Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Strains and stresses – tables

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Strains and stresses – tables”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 29 lipca 2024

Data aktualizacji: 30 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Strains and stresses – tables"

Guz’, A. N., S. Yu Babich i V. B. Rudnitsky. "Contact Problems for Elastic Bodies With Initial Stresses: Focus on Ukrainian Research". Applied Mechanics Reviews 51, nr 5 (1.05.1998): 343–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3099009.

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In the present review article general results concerning problems of contact interaction (contact problems) of pre-stressed bodies with rigid, and elastic punches (facings) are presented. The modern classification of investigations on contact problems for bodies with initial stresses is based on two approaches. The first approach is applicable to bodies with a specific type of elastic potential. The second approach is developed in parallel with the first one. It describes investigations on contact problems for pre-stressed bodies with an arbitrary structure of an elastic potential in a general form for compressible and incompressible materials. In the last case, investigations were carried out in a common form for the theory of large (finite) initial strains and various variants of the theory of small initial strains. The formulation of the problems is given, and methods of solving planar and spatial contact problems for bodies with initial stresses are developed. Procedures of the theory of complex variables and methods of Riemann-Hilbert are used. For planar problems, the authors introduce planar potentials of the linearized static and dynamic problems for elastic compressible and incompressible bodies with initial stresses. In the case of spatial contact problems, various procedures are used: general solutions of spatial static problems for elastic bodies with initial stresses, methods of harmonic potential theory, integral transformations, and integral equations using numerical methods of investigation. The essential numerical results in the form of graphs and tables are presented. These give the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the influence of initial stresses on the main characteristics of contact problems. This review contains 98 references.

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Xiaoyu, Jiang. "3-D Vibration Analysis of Fiber Reinforced Composite Laminated Cylindrical Shells". Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 119, nr 1 (1.01.1997): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2889686.

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In this paper, 3-D solutions of free vibrations are presented for isotropic and composite laminated cylindrical shells. The perturbation method and a variational principle are used to obtain the solutions which satisfy the 3-D differential equations of motion, the strain-displacement relations, the stress-strain relations, the boundary conditions and the continuity conditions at layer interfaces. The distributions of displacements and stresses in the shells are shown in figures. The free vibration frequencies are listed in tables. In the thickness direction of the shells, continuous displacements and stresses are obtained. And the importance of transverse shear stresses and transverse normal stress is analyzed.

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Kaczmarczyk, Jarosław, i Adam Grajcar. "Numerical Simulation and Experimental Investigation of Cold-Rolled Steel Cutting". Materials 11, nr 7 (23.07.2018): 1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11071263.

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The paper presents results of the investigations on numerical computations and experimental verification concerning the influence of selected parameters of the cutting process on the stress state in bundles of cold-rolled steel sheets being cut using a guillotine. The physical model and, corresponding to it, the mathematical model of the analysed steel sheet being cut were elaborated. In this work, the relationship between the cutting depth and the values of reduced Huber–Mises stresses as well as the mechanism of sheet separation were presented. The numerical simulations were conducted by means of the finite element method and the computer system LS-DYNA. The results of numerical computations are juxtaposed as graphs, tables, and contour maps of sheet deformation as well as reduced Huber–Mises strains and stresses for selected time instants. The microscopic tests revealed two distinct zones in the fracture areas. The ductile and brittle zones are separated at the depth of ca. 1/3 thickness of the cut steel sheet.

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Eryshev, Valeriy A. "Relation between Breaking Stresses in the Strength Calculations of Reinforced Concrete Elements under the Deformation Mode in the Edition of Russian and Foreign Regulatory Documents". Materials Science Forum 974 (grudzień 2019): 653–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.974.653.

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Сorrespondence was established between the compressive strength grades of concrete numerically equal to the guaranteed compressive strength of a standard concrete cube and a standard concrete cylinder. Designated concrete resistances are assigned for the limiting states of the first group with a compressive strength grade of concrete. For the corresponding concrete grades, the reduction to unambiguous strains values at the base diagrams points is justified: at the top and at the end of the falling branch of the curvilinear diagrams. In accordance with the regulatory requirements, restrictions are imposed on the stress levels at the end of the falling diagrams branch at the maximum normalized strains values. Mathematical models establishing a uniform format for calculating single-valued strains values at base points of concrete diagrams have been developed taking into account accepted functional relations and the their assignment rules using the requirements documents tables. It is shown that with equal strains values and stresses at base points, analytical expressions describing diagrams recommended by requirement documents, different in their structure, give their identical outlines, the diagrams branches are the same. Relation between design models in the edition of Russian and foreign regulatory documents is correlated by the comparison of integral diagrams parameters and breaking stresses obtained with the calculation of reinforced concrete element under the deformation mode. As integral parameters of concrete deformation diagrams, it is recommended to use the areas bounded by diagrams branches and diagrams fineness coefficient. The diagram area for given values of the element curvature is equivalent to the magnitude of the breaking stress in the compressed concrete zone in the bent and compressed elements, and the stress diagram in outline corresponds to this diagram.

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Banović, Ivan, Jure Radnić i Nikola Grgić. "Shake Table Study on the Efficiency of Seismic Base Isolation Using Natural Stone Pebbles". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (20.12.2018): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1012527.

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The results of a shake table study of the efficiency of a seismic base isolation using a layer of natural stone pebbles are presented. Models of stiff and medium-stiff buildings were tested. Case studies were conducted with the foundation of model on the rigid base and on four different layers of pebbles (thin and thick layer with small and large pebbles). Four different horizontal accelerograms were applied, and the characteristic displacements, accelerations, and strains were measured. Strains/stresses of the tested models remained in the elastic area. It was concluded that the effectiveness of the stone pebble layer under the foundation, i.e., the reduction in the seismic forces and stresses in the structure compared to the classical solution of foundation, significantly depends on the type of the applied excitation and depends relatively little on the layer thickness and pebble fraction. The results of the study showed that a layer of pebbles can significantly reduce the peak acceleration and strains/stresses of the model, with acceptable displacements. Further research is expected to confirm the effectiveness of this low-cost and low-tech seismic base isolation and to pave the way to its practical application.

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Parfenov, S. G., i V. Ye Moschenkov. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CREEP AND SHRINKAGE STRAINS IN FINE- AGGREGATE CONCRETES". Proceedings of the Southwest State University 21, nr 4 (28.08.2017): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2017-21-4-13-20.

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The paper studies creep and shrinkage processes running in fine-aggregate concretes with plasto-elastic properties (deformations) under short-time loading are different from those of standard heavy concretes. Experimental studies of creep and shrinkage strains in fine-aggregate concretes that are based on sands with different fineness moduluses permit to compare prestress losses resulting from the creep and shrinkage of concrete. Usually these factors produce an aggregate effect, which makes the study of the processes that run in concrete under long-time influence noticeably complicated. There paper contains analysis results obtained by experimental studies of concrete prisms at different initial strains in the range of , with loading age of t= 14 or 28 days and different properties of concrete mixes. Concrete mix properties were modified by using sands with different fineness modulus. Likewise in order to determine creep and shrinkage deformations due to long-time loads the samples were tested under stress during 14, 73 and 180 days. All experimental data have been systematized in tables and are represented by diagrams. The analysis has helped to investigate the effects of relative stains on the creep deformation in concrete and to define the boundary line between linear and non-linear creep with relation to the stresses in concrete. Analytical description of non-linear deformations was performed with the help of N.H.Arutyunyan’ and I.I.Ulitsky methods. The resultant calculations formed a basis for the recommendations to simplify problem solving methods considering non-linear creep of concrete.

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Varlamov, Andrew, Vladimir Rimshin i Sergey Tverskoi. "A method for assessing the stress-strain state of reinforced concrete structures". E3S Web of Conferences 91 (2019): 02046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199102046.

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The article analyses the modern methods of estimation of stress-strain state of reinforced concrete structures. The result of the analysis is a new method for estimating the stress-strain state of reinforced concrete structures. The method is based on extracting a small sample of concrete from the array. The article describes the method of execution of works, the method of calculating the stresses. Previously, the method was investigated under laboratory conditions. The results are presented in graphs and tables. The research was conducted to assess the stress state of existing concrete structures. As the objects of research, two industrial buildings of 1933 and 1941 construction years were taken. An assessment of a stress state of a panel residential building was held. The measurement results were analyzed. The method for determining the stresses in reinforced concrete buildings and structures is recommended.

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Kolchunov, Vladimir I., Aleksej I. Demyanov i Nikolay V. Naumov. "Theory of “dissolution” and “condensation” of the physical geometric characteristics of an arbitrary cross-section under the action of torsion with bending". Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings 15, nr 4 (15.12.2019): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/1815-5235-2019-15-4-261-270.

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Aim of research - to continue the development of methods for determining the stress-strain state of rods during torsion using materials resistance methods. Methods. A new approach for determining tangential torsional stresses for arbitrary cross sectional rods, based on simplified assumptions of material resistance, is proposed. The main feature of this approach is the approximation of rectangular or any complex cross section of reinforced concrete structures by describing a large circle around the cross section and splitting it into small squares with circles inscribed into them. Results. Three theorems have been formulated, the first of which relates the accumulation of tangential stresses (increments) from the edges of a rectangle to the middle of a rectangular section with the formula for determining tangent stresses for round sections. The second theorem allows to establish a connection between the tangential stresses calculated for each of the small squares-circles and the tangent stresses of the large circle through their increments. The third theorem makes it possible to find tangential stresses for each of the small square circles. The proposed approach allows to remove the need to use special tables for the calculation and not only in the elastic stage. It also makes it possible to separate the stress-strain state in the whole set of round cross-sections from the additional field caused by the deplanation of the rectangular cross-section. In addition, the proposed approach makes it possible to take into account the concentration of angular deformations in the incoming angles and other places with changing geometric parameters.

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Zaripov, R. M., i R. B. Masalimov. "Stress-strain state of an underwater offshore oil pipeline taking into account changes in ground conditions and operating parameters". Multiphase Systems 18, nr 1 (maj 2023): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21662/mfs2023.1.003.

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The article briefly describes the construction of concreted pipes used in recent years in the construction of offshore gas and oil pipelines. In the formulation of the problem of the stress-strain state of an underwater offshore oil pipeline, the calculated section is conditionally divided into three parts: the middle blurred bare part and the underground parts adjacent to it on the left and right. A brief description of the solution of the problem is given. The results of calculations of the main characteristics of the stress-strain state of the underwater section of the offshore oil pipeline are presented in the form of a diagram of the pipeline deflection and bending stresses, as well as in tables through extreme values of deflection and bending stresses from span and support bending moments for various values of operating parameters and soil conditions in adjacent underground parts. By analyzing the stress- strain state of the calculated section of the offshore oil pipeline, the critical values of the operation parameters and the corresponding critical values of the equivalent longitudinal axial force were determined.

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Lekhov, O. S., i A. V. Mikhalev. "Stress-strain state of metal in deformation zone during production of steel section billets on the unit of combined continuous casting and deformation. Report 2". Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, nr 9 (16.11.2020): 730–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-9-730-734.

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Stress state of metal in deformation zone during introduction of the separating collars of the grooved die into continuously casted steel slab was calculated for production of section billets on the unit of combined continuous casting and deformation. Calculation of axial, tangential and equivalent stresses arising in deformation zone of metal was made in four sections of deformation zone and its results are presented in specific points and lines. View of the section of deformation zone and location of specific points are provided. The stress state of metal in zone of cyclic deformation at formation of three steel section billets from continuously cast slab by separating collars of grooved die on the unit of combined continuous casting and deformation was determined by solving extensive problem of elasticity with the finite element method using the ANSYS package. The results of calculation of axial, tangential and equivalent stresses according to Mises in deformation zone are given in form of graphs and tables for working surfaces in four cross sections. The values and regularities of distribution of these stresses along the length and width of deformation zone were determined. The character of axial stresses distribution by characteristic lines located along the length of deformation zone is shown. Values of the highest compressive and tensile axial stresses arising in deformation zone during introduction of separating collars of grooved were obtained for the unit of combined continuous casting and deformation.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Strains and stresses – tables"

Nagaraja, Srinidhi. "Microstructural Stresses and Strains Associated with Trabecular Bone Microdamage". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/14093.

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Bone is a composite material consisting of hydroxyapatite crystals deposited in an oriented manner on a collagen backbone. The arrangement of the mineral and organic phases provides bone tissue with the appropriate strength, stiffness, and fracture resistance properties required to protect vital internal organs and maintain the shape of the body. A remarkable feature of bone is the ability to alter its properties and geometry in response to changes in the mechanical environment. However, in cases of metabolic bone diseases or aging, bone can no longer successfully adapt to its environment, increasing its fragility. To elucidate the mechanisms of bone microdamage, this research project developed a specimen-specific approach that integrated 3D imaging, histological damage labeling, image registration, and image-based finite element analysis to correlate microdamage events with microstructural stresses and strains under compressive loading conditions. By applying this novel method to different ages of bovine and human bone, we have shown that the local mechanical environment at microdamage initiation is altered with age. We have also shown that formation of microdamage is time-dependent and may have implications in age-related microdamage progression with cyclic and/or sustained static loading. The work presented in this dissertation is significant because it improved our understanding of trabecular bone microdamage initiation and unlocked exciting future research directions that may contribute to the development of therapies for fragility diseases such as osteoporosis.

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Junge, Michael Dominic Alexander. "Measurement of applied stresses using the polarization of Rayleigh surface waves". Thesis, Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2003. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-04062004-164653/unrestricted/junge%5Fmichael%5Fd%5Fa%5F200312%5Fms.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in E.S.M.)--School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. Directed by Laurence Jacobs and Jianmin Qu.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113-117).

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Udakara, Deepthi De Silva. "Experimental study of a modified flat dilatometer under plane strain condition". Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22089007.

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Kingston, Kristopher William. "Shear stresses under waves and currents". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25097.

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This study set out to investigate the shear stress behaviour at the bed under combined wave and current action. The intention of the study was to make experimental measurements to determine how wave and current shear stresses combine, so that theoretical models describing the combined flow condition could be proposed. Two types of experiment were conducted, and theoretical models for the combined flow were assessed. One set of experiments attempted to use a shear plate to make direct measurements of the combined flow shear stress, and of the shear stresses for the component waves and steady currents. This approach failed because the large correction terms introduced by the non-uniform wave pressure field could not be accurately estimated. The second set of experiments used a laser doppler anemometer to make detailed velocity profile measurements over flat sediment beds. The onset of sediment motion was used as a criterion to carefully control the experiments. It is assumed that the threshold of sediment motion represents a specific shear stress intensity at the bed for sediments of narrow size ranges. As the shear stresses can be determined from the velocity fields under waves and currents, their additive nature under combined flow conditions could be investigated. For each sediment size range, it is shown that the same maximum velocity very near the bed can be used to specify the threshold of sediment motion condition for all flow types, be they under waves, currents, or combined waves and currents. It is also shown that the near-bed velocity under a laboratory wave can be predicted accurately from second order wave theory and that the velocity under a current can be predicted from combining Manning's relation with the universal log velocity law. It is further shown that the near-bed velocity under a combined wave and current can be described by the vectorial addition of the maximum component wave velocity and the average component current velocity. The shear stress for the onset of motion is calculated for the steady current using Manning's relation, for the wave by combining the oscillatory shear stress formula with Kamphuis's rough turbulent friction factor relation, and for the combined wave and current by the simple vectorial addition of the component shear stresses, and is shown to be comparable with Shields's threshold criterion for nearly all conditions tested.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate

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Olasz, Lorant. "Residual Stresses and Strains in Cross-linked Polyethylene Power Cable Insulation". Doctoral thesis, Stockholm, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4020.

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Das, Yadunandan. "Characterization of stresses and strains involved in the martensitic phase transformations". Thesis, Open University, 2017. http://oro.open.ac.uk/49512/.

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Transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels are an example of steels used in the automotive industry, where strain-induced martensitic transformations, associated plasticity and work hardening, enhance both the strength and ductility of the material. This has enhanced both the passenger safety (improved crash-performance) and fuel efficiency as less material is consumed (lighter structure). To gain insights into these strain-induced transformations, it is crucial to understand the impact the applied stress/strain on the martensitic transformation and how the resulting strain fields affect the further deformation and transformations. This PhD dissertation reports a series of experimental measurements on how the applied deformation affects strain-induced transformations, using three techniques, namely: electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), high-resolution digital image correlation (HRDIC) and in situ neutron diffraction. It is shown here that applied stress favours the formation of strain-induced martensite in certain orientations of austenite. Crystallographic information gathered by EBSD and HRDIC indicates that the formation of martensite is governed by prior slip in the parent austenite. HRDIC measurements showed that strain heterogeneity is found not only between different grains within the microstructure, but even within individual austenite grains, suggesting that input parameters of macro stress strain properties are inadequate for variant selection models. EBSD, HRDIC and neutron diffraction measurements at ambient temperature confirm that the transformation is preceded by plastic deformation of the austenite crystal lattice and subsequent formation of nucleation sites. Here, it was shown that the intensity of those diffraction peaks from austenite grain families most affected by plastic deformation, decreased most due to martensitic transformation. Whereas, at the lower temperature deformation regimes, slip is suppressed, this is not the case. This dissertation illustrates how the above-mentioned techniques may be used to probe material phenomenon at various length scales, stress states and temperature regimes of interest.

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Kennedy, Kevin Francis. "A method for metal deformation and stress analysis in rolling". Connect to resource, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1261418472.

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Swett, Lauren J. "Seasonal Variations of Pavement Layer Moduli Determined Using In Situ Measurements of Pavement Stress and Strain". Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2007. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/SwettLJ2007.pdf.

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Wijewickreme, Dharmapriya. "Behaviour of sand under simultaneous increase in stress ratio and rotation of principal stresses". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31410.

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Drained behaviour of sands under simultaneous increase in stress ratio and principal stress rotation is investigated. The hollow cylinder torsional (HCT) device which permits independent control of four stress parameters: mean normal stress σ'[subscript]m, stress ratio R, intermediate principal stress parameter b and the inclination α[subscript]σ of σ'₁ to the vertical, is adopted as the testing device. In order to conduct complex stress path testing in the HCT device, a new automatic stress path control system is developed. The stress non-uniformities due to the curvature of the HCT specimen is assessed using an incremental elastic representation of sand behaviour, in order to delineate the domain of stress space that could reliably be explored using the HCT device. It is shown that previous assessments of stress non-uniformities assuming linear elastic soil grossly overestimate the stress non-uniformities in a HCT sand specimen. A much larger domain of stress space with acceptable levels of non-uniformities is apparent from the results of incremental elastic analysis. New domain of stress space for reliable exploration using the HCT device is delineated and the testing program is developed so that all stress paths lie within these acceptable limits. Tests are carried out on pluviated sand under saturated drained conditions. The deformations under increasing R and α[subscript]σ is shown to be path independent, if the final stress state is within the approximate bounds of R ≤ 2 and α[subscript]σ ≤ 45°, regardless of the b or relative density D[subscript]r, levels. With increasing stress ratio R and/or principal stress rotation α[subscript]σ, the deformations gradually become path dependent. Once loaded to a stress state within the domain R ≤ 2 and α[subscript]σ ≤ 45°, the strain response under subsequent principal stress rotation is shown to be independent of the previous loading history. It is demonstrated that the strain response under any general increasing R - α path in the domain of R ≤ 2 and α[subscript]σ ≤ 45° can be predicted using the results of a limited number of tests characterizing that domain. It is shown that these concepts can be extended to loading paths which involve simultaneous increase of three stress parameters. Strain increment direction α[subscript]Δε is shown to be approximately coincident with and totally governed by the stress increment direction α[subscript]Δσ when the stress increment direction α[subscript]Δσ is more inclined towards the vertical deposition direction. When the stress increment direction is inclined closer to the bedding plane, the strain increment direction depends in addition, on other parameters such as R, α[subscript]σ and R[subscript]r etc. Under any stress path involving principal stress rotation, the deformations decrease with increasing density and therefore the principal stress rotation is more crucial in loose sands. Deformations increase with the level of stress ratio R. Level of b parameter does not affect deformations under principal stress rotation, if the rotations are small. However, with increasing α[subscript]σ deformations due to principal stress rotation tend to increase with decreasing b value.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate

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Seki, Wataru. "Analysis of strain localization in hyperelastic materials, using assumed stress hybrid elements". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19088.

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Książki na temat "Strains and stresses – tables"

Young, Warren C. (Warren Clarence), 1923-, Budynas, Richard G. (Richard Gordon) i Sadegh Ali M, red. Roark's formulas for stress and strain. Wyd. 8. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012.

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Budynas, Richard G. (Richard Gordon), Roark, Raymond J. (Raymond Jefferson), 1890-1966 i Knovel (Firm), red. Roark's formulas for stress and strain. Wyd. 7. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002.

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Roark, Raymond J. Roark's formulas for stress and strain. Wyd. 7. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002.

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Roark, Raymond J. Roark's formulas for stress and strain. Wyd. 6. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989.

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1901-, Peterson Rudolph Earl, red. Peterson's stress concentration factors. Wyd. 2. New York: Wiley, 1997.

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Canadian Society of Civil Engineers., red. Traction stresses. [Montréal?: s.n., 1991.

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Archer, Robert R. Growth Stresses and Strains in Trees. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02511-6.

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Archer, Robert R. Growth stresses and strains in trees. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987.

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Choudhury, Dilara. Constitutional development in Bangladesh: Stresses and strains. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1994.

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Deville, J. P. Stress and Strain in Epitaxy: Theoretical Concepts, Measurements and Applications. Burlington: Elsevier, 2001.

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Części książek na temat "Strains and stresses – tables"

Johnson, Anthony, i Keith Sherwin. "Stresses and strains". W Foundations of Mechanical Engineering, 157–76. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7112-8_8.

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Krenk, Steen, i Jan Høgsberg. "Stresses and Strains". W Statics and Mechanics of Structures, 321–61. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6113-1_8.

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Das, Braja M. "Stresses and strains". W Advanced Soil Mechanics, 65–107. 5th edition. | Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa, plc, [2019]: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351215183-2.

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Popa, N. C. "Stress and strain". W International Tables for Crystallography, 538–54. Chester, England: International Union of Crystallography, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/97809553602060000967.

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Singh, Dinesh Kumar. "Simple Stresses and Strains". W Strength of Materials, 1–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59667-5_1.

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Kumar, B. Raghu. "Simple Stresses and Strains". W Strength of Materials, 1–13. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003298748-1.

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Fuchs, Maurice Bernard. "Applied Strains and Initial Stresses". W Structures and Their Analysis, 235–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31081-7_13.

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Greenblatt, Milton. "Internal Dynamics: Stresses and Strains". W Anatomy of Psychiatric Administration, 109–44. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9179-2_5.

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Muvdi, B. B., i J. W. McNabb. "Torsional Stresses, Strains, and Rotations". W Engineering Mechanics of Materials, 159–97. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3022-9_4.

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Huda, Zainul. "Complex/Principal Stresses and Strains". W Mechanical Behavior of Materials, 143–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84927-6_8.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Strains and stresses – tables"

Cravero, S., R. Bravo, L. Mantovano i H. Ernst. "Material Behavior of Two High Grade Pipe Steels Under Different Triaxility Levels". W ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-26068.

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Particular geometries and loading conditions may have important effects on the stress fields of a given component promoting complex triaxial stress states and modifying the hydrostatic stress level. The yield condition of a ductile material is represented by the von Mises stress. However, the triaxial stress states have important effects on material toughness and ductility. This work presents a study of the effects of stress concentrators (different triaxial stress states) on material rupture. The aim is to determine the effects of hydrostatic stresses on the strain at failure in two low alloy high strength mill steels employed in field well and linepipe applications. Cylindrical specimens with different notch radius were tested to obtain different hydrostatic to von Mises stress ratios during tensile tests (h = σh/σVM). The considered notch radii were 2.0, 0.8, 0.4 and 0.25 mm. The notched specimens were loaded in tension and applied load vs. reduction of transversal area data were recorded during the tests. Numerical simulations of the tensile tests allow reproducing the test in the numerical model and calculating the stress and strains fields during each stage of the applied loading. Finally, tables of strain at failure vs. stress triaxiality are obtained for both steels that allow determining the most appropriate material for critical applications.

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Mahajan, Heramb P., Ian Jentz i Tasnim Hassan. "Allowable Stress Development of Diffusion Bonded Alloy 800H for Section III". W ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21499.

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Abstract There is increased interest in the application of compact heat exchangers (CHXs) for nuclear service given their high thermal efficiency and compactness. CHXs are fabricated by joining a stack of etched plates with dense microchannels through diffusion bonding. Diffusion bonding material has basic mechanical properties that differ from a base material, requiring appropriate mechanical properties and allowable stresses for design. Existing nuclear code ASME Section III, Division 5 does not address diffusion bonded materials . Hence, there is a need to develop material properties and allowable stresses of diffusion bonded materials and weldments. In this paper, one candidate material, Alloy 800H, was selected for diffusion bonding trials. Preliminary results obtained from a series of tensile and creep tests suggest that the diffusion bonded material is weaker than the base metal 800H. These experimental data are used in determining recommended allowable stresses of the diffusion bonded 800H material. In this paper, tables of the strength reduction factors for various allowable stresses which includes Smt, So, St, Sy and Su for diffusion bonded Alloy 800H are presented. These reduction factors are applicable to CHX design. The Larson Miller Parameter (LMP) is used to extrapolate short term creep tests to longer creep life and lower temperatures, and estimate the onset of tertiary creep strain.

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Orynyak, I. V., A. V. Bohdan i I. V. Lokhman. "The 2D Spring Splines Procedure Application With Prescribed Accuracy for Determination of the Global (Pipe Centerline) as Well as the Local (Dent) Curvatures". W 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90127.

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The problem of smoothing the spatial line based on position measurements of discrete points exists in cases where a) the positions of points are determined with some errors, b) the goal of smoothing is not a continuous position itself but the higher derivatives of it. It is a very common problem in many engineering applications. With respect to the pipeline industry this problem is very prominent at least in two cases but regretfully many researchers do not pay due attention to it at all. First, the Geopigs are widely used for the determination of spatial position of the pipe centerline points. This information inter alia may be (and in fact are widely) used for the calculation of the global centerline curvatures which are proportional to the global bending strains. Second, the maximum strain levels of the dents are calculated based on the local geometry of the dent as determined by radial sensor measurements from the in line inspection survey. Note, that in both cases mathematically the curvatures are the second derivatives of the function of global (pipeline) or local (dent) positions. The input information about the global X–Y–Z position of each consecutive point of axis line as well as the local radial position of the dent points are given with some error. This leads to a huge noise in predicted curvatures which can overrun the useful information. The amplitude of errors of calculation is inversely proportional to the squared distance between the points of measurement. The application of any smoothing procedure may lead to the loss of the useful information about real curvatures. Thus tradeoff between the smoothing of the noise and the loss of accuracy presents a big problem in the pipeline industry. Two quantitative parameters are introduced here to allow performing such a tradeoff. First parameter characterizes the standard deviation (also referred to as standard in the following) of the random value of the position measurement accuracy by the devices, ρ. Second parameter is the requested accuracy of the curvature determination and is defined in terms of the standard deviation of the bending stress, σ or strain, ε. The spatial beam on elastic foundation model is used to fit the measured point positions to the spatial curve. Its main characteristic is the specific compliance of the foundation α which is determined based on two above root-mean-square errors ρ and σ. The corresponding formulas and tables based on the solution for the elastic beam are obtained. The bigger the allowed error in bending stress σ the lesser is required compliance of the foundation, α. In turn this leads to the smaller value of characteristic wave length of solution and the possibility to retain more useful information about the actual short length stresses in the pipeline. Some practical examples of applications of the procedure are given.

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Loken, M. C., i J. C. Johnson. "Methodology for Determination of Anisotropic In Situ Stress and Principal Orthotropic Directions from Field Testing". W International Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/igs-2022-056.

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Abstract The bi-axial stress test is a two-dimensional (2-D) field test in which horizontal and vertical stresses are applied to a circular “hole in the plate” problem. The diametric closures are measured at three uniformly spaced locations. Using the Kirsch solution, and assuming an isotropic elastic medium, the magnitude of the in-plane far-field principal stresses (𝜎1, 𝜎2) and their orientation (𝛼) can be uniquely determined. However, the Kirsch Solution has limitations, since the two-dimensionality is applicable only for conditions of plane strain or plane stress; and in reality, the out-of-plane stress condition is somewhat in between. The major outcome of this paper is the development of a methodology to determine the three-dimensional principal stresses (𝜎1, 𝜎2,𝜎3) and their orientations (𝛼,𝛽,𝛾) using the two-dimensional Kirsch Solution in three mutually perpendicular planes. Introduction The Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF, formerly known as DUSEL) is a dedicated underground scientific research facility located in Lead, South Dakota, at the former site of the Homestake gold mine. The SURF mission includes the construction of large underground cavern openings at depths of about 1500 meters to house large-scale physics experiments. A primary rock mechanics concern is the stability of these proposed large-diameter caverns (up to 165 meters) in a host rock which has been characterized to be orthotropic in the following conditions: (1) geometry, (2) in situ stress, (3) elasticity, and (4) strength. Of these four conditions of orthotropy, the second dimension (in situ stress) will be examined in this paper. The objective of this research is to present the theoretical development and implementation of the equations that define two- and three-dimensional orthotropic in situ stress. The equations are developed based on an interpretation of the biaxial stress test in two dimensions and extrapolation of multiple orthotropic field test results in three dimensions. The two-dimensional results are presented in the next section. These two-dimensional equations are used in the development of the three-dimensional equations for determination of the principal stress magnitudes and orientation, which are given in the subsequent section. The method is validated with a numerical example and will be applied to a data set of test results performed in situ to determine the orthotropic stress state (both magnitudes and orientations) in an underground mining location. The results of this mathematical development are applied to an orthotropic biaxial stress field test in Section 4, followed by a number of important conclusions in Section 5. The paper is concluded with a list of applicable references and several supporting figures and tables of results.

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Qiao, Lei, Meng Shen i Ali Dogru. "Coupled Geomechanics and Reservoir Simulation for Gigantic Naturally Fractured Reservoirs". W International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-23586-ms.

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Abstract The objective of this work is to introduce the features of a new in-house geomechanics simulator. In this work, the capabilities of the new simulator will be demonstrated by applying it to coupled geomechanics and reservoir simulation models based on large-scale naturally fractured reservoirs. The 3D geomechanics simulator presented here utilizes the finite element method (FEM) and was developed in C++. The geomechanical grid is created by extending the reservoir into burdens. The simulator is fully parallel using the message passing interface (MPI) library. The geomechanics simulator is developed as a standalone module and the data exchange (pressure, permeability) with reservoir simulator is performed using the multiple program multiple data (MPMD) paradigm. Faults and discrete fractures are modelled by ‘equivalent material’ constitutive relation, in which multi-fractures are included in a straightforward manner. Plasticity is modelled using an implicit closest point projection algorithm in the finite element context. The in-house geomechanics simulator supports three modes: initialization only, one-way coupling, and two-way coupling. It supports poroelastic and poroplastic modeling for intact rock and discontinuities (faults and discrete fracture), e.g., transversely isotropic material (TIV) and Mohr-Coulomb plasticity. It allows users to specify burden grids and stress boundary conditions. It provides permeability correlations for intact rock and discontinuities, including classic correlations like Kozeny-Carman. Users can also define the permeability correlation through table input. The simulator outputs 3D stresses, strains and plastic strains, displacements, and faults displacements and strains. Results can be visualized using industry standard tools as well as open-source tools such as ParaView. Results of the coupled simulation have been verified against industry-standard simulators. The simulation of a billion-cell model has been performed to demonstrate the capability of the in-house simulator for studying gigantic field models. This work introduces a new in-house geomechanics simulator that is coupled to an in-house reservoir simulator. It demonstrates the capability to simulate billion cell reservoir models with natural fractures. Use of the multiple program multiple data (MPMD) paradigm via MPI offers a significant improvement in performance and efficiency when compared to a traditional file-based approach.

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Klein, Claude A. "Multilayered optical windows: strains, stresses, and curvature". W AeroSense '99, redaktor Randal W. Tustison. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.354629.

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Lee, C., S. Lin, C. Lee i S. Lin. "Residual stresses and strains in composite tubes". W 33rd Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1997-2722.

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Sargsyan, Anyuta, F. Tkhruni, L. Agabekyan, M. Sargsyan i Arev Israyelyan. "The role of probiotic lab in feedstuff". W 5th International Scientific Conference on Microbial Biotechnology. Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Republic of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52757/imb22.31.

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Frequent uncontrolled use of feed antibiotics in intensive production of feedstuff has led to the formation of resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria. The use of feed antibiotics has resulted in increased productivity of farm animals due to the suppression of the pathogenic microflora of the digestive system. The situation is exacerbated by animal stresses due to poor feed quality and poor conditions. Often there are cases of dysbacteriosis, especially in young animals, reduced cows’ reproduction, excess live weight of young animals, increased infectious and alimentary (caused by defective unbalanced feeding) origin is growing diseases. Based on the results of scientific of previous grants supported by the State Committee on Science of the Republic of Armenia and the ANSEF at the laboratory of Artsakh Scientific Center was developed a new technology for enrichment of feedstuff in accordance with the main nutritional resources of Artsakh and with probiotic lactic acid bacteria Enterococcus durans KE5, Lactobacillus acidophilus 1991, Streptococus lactis and Streptococcus termophilus. The data show that after the use of probiotic bacteria, the quality of the feed increases. The activity of probiotic bacteria suppresses the growth of fungi and pathogenic microflora. The results of the content of amino acids and protein during silage of the green mass of corn are given in Table 1. Table 1. The content of amino acids and protein source-grass from the Herher region Source-corn from the Herher region Amino acids, mg / ml Protein, % Lys Arg Ala Glut Val Isol Tre Met Fal Start The amount of amino acids mg / ml Control 1,6 1,2 1,6 2,4 2,4 2,4 0,8 3,2 0,4 0,8 16,8 16,5 Consortium LAB 1,6 0,8 1,2 0,4 1,6 2,4 1,2 1,6 0,4 0,8 12,0 28,0 Consortium LAB+yeast 1,6 1,2 1,2 0,8 1,6 2,4 1,2 1,6 0,4 0,8 12,8 24,0 The data obtained show that during silage of the green mass of corn, the addition of a consortium consisting of yeast and LAB or only LAB can increase the protein content by an average of 50%, which is higher than when silaging a mixture of grass, regardless of the source of its use. Conclusions The property of lactic acid bacteria to synthesize lactic acid is used for silage of green biomass. However, we have shown that the use of a consortium of LAB strains and yeast with probiotic properties leads to an increase in the content of protein and essential amino acids in silage, a decrease in its infectivity, and the effectiveness of the method used depends on the source and nature of the used method of green biomass and strains. Therefore, the use of starter culture from the consortium of investigated probiotics LAB and yeast in silage should be introduced as widely as possible, as they have a positive effect on the health of animals. Acknowledgments. This work was supported in the frame of the research projects MESC AR scs 19AA-002, ANSEF biotech 52-52.

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Nun˜ez, J. E., i G. Glinka. "Approximate Analysis of Creep Strains and Stresses at Notches". W ASME 2003 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2003-1888.

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A method for the estimation of creep induced strains and stresses at notches has been developed. The purpose of the method is to generate a solution for the time-dependent strain and stress at the notch root based on the linear-elastic stress state, the constitutive law, and the material creep model. The proposed solution is an extension of Neuber’s rule used for the case of time-independent plasticity. The method was derived for both localized and non-localized creep in a notched body. Predictions were compared with finite element data and good agreement was obtained for various geometrical and material configurations in plane stress conditions.

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Kazeminia, Mehdi, i Abdel-Hakim Bouzid. "Analysis of Stresses and Strains in Packed Stuffing-Boxes". W ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28570.

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Packed stuffing-boxes are mechanical sealing systems that are extensively used in pressurized valves and pumps. Yet there is no standard design procedure that could be used to verify their mechanical integrity and leak tightness. It is only recently that standard test procedures to qualify the packing material have been suggested for adoption in both North America and Europe. While the packing contact stress with the side walls is predictable using existing models there is no analytical methodology to verify the stresses and strains in the stuffing-box housing. This paper presents an analytical model that analyzes the stresses and strains of all the stuffing box components including the packing rings. The developed model will be validated both numerically using FEM and experimentally on an instrumented packed stuffing box rig that is specially designed to test the mechanical and leakage performance of different packing materials.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Strains and stresses – tables"

Burdick, L. J., i J. S. Barker. Strains and Stresses Near Explosions and Earthquakes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, październik 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada181198.

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Djondjorov, Peter, Kostadin G. Kostadinov i Georgi I. Stoilov. Modeling of Stresses and Strains in Cell Membranes Subjected to Micro-Injection. GIQ, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/giq-12-2011-178-185.

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Genchev, Yancho, Nelly Staneva i Desislava Hristodorova. Approach for Analysis of Strains and Stresses in an Upholstered Furniture Frame Using Finite Elements Based System. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, październik 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2018.10.12.

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Cook, W. A. Generalized finite strains, generalized stresses, and a hybrid variational principle for finite-element computer programs using curvilinear coordinates. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), kwiecień 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6288515.

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Holden, T., R. Hosbons i J. Root. CWI1988-Andi-21 Neutron Diffraction of Axial Residual Strains Near a Circumferential Crack. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), styczeń 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011391.

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The intent of the experiments reported here was to measure the axial residual strain at the 6:00 position of a girth-weld in the presence of a crack which had propagated a few millimeters from the inside diameter of the llnepipe. The linepipe, 914 mm diameter and average thickness 16.2 mm had been previously examined at Chalk River and the strains at the 1:30, 6:00 and 10:30 positions had been measured prior to the introduction of the crack. Large changes in the level of axial residual strain and introduction of strong through-wall strain gradients are observed on re- welding 16 mm line pipe with wet cellulose electrodes. Ahead of the crack, in the mid-wall the strains correspond to yield stresses. Compressive strains are noted behind the crack and at the outside diameter. The tensile strains at the mid-wall remain very large around the circumference beyond the crack.

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Alexander, Chris. PR-562-184500-R01 Feasibility Study of Piggable Plug Technologies for Onshore Pressure Isolation. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), kwiecień 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011665.

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Pipeline isolation tools from three different manufacturers were evaluated using full-scale testing and numerical modeling to evaluate stresses generated in 24-inch diameter pipe material considering tool-induced loads and internal pressure. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was conducted to calculate stresses and strains considering different pipe sizes, material grades, and internal pressures. The FEA results were used to generate a user-friendly parametric tool that was validated with measurements made using strain gauges installed on the test spools. The program demonstrated that the isolation tools are an effective means for isolating pressures without inducing excessive levels of stress or damage to the internal pipe surfaces.

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Graville, B. A. L51707 Factors Affecting Heat Affected Zone Root Strains in Pipeline Girth Welds and Repairs. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), listopad 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010219.

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A previous study on hydrogen cracking in the heat affected zone of pipeline girth welds and repairs found that large strains in the HAZ transverse to the weld played a major role in causing cracking. Large transverse strains were believed to arise from bending of the weld due to the thermal contraction of the weld around the pipe circumference. Large root strains were simulated in the laboratory using a bend test which enabled the effect of material composition and strength to be studied. In the bend test, the specimen deflection at the onset of cracking, indicated by a drop in load, was used as a measure of susceptibility to cracking. The study showed that increasing the base metal strength for the same HAZ (achieved experimentally by heat treating the same base metal) resulted in a decrease in the critical deflection. This suggested that considerable strain concentration was occuring in the HAZ which increased as the base metal strength increased. Although the study succeeded in quantifying the effects of base metal composition and strength on the sensitivity to cracking, the program did not attempt to address the factors that influence the degree of strain applied to the weld. Specifically, the study only considered a single weld metal strength, and only one pipe wall thickness was addressed. Thus it was not clear whether the move to higher strength pipes welded with higher strength electrodes or a change in the dimensions of the pipe might increase the exposure to cracking risks. Furthermore, if bend tests are used to screen materials, the question is raised as to whether the acceptance level of critical deflection should be changed for higher strength materials. Heat affected zone cracking was observed in both complete circumferential welds (tie-in welds) and in part-circumferential welds (repairs). Various procedural details, such as heat input and length of repair, could influence the root strain and might warrant specific controls to minimize risk of cracking. This study assessed the effects of weld metal strength, pipe thickness, pipe diameter, heat input, and weld (repair) length on root strains in girth welds. A literature review was conducted and simple analysis methods were applied to identify areas with a high risk for cracking. The results show that high tensile stresses in the axial direction on the inside surface of the pipe result from the radial contraction of the weld and consequent bending of the pipe. Welding procedures with high heat inputs and few weld passes tend to have the greatest effect on stress. Multipass welds decrease the tensile stress, which becomes compressive after a certain thickness. Base metal and weld metal strength were shown to significantly impact strain in the heat-affect zone.

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Grene Alscher, Ruth, Jonathan Gressel, Carole Cramer, Abraham Warshawsky i Elizabeth Grabau. Mechanisms of Oxidant Resistance in Weed and Crop Species. United States Department of Agriculture, marzec 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613041.bard.

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A large body of evidence has accumulated showing that plant strains that are tolerant to a particular oxidant stress have a modicum of cross-tolerance to other oxidant stresses, whether caused by transient heat, drought, cold or oxidizing air pollutants or herbicides. We have studied a multienzyme scavenging system associated with oxidant tolerance at the metabolic and molecular levels in the model systems of pea and Conyza. Data from our experimental systems suggest that both development and subcellular compartmentalization play important roles in stress tolerance. The behavior of the chloroplast may differ from that of the cytosol. Further study of these controls is needed to acquire the understanding needed to generate oxidant stress tolerant field crops.

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Gaugler, Randy, Itamar Glazer, Daniel Segal i Sarwar Hashmi. Molecular Approach for Improving the Stability of Insecticidal Nematodes. United States Department of Agriculture, listopad 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580680.bard.

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Our overall goal is to improve insecticidal nematodes by genetically engineering strains capable of entering an enhanced state of dormancy that provides improved stability. Objectives: 1. Clone and sequence tps-l homologue from Steinernema carpocapsae. (Revised: A failure to isolate the tps gene group from Steinernema precipitated a redirection to identifying other genes involved in insecticidal nematode desiccation process.) 2. Incorporate cloned tps-l gene into S. carpocapsae to obtain overexpression, thereby, enhancing desiccation tolerance. (Revised: Other stress genes in addition to tps-l genes were cloned and efforts at expression in S. carpocapsae were conducted) 3. Characterize the transgenic strains. No other biological control agent offers more impressive attributes than insecticidal nematodes. However, their potential is limited by the bane of nearly all biological control agents: poor stability. This leads to inadequate shelf-life and ultimately reduced field efficacy. Nematode storage is based on desiccation, yet insecticidal species are only capable of partial desiccation termed quiescent anhydrobiosis. Overwhelming evidence has shown that when the disaccharide compound trehalose is elevated in anhydrobiotic organisms such as yeast, plants, and nematodes it enables these organisms the ability to survive environmental stresses i.e., desiccation. Armed with this information our goal was to improve insecticidal nematodes stability by engineering trehalose overexpression.

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Kiefner, J. F., J. M. Tuten i T. A. Wall. L51516 Preventing Pipeline Failure in Areas of Soil Movement - Part 1. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), styczeń 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010303.

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Ordinarily, buried pipelines undergo little or no movement in service. In a stable soil environment the longitudinal stress in a pipeline seldom approaches the limiting design value set by applicable codes and regulations. Pipeline serviceability under such conditions is seldom, if ever, threatened by the degree of longitudinal stress. In contrast, localized areas may exist along a pipeline where soils and/or slopes are unstable or where subsidence or differential settlement can occur. In these areas, longitudinal stresses may become severe enough to cause a failure. Over the years various techniques have been developed to monitor the status of pipelines in unstable areas, and various remedial techniques have been attempted. In more recent times, with the advent of Arctic and offshore pipelining, such potential movements of pipelines are being taken into account in the initial designs. In any case, there is a continuing need to develop better monitoring and remedial techniques to prevent pipeline failures in unstable soil areas. The objectives of this project are to develop a versatile and reliable prototype strain monitoring system, to demonstrate its applicability on an actual pipeline, and to establish allowable limits on strains due to soil movement or subsidence. The scope of the project includes:(1) Review of previous or on-going monitoring efforts by others.(2) Analysis of strains and development of models to predict strain behavior(3) Calculations to establish limits on strains(4) The design and construction of a microprocessor-controlled automatic monitoring system(5) The implementation of the system on an actual pipeline(6) The collection, analysis and interpretation of strain data from the system.

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