed using correlation equations (aka pair approximation), and applied to a model of juvenile-adult interactions. This model is adapted to the study of the evolution of parental care and juvenile cannibalism, and allows us to extend previous studies of the evolution of cooperation in viscous populations to altruistic interactions between different classes of individuals. Using a methodology that does not resort to approximations of the spatial structure, we shed light on the selective pressures on parental care and cannibalism, and show we can recover Hamilton's rule and relatedness as emergent properties of the spatial ecological dynamics. We also show that the shape of trade-off curves is crucial in determining the evolutionary outcome in the spatial model, and that in age-structured populations, the evolutionary role of higher-order spatial moments can be very subtle, but quantitatively important. Finally, we study the evolution of dispersal in host-parasite interactions. Evolution of the manipulation of host dispersal behaviour by parasites is shown to depend both on the scale of dispersal and on th
Daouk, Hilal. "L'internationalisation des places financières arabes : évolution, structure et situation". Tours, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOUR1006.
Pełny tekst źródłaSince the beginning of the 70s, the arab countries have played a major financial role thanks to the appearance of substantial wealth in the oil producing countries. This new wealth led to the development of regional financial centers. Especially those of baharain and the united arab emirates. The large volume of arab capital has enabled these financial centers to rank among the leading twenty internationally. To appreciate the evolution and international importance of arab financial centers, we have analysed the situation in other financial centers, especially that of london. The gulf war of 1990-1991 reduced the financial surplus of arab countries and brought about a discouragment of foreign investors. Consequently, the rapid expansion of arab financial centers in the future will primarily depend on the political situation in the region, but also, on their capacity for financial diversification and infrastructure development
Samson, Marie-Laure. "Structure et évolution des gènes ribosomiques 5s de drosophile". Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112348.
Pełny tekst źródłaRaherison, Solonirina Mahefasoa Elie. "Structure, dynamique et évolution du transcriptome chez les conifères". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26236.
Pełny tekst źródłaTranscriptome analyses contribute to the understanding of genome function in non-model organisms such as conifers trees, which are of economic and ecological importance in Canada. Most transcriptome profiling experiments in conifers have addressed specific biological questions, focusing on differential expressed genes between developmental stages or biological conditions and have analysed only a few different tissue types at a time. Our study had more fundamental goals which were to investigate transcriptome structure, dynamics and evolution in conifers. We conducted two gene expression studies comparing different tissues (multi-tissue analysis), as well as an analysis comparing species and another that monitored changes over the course of a growth season within a tissue type. Expression data were generated from microarray hybridizations. We developed the first oligonucleotide microarray in conifers. Compared to the cDNA-based microarrays used in previous studies, it has broader genome coverage with about 24 000 white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss.) genes. Analysis across species revealed the conservation of vascular tissue preferential expression patterns between spruce species. We built the first gene expression database of tissues in conifers. This database, called PiceaGenExpress, comes from a multi-tissue analysis based on semi-quantitative data. A separate multi-tissue analysis used quantitative data, highlighted the modular organization of transcriptome and, lead to the construction of a xylem transcriptional network. The gene PgNAC-7 was the most connected gene in the network and was preferentially expressed during earlywood formation indicating that its role is temporally variable. Ours results represent a knowledge foundation which has enabled research on several independent topics by other researchers. Our findings are also a basis for the development of genetic selection markers for conifer tree breeding and conservation.
Brière, Élaine. "Étude des régions HII dans la galaxie spirale barrée NGC5430". Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/26862/26862.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaDébarre, Florence. "Persistance, compétition et évolution dans un environnement hétérogène". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20067/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaAny observer can notice the diversity of habitats on Earth. Understanding the links betweenthis diversity of habitats and biodiversity is a core topic in Ecology, Evolution andConservation Biology.In this thesis, I study the ecological (short-term) and evolutionary (long-term) consequencesof spatial structuring and environmental heterogeneities. I develop and analyzeseveral mathematical models, which combine different theoretical frameworks (adaptivedynamics, population genetics, and quantitative genetics). I explore the consequences ofspatial heterogeneities on (1) the conditions for population persistence; (2) the coexistenceof different phenotypes, and (3) evolutionary dynamics of populations. I show that theresults depend on (i) the life-cycle, and in particular whether migration influences local regulation;(ii) the choice of the spatial structure (explicit or implicit, continuous or discrete);(iii) the shape of the trade-off, and hence the costs of adaptation to another resource, andfinally (iv) the potential demographical feedbacks.I use the specific case of hosts and parasites interactions to illustrate the importanceof spatial heterogeneities. As a first example, I show that a heterogeneous application oftreatments can help prevent the spread of resistant parasites or pests. Secondly, I show howspatial heterogeneities due to self-structuring influence the evolution of host defense strategies,and allow for the evolution of altruistic defense strategies
Toulemonde-Darre, Fleur. "Structure, évolution et expression de gènes « chimériques » spécifiques des Primates". Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00170281.
Pełny tekst źródłaBrassages d'exons, rétrotransposition, duplications... sont impliqués dans la création de nouveaux gènes. L'étude de la création et des premiers temps d'un gène nécessite la mise en évidence de gènes récents, ayant conservé les caractéristiques de leur mise en place.
Deux familles de gènes ont retenu mon attention:
1. Les gènes PMCHL ont été créés récemment par des processus de rétroposition, remaniements, insertions/délétions et accumulation de mutations. Des analyses de structure et phylogénétique permettent une meilleure compréhension de l'origine de ces gènes spécifiques des Primates. Les gènes PMCHL sont transcrits, de façon tissu-spécifique, et présentent de nombreux épissages alternatifs. Enfin, l'expression des ARN messagers PMCHL est comparée dans le cerveau de l'Homme et du Macaque.
2. Les gènes dérivés de GUSB ont été identifies par hybridation in situ fluorescente chez les Primates. Une recherche systématique dans le génome humain a permis la découverte et la caractérisation d'une grande famille de gènes comptant plus de quinze paralogues chez l'Homme. L'analyse structurale et phylogénétique de ces séquences a permis de préciser l'histoire de leur mise en place et de leur évolution. Certains des membres de cette famille de gènes ont en outre acquis une capacité transcriptionnelle.
Lauters, Pascaline. "Structure générale et évolution du cerveau chez les dinosaures ornithischiens". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209390.
Pełny tekst źródłaUne nouvelle phylogénie a été établie, bénéficiant de l’apport de nouveaux caractères basés sur l’endocrâne. Elle apporte des éléments de réflexion intéressants quant à la position de plusieurs taxons d’Iguanodontia basaux. La résolution est cependant faible et d’autres études devront être menées dans le futur. Les relations de parenté ne sont pas stables et de faibles changements entraînent des différences notables dans les résultats des analyses phylogénétiques./Among the Dinosauria, Ornithopoda were one of the most successful clade. Since the Late Jurassic, they spread and diversified until the end of the Cretaceous. I studied the brain of Ornithopoda from Europe and Asia, established comparisons with other archosaurs and new phylogenetic analyses including endocranial characters. In order to do this, I made silicone endocasts of 3 taxa and virtual reconstructions from CT-scan dataset of 3 other taxa of ornithopod dinosaurs. A collection of extant crocodiles and birds allows more points of comparison. Some endocasts made on the fossil specimens confirmed previously described characteristics, while new ones were brought to our attention. The endocasts opened up not only the morphology of the brain, but also the anatomy of the cranial nerves, the pituitary gland and the presence of valleculae. This last element, evidence of a developped telencephalon, has been established in a new Hadrosauroidea species as his oldest occurrence. The brain of more derived Ornithopods was characterized by very large cerebral hemispheres. The pontine and cranial flexures disappeared, to the contrary to what is observed in Saurischians. The olfactory peduncles were large. New evidences about the correlation between the size of the pituitary gland and the size of the individual. The Ornithopod’s brain changed throughout their evolution :the most striking is the increase of the cerebral hemispheres. The complexity of behaviors exhibited by Ornithopods is suggested as the trigger of the increase of the size of the cerebral hemispheres.
A new phylogenetic analysis was established, including new characters from the endocranial cavity. It brings interesting perspectives about the position of several basal Iguanodontia. Unfortunately the resolution is weak and new studies will be needed. The relationships are not stable and small changes lead to instabilities in the result of the phylogenetic analysis.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Doublet, Vincent. "Structure et évolution du génome mitochondrial des Oniscidea (Crustacea, Isopoda)". Poitiers, 2010. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers/theses/2010/Doublet-Vincent/2010-Doublet-Vincent-These.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn animals, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is generally composed of ~16 kb circular monomer molecules. However, two species of terrestrial Crustaceans Armadillidium vulgare and Porcellionides pruinosus (Isopoda: Oniscidea) are exceptions. Their mtDNA is composed of ~14 kb linear monomers associated to ~28 kb circular head-to-head dimers. In order to describe its structure, the complete mtDNA sequence of A. Vulgare has been obtained. It does contain the 13 protein coding genes and the 2 ribosomal sub-units generally found in metazoan mtDNA, but not all of the 22 expected transfer RNA (tRNAs). Besides, a surprising heteroplasmy that generates a dual tRNA alloacceptor for both amino acids Alanine and Valine (tRNAAla/Val) has been discovered. This heteroplasmy by the presence of two different genes on a single mitochondrial locus is an unique example in eukaryotes. Interestingly, this heteroplasmy has been observed in a wide range of Oniscidea species carrying an atypical mtDNA. The appearance of the atypical mitochondrial genome in isopods may have permit the appearance of the tRNAAla/Val, and evolutionary forces that allow the maintenance of these two genes essential for mitochondrial translation might conserve the atypical structure of mtDNA
Toulemonde-Darré, Fleur. "Structure, évolution et expression des gènes "chimériques" spécifiques des Primates". Nice, 2007. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00170281.
Pełny tekst źródłaProcesses of genome, and particularly primates genome, evolution are the focus of this thesis. The questions of conservation, or not, of nucleotidic sequences for peptidic precursors in the primate lineage, and of creation, evolution and expression of two primate-specific genes families are examined. Exon shuffling, retroposition, duplications… are implicated in the creation of novel genes. Studying the creation and first times of a gene requires the description of recent genes, still harbouring their creation features. Two such genes families retained my attention: The PMCHL genes were created recently trough retroposition and rehandling events, but also indels and mutations accumulation. Structural and phylogenetic analyses favoured a better comprehension of the origin of these primates specific genes. The PMCHL genes are transcribed in a tissues-specific manner, and many alternative splicing are described. Finally, PMCHL mRNA expression has been compared in Macaque and Human brains. The GUSB-derived genes have been identified through Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization on primates chromosomes. A systematic search in the human genome allowed the discovery and description of a big gene family encompassing at least 15 paralogous in human. The structural and phylogenetic analyses we performed led to a more precise description of their creation and evolution. Some members of this genes family acquired a transcriptional capacity
OJHA, DEVENDRA. "Etude de la structure galactique et des populations stellaires. Cinematique des populations stellaires de la galaxie". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994STR13204.
Pełny tekst źródłaCseresnjes, Patrick. "Etoiles variables et microlentilles gravitationnelles : deux outils d'étude de la galaxie naine du Sagittaire et du Centre Galactique". Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066411.
Pełny tekst źródłaWaldemar, Felipe Starosta de. "L' évolution de la structure productive et le développement des nations". Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010040.
Pełny tekst źródłaKutnik, Magdalena. "Évolution, génétique et structure coloniale du termite souterrain Reticulitermes grassei (Clément)". Tours, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOUR4030.
Pełny tekst źródłaSubterranean termites have been known to occur in France since the 17th century. Aquitaine, one of the most infested French regions, is inhabited by the Reticulitermes grassei species, which is particularly tricky to eradicate. The company Dow Agrosciences initiated a project together with the CNRS that aimed to clarify the patterns of this species biology in order to optimise the use of the baiting system technology. In order to elucidate the historical origins of the infestation by termites in France, we first inferred the evolutionary history of R. Grassei. We demonstrated that ancestral populations survived in the south of the Iberian Peninsula during the Quaternary glaciations, before expanding towards northern areas, successively colonising central and northern Spain, and finally France. A phylogeographical study of R. Grassei populations combining ecological, behavioural, chemical and genetic approaches enabled us to identify the migration routes followed by the pioneer populations and their consequences on the present genetic structure of populations established in geographically distinct areas. We also demonstrated the phylogenetic proximity that exists between R. Grassei and R. Banyulensi, another Iberian species. The study of subterranean termite's social and colonial organisation provided new insights on their ability to adapt to urban constraints. The identification of the genetic structure of R. Grassei colonies collected across France and Spain helped to understand their spatial distribution under natural conditions and on their ability to extend through the production of secondary reproductives. R. Grassei colonies can be divided in simple and complex families, based on the number and on the genetic relatedness of the reproductives. By investigating the survival and the development of laboratory colonies, we demonstrated this species' ability to restart an new colony in few months from a few dozens of isolated workers which can differentiate into secondary neotenic reproductives. The originality of termite's life cycle, their good lifespan and their ontogenetic potentialities, unique among social insects, are all factors that serve their settlement and their persistence in human inhabited areas, even the ones that are protected with chemical treatments
Benkhelil, Jean. "Structure et évolution géodynamique du bassin intracontinental de la Bénoué (Nigeria)". Nice, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NICE4055.
Pełny tekst źródłaBissessur, Prithivi Dass. "Structure, âge et évolution du Bassin des Mascareignes, Océan Indien Occidental". Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GLOB0019.
Pełny tekst źródłaSoubiran, Caroline. "Réduction et analyse d'un « survey » de mouvements propres : contribution à l'étude de la structure et la cinématique de la galaxie". Observatoire de Paris (1667-....), 1992. https://hal.science/tel-02095464.
Pełny tekst źródłaHe have treated a set of photographic Schmidt plates, and obtained very accurate measurements of proper motion, magnitude and colour indices for a complete sample, including almost 5000 objects, on a 7 square degree field near the North Galactic Pole. This survey has been analysed for the study of the structure and the kinematics of the Galaxy. After describing the microdensitometer MAMA and some tests which allowed to evaluate its accuracy (0. 6 micron), we detail the reduction of the data, stressing on the methods used to obtain proper motions to better than 2 milliarcsecond per year. Our astrometric and photometric measurements are compared to other data of the same kind, and after estimating the distances for a part of the stellar sample, we deduce some kinematic properties of the disc, the thick disc and the halo of our Galaxy. Complementary observations are proposed to go further into the interpretation of this set of data
Schroetter, Ilane. "La formation et l'évolution des galaxies grâce à la spectroscopie 3D : le rôle des vents". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30012/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe Λ-CDM model is one of the most resounding triumphs of modern cosmology. Yet, even though it is immensely successful at explaining the dark matter dominated large scale structures, it fails, sometimes dramatically, when the complex physics of baryonic matter comes into play. In particular, one of the major remaining discrepancies is between the observed and predicted baryonic densities of the dark matter halos of galaxies both in the high mass and low mass regimes (e.g. Behroozi et al., 2013b). Theoretical models predict much more mass than is actually observed, leading to the conclusion that there are mechanisms at play ejecting part of the baryonic matter reservoir from galaxies and therefore affecting their evolution. In other words, if we want to understand the evolution of galaxies, it is essential to understand precisely how galaxies lose a fraction of their baryonic matter. For low mass galaxies, a key part of the solution lies on supernovae-driven outflows (Dekel & Silk, 1986). Not only can such outflows efficiently expel gas and metals from galactic disks, enriching the inter-galactic medium (Oppenheimer et al., 2010), they are also observed in almost every star-forming galaxy (Veilleux et al., 2005a), making them an important part of the matter cycle of galaxies in general. Our incomplete knowledge of scaling relations between galaxies and the properties of their outflowing material, such as between the star formation rate (SFR) and the ejected mass rate Mout, limits our ability to produce accurate numerical simulations of galaxy evolution. The objective of this thesis is to quantify galactic wind properties using background quasars and 3D spectroscopy. In order to achieve our goal, we use large data sets from several instruments (SDSS, LRIS at Keck, SINFONI, UVES and MUSE on VLT). After developing observational strategies in order to have the largest data set possible with this technique, we increased the number of observations by 1 order of magnitude which resulted in better constraints on the outflowing materials for the low mass galaxies
Legeay, Gérard. "Couches minces amorphes d'ITO : caractérisation, structure, évolution et fonctionnalisation sous rayonnements UV". Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00567155.
Pełny tekst źródłaDucoux, Maxime. "Structure, thermicité et évolution géodynamique de la Zone Interne Métamorphique des Pyrénées". Thesis, Orléans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ORLE2026/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe understanding of the processes and scenarios of the inversion of extensional systems, and more specifically of hyper-extended margins, in collision thrust belts is a major issue. The intracontinental belt of the Pyrenees is an example of inversion of hyper-extended margins, associated with a HT-LP metamorphism and then integrated within the orogenic wedge. The first part of this study is focused on the distribution of the HT-LP metamorphism associated with rifting and the exhumation of lithospheric mantle. A new set of TRSCM data allows the recognition of the geometry of the IMZ, characterized with temperature ranging from 400 to 630°C and shows the absence of a regional gradient at this scale. This study then shows significant temperature gaps across major faults and distinguishes lateral temperature gradients at the scale of the different basins constituting the IMZ, especially in the westernmost part of the belt, in the Nappe des Marbres Basin. This part of the study moreover shows the importance of a salt tectonics prior to the HT-LP metamorphism. The second part shows the existence of three main tectonics phases during the Pyrenean orogeny and the role played by the Late Triassic evaporites as a decollement level in the generalized allochthony of the IMZ. A left-lateral component along the main faults within and along the boundaries of the North Pyrenean Zone (ZNP) is also shown. The interpretation of these observations is that the IMZ and ZNP form a single tectonic unit, decoupled from the Variscan basement by the decollement in the Late Triassic deposits and displaced above shallow-dipping thrust faults inherited from the rifting episode, during the first stages of the convergence. Deformation mode is then thin-skinned and becomes thick-skinned when the two paleomargins collide, with the development of major steeper faults linked with the exhumation of basement blocks (North Pyrenean Massifs) that dissected the IMZ
Loncke, Lies. "Ledelta profond du Nil : structure et évolution depuis le Messinien (Miocène terminal)". Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066432.
Pełny tekst źródłaGunawan, Wahyu. "Structure, stratigraphie et évolution de la partie centrale de Sulawesi (Indonésie orientale)". Aix-Marseille 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX11008.
Pełny tekst źródłaWatremez, Louise. "Structure profonde et évolution du Nord du golfe d'Aden oriental : sismique réfraction et modélisation thermomécanique". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00986994.
Pełny tekst źródłaLambert, Pascale. "Structuration et évolution des groupes champenois vitivinicoles : une lecture greinerienne". Thesis, Reims, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REIME005.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis work aims to understand the evolution and structuring of the Champagne wine groups following the Greiner model. After defining the concept of group, evolution is analyzed in the light of organizational change where change differs from organizational learning. On the other hand, structuring is viewed in two ways: that of the theory of structuring and that of organizational configuration. These visions instead of differentiating themselves overlap. Thus, structuring brings structures closer together because they had common habits, such as a broad movement of change in the environment where change and organizational change take shape. Reading such a phenomenon according to Greiner implies understanding a concrete change at the level of groups no longer at the societal level. However, understanding why wine groups have begun to structure themselves makes sense to understand the structure of the groups. This work requires understanding this model. The first is to place the work within the framework of change, to analyze it. Finally, the often-described lifecycle model also deserved to be read considering Mintzberg's work on the business lifecycle. Finally, we will qualify the work before proposing an enriched model adapted to the companies of our time. It is through a multi-site case study with an incremental qualitative analytical approach that we will tell the story of a group that has structured itself and evolved through acquisitions made before modeling this movement
Bouneffa, Mourad. "Gestion des objets complexes : modélisation, évolution et intégration". Nancy 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN10336.
Pełny tekst źródłaBitar, Nehmé Sami Al. "Les endotoxines du genre Bordetella : structure, évolution et impact sur la virulence bactérienne". Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112109.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe Bordetella genus is actually composed of nine species responsible for respiratory infections. B. pertussis, the agent of whooping cough, is the main model of this thesis along with other species such as B. holmesii and B. avium. Bacterial endotoxins are the major components of Gram-negative bacteria external membrane. From a chemical point of view, they are lipopolysaccharides (LPS) causing a high number of pathophysiological disorders ranging from low fever at weak doses, to lethal endotoxic choc at high ones. Structural analysis of the Bordetellae LPS is the major specialty of our group where the endotoxin structures of most species of the genus were described. It is well-known that lipid A, which constitutes the hydrophobic moiety of LPS, is responsible for the majority of biological activities of these molecules. Thus, any structural change of these molecules has an important impact on host-pathogen recognition, biological activities and bacterial virulence. For example, it has been demonstrated that the specific modification by grafting glucosamine on lipid A phosphate groups plays a major role in modulating the immune response. This structural peculiarity was highlighted by our team first in B. avium, B. bronchiseptica then in B. pertussis; it seems to be a unique trait of Bordetella. It should be noted that pertussis wreaks havoc in developing countries and affects newborns in several others, including France, where this infectious disease causes a significant death toll. The vaccine, which cannot be injected before the age of 2-3 months, could be improved and boosters are not regularly monitored. Experts in the domain have recognized the lack of an antigenic complement to make it more effective. In this thesis, we analyzed the structure of LPS from B. pertussis clinical isolates to study their evolution and adaptation over time along with their potential use in the design of new vaccines. In addition, regarding two strains of B. pertussis, BP338 and BP18-323, we have contributed to the identification of new genes involved in the biosynthesis of GlcN substituting the phosphate groups of the lipid moiety, which helped explaining the difference in the length of the single fatty acid differing between the two strains. The analysis of the influence of these structural elements on the activation of the receptor complex, TLR4/MD-2 sheds new light on the interactions between lipids A and this receptor. Our studies on clinical isolates of B. holmesii, an opportunistic pathogen responsible for pertussis-like illness, show great structural heterogeneity in the lipid A of these isolates. We showed the presence of a specific marker of Bordetella species, namely a fatty acid present only in the lipid A of human isolates. Our works on B. pertussis clinical isolates belonging to pre- and post-vaccine eras and coming from different countries show a loss of genetic material with a deficiency in certain major antigens. We have demonstrated, via physico-chemical methods, that these modifications did not affect the LPS of these isolates. The stability of these antigens and our ability to purify them, allow us to propose that detoxified LPS could be good candidates for improving the effectiveness of acellular pertussis vaccines. Finally, all structural studies presented in this thesis have provided insight into the regulation of certain genes in response to external stress. Our compiled work on a major pathogen is an important step in deciphering the molecular mechanisms leading to bacterial virulence and adaptation
Moine, Marie-Pierre. "Structure et évolution à mésoéchelle de perturbations cycloniques de l'Atlantique Nord pendant FASTEX". Toulouse 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOU30187.
Pełny tekst źródłaSayou, Camille. "Structure, fonction et évolution de LEAFY, facteur de transcription clé du développement floral". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00949325.
Pełny tekst źródłaGalvé, Audrey. "Structure sismique et évolution de la lithosphère au Tibet : réflexions grand-angle et conversions d'ondes télésismiques". Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002GLOB0001.
Pełny tekst źródłaJong-Moreau, Laetitia de. "L'appareil digestif des mysidacées : structure, ultrastructure, morphologie fonctionnelle et intérêt phylétique". Aix-Marseille 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX11070.
Pełny tekst źródłaParmentier, Vivien. "Structure thermique, composition, dynamique de l'atmosphère et évolution à long-terme des exoplanètes irradiées". Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01064548.
Pełny tekst źródłaMartin, Laure. "Structure et évolution récente de la Mer Egée : apports d'une étude par sismique réflexion". Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066092.
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