Artykuły w czasopismach: „Strain gauge”

1

Korshunov, V., R. Mudrik, D. Ponomarev i A. Rodionov. "Approaches to refinement of analytical models for stress-strain state assessments of structures based on the analysis of monitoring system data". Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre 1, nr 395 (9.03.2021): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24937/2542-2324-2021-1-395-47-54.

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Object and purpose of research. This paper discusses numerical simulation possibilities in terms of stress-strain monitoring for marine engineering structures. This approach can simulate the behavior of strain gauges for both elastic and plastic material behavior. Materials and methods. FEM-based simulation of strain gauge operation process taking into account geometric and physical non-linearity. Main results. Development of refined FE models for sensor installation area of stress-strain monitoring system. Numerical simulation of uniaxial and triaxial strain gauge operation. Time histories of strain gauge readings for linear and non-linear behavior of material. Sensitivity analysis of strain gauges in terms of various strain types. Update of strain gauge arrangement for the best description of structural strains. Conclusion. These results demonstrate and confirm a strong potential of numerical models in development of stress-strain monitoring systems for engineering structures. Simulating strain gauge operation, these models make it possible to determine global strained state of given structure as per strain gauging data for some of its areas.

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Han, Ji-Hoon, Sung Joon Min, Joon Hyub Kim i Nam Ki Min. "Reciprocating Arc Silicon Strain Gauges". Sensors 23, nr 3 (26.01.2023): 1381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031381.

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Currently, silicon-strain-gauge-based diaphragm pressure sensors use four single-gauge chips for high-output sensitivity. However, the four-single-gauge configuration increases the number of glass frit bonds and the number of aluminum wire bonds, reducing the long-term stability, reliability, and yield of the diaphragm pressure sensor. In this study, a new design of general-purpose silicon strain gauges was developed to improve the sensor output voltage while reducing the number of bonds. The new gauges consist grid patterns with a reciprocating arc of silicon piezoresistors on a thin glass backing. The gauges make handling easier in the bonding process due to the use of thin glass for the gauge backing. The pressure sensors were tested under pressure ranging from 0 to 50 bar at five different temperatures, with a linear output with a typical sensitivity of approximately 16 mV/V/bar and an offset shift of –6 mV to 2 mV. The new approach also opens the possibility to extend arc strain gauges to half-bridge and full-bridge configurations to further reduce the number of glass frit and Al wire bonds in the diaphragm pressure sensor.

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Gallage, Chaminda, i Chamara Jayalath. "Use of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique to measure strains in geogrids". E3S Web of Conferences 92 (2019): 12007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199212007.

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Geosynthetics are widely used in Geotechnical Engineering to reinforce soil/gravel in pavements, retaining wall backfills, and embankments. It is important to measure strains in geogrids in the determination of their strength parameters such as tensile strength and secant stiffness, and in evaluating their performances in geogrid-reinforced structures. Strain gauges are commonly used in measuring strains in geogrids. However, it is important to verify the strains measured by strain gauges as these strains are affected by the data logging device, gauge factors, quality of bonding between grain gauge and geogrid, and temperature. Therefore, this study was conducted to verify the performance of strain gauges attached to Geogrids and also to investigate the possibility of using PIV technique and GeoPIV-RG software to measure the local strains developed in a geogrid specimen under tensile testing in the laboratory. In the experimental program of this study, six composite geogrid specimens were tested for tensile strength (wide-width tensile tests) while measuring/calculating its tensile strain by using strain gauges attached to the specimens, Geo-PIV-RG analysis and crosshead movements of Instron apparatus. Good agreement between the strains obtained from strain gauges and geoPIV-RG analysis was observed for all the tests conducted. These results suggest that the PIV technique along with geoPIV-RG program can effectively be used to measure the local strain of geogrids in the laboratory tests. It was also able to verify that properly installed strain gauges are able to measure strain in the geogrids which are used in the field applications.

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Bednarz, Edward, Christian Dietrich, Brad Hepner, Jay Patel i Abas Sabouni. "Determining Magnitudes of Forces at Known Locations through a Strain Gauge Force Transducer". Sensors 23, nr 16 (8.08.2023): 7017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23167017.

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A novel strain gauge force transducer was developed to minimize the number of strain gauges needed to determine the magnitudes of loads when the locations are known. This innovative methodology requires only one strain gauge for each force magnitude desired, reducing the complexity and cost associated with traditional approaches. The theory was verified with laboratory experiments. Seven uniaxial strain gauges were attached to the underside of a simply supported, slender, aluminum beam. One or more loads were applied either directly atop strain gauges or in known positions between strain gauges. Experiments were conducted on several different single and double-load configurations to evaluate the extent of the new methodology which yielded average errors under 5% for the cases where loads were direct atop strain gauges and 6.6% for the cases where the loads were between strain gauges. These findings indicate the potential of this novel strain gauge force transducer to revolutionize load measurement in scenarios where load locations are predetermined.

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Zhao, Yinming, Zhigang Wang, Siyang Tan, Yang Liu, Si Chen, Yongqian Li i Qun Hao. "Dependance of Gauge Factor on Micro-Morphology of Sensitive Grids in Resistive Strain Gauges". Micromachines 13, nr 2 (10.02.2022): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13020280.

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The effect of micro-morphology of resistive strain gauges on gauge factor was investigated numerically and experimentally. Based on the observed dimensional parameters of various commercial resistive strain gauges, a modeling method had been proposed to reconstruct the rough sidewall on the sensitive grids. Both the amplitude and period of sidewall profiles are normalized by the sensitive grid width. The relative resistance change of the strain gauge model with varying sidewall profiles was calculated. The results indicate that the micro-morphology on the sidewall profile led to the deviation of the relative resistance change and the decrease in gauge factor. To verify these conclusions, two groups of the strain gauge samples with different qualities of sidewall profiles have been manufactured, and both their relative resistance changes and gauge factors were measured by a testing apparatus for strain gauge parameters. It turned out that the experimental results are also consistent with the simulations. Under the loading strain within 1000 μm/m, the average gauge factors of these two groups of samples are 2.126 and 2.106, respectively, the samples with rougher profiles have lower values in gauge factors. The reduction in the gauge factor decreases the sensitivity by 2.0%. Our work shows that the sidewall micro-morphology on sensitive grids plays a role in the change of the gauge factor. The observed phenomena help derive correction methods for strain gauge measurements and predict the measurement errors coming from the local and global reinforcement effects.

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Azuma, Toyohiro, Eiji Niwa, Yu Xin Peng, Junji Kaneko, Yuki Shimizu, So Ito i Wei Gao. "Cr-N Strain-Gauge-Type Precision Displacement Sensor for Measuring Positions of Micro Stage". Key Engineering Materials 523-524 (listopad 2012): 939–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.523-524.939.

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A strain-gauge-type precision displacement sensor, which is developed for a usage of micro-XY stage, is described in this paper. A thin-film strain-gauge element, which is made by Cr-N alloy, is directly fabricated on the base of the strain gauge. The direct fabrication and using the Cr-N element are expected to achieve higher sensitivity for displacement detection and better stability against the change of ambient temperature. In this study, several designs of the thin-film strain gauge, including both of two-gauge-type and four-gauge-type, are prepared to compare sensor performances such as sensitivity, stability and so on. The designed patterns of the strain-gauge element are directly fabricated on zirconia plates by using photolithography processes. The fabricated strain gauges are then evaluated as precision displacement sensors. At first, stability of the fabricated Cr-N strain-gauge-type displacement sensor was confirmed by comparing with the one made by a conventional strain gauge. Resolution of the fabricated Cr-N strain-gauge-type displacement sensors was then evaluated by comparing with a commercially-available laser displacement sensor, while giving sub-micrometer-order deformation to the strain-gauge-type displacement sensor. Details of the design, fabrication and evaluation results of the Cr-N strain-gauge-type displacement sensor are described.

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Cristofolini, L., B. P. McNamara, A. Freddi i M. Viceconti. "In vitro measured strains in the loaded femur: Quantification of experimental error". Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 32, nr 3 (1.04.1997): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0309324971513337.

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The application of strain gauges to bone surfaces has been extensively employed as a method of determining, strain fields in response to implanted devices in orthopaedics. The aim of this study was to determine some of the experimental errors associated with the use of strain gauges in in vitro experimental investigations of the loaded femur. An experimental protocol was devised to obtain strain data at 20 strain gauged locations on the proximal femur. These data were interpolated using a parametric model. The parametric model was then used to estimate the errors associated with mispositioning of the gauges and deviations in their direction of application to the bone. This sensitivity analysis was also supported by a finite element analysis for the purposes of comparison and cross-validation. The results indicated that the nature of the loading normally employed in the literature can contribute to making the readings for some of the gauges (anterior and posterior) unreliable and redundant, even for small positioning errors. The greatest predicted errors for the lateral and medial gauges were due to misalignment of the gauge as opposed to mispositioning. The size of the gauge had a negligible effect on the errors predicted relative to those caused by misalignment.

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Kang, Hyunkyoo, Seokjin Kim, Jaehak Shin i Sunglim Ko. "Inkjet-Printed Flexible Strain-Gauge Sensor on Polymer Substrate: Topographical Analysis of Sensitivity". Applied Sciences 12, nr 6 (21.03.2022): 3193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12063193.

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Inkjet-printed strain gauges on flexible substrates have recently been investigated for biomedical motion detection as well as the monitoring of structural deformation. This study performed a topographical analysis of an inkjet-printed strain gauge constructed using silver conductive ink on a PET (polyethylene terephthalate) substrate. Serpentine strain-gauge sensors of various thicknesses and widths were fabricated using inkjet printing and oven sintering. The fabricated gauge sensors were attached to curved surfaces, and gauge factors ranging from 2.047 to 3.098 were recorded. We found that the cross-sectional area of the printed strain gauge was proportional to the gauge factor. The correlation was mathematically modelled as y = 0.4167ln(x) + 1.3837, for which the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.8383.

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Alci, Muhsin, i Recep Gunes. "A comparison study on experimental characterization of unidirectional fiber reinforced composites using strain-gauges and virtual extensometers". Materials Testing 65, nr 2 (1.02.2023): 174–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mt-2022-0274.

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Abstract The aim of this study is to characterize E-glass/epoxy unidirectional fiber reinforced composites using the digital image correlation method with virtual extensometer, which is a less laborious method than strain gauges, compare the results and investigate whether virtual extensometers can be used instead of strain gauges. Measurements in tensile and Iosipescu shear tests were made with both strain gauge and virtual extensometer. Unlike full-field strain measurements in literature, the strains were measured using virtual extensometers. Tensile test and in-plane shear test results gave very consistent results. The differences between the strain gauge and the virtual extensometer for the tensile and in-plane shear tests were less than 3% in the linear region. However, the out-of-plane shear test showed a larger difference of 8.6%. This study showed that the 2D digital image correlation method with virtual extensometers is highly sufficient to find the elasticity moduli and shear moduli in tensile and shear tests in the linear region. In addition, after the damage has started, more measurement data can be obtained with virtual extensometers than with strain gauges.

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10

., Koswara, i Syaiful Arif. "UJI KELURUSAN MESIN RESONANCE 63 KN DENGAN COUPON TEST PESAWAT N219 MENGGUNAKAN STRAIN GAUGE". SAINSTECH: JURNAL PENELITIAN DAN PENGKAJIAN SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI 32, nr 1 (29.03.2022): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.37277/stch.v32i1.1256.

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ABSTRACT ABSTRACT This study aims to determine the capacity of the resonance machine capacity 63 kn which has the influence of strain in analyzing the static loading stress on the coupon test. The study used a coupon test specimen with a predetermined dimension, using eight strain gauges in a vertical direction, where the response of the strain gauge system was fast enough to sense dynamic strain with a frequency greater than 100 kHz. The strain gauge used was a strain gauge for gauge bridges where the application is easy. The results obtained show that there is no strain and stress on specimens that point to numbers below -100 to 100, but this number is considered good because it does not exceed the number specified in the tolerance category the third step measurement results are used for knowing the ability to reset, relative error and machine linearity and the expected deviation value is not more than 1%. Keywords: resonance machine, coupon test, strain gauge, specimen

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Vadivuchezhian, K., K. Subrahmanya i N. Chockappan. "Finite Element Modeling of Effect of Adhesive Layer and Carrier Thickness Used for Strain Gauge Mounting". Advanced Materials Research 1119 (lipiec 2015): 828–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1119.828.

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Metal foil strain gauges are most widely used for the stress analysis in engineering structures. Typical strain gauge system includes strain sensitive grid, carrier material, and adhesive layer. Strain measurement from the strain gauge is partially affected by carrier and adhesive materials and their thickness. In the present work, a Finite Element Model is developed in order to study the effect of both adhesive layer and carrier thickness on strain measurements while using strain gauges. To understand the behavior of the adhesive material, mechanical characterization is done on bulk adhesive specimen. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is carried out with different materials namely epoxy and polyurethane. Initially a single element foil loop is considered for the analysis and further this is extended to metal foil strain gauge with nine end-loops. Finally, the strain variation through thickness of adhesive layer, carrier and strain sensitive grid is obtained from FEA. The results thus obtained are compared with analytical results from Basic Strength of Materials approach.

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Tutak, Piotr. "Application Of Strain Gauges In Measurements Of Strain Distribution In Complex Objects". Journal of Applied Computer Science Methods 6, nr 2 (1.12.2014): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jacsm-2015-0004.

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Abstract This article presents an application of strain gauges in measurements of strain which occurs in charge air cooler during the thermal cycle test. The work shows the main idea of measuring system based on strain gauges and important aspects that should be considered when performing measurement. In this article there has been also presented construction and principle operation of a strain gauge measurement system.

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Raianov, Timur A. "Mathematical modeling of a strain gauge measurement system in MATLAB SIMULINK program". Transportation Systems and Technology 6, nr 2 (30.06.2020): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/transsyst20206285-93.

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Background: In recent years, modern strain gauge systems for measuring, which are used in automobile, railway, aviation, and ship transport, as well as in the pulp, paper, and metallurgical industries, have become extremely popular. These metrological systems provide accurate measurement in difficult operating conditions. The most popular among sensors are strain gauges, they are increasingly used in various areas of marine operations and legal proceedings. They are the optimal solution in the field of torque measurement. Aim: The program creates a model of a strain gauge measurement system. Analysis of power output characteristics. Methods: The article describes the construction of a mathematical model of the strain gauge measurement system. The MATLAB SIMULINK library was used for simulation. The work is based on mathematical modeling and is aimed at creating a computer-based strain gauge model. The output characteristics are analyzed. The accuracy of the software model measurement was verified by checking the convergence of the actual and measured values. Results: A software model of the strain gauge force measurement system was created to create a real computer strain gauge measurement system. Output characteristics are obtained. Conclusions: A software model of the strain gauge measurement system is proposed; The output characteristics were studied and the measurement accuracy was checked.

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Choquet, P., R. Leroux i F. Juneau. "New Fabry-Perot Fiber-Optic Sensors for Structural and Geotechnical Monitoring Applications". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1596, nr 1 (styczeń 1997): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1596-06.

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A new line of fiber-optic sensors suited for structural and geotechnical monitoring purposes is presented. A Fabry-Perot strain gauge is contained in each of the new sensors introduced here: four embedded and surface-type strain gauges and one type of temperature gauge. Described here are the working and reading principles of the basic Fabry-Perot strain gauge. One of the gauge’s features that allows for temperature-compensated or noncompensated measurements is described, and the various sensors constructed around the gauge are presented. These newly developed sensors exhibit high accuracy and repeatability, as illustrated by various calibration tests reported here.

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LEE, C. S., N. L. WONG, S. SRIGRAROM i N. T. NGUYEN. "DEVELOPMENT OF 3-COMPONENT FORCE-MOMENT BALANCE FOR LOW SPEED WATER TUNNEL". Modern Physics Letters B 19, nr 28n29 (20.12.2005): 1575–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984905009948.

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An effort is made to develop a new 3-component force-moment balance, which is capable of measuring lift force, drag force and pitching moment of a model mounted in the water tunnel. The concept used in the balance design is the bending- beam principle. The forces acting on the spring element cause strains on its surface, which are measured by strain gauges. Since strain yielded by the axial force is usually very small, therefore it is not practical to measure axial force using strain gauge directly to sense the strain in axial direction. The main idea of the new balance design is to translate all desired forces (lift and drag) in such a way that they yield bending strain at selected strain-gauge station. This is done by using a bending balance geometry. Under this apparatus, the model wing is mounted at one of its end to the bending balance. The corresponding Lift, Drag forces and Pitching moment are translated into moments at the other end of the balance, and can be measured from sets of strain gauges in bending mode (twisting mode for pitching moment). Example readings are presented in this paper.

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Lu, Huaxi, Zhicheng Gao, Bitao Wu i Zhenwei Zhou. "Dynamic and quasi-static signal separation method for bridges under moving loads based on long-gauge FBG strain monitoring". Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 38, nr 2 (8.01.2019): 388–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461348418822375.

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Structural health monitoring is an important means of obtaining the state information of bridges, and the extracted quasi-static strain signal can reflect the stress state of bridges directly. However, the strain signals acquired during the operation stage of bridges are dynamic, and the strain gauges used in the health monitoring system are short (no more than 10 cm), which means they are easily affected by small damage at the installation parts of bridges and thereby the monitoring signal abnormalities occur. A type of externally affixed long-gauge fiber strain gauge is used to monitor the health of bridges, and the dynamic and quasi-static signal separation method for long-gauge strain sensors is studied under different vehicle loads; at the same time, the dynamic monitoring performance of the long-gauge sensor is investigated in this paper. The quasi-static strain signal extracted from the dynamic macro-strain signal can be used to directly monitor the stress status of the bridge. The results show that the method proposed in this paper is feasible for extracting the quasi-static macro-strain from a dynamic long-gauge strain signal.

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Milgrom, Charles, David Burr, David Fyhrie, Mark Forwood, Aharon Finestone, Meir Nyska, Miki Giladi, Meir Liebergall i Ariel Simkin. "The Effect of Shoe Gear on Human Tibial Strains Recorded During Dynamic Loading: A Pilot Study". Foot & Ankle International 17, nr 11 (listopad 1996): 667–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110079601701104.

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The study was conducted to test the hypothesis that alterations in shoe gear can affect tibial strains in the human during dynamic loading. Rosette strain gauges were mounted on the medial border of the mid-diaphysis in two human subjects with a new strain gauge bonding technique using methyl methacrylate. Strain measurements were made at this site, the most frequent location for stress fractures in the Israeli Army during treadmill walking and free running while wearing various sport shoes (Rockport ProWalkers and New Balance NBX 900) and army boots (light Israeli infantry, double layered sole Israeli infantry, and Zohar infantry boots). Data were analyzed for only one of the subjects because strain gauge bonding was found to be inadequate at the time of surgical removal in the other subject. No single shoe lowered both the principal tibial compression and tensile strains, and the shear strains. The Zohar boot had the lowest principal compression strains during treadmill walking and mobile running, despite its relatively higher weight and sole durometry.

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Bicalho, AA, ADCM Valdívia, BCF Barreto, D. Tantbirojn, A. Versluis i CJ Soares. "Incremental Filling Technique and Composite Material—Part II: Shrinkage and Shrinkage Stresses". Operative Dentistry 39, nr 2 (1.03.2014): e83-e92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/12-442-l.

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SUMMARY Objectives Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to study polymerization shrinkage stress in molars restored with composites and to correlate those stresses with experimentally measured tooth deformation. Methods Three composites (Filtek LS, Aelite LS Posterior, Filtek Supreme) and three filling techniques (bulk, 2.0-mm increments, and 1.0-mm increments) for restoring a molar were simulated in a two-dimensional FEA. Polymerization shrinkage was modeled using post-gel shrinkage, which was measured using the strain gauge technique (n=10). Cuspal tooth deformation, measured at the buccal and lingual surfaces with strain gauges in a laboratory study, was used to validate the analysis. Residual shrinkage stresses were expressed in modified von Mises equivalent stresses. Linear Pearson correlations were determined between the laboratory and FEA results. Results Post-gel shrinkage values (in volume %) were: Filtek LS (0.11 ± 0.03) < Aelite LS Posterior (0.51 ± 0.02) < Filtek Supreme (0.62 ± 0.09). The 1.0-mm increment filling caused substantially higher stresses and strains in the cervical enamel region. Significant correlations were found between: elastic modulus and FEA strain, elastic modulus and FEA stress, post-gel shrinkage and FEA strain, post-gel shrinkage and FEA stress, FEA strain and cuspal deformation by strain gauge, and FEA stress and cuspal deformation by strain gauge (p<0.05). Conclusions Increasing the number of increments and high post-gel shrinkage and/or elastic modulus values caused higher stresses in the remaining tooth structure and tooth/restoration interface. Cuspal deformation measured with the strain gauge method validated the finite element analyses.

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Sasaki, Yasushi, Manabu Iguchi i Mitsutaka Hino. "Measuring Strains for Hematite Phase in Sinter Ore by Electron Backscattering Diffraction Method". Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (grudzień 2006): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.237.

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Based on the relationship between quantified blurring degree of Kikuchi bands obtained by an electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) technique and macroscopic strains measured by a strain gauge, the local compression strain SEBSD in sinter ore has been evaluated under various conditions. There is a good linear relationship between the SEBSD and the strains measured by a strain gauge. The local strain SEBSD evaluated by EBSD patterns can be used as an index of local strains.

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Huang, Y. H., L. Liu, F. C. Sham, Y. S. Chan i S. P. Ng. "Optical strain gauge vs. traditional strain gauges for concrete elasticity modulus determination". Optik 121, nr 18 (październik 2010): 1635–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2009.03.002.

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Gower, Michael R. L., i Richard M. Shaw. "Towards a Planar Cruciform Specimen for Biaxial Characterisation of Polymer Matrix Composites". Applied Mechanics and Materials 24-25 (czerwiec 2010): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.24-25.115.

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This paper details work undertaken towards the development of a standard test method for the biaxial response of planar cruciform specimens manufactured from carbon fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminates and subject to tension-tension loading. Achieving true biaxial failure in a cruciform specimen without the need for the inclusion of a stress raiser, such as a hole, in the gauge-section, is a subject attracting much research globally and is by no means a trivial exercise. Coupon designs were modelled using finite element analysis (FEA) in order to predict the stress and strain distributions in the central region of the specimen. An Instron biaxial strong-floor test machine was used to test the specimens. Strain gauges were used to measure the strain in the specimen arms and to assess the degree of bending. Digital image correlation (DIC) was used to measure the full-field strain distribution in the central gauge-section of the specimen and this was compared to values measured using strain gauges. The strain readings obtained from strain gauges, DIC and FEA predictions were in good agreement and showed that the strain distribution was uniform in the central gauge-section, but that strain concentrations existed around the tapered thickness zone. These regions of strain concentration resulted in interlaminar failure and delamination of the laminate propagating into the specimen arms.

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Gill, R. C., J. E. Kellow, C. Browning i D. L. Wingate. "The use of intraluminal strain gauges for recording ambulant small bowel motility". American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 258, nr 4 (1.04.1990): G610—G615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1990.258.4.g610.

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Perfused-tube manometry has hitherto been the standard technique for recording intraluminal intestinal pressure in humans, but it is unsuitable for ambulant use. The aim of our study was to evaluate the ability of resistive strain gauge transducers attached to a fine catheter to detect pressure change. Simultaneous strain gauge and perfused-tube manometry was performed on six fasting subjects; in four, strain gauge activation was continuous and in two, the transducers were activated in a pulsed mode with data encoded as a pulse train with an approximate frequency of 20 Hz. Eight thousand eight hundred eighty-eight pressure waves were recorded by strain gauge, of which 96% were detected by perfused-tube manometry. There was good agreement in both phases II and III of the migrating motor complex. The amplitude of pressure waves recorded by strain gauge was slightly but significantly greater. A proportion (14-17%) of pressure waves recorded by strain gauge were bifid; this was not seen with the perfused tube. These differences are best explained by the greater sensitivity and more rapid rise time of the strain gauges. There was no loss of fidelity in the pulse-interval recording mode. A seventh subject underwent a continuous 72-h recording with the strain gauge catheter attached to a battery-operated encoder and magnetic tape cassette recorder and was freely ambulant during this period. The procedure was well tolerated and motility patterns could be clearly identified. We conclude that intraluminal strain gauge catheters are suitable for prolonged use in ambulant subjects and produce data that are closely comparable to the data acquired from perfused-tube manometry under laboratory conditions.

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Whelan, M. P., P. O'Donnell i E. G. Little. "Modelling an orthopaedic knee prosthesis as a layered elastic system part 1: Experimental and theoretical analyses". Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 30, nr 3 (1.07.1995): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/03093247v303185.

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The purpose of this investigation was to produce a simplified model of the plastic tibial plateau of a typical unicondylar knee prosthesis that would allow the parametric study of contact stresses experienced by the plastic component during relatively severe loading conditions. This involved the design, production and testing of a three-dimensional axisymmetric embedded strain gauge model of the tibial plateau and the application of a suitable theoretical analysis. The principal feature of the strain gauge model was the possibility of varying the thickness during the experimental procedure while keeping the maximum number of embedded gauges active. The Hertzian contact theory was used as a basis for the prediction of integration errors associated with placing strain gauges in locations subject to large strain gradients. A theoretical analysis that took the layered nature of the contact model into account was carried out which provided full field data for comparison with Hertzian and experimental results. Good agreement was obtained between theoretical and experimental values along the model axis, while at off-axis locations theoretical results based on the layered analysis compared reasonably with embedded strain gauge data. Very slight discrepancies between the experimental and idealized boundary conditions present in the initial stages of testing resulted in significant differences between embedded strain gauge and theoretical data.

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Weiss, J. D. "Fiber-optic strain gauge". Journal of Lightwave Technology 7, nr 9 (1989): 1308–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/50.50709.

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Maundy, Brent, i Stephan J. G. Gift. "Strain Gauge Amplifier Circuits". IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 62, nr 4 (kwiecień 2013): 693–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2013.2246904.

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Gal'chenko, V. D., Yu L. Polunov, V. G. Urakov, Yu N. Fufaev i R. I. Yanbulatov. "Periodic strain-gauge feeders". Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 28, nr 1 (styczeń 1992): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01156711.

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Heerens, Willem Chr, i Sergei D. Tarasenko. "The absolute strain gauge". Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 27, nr 1-3 (maj 1991): 829–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-4247(91)87095-k.

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Gridchin, V. A., V. M. Lubimskyi i M. P. Sarina. "Polysilicon strain-gauge transducers". Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 30, nr 3 (luty 1992): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-4247(92)80124-l.

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Kyrtsos, Christos T. "Strain gauge vibration sensor". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 111, nr 4 (2002): 1513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.1479043.

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Tarsa, Peter B., Diane M. Brzozowski, Paul Rabinowitz i Kevin K. Lehmann. "Cavity ringdown strain gauge". Optics Letters 29, nr 12 (15.06.2004): 1339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.29.001339.

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Beklemishchev, A. I. "Automatic strain-gauge simulator". Measurement Techniques 28, nr 12 (grudzień 1985): 1056–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00862794.

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Ling, Hang Yin, Alan Kin Tak Lau, Li Cheng, J. Wei, R. S. Thomson i M. L. Scott. "An Embedded FBG Sensor for Dynamic Strain Measurement for a Clamped-Clamped Composite Structure". Key Engineering Materials 295-296 (październik 2005): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.295-296.21.

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A comparison of strain measurement results, from an embedded fibre-optic Bragg grating (FBG) sensor and surface mounted strain gauge, at different vibration frequency ranges and using a clamped-clamped glass fibre composite beam, is presented. It is shown that the FBG sensor is able to precisely measure the peaks at the first-two natural frequency modes compared with the spectrum captured from the strain gauge. The results also demonstrate that the strains measured from the FBG sensor agreed well with the strain gauge at frequencies below 100 Hz. Beyond this value, the actual strain on the beam surface was less than 3µe, and the data extracted from the strain gauge are no longer valid. For a clamped-clamped structure, the longitudinal strain of the beam correlates to its vibration amplitude and excitation frequency. Increasing the frequency results in decreasing the longitudinal strain of the beam and erroneous measurements from the strain gauge resulted. This study provides important information on the feasibility of using embedded FBG sensors as vibration monitoring devices to measure mechanical performance of composite structures.

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Bakkehøi, S., K. Øien i E. J. Førland. "An Automatic Precipitation Gauge Based on Vibrating-Wire Strain Gauges". Hydrology Research 16, nr 4 (1.08.1985): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1985.0015.

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The Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, NGI, has recently developed and tested a new automatic precipitation gauge for rain and snow which can measure accumulated precipitation with a resolution better than 0.1 mm. The gauge, which is a direct weighing device, is based on the use of vibrating-wire strain gauges. NGI's prototype instrument has a capacity of up to 300 mm precipitation before the gauge must be emptied. A new improved version designed by Geonor has a capacity of 600 mm precipitation. A diagram showing the relationship between the automatic observations and the manual measurements is included. In the NGI prototype the precipitation container is suspended from three small steel wires, each of which is in effect the sensing element in a vibrating-wire type strain gauge. When these gauge wires are set into vibration by an electromagnetic exciter, their resonant frequency of vibration is proportional to the square of the tension in the wire. Thus change in the frequency signals is a measure of the change in tension in the wires and correspondingly a measure of the accumulative weight of precipiation in the container. The distance between the precipitaion gauge and the monitoring station can be up to one kilometre without any loss in performance.

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Bacaicoa, J., X. Iriarte, J. Aginaga i A. Plaza. "Mechanical sensitivity analysis of strain gauge configurations in the main shaft of wind turbines". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2265, nr 3 (1.05.2022): 032087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2265/3/032087.

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Abstract Wind turbines are reaching their remaining useful life, thus it is important to guarantee the well status of its components. A common way to check the status is to measure the loads on the Low Speed Shaft with strain gauges, but not always are bonded perfectly. In this work a sensitivity analysis of strain gauge configurations is carried out, where the influence of geometric and material parameters, and misplacement and misalignment parameters is analyzed. An analytical model for a single gauge was developed, obtaining a relation between the exerted loads and the strain measured by the strain gauge. By means of Taylor approximations the estimated loads were approached in order to have into account the influence of the uncertainty of parameters. Results shown that the sensitivities with respect to the geometric and material parameters did not depend on the secondary loads while in the sensitivities with respect to the gauge bonding parameters the cross-talk effect was present. In order to obtain realistic numerical results, a horizontal-axis NREL 5-MW wind turbine was simulated in OpenFAST with two wind-speed scenarios. The uncertainty of the estimated loads by the strain gauge configurations was calculated.

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Marcinczak, Dorota, i Tomasz Trapko. "DIC (Digital Image Correlation) method in the research of RC beams strengthened with PBO-FRCM materials". E3S Web of Conferences 97 (2019): 03008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199703008.

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The article presents tests of a reinforced concrete beam strengthened in a shear with PBO-FRCM composite materials. Measurement of the deformation of the composite was carried out using two methods - with strain gauges and the optical DIC method (Digital Image Correlation). The DIC method consists in taking a series of photographs of the tested object before and during loading. The surface of the tested element must have randomly spaced spots that are applied to the object before measurement. During the study, the cameras monitor the shifting of spots against each other, which in comparison to the reference image before loading gives information about strains and stresses of the tested element. Measurements of deformation of composite materials using strain gauges are difficult to clearly analyse, because the strain gauge is in a specific, limited place, which does not correspond to the work of the entire composite. In addition, the strain gauge tends to break at the place of crack. The article discusses this problem by presenting the results of deformation of PBO-FRCM composite meshes measured in two mentioned ways, their comparison and discussion of results.

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Lee, Dong-Wook, Min-Hyuk Park, Gye-Gaong Lee, In-Hwan Kim i Seok-Soon Lee. "Development of the Pin Type Load-cell Using Strain Gauge". Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers 13, nr 4 (31.08.2014): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14775/ksmpe.2014.13.4.075.

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Baker, Spencer A., McKay D. McFadden, Emma E. Bowden, Anton E. Bowden, Ulrike H. Mitchell i David T. Fullwood. "Accounting for Viscoelasticity When Interpreting Nano-Composite High-Deflection Strain Gauges". Sensors 22, nr 14 (13.07.2022): 5239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22145239.

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High-deflection strain gauges show potential as economical and user-friendly sensors for capturing large deformations. The interpretation of these sensors is much more complex than that of conventional strain gauges due to the viscoelastic nature of strain gauges. This research endeavor developed and tested a model for interpreting sensor outputs that includes the time-dependent nature of strain gauges. A model that captures the effect of quasi-static strains was determined by using a conventional approach of fitting an equation to observed data. The dynamic relationship between the strain and the resistance was incorporated by superimposing dynamic components onto the quasi-static model to account for spikes in resistances that accompany each change in sensor strain and subsequent exponential decays. It was shown that the model can be calibrated for a given sensor by taking two data points at known strains. The resulting sensor-specific model was able to interpret strain-gauge electrical signals during a cyclical load to predict strain with an average mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.4% strain, and to determine the strain rate with an average MAE of 0.036 mm/s. The resulting model and tuning procedure may be used in a wide range of applications, such as biomechanical monitoring and analysis.

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38

Ballivy, Gérard, Brahim Benmokrane i Omar Chaallal. "Déformations générées dans les bétons sous l'influence des conditions climatiques". Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 18, nr 6 (1.12.1991): 1088–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l91-132.

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This paper presents the results of an experimental study of strains generated in concrete by variations in climatic conditions. Three 0.16 m3 concrete blocks, instrumented with vibrating wires strain gauges, were exposed to various environmental conditions (drying–wetting) during approximately 3 years and strains were measured. The study shows that concrete strains induced by environmental agents acting alone can reach levels that may jeopardize the structural integrity of concrete structures exposed to similar conditions, when the boundary conditions cannot accommodate the resulting extensive volume changes. Key words: environmental conditions, relative humidity, temperature, drying, wetting, vibrating wires strain gauge, concrete strains.

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Yu, Feng, i Michael T. Hendry. "A new strain gauge configuration on the rail web to decouple the wheel–rail lateral contact force from wayside measurement". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 233, nr 9 (13.01.2019): 951–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409718822870.

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The simultaneous presence of bending moments and torques produced by the lateral and vertical contact forces between the wheel and the rail generates a complex strain state on the rail surface, which makes it difficult to identify the strain signals produced purely from the lateral contact force. In this study, a new strain gauge configuration is proposed to decouple strain signals of the wheel–rail lateral contact force from wayside measurements by analyzing the bending strains on the rail web using a full Wheatstone bridge. For this purpose, a finite element modeling of the wheel–rail contact is performed to analyze the bending strains on the rail web and to optimize two instrumented sections for eight electric resistance strain gauges. Laboratory testing is also used to examine the installation scheme of the strain gauges at the two optimal instrumented sections. A good agreement is observed between the experimental data and the simulation results. Strain signals are evenly distributed for about 10 cm in the middle region between the two optimal instrumented sections and only account for the lateral contact force.

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Xia, Zi Hui, i Jie Chen. "An Alternative Method for Strain-Controlled Fatigue Test at Elevated Temperature". Key Engineering Materials 734 (kwiecień 2017): 202–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.734.202.

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For strain-controlled fatigue tests, especially at elevated temperature, implementation of knife-edges and punching dimples within gauge length of specimen may cause premature failure on the test section. In this paper, an alternative approach is introduced to control and measure the strains in fatigue tests. Two dimples outside the gauge length section are punched and used to mount the extensometer. The correlation between the controlled (measured) strain and the strain within the gauge length section is established. By comparing the hysteresis loops obtained through the correlation and the one directly measured within the gauge length, it is found that the established correlations are in good agreement with the latter result.

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Ren, Yu Jie, i Chao Fu Zhu. "Strain Gauge Based on Graphene". Applied Mechanics and Materials 166-169 (maj 2012): 2918–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.166-169.2918.

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In this paper, graphene grown by Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on a Cu foil in a cold-wall furnace was used to fabrication the graphene strain gauge. The graphene membrane was patterned to wire grid shape on the Cu substrate by photolithography method in the clean room. The pattern was transferred to PDMS substrate and seal by it also to make graphene in a stable surroundings. Through the standard calibration, it was calculated that the linearity and multiplicity of the graphene strain gauge both were 0.0076%F.S.. Which indicated the good quality of the gauge. The gauge factor was 2.4, as the highest value as that of the alloy strain gauge. We also find the graphene strain gauge output increase proportionally with increasing curvature of its deformation.

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42

Gao, Jiazi, Bei Liu, Min Zhang, He Gong i Bingzhao Gao. "Strain Distribution Evaluation of Rat Tibia under Axial Compressive Load by Combining Strain Gauge Measurement and Finite Element Analysis". Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2019 (1.12.2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1736763.

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This study is aimed at providing an effective method for determining strain-load relationship and at quantifying the strain distribution within the whole tibia under axial compressive load on rats. Rat tibial models with axial compressive load were designed. Strains in three directions (0°, 45°, and 90°) at the proximal shaft of the tibia were measured by using a strain gauge rosette, which was used to calculate the maximum and minimum principal strains. Moreover, the strain at the midshaft of the tibia was measured by a single-element strain gauge. The slopes of the strain-load curves with different peak loads were calculated to assess the stability of the strain gauge measurement. Mechanical environment in the whole tibia by the axial compressive load was quantified using finite element analysis (FEA) based on microcomputed tomography images. The von Mises elastic strain distributions of the whole tibiae were evaluated. Slopes of the strain-load curves showed no significant differences among different peak loads (ANOVA; P>0.05), indicating that the strain-load relationship obtained from the strain gauge measurement was reasonable and stable. The FEA results corresponded to the experimental results with an error smaller than 15% (paired Student’s t-test, P>0.05), signifying that the FEA can simulate the experiment reasonably. FEA results showed that the von Mises elastic strain was the lowest in the middle and gradually increased to both sides along the lateral direction, with the maximal von Mises elastic strain being observed on the posterior side under the distal tibiofibular synostosis. The method of strain gauge measurements and FEA used in this study can provide a feasible way to obtain the mechanical environment of the tibiae under axial compressive load on the rats and serve as a reference for further exploring the mechanical response of the bone by axial compressive load.

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Mathis, Maximilian, Dennis Vollberg, Matthäus Langosch, Dirk Göttel, Angela Lellig i Günter Schultes. "Creep adjustment of strain gauges based on granular NiCr-carbon thin films". Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 10, nr 1 (12.03.2021): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-53-2021.

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Abstract. An important property of high-precision mechanical sensors such as force transducers or torque sensors is the so-called creep error. It is defined as the signal deviation over time at a constant load. Since this signal deviation results in a reduced accuracy of the sensor, it is beneficial to minimize the creep error. Many of these sensors consist of a metallic spring element and strain gauges. In order to realize a sensor with a creep error of almost zero, it is necessary to compensate for the creep behavior of the metallic spring element. This can be achieved by creep adjustment of the used strain gauges. Unlike standard metal foil strain gauges with a gauge factor of 2, a type of strain gauges based on sputter-deposited NiCr-carbon thin films on polymer substrates offers the advantage of an improved gauge factor of about 10. However, for this type of strain gauge, creep adjustment by customary methods is not possible. In order to remedy this disadvantage, a thorough creep analysis is carried out. Five major influences on the creep error of force transducers equipped with NiCr-carbon thin-film strain gauges are examined, namely, the material creep of the metallic spring element (1), the creep (relaxation) of the polymer substrate (2), the composition of the thin film (3), the strain transfer to the thin film (4), and the kind of strain field on the surface of the transducer (5). Consequently, we present two applicable methods for creep adjustment of NiCr-carbon thin- film strain gauges. The first method addresses the intrinsic creep behavior of the thin film by a modification of the film composition. With increasing Cr content (at the expense of Ni, the intrinsic negative creep error can be shifted towards zero. The second method is not based on the thin film itself but rather on a modification of the strain transfer from the polyimide carrier to the thin film. This is achieved by controlled cutting of well-defined deep trenches into the polymer substrate via a picosecond laser.

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Lin, Yu Li, Kuan Tung Su, Gin Shin Chen i Jia Shing Liu. "Fabrication and Characterization of Microscale Sensors for Strain Measurement in Flexible Polymer Heart Valve Leaflet". Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (czerwiec 2008): 270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.270.

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Flexible polymer heart valves are promising clinical prostheses for replacement of diseased or malfunctioned natural heart valves. However, the flexible polymer leaflets are prone to fatigue fracture, which hinders their practicality in clinical applications. In this study, micro strain sensor (gauge) for strain measurement is designed in the polyurethane (PU) thin film to measure the stress/strain in situ. In our design, the strain gauge is embedded in PU which is different to the commercial strain gauge of sticking to the sample. The metal layer of strain gauge used in this study is gold. The overall size of the designed strain gauge is 1 mm x 1 mm x 0.1 μm and the resistance value was measured to be 200±30Ω. The static test of strain gauge without damp proof shows that gauge sensitivity G was measured to be 4 and 1.8 when strain range is less than 1% and between 1-1.5%, respectively. While, the static test of strain gauge with damp proof shows that gauge sensitivity G was measured to be 2.6 when strain range is less than 1.2%. Dynamic test of strain gauge was also applied in this study.

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Marcińczak, Dorota. "Metoda DIC". BUILDER 259, nr 2 (1.02.2019): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.3444.

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DIC (DIGITAL IMAGE CORRELATION) METHOD IN THE RESEARCH OF RC BEAMS STRENGTHENED WITH PBOFRCM MATERIALS. The article presents tests of a reinforced concrete beam strengthened in a shear with PBO-FRCM composite materials. Measurement of the deformation of the composite was carried out using two methods - with strain gauges and the optical DIC method (Digital Image Correlation). The DIC method consists in taking a series of photographs of the tested object before and during loading. The surface of the tested element must have randomly spaced spots that are applied to the object before measurement. During the study, the cameras monitor the shifting of spots against each other, which in comparison to the reference image before loading gives information about strains and stresses of the tested element. Measurements of deformation of composite materials using strain gauges are difficult to clearly analyze, because the strain gauge is in a specific, limited place, which does not correspond to the work of the entire composite. In addition, the strain gauge tends to break at the place of crack. The article discusses this problem by presenting the results of deformation of PBO-FRCM composite meshes measured in two mentioned ways, their comparison and discussion of results.

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Vuong, Quang Dao, Ji-woong Lee, Won-Ju Lee, Hyejin Choi, Kanghyun Seo, Youngmin Kim, Jin Hui Jeong, Myeong-ho Song i Jae-ung Lee. "Establishing the True Dynamic Bending Moment of Propeller Shaft Using a Single Bridge of Strain Gauge". Applied Sciences 12, nr 18 (15.09.2022): 9235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12189235.

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The measurement of shaft bending (whirling) moment can be performed via a telemetry system including strain gauges which can obtain the bending stress. By using a single bridge of strain gauge, it was possible to obtain only the nominal bending moment. However, in case of the propeller shaft vibration measurement, the true dynamic bending moment is needed to evaluate the effect of propeller forces on the stability of the bearings. To deal with this, typically two bridges of strain gauge at 90 degrees are needed. This research presents a novel reliability assessment method in establishing the true dynamic bending moment using only one bridge of strain gauge. This is achieved by using the actual bending stress measured by strain gauge combined with its own phase lag stress at an angle of 90 degrees. To validate this technique, the experiments were performed under the rapid turning transient states during a sea trial of a 50,000 DWT oil/chemical tanker. As a result, great fluctuations in propeller force were detected, resulting in a non-uniform oil film in the bearings. The displacement sensor was also installed and confirmed the established true dynamic bending moment.

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Kawahara, Takamasa, i Toshiaki Tsuji. "Development of High Dynamic Range Six-Axis Force Sensor with Simple Structure". Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 35, nr 3 (20.06.2023): 771–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2023.p0771.

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We propose a six-axis force sensor with a simple structure that can measure small forces while affording a high load capacity. For a robot to perform complex motions in an unknown environment, the force sensor used must exhibit a high resolution and high load rating. Various studies have been conducted to simultaneously satisfy these two requirements. However, the high processing cost due to the complicated sensor structure is problematic. Therefore, we develop a column-type high dynamic range (HDR) six-axis force sensor using two types of strain gauges. The sensor was composed of a drawn pipe to solve structural problems that arise during manufacturing. By attaching strain gauges to the surface of the drawn pipe, the forces and torques in the six axes can be measured. HDR measurement was realizable using a semiconductor strain gauge for small loads and a metallic foil strain gauge for large loads. Based on the simulation results, the rated loads of the sensor were 1400 N in the Fx and Fy directions, 9000 N in the Fz direction, and 120 Nm in the Mx, My, and Mz directions. The performance of the fabricated force sensor was evaluated. The maximum nonlinearity errors of the semiconductor strain gauge and the metallic foil strain gauges were 1.21% and 1.81%, respectively. In addition, when comparing the S/N ratios, the minimum measurable values were 0.035 N and 0.13 N for Fy and Fz, respectively.

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Kim, Joon Hyub, Ji-Hoon Han, Chan Won Park i Nam Ki Min. "Enhancement of Withstand Voltage in Silicon Strain Gauges Using a Thin Alkali-Free Glass". Sensors 20, nr 11 (26.05.2020): 3024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20113024.

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We present a cost-effective approach to produce silicon strain gauges that can withstand very high voltage without using any complex package design and without sacrificing any sensor performance. This is achieved by a special silicon strain gauge structure created on an alkali-free glass substrate that has a high breakdown voltage. A half-bridge silicon strain gauge is designed, fabricated, and then tested to measure its output characteristics. The device has a glass layer that is only 25–55 µm thick; it shows it is able to withstand a voltage of over 2000 V while maintaining a high degree of linearity with correlation coefficients higher than 0.9990 and an average sensitivity of 104.13. Due to their unique electrical properties, silicon strain gauges-on-glass chips hold much promise for use in advanced force and pressure sensors.

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Brandt, Bjoern, Marion Gemeinert, Ralf Koppert, Jochen Bolte i Torsten Rabe. "LTCC Substrates for High Performance Strain Gauges". Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2012, CICMT (1.09.2012): 000175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/cicmt-2012-tp43.

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Recent advances in the development of high gauge factor thin-films for strain gauges prompt the research on advanced substrate materials. A glass ceramic composite has been developed in consideration of a high coefficient of thermal expansion and a low modulus of elasticity for the application as support material for thin-film sensors. Constantan foil strain gauges were fabricated from this material by tape casting, pressure-assisted sintering and subsequent lamination of the metal foil on the planar ceramic substrates. The sensors were mounted on a strain gauge beam arrangement and load curves and creep behavior were evaluated. The accuracy of the assembled load cells correspond to accuracy class C6. That qualifies the load cells for the use in automatic packaging units and confirms the applicability of the LTCC substrates for fabrication of accurate strain gauges. To facilitate the deposition of thin film sensor structures onto the LTCC substrates, the pressure-assisted sintering technology has been refined. By the use of smooth setters instead of release tapes substrates with minimal surface roughness were fabricated. Metallic thin films deposited on these substrates exhibit low surface resistances comparable to thin films on commercial alumina thin-film substrates. The presented advances in material design and manufacturing technology are important to promote the development of high performance thin-film strain gauges.

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Krasiński, Adam, i Tomasz Kusio. "Pile Model Tests Using Strain Gauge Technology". Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 37, nr 3 (1.09.2015): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sgem-2015-0032.

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Abstract Ordinary pile bearing capacity tests are usually carried out to determine the relationship between load and displacement of pile head. The measurement system required in such tests consists of force transducer and three or four displacement gauges. The whole system is installed at the pile head above the ground level. This approach, however, does not give us complete information about the pile-soil interaction. We can only determine the total bearing capacity of the pile, without the knowledge of its distribution into the shaft and base resistances. Much more information can be obtained by carrying out a test of instrumented pile equipped with a system for measuring the distribution of axial force along its core. In the case of pile model tests the use of such measurement is difficult due to small scale of the model. To find a suitable solution for axial force measurement, which could be applied to small scale model piles, we had to take into account the following requirements: - a linear and stable relationship between measured and physical values, - the force measurement accuracy of about 0.1 kN, - the range of measured forces up to 30 kN, - resistance of measuring gauges against aggressive counteraction of concrete mortar and against moisture, - insensitivity to pile bending, - economical factor. These requirements can be fulfilled by strain gauge sensors if an appropriate methodology is used for test preparation (Hoffmann [1]). In this paper, we focus on some aspects of the application of strain gauge sensors for model pile tests. The efficiency of the method is proved on the examples of static load tests carried out on SDP model piles acting as single piles and in a group.

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