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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Strains emergence"
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Coburn, Brian J., Chris Cosner i Shigui Ruan. "Emergence and dynamics of influenza super-strains". BMC Public Health 11, Suppl 1 (2011): S6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-s1-s6.
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Voineagu, Lavinia, Victoria Braga, Mihaela Botnarciuc, Adina Barbu i Mirela Tataru. "Emergence of Staphylococcus hominis Strains in General Infections". ARS Medica Tomitana 18, nr 2 (1.12.2012): 80–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10307-012-0016-8.
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Abstract A retrospective analysis of microbiology data from general infections was performed. From 105 isolates strains of Staphylococcus spp. 36 (34,28%) were Staphylococcus epidermidis, 33 (31,42%) Staphylococcus aureus, 21 (20%) Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and 15 (14,28%) were Staphylococcus hominis. Results: S. hominis isolates were predominantly resistant to betalactamins (93,33 %) and even Imidazole (60 %). 53,33 % of strains were resistent to aminosides and 33,33 % to Ciprofloxacin. All strains (100%) were sensitive to Vancomycin, but also all were susceptibile to Quinupristin-Dalfopristin. A high percentage of S. hominis were sensitive to Moxifloxacin, Linezolid (93,33 %), and to teicoplanin (86,67%). Discussion: S. hominis is a member of skin normal flora, but all strains of S. hominis were isolated from generalized infection with a high rate of mortality.
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DALSGAARD, A., O. SERICHANTALERGS, A. FORSLUND, C. PITARANGSI i P. ECHEVERRIA. "Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 isolated in Samutsakorn, Thailand before, during and after the emergence of V. cholerae O139". Epidemiology and Infection 121, nr 2 (październik 1998): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268898001125.
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Seventy clinical strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 isolated from 1982–96 in Samutsakorn, a port city 30 km southwest of Bangkok where cholera occurs at low levels with regular seasonality, were characterized to investigate if there were any differences among the O1 strains isolated before, during and after the O139 epidemic. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing, ribotyping and southern blot hybridization with a cholera toxin probe (CT genotyping) demonstrated several genotypes among O1 strains isolated before the emergence of V. cholerae O139. However, O1 strains isolated during and after the advent of O139 showed identical ribotypes which were distinctly different from the types identified in strains isolated before the emergence of O139. Ribotypes identified in strains during and after the advent of O139 were also demonstrated by O1 strains isolated immediately before the emergence of O139. Considering the seasonality of cholera in Samutsakorn, the identical ribotype and CT genotype and the closely related PFGE types shown by all O1 strains isolated during and after the appearance of O139 is remarkable and suggest that the V. cholerae O1 strain may reemerge from an environmental source. A subgroup of V. cholerae O1 strains isolated before the emergence of the O139 epidemic had a ribotype identical to a type demonstrated by O139 strains isolated in Thailand. Our results support similar findings in Bangladesh and India that a distinct O1 strain appeared during the O139 epidemic. However, compared with the apparent identical strain which replaced O139 in Bangladesh and India, the emerged O1 strain in Samutsakorn showed a different ribotype and CT genotype.
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Ohtsuka, Masayuki, Ken Kikuchi, Kenichiro Shimizu, Namiko Takahashi, Yuka Ono, Takashi Sasaki i Keiichi Hiramatsu. "Emergence of Quinolone-Resistant Bordetella pertussis in Japan". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 53, nr 7 (4.05.2009): 3147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00023-09.
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ABSTRACT Six Bordetella pertussis strains isolated from children in Japan from 2004 to 2006 showed high-level resistance to nalidixic acid (NAL; MIC, >256 μg/ml) and decreased susceptibilities to fluoroquinolones. All of the NAL-resistant strains had the same D87G mutation in gyrA.
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Steele, A. D., i B. Ivanoff. "Rotavirus strains circulating in Africa during 1996–1999: emergence of G9 strains and P[6] strains". Vaccine 21, nr 5-6 (styczeń 2003): 361–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00616-3.
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Salerno, Francesco, i Massimo Cazzaniga. "Therapeutic strategies and emergence of multiresistant bacterial strains". Internal and Emergency Medicine 5, S1 (24.09.2010): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11739-010-0447-9.
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Eyngor, Marina, Yoram Tekoah, Roni Shapira, Avshalom Hurvitz, Amir Zlotkin, Avishay Lublin i Avi Eldar. "Emergence of Novel Streptococcus iniae Exopolysaccharide-Producing Strains following Vaccination with Nonproducing Strains". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, nr 22 (19.09.2008): 6892–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00853-08.
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ABSTRACT Streptococcus iniae is a major pathogen of fish, producing fatal disease among fish species living in very diverse environments. Recently, reoccurrences of disease outbreaks were recorded in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) farms where the entire fish population was routinely vaccinated. New strains are distinguished from previous strains by their ability to produce large amounts of extracellular polysaccharide that is released into the medium. Present findings indicate that the extracellular polysaccharide is a major antigenic factor, suggesting an evolutionary selection of strains capable of extracellular polysaccharide production.
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Lipnitskiy, A. V., I. A. Barkova, V. A. Antonov, A. M. Barkov i A. V. Novozhenina. "TO THE QUESTION OF THE EVOLUTION OF BACILLUS ANTHRACIS MICROBE". Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases 18, nr 5 (15.10.2013): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/eid40794.
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The objective of the review - the analysis of results of researches on the characteristics of strains of bacilli from the B.cereus sensu lato group, causing anthrax-like diseases of the people and some animal species. The facts testify that along with the evolution of Bacillus anthracis microbe which has led to acquisition of major factors of virulence - plasmids рХО1 and рХО2, emergence of strains of bacilli with plasmids of virulence similar to B. anthracis, but retaining B.cereus sensu strico properties is possible. The reasons and conditions of emergence of such strains aren't established yet.
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Vandenbussche, Frank, Elisabeth Mathijs, Wannes Philips, Meruyert Saduakassova, Ilse De Leeuw, Akhmetzhan Sultanov, Andy Haegeman i Kris De Clercq. "Recombinant LSDV Strains in Asia: Vaccine Spillover or Natural Emergence?" Viruses 14, nr 7 (29.06.2022): 1429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14071429.
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From 2017 to 2019, several vaccine-like recombinant strains of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) were discovered in Kazakhstan and neighbouring regions of Russia and China. Shortly before their emergence, the authorities in Kazakhstan launched a mass vaccination campaign with the Neethling-based Lumpivax vaccine. Since none of the other countries in the affected region had used a homologous LSDV vaccine, it was soon suspected that the Lumpivax vaccine was the cause of these unusual LSDV strains. In this study, we performed a genome-wide molecular analysis to investigate the composition of two Lumpivax vaccine batches and to establish a possible link between the vaccine and the recent outbreaks. Although labelled as a pure Neethling-based LSDV vaccine, the Lumpivax vaccine appears to be a complex mixture of multiple CaPVs. Using an iterative enrichment/assembly strategy, we obtained the complete genomes of a Neethling-like LSDV vaccine strain, a KSGP-like LSDV vaccine strain and a Sudan-like GTPV strain. The same analysis also revealed the presence of several recombinant LSDV strains that were (almost) identical to the recently described vaccine-like LSDV strains. Based on their InDel/SNP signatures, the vaccine-like recombinant strains can be divided into four groups. Each group has a distinct breakpoint pattern resulting from multiple recombination events, with the number of genetic exchanges ranging from 126 to 146. The enormous divergence of the recombinant strains suggests that they arose during seed production. The recent emergence of vaccine-like LSDV strains in large parts of Asia is, therefore, most likely the result of a spillover from animals vaccinated with the Lumpivax vaccine.
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Doan, Yen Hai, Francis Ekow Dennis, Nobuhiro Takemae, Kei Haga, Hiroyuki Shimizu, Michael Gyasi Appiah, Belinda Larteley Lartey i in. "Emergence of Intergenogroup Reassortant G9P[4] Strains Following Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction in Ghana". Viruses 15, nr 12 (18.12.2023): 2453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15122453.
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Rotavirus (RVA) is a leading cause of childhood gastroenteritis. RVA vaccines have reduced the global disease burden; however, the emergence of intergenogroup reassortant strains is a growing concern. During surveillance in Ghana, we observed the emergence of G9P[4] RVA strains in the fourth year after RVA vaccine introduction. To investigate whether Ghanaian G9P[4] strains also exhibited the DS-1-like backbone, as seen in reassortant G1/G3/G8/G9 strains found in other countries in recent years, this study determined the whole genome sequences of fifteen G9P[4] and two G2P[4] RVA strains detected during 2015–2016. The results reveal that the Ghanaian G9P[4] strains exhibited a double-reassortant genotype, with G9-VP7 and E6-NSP4 genes on a DS-1-like backbone (G9-P[4]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E6-H2). Although they shared a common ancestor with G9P[4] DS-1-like strains from other countries, further intra-reassortment events were observed among the original G9P[4] and co-circulating strains in Ghana. In the post-vaccine era, there were significant changes in the distribution of RVA genotype constellations, with unique strains emerging, indicating an impact beyond natural cyclical fluctuations. However, reassortant strains may exhibit instability and have a limited duration of appearance. Current vaccines have shown efficacy against DS-1-like strains; however, ongoing surveillance in fully vaccinated children is crucial for addressing concerns about long-term effectiveness.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Strains emergence"
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Kelly, D. "Norovirus evolution : understanding and characterising the emergence of novel strains in the population". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2018. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3021059/.
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Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are distributed globally, affect all age groups and place a significant burden upon health services. The diversity of this RNA virus is thought to play a significant role in the persistence of HuNoVs as the main cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis globally. Molecular diagnostics have been critical for understanding the epidemiology of outbreaks and sporadic cases, and to design and implement effective intervention strategies and disease control measures. Immunocompromised individuals are widely considered to be a reservoir for epidemic variants of HuNoV and whilst there are studies investigating the emergence of novel strains in an immunocompetent general population, reports at the the individual level are scarce. Three separate methodologies were developed to characterise HuNoV persistence in acute convalescent and chronic infection. First, a standardised quantification method to accurately quantify the most prevalent HuNoV genogroup. Second, a PGM-MB capture method to select HuNoV prior to massively parallel sequencing (MPS). Third, an assay to measure host specific coproantibody responses to three epidemic variants from different epochs. Quantification of longitudinal samples from individuals with acute or chronic HuNoV infection showed the virus distribution was homogenous in stool and an RNA external standard, in contrast to DNA, did not underestimate virus titre. HuNoV PGM-MB capture meant near complete viral genomes could be recovered at variable mean coverage. A bioinformatics pipeline demonstrated over the course of chronic infection allele frequencies were much more variable. In acute infection, minor alleles were present at a much lower frequency, but potential immune escape mutants were present. Immune escape mutants existed as minority variants or conserved mutations in the consensus sequence, and were in the presence of HuNoV specific-coproantibody, which were mapped to the protein surface. In HuNoV chronic infection, immune pressure is variable or non-existent, and therefore epidemic variants could emerge over long periods of infection by random chance. However, under immune pressure exerted by coproantibodies, escape variants may be seen. In three individuals, acute HuNoV symptomatic infection occurred despite the presence of specific secretory Ab responses to the VLP classed as the closest phylogenetic relative. The closest relative (Sydney 2012), differed at two amino acids, one of which has been previously described (A340T) as belonging to an epitope, and another which can be classed as having a potential role in immune escape (A323T). A single individual with acute HuNoV infection established a more prominent response to an earlier strain of HuNoV, rather than two contemporary strains, which proposes a role for Original Antigenic Sin (OAS) or Antigenic Seniority in the secretory Ab immunity. Finally, the use of MPS in outbreak tracking was assessed and compared to the currently used amplicon and Sanger based method. Overall both methods showed significant correlation. However, MPS provided greater depth and the ability to identify variants among samples within an outbreak that represented consensus changes in one or more samples from the same outbreak. This meant that the MPS data would have been able to link all the samples into a single outbreak or transmission network, where the current Sanger sequencing may not have been able to link them all.
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Chowdhury, Ashrafuzzaman. "Emergence and serovar transition of Vibrio parahaemolyticus pandemic strains isolated during a diarrhea outbreak in Vietnam between 1997 and 1999". Kyoto University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/145271.
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Lecorvaisier, Florian. "Etude sur la compétition intra-spécifique entre souches bactériennes dans le contexte de la vaccination de masse : approches théorique et statistique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10285.
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Aujourd'hui, les activités humaines comme l'exploitation de l'environnement (déforestation, chasse, agriculture...) et la mondialisation des échanges conduisent à l'émergence continuelle de nouvelles maladies dont la récente pandémie de COVID-19 n'est finalement qu'un exemple parmi une multitude d'autres. Au même moment l'humanité développe de nouvelles méthodes de lutte contre les agents infectieux, comme les antibiotiques et les vaccins, qui conduisent à l'émergence de nouveaux variants de pathogènes séculaires. La vaccination a par exemple conduit à la sélection de nouvelles souches de Corynebacterium diphtheriae et de Bordetella pertussis, les agents étiologiques de la diphtérie et de la coqueluche, respectivement. Dans mes travaux de thèse, je me suis dans un premier temps intéressé à la manière dont l'utilisation de vaccins à anatoxine contre C. diphtheriae pouvait conditionner l'évolution de cette bactérie pathogène. Pour ce faire, j'ai développé un modèle dynamique de type SIR. Ce modèle m'a permis de mettre en évidence que ce type de vaccin favorise la sélection de souches ne produisant pas la toxine diphtérique, principal facteur de virulence de C. diphtheriae. Je montre également que la compétition entre souches toxinogènes et souches non toxinogènes facilite l'éradication des souches toxinogènes, donc virulentes. Ainsi, la vaccination, combinée à la compétition entre souches, permet de réduire la circulation des souches virulentes de C. diphtheriae et de diminuer la prévalence de la diphtérie. Dans un deuxième temps, je me suis intéressé à identifier les facteurs environnementaux ayant un impact sur la vitesse d'émergence de nouvelles souches de pathogènes dans un contexte de vaccination de masse. Faute de données sur la diphtérie, j'ai étudié un jeu de données de souches de B. pertussis aux Etats-Unis. Plus précisément, je me suis intéressé à la vitesse de remplacement de souches sauvages de la bactérie par des souches mutantes déficientes en pertactine (PRN-), un antigène de surface présent dans une grande partie des vaccins en circulation. J'ai dû développer une nouvelle méthode pour analyser ces données, les approches traditionnelles se montrant inadaptées pour étudier un phénomène d'invasion par définition hautement autocorrélé dans le temps. Les résultats de cette analyse semblent indiquer que la température moyenne de l'environnement dans lequel ces souches circulent pourrait avoir une incidence sur la vitesse d'invasion des souches PRN-. Cependant, des analyses complémentaires ont montré que le jeu de données était finalement limité pour mettre en évidence un effet d'un facteur environnemental sur cette invasion. Dans un troisième temps, j'ai développé un modèle informatique et mathématique pour simuler la circulation de deux souches d'un pathogène type B. pertussis au sein d'une population mimant celle des Etats-Unis. Le but était in fine de produire des jeux de données artificiels similaires à celui étudié dans la partie précédente, pour vérifier comment pouvait fluctuer la qualité de l'échantillonnage et des estimations des cofacteurs telles que calculées dans le modèle précédent. Les résultats préliminaires de cette partie montrent que la dynamique de propagation d'un pathogène est un phénomène complexe, la rendant particulièrement difficile à étudier de manière rigoureuse. L'estimation des cofacteurs est biaisée par la qualité et la quantité des échantillons, et leur effet est alors difficile à mettre en évidence. Des travaux nécessaires sur ces aspects sont nécessaires. En conclusion, au cours de cette thèse j'ai employé diverses approches mathématiques et informatiques pour étudier la compétition entre souches de pathogènes dans un contexte vaccinal. J'ai pu mettre en évidence un rôle de la vaccination dans l'émergence de souches non virulentes, développé une méthode statistique pour étudier la vitesse d'émergence d'une telle souche, et étudié les forces et les limites d'une telle approcheNowadays, human activities such as the exploitation of the environment (deforestation, hunting, agriculture...) and the globalization of trade lead to the continual emergence of new diseases, of which the recent COVID-19 pandemic is just one example. At the same time, humanity is developing new methods of combating infectious agents, such as antibiotics and vaccines, leading to the emergence of new variants of age-old pathogens. Vaccination, for example, has led to the selection of new strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Bordetella pertussis, the etiological agents of diphtheria and pertussis, respectively. In my thesis work, I first investigated how the use of toxoid vaccines against C. diphtheriae could condition the evolution of this pathogenic bacterium. To do this, I developed a dynamic SIR-like model. This model enabled me to demonstrate that this type of vaccine favors the selection of strains that do not produce the diphtheria toxin, the main virulence factor of C. diphtheriae. I have also shown that competition between toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains facilitates the eradication of toxigenic, and therefore virulent, strains. Thus, vaccination, combined with competition between strains, reduces the circulation of virulent strains of C. diphtheriae and lowers the prevalence of diphtheria. Secondly, I set out to identify the environmental factors affecting the rate of emergence of new pathogen strains in the context of mass vaccination. In the absence of data on diphtheria, I studied a dataset of B. pertussis strains in the United States. More specifically, I was interested in the rate of replacement of wild strains of the bacterium by mutant strains deficient in pertactin (PRN-), a surface antigen present in a large proportion of vaccines in circulation. I had to develop a new method for analyzing these data, as traditional approaches proved unsuitable for studying an invasion phenomenon that is, by definition, highly autocorrelated over time. The results of this analysis suggest that the average temperature of the environment in which these strains circulate could have an impact on the invasion rate of PRN- strains. However, further analysis showed that the dataset was ultimately limited to highlight an effect of an environmental factor on this invasion. Thirdly, I developed a mathematical and computer model to simulate the circulation of two strains of a B. pertussis-like pathogen within a population mimicking that of the USA. The ultimate aim was to produce artificial datasets similar to the one studied in the previous section, in order to check how the quality of sampling and cofactor estimates calculated in the previous model might fluctuate. The preliminary results of this section show that pathogen propagation dynamics is a complex phenomenon, making it particularly difficult to study rigorously. The estimation of cofactors is biased by the quality and quantity of the samples, and their effect is therefore difficult to demonstrate. More work is needed on these aspects. In conclusion, in the course of this thesis I have employed various mathematical and computational approaches to study competition between pathogen strains in a context of mass vaccination. I was able to highlight the role of vaccination in the emergence of non-virulent strains, develop a statistical method to study the rate of emergence of such a strain, and study the strengths and limitations of such an approach
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Janvier, Xavier. "Etude de l'effet d'un polluant atmosphérique (NO2) sur le microbiote cutané Dialog between skin and its microbiota : Emergence of "Cutaneous bacterial endocrinology" Deleterious effects of an air pollutant on a selection of commensal skin bacterial strains, potential contributor to dysbiosis Response of a commensal skin bacterium to nitrogen oxides (NOx), air pollutants : potential tools for testing anti-pollution active cosmetic ingredient effectiveness Draft genome sequence of the commensal strain Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum CIP 102622 isolated from human skin Draft genome sequences of four commensal strains of Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas isolated from healthy human skin". Thesis, Normandie, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021NORMR007.
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Le dioxyde d’azote (NO2), en tant que second polluant atmosphérique le plus meurtrier en Europe est un des plus préoccupants pour la santé humaine selon l’Agence Européenne de l’Environnement. Il est notamment connu pour être responsable de maladies cardiovasculaires, respiratoires ainsi que pour contribuer au vieillissement cutané et au développement de la dermatite atopique. Des facteurs endogènes à l’hôte tels que le microbiote cutané interviennent également dans cette pathologie. En effet, de nombreuses pathologies cutanées sont corrélées à un déséquilibre (dysbiose) du microbiote bactérien, un acteur essentiel du maintien de l’homéostasie de la peau. Or, il est fortement soupçonné que l’effet des polluants sur la peau implique des mécanismes d’action directe mais également un mécanisme d’action indirecte lié à l’altération du microbiote cutané par le polluant. En conséquence, il est pertinent d’aborder l’effet du NO2 gazeux (gNO2) sur le microbiote cutané bactérien. Cette thèse a donc pour objectif d’évaluer l’impact physiologique, morphologique et moléculaire du NO2 sur des souches bactériennes commensales d’espèces représentatives du microbiote cutané (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus capitis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum). Selon l’espèce, des réponses différentes au stress nitrosant généré par le gNO2 ont ainsi été mises en évidence ainsi qu’une tolérance plus importante au gNO2 pour certaines d’entre elles. Ces travaux suggèrent par conséquent que le NO2 pourrait contribuer à la formation d’un état dysbiotique du microbiote cutané et participer à l’action indirect du polluant sur la peauNitrogen dioxide (NO2), as the second most deadly air pollutant in Europe, is one of the most of concern for human health according to the European Environment Agency. It is notably known to be responsible for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and also contributes to skin aging and atopic dermatitis. Host endogenous factors such as the cutaneous microbiota are also involved in this pathology, which is common in urban and suburban areas. Indeed, many skin pathologies are correlated to an imbalance (dysbiosis) of the bacterial microbiota, an essential player in the preservation of skin homeostasis. However, it is strongly presumed that the effect of pollutants on the skin involves direct mechanisms of action but also an indirect mechanism linked to the alteration of the cutaneous microbiota by the pollutant. Consequently, it is relevant to address the effect of gaseous NO2 (gNO2) on the cutaneous microbiota. This thesis aims to assess the physiological, morphological and molecular impact of gNO2 on commensal bacterial strains of representative species of the cutaneous microbiota (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus capitis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum). Depending on the species, different responses to gNO2-generated nitrosative stress were thus highlighted as well as a higher tolerance to gNO2 for some of them. This work therefore suggests that gNO2 could contribute to the formation of a dysbiotic state of the cutaneous microbiota and participate in the pollutant indirect action on the skin
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Rytting, Johanna. "An Emergency department under strain : Occupational stress in nurses". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för omvårdnad, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-179871.
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Bakgrund: Vårdpersonal på akutmottagning besitter en högre autonomi, bredare kompetens samt högre nivå av teamarbete och kommunikation vilket har visat en lindrande effekt på arbetsrelaterad stress. Trots detta har tidigare studier rapporterat att sjuksköterskor som arbetar på akutmottagning i större utsträckning upplever arbetsrelaterad stress till skillnad från sjuksköterskor som arbetar inom andra vårdinstanser. Motiv: Kvalitativ forskning inom det valda ämnet arbetsrelaterad stress hos sjuksköterskor på akutmottagning är limiterat och det föreligger brist på vetenskapliga studier som utförts på akutmottagning i Sverige. De besparings- och effektiviseringskrav vården står inför har resulterat i ökad arbetsbörda och arbetsrelaterad stress hos akutsjukvårdspersonalen. Motivet till studien var att bidra med en djupare kunskap om sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av stress på akutmottagning i norra delen av Sverige. Syfte: Att belysa sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av arbetsrelaterad stress på akutmottagning. Metod: Studien utfördes på ett mindre länsdelssjukhus i norra Sverige och kvalitativ metod innehållande enskilda intervjuer valdes då ambitionen var att studera sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av arbetsrelaterad stress. Kvalitativ innehållsanalys användes vid analys av textmaterialet. Resultat: Studiens fynd omfattade tre teman och dessa var; Att känna sig belastad och otillräcklig, Strävar efter kontroll samt Hinder inom verksamheten. Konklusion: Sjuksköterskor på akutmottagning blir ofta utsatta för tidspress, hög arbetsbörda och prestationskrav vilket ökar risken för arbetsrelaterad stress. Stöd från arbetsgruppen i form av reflekterande samtal är av stor vikt och det finns ett behov av reflekterande gruppsamtal för att förbättra det sociala stödet och teamkänslan på akutmottagningen.
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Schantz, April D. "Impact of Person-Environment Fit upon Strain and Well-Being for Emergency Responders". FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3768.
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This dissertation used a person-environment fit theoretical framework to examine the influence of person-job misfit as an organizational stressor on strain and well-being outcomes for emergency responders. Independent variables consisted of job attributes such as skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy and job-based feedback. These job characteristics are often used in work redesign efforts as they are amendable to organizational change initiatives. Dependent variables included strain outcomes relevant to those working in emergency services: physical symptoms, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress. Also, to include a positive aspect of emergency services work, the well-being outcome of compassion satisfaction was examined. Data were collected from 358 emergency responders across the United States via online survey, including law enforcement, firefighters, police/fire/medical dispatch, emergency medical technicians, and paramedics. Methodology utilized polynomial regression analysis in which joint linear and curvilinear effects from two predictors upon one outcome correspond to a three-dimensional response surface reflecting the fit-outcome relationship. This approach allowed a detailed examination of the nature of fit and the nature of misfit for each job attribute in relation to strain and well-being. Maximum likelihood with bootstrapping was used to estimate model parameters and test response surface features.
Findings identified several influential fit-outcome relationships including skill variety fit-compassion satisfaction (a1 = 0.366), task identity fit-burnout (a2 = -0.083), task significance fit-burnout (a1 = -0.241) task significance fit-compassion satisfaction (a1 = 0.496,), job-based feedback fit-physical symptoms (a1 = -3.807), job-based feedback fit-burnout (a1 = -0.323), and job-based feedback fit-compassion satisfaction (a1 = 0.391). In terms of misfit, task identity misfit was related to secondary traumatic stress (a3 = -0.209) and job-based feedback misfit was related to burnout (a3 = -0.234). Conclusions regarding identified fit-outcome relationships suggested a potential to reduce frequency of physical symptoms, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress and increase employees’ experience of compassion satisfaction by considering employees’ preference for these job characteristics. On the basis of these findings, opportunities for Emergency Services Management agencies to facilitate wellness for personnel, as well as future research directions are discussed.
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Seixas, Rui Emanuel Antunes de. "Virulence of Salmonella typhimurium 1,4,[5],12:i:- : the new emergent strain". Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13925.
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Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Veterinárias na Especialidade Sanidade AnimalSalmonella serovar 1,4,[5],12:i:- is presently considered one of the major serovars responsible for human salmonellosis worldwide. A multidisciplinary approach, including the fields of epidemiology, spatial statistics, clinical and applied microbiology was used to perform an extensive characterization of Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- isolates obtained by the National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge, which was lacking due to the recent emergence. It was observed that cases are reported in most districts, being more frequent in the Portuguese coastland. Spatial statistical analysis showed a significant geographic clustering, pointing out for the importance of evaluating these areas to identify risk factors, in order to establish adequate prevention programs. The most relevant antimicrobial profile in this serovar is the tetra-resistance pattern (R-type ASSuT), displaying resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamides and tetracyclines. A high occurrence of R-type ASSuT isolates was observed in the isolates under study, with the majority harboring the resistance genes frequently associated with the European clone, namely blaTEM, sul2, straA-straB, tetB. Additionally, resistance to quinolones and 3rd generation cephalosporin was also detected. In Portugal, the rapid spread of Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- R-type ASSuT might be related with the diversity of pulsotypes and also the presence of a core of virulence factors, including biofilm production. Biofilm-forming ability varied between sample locations and collection year, and can be one of the virulence features related with the rise of this serovar. Furthermore, biofilm formation was evaluated in vitro using a simulated human intestinal environment. In such conditions was observed an impairment of biofilm production, revealing that conditions mimicking the human intestinal tract can influence the biofilm-forming ability of the isolates under study. This research highlight the critical importance of close surveillance of Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- in Portugal, including R-type ASSuT isolates. Information gathered may unravel Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- features, prevent the dissemination to other regions and also benefit the medical community in order to rationalize salmonellosis antimicrobial therapeutics.
RESUMO - Virulência de Salmonella Typhimurium 1,4,[5],12:i:-, a nova estirpe pandémica* - Salmonella é uma bactéria Gram-negativa pertencente à família Enterobacteriaceae, sendo uma das principais responsáveis pela morbilidade e mortalidade associadas a toxinfecções alimentares. Pode manifestar-se num espectro de sintomatologia variado, incluindo a gastroenterite, a bacteriémia e a infecção focal. Este género incluí mais de 2600 serovares descritos, distribuídos por apenas duas espécies: Salmonella enterica que inclui todos os serovares patogénicos para os humanos e Salmonella bongori. Actualmente, um dos principais serovares responsáveis pela salmonelose humana em todo o mundo é o 1,4,[5],12:i:-. Este serovar é uma variante monofásica de Salmonella Typhimurium, muito semelhante a nível molecular, sendo caracterizado pela ausência da expressão do gene fljB. Devido à sua recente emergência, estudos que avaliem este serovar são escassos, particularmente em Portugal, o que definiu o âmbito desta investigação, que teve como objectivo a caracterização epidemiológica e microbiológica, tanto do ponto de vista fenotípico e genotípico, de isolados de Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- obtidos em Portugal a partir de diferentes origens, incluindo amostras humanas, animais e ambientais. Numa primeira fase foi realizada uma caracterização demográfica, epidemiológica e espacial de todos os casos de Salmonelose 1,4,[5],12:i:- humana notificados em Portugal pelo Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), durante um período de 10 anos, desde 2001 a 2011. Foram recolhidos dados sobre a origem, ano e mês de amostragem, género, idade, distrito e município de residência dos pacientes. Foi realizada a análise estatística descritiva, bem como, a análise estatística espacial através do software SaTScan™, combinada com análise através de software de georeferenciação, o QGIS™, de forma a caracterizar a epidemiologia e identificar agrupamentos espaciais de risco superior de infecção por Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- em Portugal. Globalmente, observou-se que em Portugal, a maioria dos distritos tem casos notificados de infecção por Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:-. Verificou-se também um aumento da incidência durante o intervalo de 2004 a 2011, com um maior número de casos na região litoral do país, incluindo distritos como Porto, Lisboa e Aveiro, o que pode ser explicado pela maior densidade populacional nestas áreas. A maioria das infecções ocorreu durante Maio e Outubro, e o menor número em Fevereiro, afectando principalmente indivíduos jovens.[...]*O autor escreve segundo o antigo Acordo Ortográfico
This work was supported by National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA) and funded by Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA)
N/A
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Naudé, Johannes Lodewikus Pretorius. "Occupational stress, coping, burnout and work engagement of emergency workers in Gautenge / Johannes Lodewikus Pretorius Naudé". Thesis, Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/3694.
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Emergency work is considered to be one of the most demanding occupations with significant
social, physical and psychological consequences for the well-being of the emergency worker.
Burnout, as well as its antithesis, work engagement, are two possible transactional outcomes
impacting on the well-being of the emergency worker. Measurement of burnout and work
engagement requires valid, reliable and culturally fair measuring instruments. However,
research on burnout and work engagement in South Africa are characterised by poorly
designed studies, a lack of sophisticated statistical analyses and poorly controlled studies.
Furthermore, research paucity in terms of burnout and work engagement seems to prevail in
the multicultural South African emergency worker context.
A lack of norms for the Maslach Burnout Inventory – Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS),
as well as the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) makes the identification of burnout
and engagement in the emergency services difficult. Consequently, investigating the
reliability, validity, equivalence and bias would result in the standardisation of the MBI-HSS
and the UWES, suitable for use in the multicultural emergency work setting. Amongst the
factors that could play a role in the prevalence of burnout and work engagement are stress
because of the demands of a job, a lack of job resources, as well as dispositional variables
such as affect and situational variables, such as coping strategies. The operationalisation of
occupational stress for emergency workers as well as information in terms of the
standardisation of measurement of coping strategies for emergency workers in the South
African context are lacking in the literature.
The objectives of this research were to standardise the MBI-HSS, UWES and Coping
Orientation to Problems Experienced (COPE) and to develop a valid and reliable
occupational stress measure for emergency workers in South Africa. Another objective of the
current study was to develop and test a causal model of burnout and work engagement of
emergency workers, including occupational stress, coping strategies and affect. Finally,
moderating effects of coping strategies and affect with regards to burnout and work
engagement were tested for.
The research method was by means of five separate articles, each consisting of a brief
literature overview and an empirical study. A cross-sectional survey design was used. An
accidental sample of emergency workers in Gauteng (N = 405) was used. The MBI-HSS,
UWES, Emergency Worker Stress Inventory (EWSI), COPE, Affectometer 2 (AFM) and a
biographical questionnaire were administered. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance,
correlations, principal component factor extraction, exploratory factor analysis with target
rotations, canonical analysis, multiple regression analysis and structural equation modelling
were used.
Structural equation modelling confirmed 3-factor models of burnout (Emotional Exhaustion,
Depersonalisation and Personal Accomplishment) as well as work engagement (Vigour, Dedication and Absorption). Internal consistency for the MBI-HSS and UWES was confirmed. Construct inequivalence was found for the Nguni group but not for the Afrikaans, English and Sotho groups. Item bias analysis revealed evidence of both uniform and no uniform bias for some items of the MBI-HSS, while no uniform bias was found for the UWES. In terms of the EWSI, a 3-factor structure was obtained by means of principal factor extraction with varimax rotation, namely lack of resources, job demands and inherent emergency work stressors. Principal factor extraction on the COPE revealed four factors, namely problem-focused coping, seeking social support, passive coping and turning to religion. Both the EWSI and COPE were found to be internally consistent. Construct
equivalence was obtained for the Afrikaans, English and Sotho groups, but not for the Nguni group. Evidence of uniform bias was found for the EWSI, whereas no uniform bias was found for the COPE.
Structural equation analysis showed that the lack of resources predicted the core of burnout, namely emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation. Problem-focused coping predicted personal accomplishment, while positive affect predicted emotional exhaustion. Work engagement was related to low burnout scores. Depersonalisation was associated with work engagement. Recommendations for the organisation and future research were made.Thesis (Ph.D. (Industrial Psychology))--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2003.
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Chao, G. "The emergence of integrated coastal and ocean management in Canada's Oceans Act, challenges of integrating fragmented resource sectors in Georges Bank, Nova Scotia and Hecate Strait, British Columbia". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0016/MQ49328.pdf.
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Cuerden, Barbara. "Art, Nature and the Virtual Environment: Three strands of a narrative inquiry written around a schoolyard garden as a collection of "events"". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/19679.
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Working with an organization outside the public school system that was creating schoolyard gardens, I began to think about culture and cultivation inside and outside of schooling practices. The liveliness of the schoolyard gardens presented possibilities for enlivening educational discourses. With two participants I planted a container box schoolyard garden outside Lamoureux Hall, which houses the Faculty of Education. Utilizing aspects of place-based pedagogy, ecoliteracy, ecopedagogy and a metissage of a/r/tography, eco-art and writing as a method of inquiry, we tended the garden and dwelled upon ideas of nature, culture, and their intersection in a particular place. Our garden experiences left cyber footprints in virtual space as blog spots on a thesis blog site. The garden and the inquiry it generated outside,is brought back inside the education building as a Master's thesis. The garden grew in different and unpredictable ways due to intense construction on site, entwining the planter boxes with unseen variables.
Książki na temat "Strains emergence"
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Glaser, Barney G. Basics of grounded theory analysis: Emergence vs. forcing. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press, 1992.
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Corsani, Gabriele, i Marco Bini, red. La Facoltà di Architettura di Firenze fra tradizione e cambiamento. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-416-3.
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The volume comprises the proceedings of the study days in the Faculty of Architecture (29-30 April 2004) broken down into four thematic sections: The original characteristics of the Florentine school, From Higher School to Faculty, the Florentine school and the contributions from outside, Contemporary metamorphoses. The contributions focus the phases of formation and evolution of the Higher School (1926) and later Faculty (1936) of Architecture, underlining the most significant passages, starting from the initial consolidation of the didactic structure and the emergence of a "Florentine school" characterised by the two strands traceable to Raffaello Fanoni and Giovanni Michelucci. A parallel experience is provided by the contribution of the external teachers, in particular of the Roman school, with lively and at times conflicting approaches. The present situation, albeit with the necessary disciplinary dialectic, features a settlement of the divergences around themes of the relations between architecture, environment and landscape.
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Formisano, Ronald P. Populist Currents in the 2008 Presidential Campaign. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036606.003.0009.
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This chapter highlights the populist strains in the 2008 campaigns and connects them to the nation's long history of politics “for the people.” When “Joe the Plumber” heckled Obama in Toledo, when Clinton hoisted a brew at a bar in Indiana, when Palin proudly introduced herself to the nation as a “hockey mom,” they were participating in a tradition of populist electoral appeals that can be traced back to the Whig Party's “Log Cabin and Hard Cider” campaign of 1840. Though populist campaigning took a digital turn in 2008 with the emergence of campaigning via interactive digital communications technologies, this chapter concludes that, as in the past, the populist rhetoric of the 2008 campaigns often had very little to do with policies that promoted the greatest good for the greatest number.
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Protocol for Enhanced Isolate-Level Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance in the Americas. Primary Phase: Bloodstream Infections. Pan American Health Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275122686.
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance plays an important role in the early detection of resistant strains of public health importance and prompt response to outbreaks in hospitals and the community. Surveillance findings are needed to inform medical practice, antibiotic stewardship, and policy and interventions to combat AMR. Appropriate use of antimicrobials, informed by surveillance, improves patients’ treatment outcomes and reduces the emergence and spread of AMR. This protocol describes the steps and procedures to establish/enhance AMR surveillance in Latin America and the Caribbean. It provides technical guidance to integrate patient, laboratory, and epidemiological data to monitor AMR emergence, trends, and effects in the population. It also provides the necessary elements to move from aggregated data to isolate-level data surveillance starting with blood isolates. It facilitates uniform data collection processes, methods, and tools to ensure data comparability within the Region of the Americas. Finally, it builds on over a decade of experience of the regional AMR surveillance network—ReLAVRA by its Spanish acronym—and its procedures are aligned with the Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS) methodology, enabling countries to participate in the global GLASS AMR surveillance.
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Schaflechner, Jürgen. Hinglaj in Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190850524.003.0003.
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This chapter presents three distinct strains of the Goddess’s history, corresponding to the three main historical discourses shaping the current representations of Hinglaj and the ritual journeys relating to her. The first surveys the various mentions of Hinglaj Devi in ancient Sanskrit sources, including her link to the myth of the Goddess Sati. The second demonstrates how Hinglaj rose to her role as an important caste and clan Goddess for contemporary South Asian Hindus. The third provides a glimpse into how the shrine’s Zikri-Muslim history has transformed the Goddess into a representative of communal understanding between Muslims and Hindus in today’s Sindh. Laid over this approach is an overview of the recent infrastructural and other developments at and around the shrine and their effect on these historical narratives, including the recent emergence of the Lasi-Lohana caste as a new and powerful actor in the process of writing and rewriting the history of Hinglaj.
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Morgan, Marina. Other bacterial diseasesStreptococcosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0023.
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Many pyogenic (β -haemolytic) streptococci of clinical significance have animal connections. In the last edition of this book two species of streptococci were considered of major zoonotic interest, namely Streptococcus suis and S. zooepidemicus. Since then, numerous sporadic zoonoses due to other streptococci have been reported, and a newly recognized fish pathogen with zoonotic potential termed S. iniae has emerged. Changes in nomenclature make the terminology confusing. For example, the organism known as S. zooepidemicus — now termed S. dysgalactiae subsp. zooepidemicus — still causes pharyngitis in humans, complicated rarely by glomerulonephritis after ingestion of unpasteurized milk. Pigs remain the primary hosts of S. suis with human disease mainly affecting those who have contact with pigs or handle pork.Once a sporadic disease, several major epidemics associated with high mortality have been reported in China. The major change in reports of zoonotic streptococcal infections has been the emergence of severe skin and soft tissue infections, and an increasing prevalence of toxic shock, especially due to S. suis (Tang et al. 2006), group C (Keiser 1992) and group G β -haemolytic streptococci (Barnham et al. 2002). Penicillin remains the mainstay of treatment for most infections, although some strains of group C and G streptococci are tolerant (minimum bactericidal concentration difficult or impossible to achieve in vivo) (Portnoy et al. 1981; Rolston and LeFrock 1984) and occasionally strains with increased minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for penicillin are reported.Agents preventing exotoxin formation, such as clindamycin and occasionally human intravenous immunoglobulin, may be used in overwhelming infection where circulating exotoxins need to be neutralized in order to damp down the massive release of cytokines generated by their production (Darenberg et al. 2003). Prevention of human disease focuses on maintaining good hygienic practice when dealing with live animals or handling raw meat or fish products, covering skin lesions, thorough cooking of meats and pasteurization of milk.
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Basics of Grounded Theory Analysis: Emergence Vs. Forcing. Sociology Pr, 1992.
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Schneider, Beth E., i Janelle M. Pham. The Turn toward Socialist, Radical, and Lesbian Feminisms. Redaktorzy Holly J. McCammon, Verta Taylor, Jo Reger i Rachel L. Einwohner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190204204.013.4.
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The emergence of socialist, radical, and lesbian feminisms during the 1960s was a reaction to, and critique of, liberal feminism. Activists in this women’s liberation branch of the second wave strongly agreed that liberal feminism, with its focus on rights, choice, and personal achievement, was insufficient in its analysis of women’s status and condition. Each of the three strands differed in their analysis of the roots of the problem and in their approaches to social change. This chapter details “the turn” to socialist, radical, and lesbian feminism during the 1960s and 1970s with a focus on the ideological underpinnings, strategies, and organizations, examining the differences between and within each strand. Each of these strands faced varying levels of criticism for their lack of attentiveness to the diversity of women’s experience beyond the interests of a mostly White, middle-class constituency. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research on these feminisms.
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Alexander, D. J., N. Phin i M. Zuckerman. Influenza. Redaktor I. H. Brown. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0037.
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Influenza is a highly infectious, acute illness which has affected humans and animals since ancient times. Influenza viruses form the Orthomyxoviridae family and are grouped into types A, B, and C on the basis of the antigenic nature of the internal nucleocapsid or the matrix protein. Infl uenza A viruses infect a large variety of animal species, including humans, pigs, horses, sea mammals, and birds, occasionally producing devastating pandemics in humans, such as in 1918 when it has been estimated that between 50–100 million deaths occurred worldwide.There are two important viral surface glycoproteins, the haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). The HA binds to sialic acid receptors on the membrane of host cells and is the primary antigen against which a host’s antibody response is targeted. The NA cleaves the sialic acid bond attaching new viral particles to the cell membrane of host cells allowing their release. The NA is also the target of the neuraminidase inhibitor class of antiviral agents that include oseltamivir and zanamivir and newer agents such as peramivir. Both these glycoproteins are important antigens for inducing protective immunity in the host and therefore show the greatest variation.Influenza A viruses are classified into 16 antigenically distinct HA (H1–16) and 9 NA subtypes (N1–9). Although viruses of relatively few subtype combinations have been isolated from mammalian species, all subtypes, in most combinations, have been isolated from birds. Each virus possesses one HA and one NA subtype.Last century, the sudden emergence of antigenically different strains in humans, termed antigenic shift, occurred on three occasions, 1918 (H1N1), 1957 (H2N2) and 1968 (H3N2), resulting in pandemics. The frequent epidemics that occur between the pandemics are as a result of gradual antigenic change in the prevalent virus, termed antigenic drift. Epidemics throughout the world occur in the human population due to infection with influenza A viruses, such as H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes, or with influenza B virus. Phylogenetic studies have led to the suggestion that aquatic birds that show no signs of disease could be the source of many influenza A viruses in other species. The 1918 H1N1 pandemic strain is thought to have arisen as a result of spontaneous mutations within an avian H1N1 virus. However, most pandemic strains, such as the 1957 H2N2, 1968 H3N2 and 2009 pandemic H1N1, are considered to have emerged by genetic re-assortment of the segmented RNA genome of the virus, with the avian and human influenza A viruses infecting the same host.Influenza viruses do not pass readily between humans and birds but transmission between humans and other animals has been demonstrated. This has led to the suggestion that the proposed reassortment of human and avian influenza viruses takes place in an intermediate animal with subsequent infection of the human population. Pigs have been considered the leading contender for the role of intermediary because they may serve as hosts for productive infections of both avian and human viruses, and there is good evidence that they have been involved in interspecies transmission of influenza viruses; particularly the spread of H1N1 viruses to humans. Apart from public health measures related to the rapid identification of cases and isolation. The main control measures for influenza virus infections in human populations involves immunization and antiviral prophylaxis or treatment.
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Yaari, Nurit. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746676.003.0001.
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This chapter examines the lack of continuous tradition of the art of the theatre in the history of Jewish culture. Theatre as art and institution was forbidden for Jews during most of their history, and although there were plays written in different times and places during the past centuries, no tradition of theatre evolved in Jewish culture until the middle of the nineteenth century. In view of this absence, the author discusses the genesis of Jewish theatre in Eastern Europe and in Eretz-Yisrael (The Land of Israel) since the late nineteenth century, encouraged by the Jewish Enlightenment movement, the emergence of Jewish nationalism, and the rebirth of Hebrew as a language of everyday life. Finally, the chapter traces the development of parallel strands of theatre that preceded the Israeli theatre and shadowed the emergence of the political infrastructure of the future State of Israel.
Części książek na temat "Strains emergence"
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Gomes, Tânia Aparecida Tardelli, Ana Carolina de Mello Santos, Rodrigo Tavanelli Hernandes, Monica Yurley Arias-Guerrero, Ana Elvira Farfán-García i Oscar G. Gómez-Duarte. "Emergence of Hybrid Escherichia coli Strains". W Trending Topics in Escherichia coli Research, 295–315. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29882-0_13.
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Johnsen, S. "New strains—the emergence of cyber physical vulnerabilities". W Risk, Reliability and Safety: Innovating Theory and Practice, 2238–45. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315374987-337.
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Ma, Yanping, Yeona Kang, Angelica Davenport, Jennifer Mawunyo Aduamah, Kathryn Link i Katharine Gurski. "Extended-Release Pre-exposure Prophylaxis and Drug-Resistant HIV". W Mathematical Modeling for Women’s Health, 9–50. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-58516-6_2.
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AbstractThe pharmacologic tail of long-acting cabotegravir (CAB-LA), an injectable pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), allows for months-long intervals between injections, but it may facilitate the emergence of drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) strains during the acute infection stage. In this chapter, we present a within-host, mechanistic ordinary differential equation model of the HIV latency and infection cycle in CD4$${ }^+$$ + T-cells to investigate the impact of CAB-LA on drug-resistant mutations in both humans and macaques. We develop a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model for CAB-LA to correlate the inhibitory drug response with the drug concentration in plasma. After validating our model against experimental results, we conduct in silico trials. First, we separately administer CAB-LA to the in silico macaque and human patients before and after exposure to simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)/HIV, to observe SHIV and HIV infectivity dynamics, respectively. Although the model does not incorporate a mechanism for CAB-LA-induced HIV mutations, we analyze the outcomes when mutations occur naturally. Our findings suggest that CAB-LA may enhance the growth of drug-resistant strains over the wild-type strains during the acute stage. The in silico trials demonstrate that the effectiveness of CAB-LA against mutations and the fitness of the drug-resistant strain to infect T-cells determine the course of the mutated strain.
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Olsen, Christopher W. "Emergence of Novel Strains of Swine Influenza Virus in North America". W Trends in Emerging Viral Infections of Swine, 37–43. Ames, Iowa, USA: Iowa State Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470376812.ch2c.
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Feng, Peter C. H., i Steven R. Monday. "Evolutionary Emergence and Impact of Atypical Escherichia coli O157:H7 Strains". W Population Genetics of Bacteria, 241–55. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555817114.ch14.
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Yair, Yael, i Uri Gophna. "Pandemic Bacteremic Escherichia Coli Strains: Evolution and Emergence of Drug-Resistant Pathogens". W Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 163–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/82_2018_109.
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Wang, Taia T., i Peter Palese. "Emergence and evolution of the 1918, 1957, 1968, and 2009 pandemic virus strains". W Textbook of Influenza, 218–28. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118636817.ch14.
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Marschang, Rachel E., Jonathan I. Meddings, Thomas B. Waltzek, Paul Hick, Matthew C. Allender, Wytamma Wirth i Amanda L. J. Duffus. "Ranavirus Distribution and Host Range". W Ranaviruses, 155–230. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-64973-8_6.
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AbstractRanaviruses are globally distributed pathogens in amphibian, fish, and reptile communities that appear to be emerging. Cases of ranavirus infection or disease have been confirmed in at least 177 amphibian species (25 families), 49 fish species (25 families), and 37 reptile species (17 families). Transmission of individual strains between animal classes has been documented. While ranaviruses are frequently associated with mass die-offs, host susceptibility differs among species, with some species harboring subclinical infections and likely serving as reservoirs for the virus and other highly susceptible species amplifying the virus. Currently, there are seven recognized species of ranavirus, with stark differences in pathogenicity between strains and hosts. Several strains among these species have been named, and changes in taxonomy in this genus can lead to some confusion. Frog virus 3 is the best studied species of the genus Ranavirus and appears to be the most globally distributed species, with viruses of this species infecting ectothermic vertebrates across three vertebrate classes. International commerce involving infected ectothermic vertebrates undoubtedly has contributed to the global distribution, diversity, and emergence of ranaviruses. Herein, we describe the global distribution of ranaviruses in amphibians, fish, and reptiles, host range of the different Ranavirus species, the implications of interclass transmission, and the impact of trade on ranavirus distribution. The Global Ranavirus Reporting System (GRRS), which documents global detections of ranaviruses, is also presented.
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Drabek, Thomas E. "A Stress-Strain Perspective on Managerial Behavior". W Emergency Management, 47–60. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3310-7_4.
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Manzoni, Giacomo. "Towards Political and Musical Renewal". W Red Strains. British Academy, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197265390.003.0002.
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Giacomo Manzoni is one of Italy's most renowned composers and also a sought-after composition teacher. From 1958 to 1967 he was the music critic of the daily newspaper of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) L'Unità. This chapter recounts the appeal exerted by communism in the immediate aftermath of World War Two, the emergence in Italy of a view that the conquest of new territory in art was entirely consistent with socialist ideas, and the initiatives taken by the PCI to bring culturally marginalised communities into contact with all kinds of music. It concludes with critical comments about the path taken by the PCI following the fall of the Soviet Union, and the consequent demise of the prospects for realising a free and humane communism in Italy.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Strains emergence"
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Pasternak, Viktoriya, Artem Ruban, Oleksandr Bilotil i Daryna Karpova. "Effective Application of Numerical Approaches and Green Functions for the Process of Modelling Spheres". W International Scientific Applied Conference "Problems of Emergency Situations", 3–13. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-5kgud9.
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The research work is devoted to the study of the stress-strain state of a structure comprising a cylinder with a sphere using numerical approaches and Green’s functions. The results obtained include the analysis of stress distribution, study of deformations and determination of stress concentration zones. Safety factors are assessed and the influence of boundary conditions on the behaviour of the structure is revealed. The application of numerical methods allowed for a detailed study of the interaction of the sphere, providing an opportunity to analyse the exact properties and assess the influence of various factors in complex structures. It should be noted that the results obtained, which were evaluated taking into account all factors, affect the real system and can be predicted with a deviation error of 1%.
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Pasternak, Viktoriya, Artem Ruban, Kyrylo Pasynchuk i Pavlo Polyanskyi. "Special Features of Using Mathematical Modeling for the Study of Tetrahedral Elements". W International Scientific Applied Conference "Problems of Emergency Situations", 27–37. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-dbbwy3.
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In this scientific work, mathematical modeling of tetrahedron elements in the finite element method is presented, which includes the determination of geometric shape, shape functions, and material properties. Unknown fields such as displacement vectors, strain, and stress tensors are considered. The methodology of applying the principle of virtual work and equilibrium equations is described, allowing the derivation of a system of differential equations to describe the behavior of the tetrahedral element. Integration over the volume and consideration of boundary conditions help reduce the equations to a system of linear algebraic equations for numerical solution using the finite element method. It was found that modeling tetrahedral elements with a specific given radius (for example, R=0.3 mm) involves stages such as geometry determination, element generation, shape function formation, stiffness matrix computation, and solving a system of linear equations. The radius R of tetrahedral elements is taken into account at all stages, ensuring accuracy and reliability in tetrahedra modeling. The research also focuses on the fact that the occurrence of minor errors in iterative processes may result from several factors, including iteration step, the number of iterations, stopping criteria, linear or nonlinear material behavior, solution method selection, the presence of geometric inhomogeneities, and element size.
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Schleifer, Hannah, Di Coneybeare, Jad El Harake, Yik Tung Tracy Ling i Elisa E. Konofagou. "Feasibility of Early Myocardial Infarction Detection in the Emergency Department Using Maximum Principal Strain". W 2024 IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control Joint Symposium (UFFC-JS), 1–4. IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/uffc-js60046.2024.10794080.
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"Optimizing the Efficacy of Beneficial Bacteria Against Botrytis Blight Disease in Petunias". W Plant Health 2024. American Phytopathological Society, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/aps-ph24-023.
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Botrytis cinerea, a fungal pathogen and the causal agent of botrytis blight or gray mold, poses a significant challenge in greenhouse crop management due to its wide host range and ability to infect plants at various growth stages. The reliance on conventional fungicides has led to environmental concerns and the emergence of fungicide-resistant strains. This study explores the use of beneficial Pseudomonas bacteria, hypothesizing that specific strain combinations could suppress B. cinerea more effectively than single strains. We focused on five Pseudomonas strains (14B11, AP54, 15H3, 94G2, 89F1), examining biofilm formation, compatible interactions, and biocontrol efficacy through biofilm assays, direct bacterial inhibition assays, genomic analysis, and detached flower assays. Strain Pseudomonas chlororaphis 14B11 demonstrated superior biofilm formation, with enhanced effectiveness when combined with P. moraviensis 89F1 and P. protegensAP54, but its effectiveness was inhibited by P. protegens 15H3. Genomic analysis highlighted antifungal secondary metabolite gene clusters in 14B11 and AP54, underpinning their biocontrol potential. Detached flower trials with Petunia ×hybrida 'Carpet Red' corroborated lab findings, showing significant disease reduction with 14B11, AP54, and their combinations. This suggests strategic Pseudomonas strain combinations as a viable, eco-friendly fungicide alternative, advancing sustainable agriculture by improving understanding of microbial interactions against botrytis blight.
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Iancu, Ionica, Viorel Herman, Ileana Nichita i Alexandru Gligor. "RESEARCH ON THE AEROBIC BACTERIAL FLORA ISOLATED FROM CATTLE WITH CLINICAL ENDOMETRITIS". W 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023/6.1/s25.23.
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In cattle, uterine infections are one of the major causes of reproductive disorders. These bacterial infections are frequently treated with antibiotics, but their effectiveness must be evaluated, due to the continuous emergence of bacterial strains with multiple drug resistances. The research was conducted on several 190 samples from cows with a presumptive diagnosis of endometritis. The exploitation technology practiced at this farm is the free stall type. Samples were collected using sterile swabs and transported under appropriate conditions to the laboratory. The definitive identification of suspected etiological agents was made with the help of diagnostic kits: API 20 E - for the identification of pathogens from the Enterobacteriaceae family, API Staph - for the identification of staphylococci (API - Analytical Profile Index). Out of the total 190 processed samples, more than half of them were gram-negative bacteria, 105 strains (55.26%) and 85 strains (44.74%) were gram-positive bacteria. From the 190 samples collected from cows with endometritis, 95 strains of Escherichia coli (50%), 20 strains of Staphylococcus spp. (10.52%), 37 strains of Klebsiella spp. (19.47%) were isolated, 19 strains of Streptococcus spp. (10%) 19 strains of Pseudomonas spp. (10%). The isolated strains had similar behavior, being sensitive to enrofloxacin, florfenicol, gentamicin, and lincospectin at 94.44%. Most of the gram-positive bacterial strains showed sensitivity to ceftiofur, cefoxitin, and cefotaxime. Among gram-negative bacterial strains, resistance to amoxicillin / clavulanic acid was found to be 100%, penicillin at 77%, and ampicillin at 72%. Among the gram-positive bacterial strains, 78.57% penicillin and 71.43% amoxicillin/clavulanic acid resistance were found.
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Litvinova, V. R., A. P. Rudometov, D. N. Kisakov, L. A. Kisakova, M. B. Borgoyakova, E. V. Starostina, A. M. Zadorozhny i in. "IMMUNOGENIC PROPERTIES OF AN EXPERIMENTAL DNA VACCINE ENCODING A/H5N8 INFLUENZA VIRUS HEMAGGLUTININ". W X Международная конференция молодых ученых: биоинформатиков, биотехнологов, биофизиков, вирусологов и молекулярных биологов — 2023. Novosibirsk State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1526-1-99.
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The constantly emerging antigenic variants of seasonal influenza viruses, as well as the high likelihood of the emergence of pandemic strains, increase the need for new vaccine technologies that will provide effective induction of the immune response and have scalable production with the ability to replace the target immunogen. In this work, an experimental DNA vaccine encoding A/H5N8 influenza virus hemagglutinin was developed and its immunogenic properties were studied.
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Tirziu, Emil, Ioan Banatean-Dunea, Ileana Nichita, Ionela Hotea i Iulia-Maria Bucur. "RESEARCH REGARDING THE PRESENCE OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AT BACTERIAL STRAINS ISOLATED FROM AQUACULTURE FISHES". W 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023/6.1/s25.26.
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The antibiotic resistance is a well-researched and of great interest subject for both veterinary and human medicine, not only due to the impact on human and animal health, but also for the effects that are triggered in the long run that are hard to specify at this moment. It is unanimously recognized the fact that the emergence of antimicrobial resistance phenomenon reduces the possibility of a large scale use of bacterial etiology diseases preventing and controlling means In the study was aimed both the isolation and identification of some bacterial species present in fishes from aquaculture farms, as well as the determination of the resistance degree to the main antibacterial substances of these isolated bacterial strains identified from the aquatic environment. The research was made on fish farms for the intensive growth of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), species raised for consumption. The laboratory tests were performed using Vitek2 Compact equipment, used both to identify the isolated bacterial species, as well as to test their resistance to antimicrobial agents. The assays for antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed on seven out of ten bacterial strains isolated at a higher frequency. The research showed that there was a higher antimicrobial resistance in Sphingomonas paucimobilis, at 4 out of 17 antimicrobial substances under study and in Rhizobium radiobacter at 5 antimicrobial substances.
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Rozman, Urška, Mojca Cimerman, Darja Duh i Sonja Šostar Turk. "Zmanjšana občutljivost bakterij proti razkužilom, izoliranih iz površin na oddelku za fizioterapijo". W Interdisciplinarity Counts. University of Maribor, University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.fov.3.2023.72.
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Disinfectants are intensively used in medical institutions to control and prevent health care associated infections. With constant use and exposure to disinfectants, bacteria can develop reduced sensitivity or even resistance. In our research, we isolated bacterial strains from reusable devices in physiotherapy departments in four different institutions from Slovenia and Austria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of various disinfectant wipes used in institutions was determined for the isolated strains. The wipes contained the active substance alcohol or quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC). Average MIC values for alcohol-based disinfectants were between 66.61 and 148.82 g/l, for QAC-based disinfectants between 2.4 and 3.5 mg/L. We identified five different strains in which the MIC values were four times higher than the average values, which may indicate a reduced sensitivity of the bacteria against the tested disinfectants. Monitoring the reduction of susceptibility and/or resistance of bacteria to disinfectants is important, as this can also affect the emergence of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. It is important to take care of the prudent use of available and effective antimicrobial agents, and it is also absolutely necessary to establish clear criteria and protocols for monitoring the resistance of microorganisms to disinfectants.
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MATSUNO, Takashi. "Enhancement of fracture strain during abrupt orthogonal strain- path changes in ferrite/martensite dual phase steel". W Material Forming. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644903131-118.
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Abstract In multistage press forming, the scrutiny of work-hardening behavior attributed to abrupt strain path changes in deformation paths has been pivotal in the context of press formability. However, applying this method to stretch flanging presents a formidable complexity. In such scenarios, substantial deformations resulting from shear-cut processing and subsequent stretch-flange formation significantly influence the local fracture strains, a critical determinant of process success. Therefore, our investigation examined the impact of deformation path variations on the fracture strain of dual-phase steel sheets. A crucial facet of our experimental approach involved manipulating the strain level during the initial tensile deformation. Tensile deformation was extended beyond the onset of necking, culminating in the emergence of microvoids within the material. Following this preliminary extensive strain, successive tensile tests were conducted on diminutive round-bar specimens, subject to a 90º change in the deformation path, to investigate their influence on work hardening and fracture strain. The outcomes of the diameter-measuring tensile tests unveiled a pronounced cross effect during the early stages of deformation, particularly concerning work-hardening behavior. However, as the deformation advanced, the results conformed to the stress-strain curve observed in the same direction of tension. Notably, the fracture strain exhibited an approximately 10% enhancement attributable to the abrupt strain path change, thereby having the potential to augment the practical stretch flangeability.
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Михель, И. М. "CREATION OF A GENETIC CONSTRUCTION FOR EFFECTIVE EXPRESSION OF THE Sm-AMP-D2 DEFENSIN GENE FROM Stellaria media L. IN TOMATO PLANTS". W Биотехнология в растениеводстве, животноводстве и сельскохозяйственной микробиологии, 86–88. Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.48397/arriab.2021.21.xxi.050.
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Среди овощных культур томат занимает первое место в мире по объему производства. На его долю приходится более 15% мирового производства овощей (более 177 миллионов тонн в 2016 году по данным www.fao.org) [Rothan et al, 2019]. Являясь важной культурой, томат поражается большим числом патогенов вирусной, бактериальной и грибной природы, в результате значительно снижается продуктивность растений и теряется большая доля урожая [Brahimi et al, 2017]. Современная селекция привела к появлению новых сортов, устойчивых к болезням, однако появление новых штаммов патогенов часто приводит к снижению устойчивости за короткий период времени [Tsutomu et al, 2007]. Among vegetable crops, tomato ranks first in the world in terms of production. It accounts for over 15% of global vegetable production (over 177 million tons in 2016 according to www.fao.org) [Rothan et al, 2019]. Being an important crop, tomato is affected by a large number of pathogens of a viral, bacterial and fungal nature, as a result, plant productivity is significantly reduced and a large share of the crop is lost [Brahimi et al, 2017]. Modern breeding has led to the emergence of new varieties that are resistant to diseases, but the emergence of new strains of pathogens often leads to a decrease in resistance in a short period of time (Tsutomu et al, 2007).
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Strains emergence"
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Gelb, Jr., Jack, Yoram Weisman, Brian Ladman i Rosie Meir. Identification of Avian Infectious Brochitis Virus Variant Serotypes and Subtypes by PCR Product Cycle Sequencing for the Rational Selection of Effective Vaccines. United States Department of Agriculture, grudzień 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586470.bard.
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Objectives 1. Determine the serotypic identities of 40 recent IBV isolates from commercial chickens raised in the USA and Israel. 2. Sequence all IBV field isolates using PCR product cycle sequencing and analyze their S 1 sequence to detennine their homology to other strains in the Genbank and EMBL databases. 3. Select vaccinal strains with the highest S 1 sequence homology to the field isolates and perform challenge of immunity studies in chickens in laboratory trials to detennine level of protection afforded by the vaccines. Background Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a common, economically important disease of the chicken. IB occurs as a respiratory form, associated with airsacculitis, condemnation, and mortality of meat-type broilers, a reproductive form responsible for egg production losses in layers and breeders, and a renal form causing high mortality in broilers and pullets. The causative agent is avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Replication of the virus' RNA genome is error-prone and mutations commonly result. A major target for mutation is the gene encoding the spike (S) envelope protein used by the virus to attach and infect the host cell. Mutations in the S gene result in antigenic changes that can lead to the emergence of variant serotypes. The S gene is able to tolerate numerous mutations without compromising the virus' ability to replicate and cause disease. An end result of the virus' "flexibility" is that many strains of IBV are capable of existing in nature. Once formed, new mutant strains, often referred to as variants, are soon subjected to immunological selection so that only the most antigenically novel variants survive in poultry populations. Many novel antigenic variant serotypes and genotypes have been isolated from commercial poultry flocks. Identification of the field isolates of IBV responsible for outbreaks is critical for selecting the appropriate strain(s) for vaccination. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of the Sl subunit of the envelope spike glycoprotein gene has been a common method used to identify field strains, replacing other time-consuming or less precise tests. Two PCR approaches have been used for identification, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and direct automated cycle sequence analysis of a diagnostically relevant hypervariab1e region were compared in our BARD research. Vaccination for IB, although practiced routinely in commercial flocks, is often not protective. Field isolates responsible for outbreaks may be unrelated to the strain(s) used in the vaccination program. However, vaccines may provide varying degrees of cross- protection vs. unrelated field strains so vaccination studies should be performed. Conclusions RFLP and S1 sequence analysis methods were successfully performed using the field isolates from the USA and Israel. Importantly, the S1 sequence analysis method enabled a direct comparison of the genotypes of the field strains by aligning them to sequences in public databases e.g. GenBank. Novel S1 gene sequences were identified in both USA and Israel IBVs but greater diversity was observed in the field isolates from the USA. One novel genotype, characterized in this project, Israel/720/99, is currently being considered for development as an inactivated vaccine. Vaccination with IBV strains in the US (Massachusetts, Arkansas, Delaware 072) or in Israel (Massachusetts, Holland strain) provided higher degrees of cross-protection vs. homologous than heterologous strain challenge. In many cases however, vaccination with two strains (only studies with US strains) produced reasonable cross-protection against heterologous field isolate challenge. Implications S1 sequence analysis provides numerical similarity values and phylogenetic information that can be useful, although by no means conclusive, in developing vaccine control strategies. Identification of many novel S1 genotypes of IBV in the USA is evidence that commercial flocks will be challenged today and in the future with strains unrelated to vaccines. In Israel, monitoring flocks for novel IBV field isolates should continue given the identification of Israel/720/99, and perhaps others in the future. Strains selected for vaccination of commercial flocks should induce cross- protection against unrelated genotypes. Using diverse genotypes for vaccination may result in immunity against unrelated field strains.
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Zhelev, Doncho V., Christopher Dupuis, Suelynn Ren, Anna Le, Mia Hunt i Henry Gibbons. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP)-specific Quantitative Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Assay for Analyzing Competition and Emergence of the Military Hypersporulating Strains of Bacillus Atrophaeous var. Globigii. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, wrzesień 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada570597.
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Anderson, Lowell A., Neal Black, Thomas J. Hagerty, John P. Kluge i Paul L. Sundberg. Pseudorabies (Aujeszky’s Disease) and Its Eradication: A Review of the U.S. Experience. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, październik 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7207242.aphis.
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This report has been written to serve as a history of the U.S. Aujeszky’s Disease (Pseudorabies) Eradication Program and as a guide when future disease eradication programs are considered. The report provides an overview of the program and its history and is generally nontechnical, with specific sections written by subject matter experts. The information was compiled during 2007, three years after the last four States qualified for Stage V (Free) Status. This eradication effort was formally initiated in 1989. The contents of this report include a variety of information that represents the viewpoints of individuals participating in the eradication effort. To introduce the challenge of pseudorabies (PRV), the report covers characteristics of the virus and the history of the disease in the United States, followed by the emergence of virulent strains in the 1970s that coincided with management changes in the swine industry. The report also discusses early attempts at PRV control, vaccines, and diagnostic tools, and then reviews various pilot projects, individual State experiences, and national debate on the pros and cons of eradication versus control. In addition, the report offers details on the evolution and acceptance of a national eradication program, including debate among industry and State/Federal officials, funding, testing protocols, cleanup plans, and the development of gene-deleted vaccines and their complementary tests. The ongoing threat of reintroduction from feral swine and emergency response plans are also included. Lastly, the technical coordinators have included a chapter on lessons learned from our various viewpoints on the eradication effort.
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Brayton, Kelly A., Varda Shkap, Guy H. Palmer, Wendy C. Brown i Thea Molad. Control of Bovine Anaplasmosis: Protective Capacity of the MSP2 Allelic Repertoire. United States Department of Agriculture, styczeń 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699838.bard.
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Anaplasmosis is an arthropod-borne disease of cattle caused by the rickettsia Anaplasmamarginale and is an impediment to efficient production of healthy livestock in both Israel and the United States. Currently, the only effective vaccines are derived from the blood of infected cattle. The risk of widespread transmission of both known and newly emergent pathogens has prevented licensure of live blood-based vaccines in the U.S. and is a major concern for their continued use in Israel. Consequently, development of a safe, effective vaccine is a high priority. Despite its drawbacks as a live, blood-based vaccine, the Israel vaccine strain protects against disease upon challenge with wild-type A. marginale in extensive experimental trials and during 50 years of deployment in Israel. Field studies in Australia and Argentina indicate that this protection is broadly effective. Thus, to identify antigens for development of a safe and effective recombinant vaccine, we have used a comparative genomics approach by sequencing the Israel vaccine strain and searching for shared surface antigens with sequenced wild-type U.S. strains. We have focused on Msp2, the immune-dominant but antigenically variable surface protein, based on shared structure among strains and demonstration that antibody from cattle immunized with the Israel vaccine strain binds Msp2 from the genetically and geographically distinct U.S. St. Maries strain, consistent with the ability to protect against St. Maries challenge. Importantly, we have defined the full repertoire of Msp2 simple variants encoded by the vaccine strain and hypothesize that a recombinant vaccine encoding this full repertoire will induce protection equivalent to that induced by the live vaccine strain. Any escape from immunity by generation of complex Msp2 variants is predicted to carry a severe fitness cost that prevents high-level bacteremia and disease— consistent with the type of protection induced by the live vaccine strain. We tested the hypothesis that the Msp2 simple variant repertoires in wild-type A. marginale strains are recognized by antibody from cattle immunized with the Israel vaccine strain and that immunization with the vaccine strain Msp2 repertoire can recapitulate the protection provided by the vaccine strain upon challenge with Israel and U.S. strains of A. marginale. Our findings demonstrate that a set of conserved outer membrane proteins are recognized by immune serum from A. centrale vaccinated animals but that this set of proteins does not include Msp2. These findings suggest that “subdominant” immunogens are required for vaccine induced protection.
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Kornelakis, Andreas, Chiara Benassi, Damian Grimshaw i Marcela Miozzo. Robots at the Gates? Robotic Process Automation, Skills and Institutions in Knowledge-Intensive Business Services. Digital Futures at Work Research Centre, maj 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20919/vunu3389.
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Against the backdrop of the fourth industrial revolution, this paper examines the emergence of Robotic Process Automation (RPA) as one of the new technologies that are shaping the future of work and reconfiguring sectoral business and innovation systems and models. It discusses how the institutional context can potentially mediate the digital transformation of services, how RPA affects workers’ employment and skills, and how it alters inter-organisational relationships and capabilities. Bringing together different strands of academic literature on employment studies, innovation, and technology studies, it deploys a comparative institutional perspective to explore the potential effects of RPA and illustrates their plausibility through mini case studies from knowledge-intensive business services
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Palmer, Guy, Varda Shkap, Wendy Brown i Thea Molad. Control of bovine anaplasmosis: cytokine enhancement of vaccine efficacy. United States Department of Agriculture, marzec 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7695879.bard.
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Anaplasmosis an arthropod-born disease of cattle caused by the rickettsia Anaplasma marginale and is an impediment to efficient production of healthy livestock in both Israel and the United States. Currently the only effective vaccines are derived from the blood of infected cattle. The risk of widespread transmission of both known and newly emergent pathogens has prevented licensure of live blood-based vaccines in the U.S. and is a major concern for their continued use in Israel. Consequently development of a safe, effective vaccine is a high priority. In this collaborative project we focused on two approaches to vaccine development. The first focused o n improving antigen delivery to livestock and specifically examined how DNA vaccines could be improved to enhance priming and expansion of the immune response. This research resulted in development and testing of two novel vaccine delivery systems--one that targeted antigen spread among dendritic cells (the key cell in priming immune responses and a follow-on construct that also specifically targeted antigen to the endosomal-lysosomal compartment the processing organelle within the dendritic cell that directs vaccine antigen to the MHC class ll-CD4* T cell priming pathway). The optimized construct targeting vaccine antigen to the dendritic cell MHC class II pathway was tested for ability to prime A. marginale specific immune responses in outbred cattle. The results demonstrated both statistically significant effects of priming with a single immunization, continued expansion of the primary immune response including development of high affinity lgG antibodies and rapid recall of the memory response following antigen challenge. This portion of the study represented a significant advance in vaccine delivery for livestock. Importantly the impact of these studies is not limited to A. marginale a s the targeting motifs are optimized for cattle and can be adapted to other cattle vaccinations by inserting a relevant pathogen-specific antigen. The second approach (which represented an addition to the project for which approval was requested as part of the first annual report) was a comparative approach between A . marginale and the Israel A . centrale vaccines train. This addition was requested as studies on Major Surface Protein( MSP)- 2 have shown that this antigen is highly antigenically variable and presented solely as a "static vaccine" antigen does not give cross-strain immunity. In contrast A. . centrale is an effective vaccine which Kimron Veterinary institute has used in the field in Israel for over 50 years. Taking advantage of this expertise, a broad comparison of wild type A. marginale and vaccine strain was initiated. These studies revealed three primary findings: i) use of the vaccine is associated with superinfection, but absence of clinical disease upon superinfection with A. marginale; ii) the A. centrale vaccine strain is not only less virulent but transmission in competent in Dermacentor spp. ticks; and iii) some but not all MSPs are conserved in basic orthologous structure but there are significant polymorphisms among the strains. These studies clearly indicated that there are statistically significant differences in biology (virulence and transmission) and provide a clear path for mapping of biology with the genomes. Based on these findings, we initiated complete genome sequencing of the Israel vaccine strain (although not currently funded by BARD) and plant to proceed with a comparative genomics approach using already sequenced wild-type A. marginale. These findings and ongoing collaborative research tie together filed vaccine experience with new genomic data, providing a new approach to vaccine development against a complex pathogen.
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Palmer, Guy H., Eugene Pipano, Terry F. McElwain, Varda Shkap i Donald P. Knowles, Jr. Development of a Multivalent ISCOM Vaccine against Anaplasmosis. United States Department of Agriculture, lipiec 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568763.bard.
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Anaplasmosis is an arthropod+borne disease of cattle caused by the rickettsia Anaplasma marginale and an impediment to efficient production of healthy livestock in both Israel and the United States. Our research focuses on development of a recombinant membrane surface protein (MSP) immunogen to replace current vaccines derived from the blood of infected cattle. The risk of widespread transmission of both known and newly emergent pathogens has prevented licensure of live blood-based vaccines in the U.S. and is a major concern for their continued use in Israel. Briefly, we accomplished the following in our BARD supported research: i) characterization of the intramolecular and intermolecular relationships of the native Major Surface Proteins (MSP) in the outer membrane; ii) expression, purification, and epitope characterization of the recombinant MSP-2, MSP-3, MSP-4, and MSP-5 proteins required to construct the recombinant ISCOM; iii) demonstration that the outer membrane-Quil A induces CD4+ T lymphocytes specific for the outer membrane polypeptides; iv) identification of CD4+ T lymphocytes that recognize outer membrane polypeptide epitopes conserved among other wise antigenically distinct strains; v) determination that immunization with the outer membrane-Quil A construct does not affect the ability of ticks to acquire or transmit A. marginale; and vi) demonstration that the outer membrane-Quil A construct induces complete protection against rickettsemia upon homologous challenge and significant protection against challenge with antigenically distinct strains, including tick transmission. Importantly, the level of protection against homologous challenge in the MSP vaccinates was comparable to that induced by live blood-based vaccines and demonstrates that development of a new generation of vaccines is feasible.
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Hrynick, Tabitha, Godefroid Muzalia i Myfanwy James. Key Considerations: Risk Communication and Community Engagement for Mpox Vaccination in Eastern DRC. Institute of Development Studies, lipiec 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2024.024.
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This brief presents social and political considerations for the design and implementation of vaccination-related risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) strategies for mpox in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). A nationwide outbreak of mpox (clade I) was declared in late 2022 and now affects 23 of its 26 provinces. Notably, the outbreak is characterised by widespread human-to-human transmission unlike previous outbreaks primarily involving animal-human contact. While mpox hotspots are emerging around the country, this brief focuses on eastern DRC where complex political history and ongoing armed conflict – on top of poor infrastructure and rural isolation of many communities – present significant challenges. These challenges demand carefully designed and tailored strategies. Furthermore, a mutated, more virulent mpox strain has also emerged in the eastern province of South Kivu. Although little remains known about transmission dynamics in the outbreak overall, sexual transmission of the new strain is of concern, putting stigmatised populations such as sex workers and others at risk. Overall, however, children are the most affected population, with transmission driven by close physical contact. Along with pregnant women and people with compromised immunity (e.g., people with HIV/AIDS), children are also at higher risk of complications and death. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends targeted vaccination approaches in the context of mpox outbreaks, including as postexposure prophylaxis for these populations. The DRC Ministry of Public Health has announced intentions to vaccinate both children and adults with the LC16 and MVA-BN mpox vaccines, respectively, under a temporary emergency use authorisation as these vaccines are not yet approved in the country. Efforts are now mobilising to design vaccine and related RCCE interventions. This brief draws on a SSHAP roundtable discussion on mpox in the DRC (May 2024), consultation with social science experts and health and humanitarian actors active in or knowledgeable about the region and outbreak, and academic and grey literature.
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Moro, Leben, i Alice Robinson. Key Considerations: Cross-Border Dynamics between Uganda and South Sudan in the Context of the Outbreak of Ebola, 2022. Institute of Development Studies, grudzień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.045.
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This brief summarises key considerations concerning cross-border dynamics between South Sudan and Uganda in the context of the 2022 outbreak of Ebola in Uganda, and the risk of the spread of the virus into South Sudan. It is one of four briefs exploring cross-border dynamics in the context of the outbreak, alongside Kenya, Rwanda and Tanzania. The outbreak is of the Sudan strain of Ebola (Sudan Virus Disease, SVD). SVD is used in this paper to refer to the current outbreak in East Africa, whereas outbreaks of Zaire Ebolavirus disease or general references to Ebola are referred to as EVD. The outbreak of SVD began in Mubende, Uganda, on 19 September 2022. At the time of writing (25 November), there had been 141 confirmed cases and 55 deaths, including seven health workers. Infections had been confirmed in nine districts in Uganda, including in Kampala – a major transport hub. Vaccines used in previous Ebola outbreaks are effective against the Zaire strain of Ebola, and vaccines that could work against the Sudan strain remain under investigation. As of November 2022, there have been no confirmed cases of SVD imported into South Sudan, although several alerts have been investigated. However, the fear that travellers from Uganda might bring the disease into South Sudan has spurred preparations by government institutions and partner organisations, building on the experiences acquired during past outbreaks, particularly Ebola and COVID-19. An EVD High Level Taskforce has been formed, chaired by the Minister for Cabinet Affairs and co-chaired by the Minister of Health. The South Sudan Ministry of Health (MoH) has activated the Public Health Emergency Operation Centre (PHEOC) and Incident Management System (IMS). A national EVD Readiness Plan has been developed and endorsed by the government. A free hotline (number 6666) is in place, which can be used either to report suspected cases or for information on Ebola. Training of staff at border entry points has started. This brief is based on a rapid review of published and grey literature, and informal discussions with the South Sudan Red Cross, IOM, academics from University of Juba, and the PHEOC. It was requested by the Collective Service and was written by Leben Nelson Moro (University of Juba) and Alice Robinson (London School of Economics). It was reviewed by colleagues at the University of Bath, the PHEOC, Internews, Anthrologica, the Institute of Development Studies and the Collective Service. The brief is the responsibility of the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP).
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Tzfira, Tzvi, Michael Elbaum i Sharon Wolf. DNA transfer by Agrobacterium: a cooperative interaction of ssDNA, virulence proteins, and plant host factors. United States Department of Agriculture, grudzień 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7695881.bard.
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Agrobacteriumtumefaciensmediates genetic transformation of plants. The possibility of exchanging the natural genes for other DNA has led to Agrobacterium’s emergence as the primary vector for genetic modification of plants. The similarity among eukaryotic mechanisms of nuclear import also suggests use of its active elements as media for non-viral genetic therapy in animals. These considerations motivate the present study of the process that carries DNA of bacterial origin into the host nucleus. The infective pathway of Agrobacterium involves excision of a single-stranded DNA molecule (T-strand) from the bacterial tumor-inducing plasmid. This transferred DNA (T-DNA) travels to the host cell cytoplasm along with two virulence proteins, VirD2 and VirE2, through a specific bacteriumplant channel(s). Little is known about the precise structure and composition of the resulting complex within the host cell and even less is known about the mechanism of its nuclear import and integration into the host cell genome. In the present proposal we combined the expertise of the US and Israeli labs and revealed many of the biophysical and biological properties of the genetic transformation process, thus enhancing our understanding of the processes leading to nuclear import and integration of the Agrobacterium T-DNA. Specifically, we sought to: I. Elucidate the interaction of the T-strand with its chaperones. II. Analyzing the three-dimensional structure of the T-complex and its chaperones in vitro. III. Analyze kinetics of T-complex formation and T-complex nuclear import. During the past three years we accomplished our goals and made the following major discoveries: (1) Resolved the VirE2-ssDNA three-dimensional structure. (2) Characterized VirE2-ssDNA assembly and aggregation, along with regulation by VirE1. (3) Studied VirE2-ssDNA nuclear import by electron tomography. (4) Showed that T-DNA integrates via double-stranded (ds) intermediates. (5) Identified that Arabidopsis Ku80 interacts with dsT-DNA intermediates and is essential for T-DNA integration. (6) Found a role of targeted proteolysis in T-DNA uncoating. Our research provide significant physical, molecular, and structural insights into the Tcomplex structure and composition, the effect of host receptors on its nuclear import, the mechanism of T-DNA nuclear import, proteolysis and integration in host cells. Understanding the mechanical and molecular basis for T-DNA nuclear import and integration is an essential key for the development of new strategies for genetic transformation of recalcitrant plant species. Thus, the knowledge gained in this study can potentially be applied to enhance the transformation process by interfering with key steps of the transformation process (i.e. nuclear import, proteolysis and integration). Finally, in addition to the study of Agrobacterium-host interaction, our research also revealed some fundamental insights into basic cellular mechanisms of nuclear import, targeted proteolysis, protein-DNA interactions and DNA repair.